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Montalti M, Mirabella G. Investigating the impact of surgical masks on behavioral reactions to facial emotions in the COVID-19 era. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1359075. [PMID: 38638526 PMCID: PMC11025472 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1359075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The widespread use of surgical masks during the COVID-19 pandemic has posed challenges in interpreting facial emotions. As the mouth is known to play a crucial role in decoding emotional expressions, its covering is likely to affect this process. Recent evidence suggests that facial expressions impact behavioral responses only when their emotional content is relevant to subjects' goals. Thus, this study investigates whether and how masked emotional faces alter such a phenomenon. Methods Forty participants completed two reaching versions of the Go/No-go task in a counterbalanced fashion. In the Emotional Discrimination Task (EDT), participants were required to respond to angry, fearful, or happy expressions by performing a reaching movement and withholding it when a neutral face was presented. In the Gender Discrimination Task (GDT), the same images were shown, but participants had to respond according to the poser's gender. The face stimuli were presented in two conditions: covered by a surgical mask (masked) or without any covering (unmasked). Results Consistent with previous studies, valence influenced behavioral control in the EDT but not in the GDT. Nevertheless, responses to facial emotions in the EDT exhibited significant differences between unmasked and masked conditions. In the former, angry expressions led to a slowdown in participants' responses. Conversely, in the masked condition, behavioral reactions were impacted by fearful and, to a greater extent, by happy expressions. Responses to fearful faces were slower, and those to happy faces exhibited increased variability in the masked condition compared to the unmasked condition. Furthermore, response accuracy to masked happy faces dramatically declined compared to the unmasked condition and other masked emotions. Discussion In sum, our findings indicate that surgical masks disrupt reactions to emotional expressions, leading people to react less accurately and with heightened variability to happy expressions, provided that the emotional dimension is relevant to people's goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Montalti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mirabella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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Alrubaye Z, Hudhud Mughrabi M, Manav B, Batmaz AU. Effects of color cues on eye-hand coordination training with a mirror drawing task in virtual environment. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1307590. [PMID: 38288362 PMCID: PMC10823539 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1307590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Mirror drawing is a motor learning task that is used to evaluate and improve eye-hand coordination of users and can be implemented in immersive Virtual Reality (VR) Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) for training purposes. In this paper, we investigated the effect of color cues on user motor performance in a mirror-drawing task between Virtual Environment (VE) and Real World (RW), with three different colors. We conducted a 5-day user study with twelve participants. The results showed that the participants made fewer errors in RW compared to VR, except for pre-training, which indicated that hardware and software limitations have detrimental effects on the motor learning of the participants across different realities. Furthermore, participants made fewer errors with the colors close to green, which is usually associated with serenity, contentment, and relaxation. According to our findings, VR headsets can be used to evaluate participants' eye-hand coordination in mirror drawing tasks to evaluate the motor-learning of participants. VE and RW training applications could benefit from our findings in order to enhance their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Alrubaye
- Architecture Department, Art and Design Faculty, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Moaaz Hudhud Mughrabi
- Mechatronics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Banu Manav
- Interior Architecture and Environmental Design Department, Art and Design Faculty, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Anil Ufuk Batmaz
- Computer Science and Software Engineering Department, Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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De Waele S, Hallemans A, Maréchal E, Cras P, Crosiers D. Gait initiation in Parkinson's disease: comparison of timing and displacement during anticipatory postural adjustments as a function of motor severity and apathy in a large cohort. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23740. [PMID: 38230232 PMCID: PMC10789592 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gait initiation is preceded by three anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) phases. In Parkinson's disease (PD) generated force, displacement and timing during APA differ from healthy controls. APA might be influenced by disease status, weight or emotion. It is unknown how motor severity, disease duration or presence of apathy influences APA timing and displacement. Methods We included 99 people with PD and 50 healthy controls (HC) to perform five gait initiation trials following an auditory cue. Force plates measured timing and center of pressure (CoP) displacement during APA phases. Results Time to gait initiation (tGI) was higher in the PD group (p < 0.001, t = 2.74, 95%CI (0.008, 0.066)). The first two APA phases (APA1 and APA2a) lasted longer in PD (respectively p < 0.001, t = 3.87, 95%CI (0.091, 0.28) and p < 0.001, t = 4.1, 95%CI (0.031, 0.091)). Mean CoP displacement, variability in timing and displacement did not differ. A multiple regression model was used to determine if clinical variables were related to gait initiation parameters. tGI was predicted by age (p < 0.001) and weight (p = 0.005). The duration of APA1 was predicted by weight (p = 0.006) and APA2a by age (p < 0.001). Variability in duration of the locomotor phase (LOC) was predicted by age (p < 0.001). Conclusion tGI and initial APA phases are longer in PD than in HC. There are no significant differences in variability of timing or displacement between the two groups. Gait initiation parameters are independent of disease duration, motor severity, medication usage or apathy in PD. Our findings suggest that cueing does not speed up gait initiation but reduces variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ségolène De Waele
- Translational Neurosciences, Born-Bunge Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann Hallemans
- Research group MOVANT (Movement Antwerp), Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emke Maréchal
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- ZNA Middelheim Hospital, Department of Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- Translational Neurosciences, Born-Bunge Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David Crosiers
- Translational Neurosciences, Born-Bunge Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
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Llobera J, Charbonnier C. Physics-based character animation and human motor control. Phys Life Rev 2023; 46:190-219. [PMID: 37480729 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Motor neuroscience and physics-based character animation (PBCA) approach human and humanoid control from different perspectives. The primary goal of PBCA is to control the movement of a ragdoll (humanoid or animal) applying forces and torques within a physical simulation. The primary goal of motor neuroscience is to understand the contribution of different parts of the nervous system to generate coordinated movements. We review the functional principles and the functional anatomy of human motor control and the main strategies used in PBCA. We then explore common research points by discussing the functional anatomy and ongoing debates in motor neuroscience from the perspective of PBCA. We also suggest there are several benefits to be found in studying sensorimotor integration and human-character coordination through closer collaboration between these two fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Llobera
