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Wei J, Zhang Y, Liu M, Ning Y, Cao Y, Chen FE. Divergent Chemo- and Biocatalytic Route to 16β-Methylcorticoids: Asymmetric Synthesis of Betamethasone Dipropionate, Clobetasol Propionate, and Beclomethasone Dipropionate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313952. [PMID: 37994255 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
16β-Methylcorticoids are among the most important glucocorticoid steroids for the treatment of various dermatological disorders, respiratory infections, and other allergic reactions elicited during inflammatory responses of the human body. Betamethasone dipropionate, clobetasol propionate, and beclomethasone dipropionate are particularly noteworthy for their synthetic intractability. Despite five decades of research, these 16β-methylcorticoids have remained challenging synthetic targets owing to insurmountable issues of reactivity, selectivity, and cost efficiency associated with all previously explored strategies. We herein report our practicability-oriented strategy toward the unified stereoselective synthesis of 16β-methylcorticoids in 12.6-14.0 % overall yield from commercially available 9α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (9α-OH-AD). In this approach, the chiral C16β-Me and C17α-OH groups of the corticosteroid D ring were installed via a substrate-controlled diastereo- and enantioselective Mn-catalyzed oxidation-reduction hydration of Δ4,9(11),16 -triene-3,20-dione. The C1-C2 double bond of the corticosteroid A ring was constructed using an unprecedented engineered 3-ketosteroid-Δ1 -dehydrogenase (MK4-KstD)-catalyzed regioselective Δ1 -dehydrogenation of Δ4,9(11) -diene-3,21-dione. This strategy provides a general method and a key precursor for the divergent synthesis of a variety of glucocorticoids and related steroidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Wei
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yajiao Zhang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yingtang Ning
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yiran Cao
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
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Walczak J, Iwaszkiewicz-Grześ D, Cholewiński G. Approaches Towards Better Immunosuppressive Agents. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:1230-1263. [PMID: 38561615 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266292661240322072908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Several classes of compounds are applied in clinics due to their immunosuppressive properties in transplantology and the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Derivatives of mycophenolic acid, corticosteroids and chemotherapeutics bearing heterocyclic moieties like methotrexate, azathioprine, mizoribine, and ruxolitinib are active substances with investigated mechanisms of action. However, improved synthetic approaches of known drugs and novel derivatives are still being reported to attempt better accessibility and therapeutic properties. In this review article, we present the synthesis of the designed chemical structures based on recent literature reports concerning novel compounds as promising immunosuppressive drugs. Moreover, some of the discussed derivers revealed also other types of activities with prospective medicinal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliusz Walczak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dorota Iwaszkiewicz-Grześ
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Dębinki 7, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Cholewiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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Zhao JH, Ma S, Li CY, Zhang HC, Zhao LJ, Zhang ZY. Clinically approved small-molecule drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115434. [PMID: 37148849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a persistent autoimmune ailment that is typified by the development of pannus, proliferation of synovial lining cells, microvascular neogenesis, infiltration of interstitial inflammatory cells, and destruction of cartilage and bone tissue. The disease not only imposes physical pain and economic burden on patients, but also results in a significant decline in their quality of life, rendering it a leading cause of disability. General treatment and drugs are commonly employed to alleviate the condition and symptoms of RA. Cyclooxygenase (COX), janus kinase (JAK), glucocorticoid receptor (GR) et al. have been identified as the main therapeutic targets for RA. This article provides a comprehensive review of the clinical applications and synthetic routes of 26 representative drugs for the treatment of RA, with the aim of facilitating the discovery of more effective new drugs for the treatment of this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hui Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Chao-Yuan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Hong-Chao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Li-Jie Zhao
- The Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Zi-Yan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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De Decker I, Szabó A, Hoeksema H, Speeckaert M, Delanghe JR, Blondeel P, Van Vlierberghe S, Monstrey S, Claes KEY. Treatment of Hypertrophic Scars with Corticoid-Embedded Dissolving Microneedles. J Burn Care Res 2023; 44:158-169. [PMID: 36318807 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irac165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scarring (HTS) is frequently observed after deep dermal and full-thickness skin defects. Local drug delivery in HTS has been shown more effective compared to other (minimally) invasive treatments. Disadvantages being operator-dependency and non-uniform drug distribution. Moreover, injections are painful and difficult when confronted with extensive scars or HTS in children. Corticoid-embedded dissolving microneedles (CEDMN) were developed that provide painless skin penetration and direct dermal drug delivery. Hyaluronic acid-based DMN and CEDMN patches were utilized. Structural analysis was performed via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy while gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was applied to determine chain length (molar mass) and dispersity of hyaluronic acid. Mechanical properties were evaluated by compression testing. Five burn victims with HTS were included. For each individual, three comparable scars were chosen. One control scar was left untreated. Two scars were treated with either 600 or 800 µm CEDMN patches. Patients were treated monthly for 4 months. Treatment with 800 µm CEDMN was initiated after 8 weeks. Assessor-blinded POSAS was registered. Hydration, evaporation, color and elasticity were recorded. The physico-chemical characterization suggests that the mechanical properties enable skin penetration and adequate drug delivery. Patients experienced the therapy as painless. According to the POSAS, all scars improved over time. However, the scars that were treated with CEDMN patches improved faster and with increased increment. The 800 µm CEDMN ensured the fastest POSAS-decrease. Hyaluronic acid-based CEDMN patches are valuable alternatives to intracicatrical injections, as they offer a painless and effective method for administering corticosteroids in HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignace De Decker
- Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Belgium.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Belgium
| | - Anna Szabó
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000, Belgium
| | - Henk Hoeksema
- Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Belgium.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Belgium
| | | | - Joris R Delanghe
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Belgium
| | - Phillip Blondeel
- Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Belgium.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000, Belgium
| | - Stan Monstrey
- Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Belgium.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Belgium
| | - Karel E Y Claes
- Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Belgium.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Belgium
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Feng J, Wu Q, Zhu D, Ma Y. Biotransformation Enables Innovations Toward Green Synthesis of Steroidal Pharmaceuticals. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102399. [PMID: 35089653 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Steroids have been widely used in birth-control, prevention, and treatment of various diseases, representing the largest sector after antibiotics in the global pharmaceutical market. The steroidal active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have been produced via partial synthetic processes first mainly from sapogenins, which was converted into 16-dehydropregnenolone by the famous "Marker Degradation". Traditional mutation and screening, and process engineering have resulted in the industrial production of 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD), androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD), 9α-hydroxy-androsta-4-ene-3,17-dione (9α-OH-AD), and so on, which serve as the key intermediates for the synthesis of steroidal APIs. Recently, genetic and metabolic engineering have generated highly efficient microbial strains for the production of these precursors, leading to the replacement of sapogenins with phytosterols as the starting materials. Further advances in synthetic biology hold promise in the design and construction of microbial cell factories for the industrial production of steroidal intermediates and/or APIs from simple carbon sources such as glucose. Integration of biotransformation into the synthesis of steroidal APIs can greatly reduce the number of reaction steps, achieve lower waste discharge and higher production efficiency, thus enabling a greener steroidal pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Feng
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
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