- Artanim Foundation, 40, chemin du Grand-Puits, 1217 Meyrin - Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Caecilia Charbonnier
- Artanim Foundation, 40, chemin du Grand-Puits, 1217 Meyrin - Geneva, Switzerland
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Xiao K, Zhang A, Qu J, Deng F, Guo C, Yamauchi T. Hand Motions Reveal Attentional Status and Subliminal Semantic Processing: A Mouse-Tracking Technique. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1267. [PMID: 37759868 PMCID: PMC10526379 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Theories of embodied cognition suggest that hand motions and cognition are closely interconnected. An emerging technique of tracking how participants move a computer mouse (i.e., the mouse-tracking technique) has shown advantages over the traditional response time measurement to detect implicit cognitive conflicts. Previous research suggests that attention is essential for subliminal processing to take place at a semantic level. However, this assumption is challenged by evidence showing the presence of subliminal semantic processing in the near-absence of attention. The inconsistency of evidence could stem from the insufficient sensitivity in the response time measurement. Therefore, we examined the role of attention in subliminal semantic processing by analyzing participants' hand motions using the mouse-tracking technique. The results suggest that subliminal semantic processing is not only enhanced by attention but also occurs when attention is disrupted, challenging the necessity of facilitated top-down attention for subliminal semantic processing, as claimed by a number of studies. In addition, by manipulating the color of attentional cues, our experiment shows that the cue color per se could influence participants' response patterns. Overall, the current study suggests that attentional status and subliminal semantic processing can be reliably revealed by temporal-spatial features extracted from cursor motion trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunchen Xiao
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Anqi Zhang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Jingke Qu
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Feifei Deng
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Chenyan Guo
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Takashi Yamauchi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA
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Bunno Y, Onigata C. Influence of emotion on precision grip force control: A comparison of pleasant and neutral emotion. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1038522. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1038522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThe present study aimed to investigate the impact of emotion on force steadiness of isometric precision pinch grip that is not direction-specific.MethodsThirty-two healthy volunteer subjects participated in the present study. Subjects were divided into two experimental groups: pleasant image group and neutral image group. The isometric precision pinch grip task was performed for three times. Specifically, the first task was performed before pleasant or neutral picture viewing, the second task was performed immediately after picture viewing, further the third task was performed 30 seconds after the second task. During the isometric precision pinch grip task, participants were asked to exert pinch grip force at 10% of maximal voluntary contraction with visual feedback. The coefficient of variation of force production and normalized root mean square value of electromyography activity were calculated.ResultsAfter pleasant picture viewing, coefficient of variation of pinch force production and normalized root mean square value of electromyography was decreased. While, in the neutral image condition, theses variables were not altered. More important, compared to the neutral image condition, pleasant emotion led to lower coefficient of variation of pinch grip force production.ConclusionThese findings indicate that pleasant emotion improves force control of isometric precision pinch grip. Therefore, in clinical settings, the emotional state of patients may affect the effectiveness of rehabilitation and should be taken into consideration.
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Ankney AS, Baker RT, Pickering MA, Carr-Chellman DJ, Holyoke LB, Larkins LW. Psychometric evaluation of the acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) with Special Operations Forces soldiers. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Robinson MD, Klein RJ, Irvin RL. Sex differences in threat sensitivity: Evidence from two experimental paradigms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lu Y, Wang T, Long Q, Cheng Z. Impact of Distracting Emotional Stimuli on the Characteristics of Movement Performance: A Kinematic Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:642643. [PMID: 33841277 PMCID: PMC8026889 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.642643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-documented that emotional stimuli impact both the cognitive and motor aspects of “goal-directed” behavior. However, how emotional distractors impact motor performance remains unclear. This study aimed to characterize how movement quality was impacted during emotional distractors. We used a modified oddball paradigm and documented the performance of pure movement. Participants were designated to draw a triangle or a polygon, while an emotional stimulus was presented. Speed was assessed using reaction time and movement time. The quality and precision of movement were assessed by calculating the accuracy and root-mean-square error (RMSE). Compared to drawings of triangles, polygons had higher accuracy under negative stimuli, but lower RMSE under positive stimuli. The results indicate that distracting emotional stimuli impact different aspects of movement quality, with movement complexity influencing accuracy under negative distractors and precision under positive distractors. This study provides further evidence that movement precision is an important feature of emotional embodiment that should be incorporated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Lu
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuping Long
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijian Cheng
- Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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10
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Buchanan TL, Janelle CM. Fast breathing facilitates reaction time and movement time of a memory-guided force pulse. Hum Mov Sci 2021; 76:102762. [PMID: 33524929 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Slow controlled breathing can be beneficial for performance of continuous and serial motor tasks. However, how controlled breathing influences discrete motor task performance remains unclear. We sought to determine the impact of paced breathing frequency on measures of movement initiation (reaction time: RT), accuracy (absolute endpoint error: AE; constant error: CE), and variability (trial-to-trial variability: V), in a goal-directed discrete motor task. We hypothesized slow breathing would be accompanied by faster RT, reduced AE and CE, and less V compared to faster breathing rates. Participants (N = 47) performed a memory-guided force pulse pinch task targeted at 10% of their maximum voluntary contraction while breathing at metronome-paced slow, normal, and fast frequencies. During each breathing condition, heart rate variability (HRV) as indexed by the standard deviation of 'NN' intervals (SDNN) was measured to ensure objective manipulation check of participants breathing at their set pace. Following each breathing condition, participants provided subjective ratings using the Affect Grid and Visual Analog Scales for arousal, hindrance, and dyspnea. Manipulation check results indicated participants correctly breathed at metronome paces, as indexed by increased HRV for slow breathing and decreased HRV for fast breathing. Results indicated that fast breathing reduced reaction time and movement time, and increased ratings of arousal, hindrance, and dyspnea. In contrast, slow breathing increased reaction time, and levels of hindrance and dyspnea were similar to normal breathing. Breathing frequency did not differentially impact accuracy or variability across conditions. Findings provide evidence that breathing frequency affects fundamental movement parameters, potentially mediated by factors other than arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L Buchanan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - Christopher M Janelle
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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Selimbegović L, Dupuy O, Terache J, Blandin Y, Bosquet L, Chatard A. Evaluative Threat Increases Effort Expenditure in a Cycling Exercise: An Exploratory Study. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 42:336-343. [PMID: 32570213 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2019-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research shows that negative or threatening emotional stimuli can foster movement velocity and force. However, less is known about how evaluative threat may influence movement parameters in endurance exercise. Based on social self-preservation theory, the authors predicted that evaluative threat would facilitate effort expenditure in physical exercise. In an exploratory study, 27 young men completed a bogus intelligence test and received either low-intelligence-quotient feedback (evaluative threat) or no feedback (control). Next, they were asked to pedal on a stationary bicycle for 30 min at a constant cadence. After 10 min (calibration period), the cadence display was hidden. Findings show that participants under evaluative threat increased cadence more than control participants during the subsequent 20-min critical period. These findings underline the potential importance of unrelated evaluative threat on physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Selimbegović
- Université de Poitiers
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
| | | | | | - Yannick Blandin
- Université de Poitiers
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
| | | | - Armand Chatard
- Université de Poitiers
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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Clark EA, Kessinger J, Duncan SE, Bell MA, Lahne J, Gallagher DL, O'Keefe SF. The Facial Action Coding System for Characterization of Human Affective Response to Consumer Product-Based Stimuli: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2020; 11:920. [PMID: 32528361 PMCID: PMC7264164 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize human emotions, researchers have increasingly utilized Automatic Facial Expression Analysis (AFEA), which automates the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and translates the facial muscular positioning into the basic universal emotions. There is broad interest in the application of FACS for assessing consumer expressions as an indication of emotions to consumer product-stimuli. However, the translation of FACS to characterization of emotions is elusive in the literature. The aim of this systematic review is to give an overview of how FACS has been used to investigate human emotional behavior to consumer product-based stimuli. The search was limited to studies published in English after 1978, conducted on humans, using FACS or its action units to investigate affect, where emotional response is elicited by consumer product-based stimuli evoking at least one of the five senses. The search resulted in an initial total of 1,935 records, of which 55 studies were extracted and categorized based on the outcomes of interest including (i) method of FACS implementation; (ii) purpose of study; (iii) consumer product-based stimuli used; and (iv) measures of affect validation. Most studies implemented FACS manually (73%) to develop products and/or software (20%) and used consumer product-based stimuli that had known and/or defined capacity to evoke a particular affective response, such as films and/or movie clips (20%); minimal attention was paid to consumer products with low levels of emotional competence or with unknown affective impact. The vast majority of studies (53%) did not validate FACS-determined affect and, of the validation measures that were used, most tended to be discontinuous in nature and only captured affect as it holistically related to an experience. This review illuminated some inconsistencies in how FACS is carried out as well as how emotional response is inferred from facial muscle activation. This may prompt researchers to consider measuring the total consumer experience by employing a variety of methodologies in addition to FACS and its emotion-based interpretation guide. Such strategies may better conceptualize consumers' experience with products of low, unknown, and/or undefined capacity to evoke an affective response such as product prototypes, line extensions, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Clark
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Nataraj R, Hollinger D, Liu M, Shah A. Disproportionate positive feedback facilitates sense of agency and performance for a reaching movement task with a virtual hand. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233175. [PMID: 32433665 PMCID: PMC7239468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the generalized effects of positive feedback (PF) versus negative feedback (NF) during training on performance and sense of agency for a reach-to-touch task with a virtual hand. Virtual reality (VR) is increasingly employed for rehabilitation after neuromuscular traumas such as stroke and spinal cord injury. However, VR methods still need to be optimized for greater effectiveness and engagement to increase rates of clinical retention. In this study, we observed that training with disproportionate PF subsequently produced greater reaching performance (minimizing path length) and greater agency (perception of control) than with disproportionate NF. During PF training, there was also progressive increase in agency, but conversely a decrease in performance. Thus, the increase in performance after training may not be due to positively bolstered learning, but rather priming higher confidence reflected in greater agency. Agency was positively measured as compression in perceived time-intervals between the action of touch to a sound consequence, as standard with intentional binding paradigms. Positive feedback desirably increased agency (~180 msec) and reduced path length (1.8 cm) compared to negative feedback, which itself showed insignificant, or neutral, effects. Future investigations into optimizing virtual reality paradigms for neuromotor rehabilitation should consider agency as a driving factor for performance. These studies may serve to optimize how feedback is better presented with performance results for complex motor learning. Investigators should also ponder how personal characteristics, both cognitive and physical, may further affect sensitivity to feedback and the rate of neuromotor rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raviraj Nataraj
- Movement Control Rehabilitation (MOCORE) Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
| | - David Hollinger
- Movement Control Rehabilitation (MOCORE) Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
| | - Mingxiao Liu
- Movement Control Rehabilitation (MOCORE) Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
| | - Aniket Shah
- Movement Control Rehabilitation (MOCORE) Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
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Wang G, Wang P, Luo J, Nan W. Perception of Threatening Intention Modulates Brain Processes to Body Actions: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2149. [PMID: 30538648 PMCID: PMC6277465 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficiently perceiving a threatening intention conveyed by others’ bodily actions has great survival value. The current study examined if the human brain is sensitive to differences in intentions that are conveyed via bodily actions. For this purpose, a new intention categorization task was developed in which participants sat in front of a computer screen on which the pictures of highly threatening (HT), moderately threatening (MT), and non-threatening (NT) body actions were presented randomly. Participants were asked to press the corresponding buttons using threatening intention judgment, while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. According to a cluster permutation test, we analyzed N190, N2, EPP (early posterior positivity), and P3. The results showed there was a positive correlation between the amplitude of the EPP induced by three kinds of body actions and the reaction time of the task. The results also revealed that when the deflection of EPP was less positive, the reaction time was shorter. We suggest that EPP might be useful as an index of body intention processing of the brain. The current study revealed that intention perception of body actions modulates brain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- School of Education Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junlong Luo
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenya Nan
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Mirabella G. The Weight of Emotions in Decision-Making: How Fearful and Happy Facial Stimuli Modulate Action Readiness of Goal-Directed Actions. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1334. [PMID: 30116211 PMCID: PMC6083043 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern theories of behavioral control converge with the idea that goal-directed/voluntary behaviors are intimately tied to the evaluation of resources. Of key relevance in the decision-making processes that underlie action selection are those stimuli that bear emotional content. However, even though it is acknowledged that emotional information affects behavioral control, the exact way in which emotions impact on action planning is largely unknown. To clarify this issue, I gave an emotional version of a go/no-go task to healthy participants, in which they had to perform the same arm reaching movement when pictures of fearful or happy faces were presented, and to withhold it when pictures of faces with neutral expressions were presented. This task allows for the investigation of the effects of emotional stimuli when they are task-relevant without conflating movement planning with target detection and task switching. It was found that both the reaction times (RTs) and the percentages of errors increased when the go-signal was the image of a fearful looking face, as opposed to when the go-signal was a happy looking face. Importantly, to control for the role of the features of the stimuli, I ran a control task in which the same pictures were shown; however, participants had to move/withhold the commanded movement according to gender, disregarding the emotional valence. In this context, the differences between RTs and error percentages between the fearful and happy faces disappeared. On the one hand, these results suggest that fearful facial stimuli are likely to capture and hold attention more strongly than faces that express happiness, which could serve to increase vigilance for detecting a potential threat in an observer’s environment. On the other hand, they also suggest that the influence of fearful facial stimuli is not automatic, but it depends on the task requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mirabella
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (IRCCS), Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Bauerly K. The Effects of Emotion on Second Formant Frequency Fluctuations in Adults Who Stutter. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2018; 70:13-23. [DOI: 10.1159/000488758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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17
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Yamauchi T, Xiao K. Reading Emotion From Mouse Cursor Motions: Affective Computing Approach. Cogn Sci 2018; 42:771-819. [PMID: 29131372 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Affective computing research has advanced emotion recognition systems using facial expressions, voices, gaits, and physiological signals, yet these methods are often impractical. This study integrates mouse cursor motion analysis into affective computing and investigates the idea that movements of the computer cursor can provide information about emotion of the computer user. We extracted 16-26 trajectory features during a choice-reaching task and examined the link between emotion and cursor motions. Participants were induced for positive or negative emotions by music, film clips, or emotional pictures, and they indicated their emotions with questionnaires. Our 10-fold cross-validation analysis shows that statistical models formed from "known" participants (training data) could predict nearly 10%-20% of the variance of positive affect and attentiveness ratings of "unknown" participants, suggesting that cursor movement patterns such as the area under curve and direction change help infer emotions of computer users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamauchi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Texas A&M University
| | - Kunchen Xiao
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Texas A&M University
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18
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Suzuki M, Hamaguchi T, Matsunaga A. Nonequivalent modulation of corticospinal excitability by positive and negative outcomes. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00862. [PMID: 29568678 PMCID: PMC5853642 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The difference between positive and negative outcomes is important in trial-and-error decision-making processes and affects corticospinal excitability. This study investigated corticospinal excitability during the performance of trial-and-error decision-making tasks with varying competing behavioral outcomes. METHODS Each trial began with one of five colored circles presented as a cue. Each color represented a different reward probability, ranging from 10% to 90%. The subjects were instructed to decide whether to perform wrist flexion in response to the cue. Two seconds after the presentation of the cue, a reward stimulus (picture of a coin) or penalty stimulus (mauve circle) was randomly presented to the subject. If the picture of a coin appeared, the subjects received the coin after the experiment if they had performed wrist flexion, but not if they had not performed wrist flexion. If a mauve circle appeared, a coin was deducted from the total reward if the subjects had performed wrist flexion, but not if they had not performed wrist flexion. One second after the reward or penalty stimulus, transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered to the primary motor cortex at the midpoint between the centers of gravity of the flexor carpi radialis (agonist) and extensor carpi radialis (antagonist) muscles. RESULTS Cumulative wrist flexions were positively correlated with reward probabilities. Motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes in agonist muscles were significantly higher when wrist flexion incurred a penalty than when it incurred a reward, but there was no difference in the MEP amplitudes of antagonist muscles. CONCLUSION Positive and negative behavioral outcomes differentially altered behavior and corticospinal excitability, and unexpected penalties had a stronger effect on corticospinal excitability for agonist muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Suzuki
- School of Health Sciences Saitama Prefectural University Saitama Japan
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Bauerly KR, Paxton J. Effects of emotion on the acoustic parameters in adults who stutter: An exploratory study. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2017; 54:35-49. [PMID: 29195626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim R Bauerly
- Plattsburgh State University, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Plattsburgh, NY, United States.
| | - Jessica Paxton
- Plattsburgh State University, Department of Psychology, Plattsburgh, NY, United States
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Aoyagi MW, Cohen AB, Poczwardowski A, Metzler JN, Statler T. Models of performance excellence: Four approaches to sport psychology consulting. JOURNAL OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21520704.2017.1355861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Traci Statler
- California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California, USA
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21
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Blakemore RL, Vuilleumier P. An Emotional Call to Action: Integrating Affective Neuroscience in Models of Motor Control. EMOTION REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073916670020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Intimate relationships between emotion and action have long been acknowledged, yet contemporary theories and experimental research within affective and movement neuroscience have not been linked into a coherent framework bridging these two fields. Accumulating psychological and neuroimaging evidence has, however, brought new insights regarding how emotions affect the preparation, execution, and control of voluntary movement. Here we review main approaches and findings on such emotion–action interactions. To assimilate key emotion concepts of action tendencies and motive states with fundamental constructs of the motor system, we underscore the need for integrating an information-processing approach of motor control into affective neuroscience. This should provide a rich foundation to bridge the two fields, allowing further refinement and empirical testing of emotion theories and better understanding of affective influences in movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L. Blakemore
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Valence and arousal of emotional stimuli impact cognitive-motor performance in an oddball task. Biol Psychol 2017; 125:105-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Sugiyama T, Liew SL. The Effects of Sensory Manipulations on Motor Behavior: From Basic Science to Clinical Rehabilitation. J Mot Behav 2016; 49:67-77. [PMID: 27935445 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2016.1241740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Modifying sensory aspects of the learning environment can influence motor behavior. Although the effects of sensory manipulations on motor behavior have been widely studied, there still remains a great deal of variability across the field in terms of how sensory information has been manipulated or applied. Here, the authors briefly review and integrate the literature from each sensory modality to gain a better understanding of how sensory manipulations can best be used to enhance motor behavior. Then, they discuss 2 emerging themes from this literature that are important for translating sensory manipulation research into effective interventions. Finally, the authors provide future research directions that may lead to enhanced efficacy of sensory manipulations for motor learning and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisei Sugiyama
- a Mrs. T. H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California
| | - Sook-Lei Liew
- a Mrs. T. H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California.,b Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California.,c Department of Neurology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California
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24
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Kret ME, Bocanegra BR. Editorial: Adaptive Hot Cognition: How Emotion Drives Information Processing and Cognition Steers Affective Processing. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1920. [PMID: 27999561 PMCID: PMC5138567 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariska E Kret
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeiden, Netherlands
| | - Bruno R Bocanegra
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeiden, Netherlands
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25
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Wilson KM, de Joux NR, Finkbeiner KM, Russell PN, Helton WS. The effect of task-relevant and irrelevant anxiety-provoking stimuli on response inhibition. Conscious Cogn 2016; 42:358-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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de Valk JM, Wijnen JG, Kret ME. Anger fosters action. Fast responses in a motor task involving approach movements toward angry faces and bodies. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1240. [PMID: 26388793 PMCID: PMC4558974 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficiently responding to others’ emotions, especially threatening expressions such as anger and fear, can have great survival value. Previous research has shown that humans have a bias toward threatening stimuli. Most of these studies focused on facial expressions, yet emotions are expressed by the whole body, and not just by the face. Body language contains a direct action component, and activates action preparation areas in the brain more than facial expressions. Hence, biases toward threat may be larger following threatening bodily expressions as compared to facial expressions. The current study investigated reaction times of movements directed toward emotional bodies and faces. For this purpose, a new task was developed where participants were standing in front of a computer screen on which angry, fearful, and neutral faces and bodies were presented which they had to touch as quickly as possible. Results show that participants responded faster to angry than to neutral stimuli, regardless of the source (face or body). No significant difference was observed between fearful and neutral stimuli, demonstrating that the threat bias was not related to the negativity of the stimulus, but likely to the directness of the threat in relation to the observer. Whereas fearful stimuli might signal an environmental threat that requires further exploration before action, angry expressions signal a direct threat to the observer, asking for immediate action. This study provides a novel and implicit method to directly test the speed of actions toward emotions from the whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josje M de Valk
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jasper G Wijnen
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center , Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariska E Kret
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, The Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University , Leiden, Netherlands ; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition , Leiden, Netherlands
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Lieshout PV, Ben-David B, Lipski M, Namasivayam A. The impact of threat and cognitive stress on speech motor control in people who stutter. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2014; 40:93-109. [PMID: 24929470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the present study, an Emotional Stroop and Classical Stroop task were used to separate the effect of threat content and cognitive stress from the phonetic features of words on motor preparation and execution processes. METHOD A group of 10 people who stutter (PWS) and 10 matched people who do not stutter (PNS) repeated colour names for threat content words and neutral words, as well as for traditional Stroop stimuli. Data collection included speech acoustics and movement data from upper lip and lower lip using 3D EMA. RESULTS PWS in both tasks were slower to respond and showed smaller upper lip movement ranges than PNS. For the Emotional Stroop task only, PWS were found to show larger inter-lip phase differences compared to PNS. General threat words were executed with faster lower lip movements (larger range and shorter duration) in both groups, but only PWS showed a change in upper lip movements. For stutter specific threat words, both groups showed a more variable lip coordination pattern, but only PWS showed a delay in reaction time compared to neutral words. Individual stuttered words showed no effects. Both groups showed a classical Stroop interference effect in reaction time but no changes in motor variables. CONCLUSION This study shows differential motor responses in PWS compared to controls for specific threat words. Cognitive stress was not found to affect stuttering individuals differently than controls or that its impact spreads to motor execution processes. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES After reading this article, the reader will be able to: (1) discuss the importance of understanding how threat content influences speech motor control in people who stutter and non-stuttering speakers; (2) discuss the need to use tasks like the Emotional Stroop and Regular Stroop to separate phonetic (word-bound) based impact on fluency from other factors in people who stutter; and (3) describe the role of anxiety and cognitive stress on speech motor processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal van Lieshout
- University of Toronto, Speech-Language Pathology, Oral Dynamics Lab (ODL), Canada; Department of Psychology, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Canada; Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Canada.
| | - Boaz Ben-David
- University of Toronto, Speech-Language Pathology, Oral Dynamics Lab (ODL), Canada; Department of Psychology, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Canada; Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, School of Psychology, Communication, Aging and Neuropsychology Lab (CANlab), Israel
| | - Melinda Lipski
- University of Toronto, Speech-Language Pathology, Oral Dynamics Lab (ODL), Canada
| | - Aravind Namasivayam
- University of Toronto, Speech-Language Pathology, Oral Dynamics Lab (ODL), Canada
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Perri RL, Berchicci M, Lucci G, Cimmino RL, Bello A, Di Russo F. Getting ready for an emotion: specific premotor brain activities for self-administered emotional pictures. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:197. [PMID: 24904344 PMCID: PMC4035832 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional perception has been extensively studied, but only a few studies have investigated the brain activity preceding exposure to emotional stimuli, especially when they are triggered by the subject himself. Here, we sought to investigate the emotional expectancy by means of movement related cortical potentials (MRCPs) in a self-paced task, in which the subjects begin the affective experience by pressing a key. In this experiment, participants had to alternatively press two keys to concomitantly display positive, negative, neutral, and scrambled images extracted from the International Affective Pictures System (IAPS). Each key press corresponded to a specific emotional category, and the experimenter communicated the coupling before each trial so that the subjects always knew the valence of the forthcoming picture. The main results of the present study included a bilateral positive activity in prefrontal areas during expectancy of more arousing pictures (positive and negative) and an early and sustained positivity over occipital areas, especially during negative expectancy. In addition, we observed more pronounced and anteriorly distributed Late Positive Potential (LPPs) components in the emotional conditions. In conclusion, these results show that emotional expectancy can influence brain activity in both motor preparation and stimulus perception, suggesting enhanced pre-processing in the to-be-stimulated areas. We propose that before a predictable emotional stimulus, both appetitive and defensive motivational systems act to facilitate the forthcoming processing of survival-relevant contents by means of an enhancement of attention toward more arousing pictures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo L Perri
- Department of Human Movement, Social and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy ; Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Berchicci
- Department of Human Movement, Social and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Lucci
- Department of Human Movement, Social and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy ; Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco L Cimmino
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bello
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy ; Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Department of Human Movement, Social and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy ; Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
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Coudrat L, Rouis M, Jaafar H, Attiogbé E, Gélat T, Driss T. Emotional pictures impact repetitive sprint ability test on cycle ergometre. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:892-900. [PMID: 24479679 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.865253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the interaction between emotion-eliciting pictures and power output during a repetitive supra-maximal task on a cycle ergometre. Twelve male participants (mean (±SD) age, height and weight: 28.58 ± 3.23 years, 1.78 ± 0.05 m and 82.41 ± 13.29 kg) performed 5 repeated sprint tests on a cycle ergometre in front of neutral, pleasant or unpleasant pictures. For each sprint, mechanical (peak power and work), physiological (heart rate) and perceptual (affective load) indices were analysed. Affective load was calculated from the ratings of perceived exertion, which reflected the amount of pleasant and unpleasant responses experienced during exercise. The results showed that peak power, work and heart rate values were significantly lower (P < 0.05) for unpleasant pictures (9.18 ± 0.20 W ∙ kg(-1); 47.69 ± 1.08 J ∙ kg(-1); 152 ± 4 bpm) when compared with pleasant ones (9.50 ± 0.20 W ∙ kg(-1); 50.11 ± 0.11 J ∙ kg(-1); 156 ± 3 bpm). Furthermore, the affective load was found to be similar for the pleasant and unpleasant sessions. All together, these results suggested that the ability to produce maximal power output depended on whether the emotional context was pleasant or unpleasant. The fact that the power output was lower in the unpleasant versus pleasant session could reflect a regulatory process aimed at maintaining a similar level of affective load for both sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Coudrat
- a Centre de Recherches sur le Sport et le Mouvement (CeRSM), UFR STAPS , Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Defense , Nanterre , France
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Beatty GF, Fawver B, Hancock GM, Janelle CM. Regulating emotions uniquely modifies reaction time, rate of force production, and accuracy of a goal-directed motor action. Hum Mov Sci 2014; 33:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Borgomaneri S, Gazzola V, Avenanti A. Temporal dynamics of motor cortex excitability during perception of natural emotional scenes. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:1451-7. [PMID: 23945998 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is widely assumed that emotions prime the body for action, the effects of visual perception of natural emotional scenes on the temporal dynamics of the human motor system have scarcely been investigated. Here, we used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to assess motor excitability during observation and categorization of positive, neutral and negative pictures from the International Affective Picture System database. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) from TMS of the left motor cortex were recorded from hand muscles, at 150 and 300 ms after picture onset. In the early temporal condition we found an increase in hand motor excitability that was specific for the perception of negative pictures. This early negative bias was predicted by interindividual differences in the disposition to experience aversive feelings (personal distress) in interpersonal emotional contexts. In the later temporal condition, we found that MEPs were similarly increased for both positive and negative pictures, suggesting an increased reactivity to emotionally arousing scenes. By highlighting the temporal course of motor excitability during perception of emotional pictures, our study provides direct neurophysiological support for the evolutionary notions that emotion perception is closely linked to action systems and that emotionally negative events require motor reactions to be more urgently mobilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Borgomaneri
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Roma, Italy, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy and Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Campus di Cesena, 47521 Cesena, Italia Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Roma, Italy, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy and Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Campus di Cesena, 47521 Cesena, Italia
| | - Valeria Gazzola
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Roma, Italy, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy and Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Campus di Cesena, 47521 Cesena, Italia Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Roma, Italy, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy and Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Campus di Cesena, 47521 Cesena, Italia
| | - Alessio Avenanti
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Roma, Italy, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy and Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Campus di Cesena, 47521 Cesena, Italia Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Roma, Italy, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy and Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Campus di Cesena, 47521 Cesena, Italia Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Roma, Italy, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy and Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Campus di Cesena, 47521 Cesena, Italia
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Green AL, Draper N, Helton WS. The impact of fear words in a secondary task on complex motor performance: a dual-task climbing study. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013; 78:557-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-013-0506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Komeilipoor N, Pizzolato F, Daffertshofer A, Cesari P. Excitability of motor cortices as a function of emotional sounds. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63060. [PMID: 23667574 PMCID: PMC3646985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to clarify how non-verbal emotionally-characterized sounds modulate the excitability of the corticospinal motor tract (CST). While subjects were listening to sounds (monaurally and binaurally), single TMS pulses were delivered to either left or right primary motor cortex (M1), and electromyographic activities were recorded from the contralateral abductor pollicis brevis muscle. We found a significant increase in CST excitability in response to unpleasant as compared to neutral sounds. The increased excitability was lateralized as a function of stimulus valence: Unpleasant stimuli resulted in a significantly higher facilitation of motor potentials evoked in the left hemisphere, while pleasant stimuli yielded a greater CST excitability in the right one. Furthermore, TMS induced higher motor evoked potentials when listening to unpleasant sounds with the left than with the right ear. Taken together, our findings provide compelling evidence for an asymmetric modulation of CST excitability as a function of emotional sounds along with ear laterality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Komeilipoor
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- MOVE Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabio Pizzolato
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andreas Daffertshofer
- MOVE Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Cesari
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Fewster K, Grenier SG. Emotion affects torso force production during flexion and extension movements: implications for spine loading. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/1464536x.2011.573014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
This study examined the influence of emotions on performance in basketball. Six female basketball players were videotaped in six games. Frequency of performance behaviours was recorded minute-by-minute and indices of successful (SGI) and unsuccessful (UGI) game involvement derived for each player. Post-game, players reported the intensity of experienced emotions (anger, anxiety, embarrassment, excitement and happiness), and the time of the eliciting incident. The only emotion revealed as a significant predictor of SGI was happiness; both anger and embarrassment were significant predictors of increased UGI. Consideration of individual player analyses suggests that there is variation in the magnitude of the influence of emotions on performance and the extent to which this influence was helpful or harmful to performance. The study provides evidence that emotions are associated with changes in game behaviours in competition. Implications for further research examining the emotion-performance relationship are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Uphill
- a Department of Sport Science, Tourism and Leisure , Canterbury Christ Church University , Canterbury , UK
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Naugle KM, Coombes SA, Cauraugh JH, Janelle CM. Influence of emotion on the control of low-level force production. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2012; 83:353-358. [PMID: 22808722 PMCID: PMC3674831 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2012.10599867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The accuracy and variability of a sustained low-level force contraction (2% of maximum voluntary contraction) was measured while participants viewed unpleasant, pleasant, and neutral images during a feedback occluded force control task. Exposure to pleasant and unpleasant images led to a relative increase in force production but did not alter the variability of force production compared to conditions in which participants viewed neutral images. Findings are discussed with respect to prior work, emphasizing arousal specific changes that emerge at low target force levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Naugle
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology at the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Jasinska AJ, Ho SS, Taylor SF, Burmeister M, Villafuerte S, Polk TA. Influence of threat and serotonin transporter genotype on interference effects. Front Psychol 2012; 3:139. [PMID: 22590463 PMCID: PMC3349301 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion-cognition interactions are critical in goal-directed behavior and may be disrupted in psychopathology. Growing evidence also suggests that emotion-cognition interactions are modulated by genetic variation, including genetic variation in the serotonin system. The goal of the current study was to examine the impact of threat-related distracters and serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR/rs25531) on cognitive task performance in healthy females. Using a novel threat-distracter version of the Multi-Source Interference Task specifically designed to probe emotion-cognition interactions, we demonstrate a robust and temporally dynamic modulation of cognitive interference effects by threat-related distracters relative to other distracter types and relative to no-distracter condition. We further show that threat-related distracters have dissociable and opposite effects on cognitive task performance in easy and difficult task conditions, operationalized as the level of response interference that has to be surmounted to produce a correct response. Finally, we present evidence that the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype in females modulates susceptibility to cognitive interference in a global fashion, across all distracter conditions, and irrespective of the emotional salience of distracters, rather than specifically in the presence of threat-related distracters. Taken together, these results add to our understanding of the processes through which threat-related distracters affect cognitive processing, and have implications for our understanding of disorders in which threat signals have a detrimental effect on cognition, including depression and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes J Jasinska
- Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Tanaka Y, Sekiya H. The influence of monetary reward and punishment on psychological, physiological, behavioral and performance aspects of a golf putting task. Hum Mov Sci 2011; 30:1115-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Emotional reactivity and force control: The influence of behavioral inhibition. Hum Mov Sci 2011; 30:1052-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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40
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The role of emotional context in facilitating imitative actions. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2011; 138:311-5. [PMID: 21920488 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In two experiments, we explored whether emotional context influences imitative action tendencies. To this end, we examined how emotional pictures, presented as primes, affect imitative tendencies using a compatibility paradigm. In Experiment 1, when seen index finger movements (lifting or tapping) and pre-instructed finger movements (tapping) were the same (tapping-tapping, compatible trials), participants were faster than when they were different (lifting-tapping, incompatible trials). This compatibility effect was enhanced when the seen finger movement was preceded by negative primes compared with positive or neutral primes. In Experiment 2, using only negative and neutral primes, the influence of negative primes on the compatibility effect was replicated with participants performing two types of pre-instructed finger movements (tapping and lifting). This emotional modulation of the compatibility effect was independent of the participants' trait anxiety level. Moreover, the emotional modulation pertained primarily to the compatible conditions, suggesting facilitated imitation due to negatively valent primes rather than increased interference. We speculate that negative stimuli increase imitative tendencies as a natural response in potential flight-or-fight situations.
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Berry TR, Spence JC, Stolp SM. Attentional bias for exercise-related images. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2011; 82:302-309. [PMID: 21699110 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2011.10599758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This research examined attentional bias toward exercise-related images using a visual probe task. It was hypothesized that more-active participants would display attentional bias toward the exercise-related images. The results showed that men displayed attentional bias for the exercise images. There was a significant interaction of activity level by gender, and simple slopes analysis showed that active women displayed attentional bias toward the exercise-related images and inactive women displayed attentional bias toward the control images. A similar analysis with explicit attention to the pictures as the outcome variable was not significant. These findings confirm that attention for exercise-related images can be captured automatically regardless of whether people report they are attending to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R Berry
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
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The Motion of Emotion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/ebk1439835012-c28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Payen V, Elliot AJ, Coombes SA, Chalabaev A, Brisswalter J, Cury F. Viewing red prior to a strength test inhibits motor output. Neurosci Lett 2011; 495:44-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Eccles DW, Ward P, Woodman T, Janelle CM, Le Scanff C, Ehrlinger J, Castanier C, Coombes SA. Where's the emotion? How sport psychology can inform research on emotion in human factors. HUMAN FACTORS 2011; 53:180-202. [PMID: 21702335 DOI: 10.1177/0018720811403731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to demonstrate how research on emotion in sport psychology might inform the field of human factors. BACKGROUND Human factors historically has paid little attention to the role of emotion within the research on human-system relations. The theories, methods, and practices related to research on emotion within sport psychology might be informative for human factors because fundamentally, sport psychology and human factors are applied fields concerned with enhancing performance in complex, real-world domains. METHOD Reviews of three areas of theory and research on emotion in sport psychology are presented, and the relevancy of each area for human factors is proposed: (a) emotional preparation and regulation for performance, (b) an emotional trait explanation for risk taking in sport, and (c) the link between emotion and motor behavior. Finally, there are suggestions for how to continue cross-talk between human factors and sport psychology about research on emotion and related topics in the future. RESULTS The relevance of theory and research on emotion in sport psychology for human factors is demonstrated. CONCLUSION The human factors field and, in particular, research on human-system relations may benefit from a consideration of theory and research on emotion in sport psychology. APPLICATION Theories, methods, and practices from sport psychology might be applied usefully to human factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Eccles
- Learning Systems Institute, Florida State University, C-4600 University Center, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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Thibodeau R. Approach and withdrawal actions modulate the startle reflex independent of affective valence and muscular effort. Psychophysiology 2010; 48:1011-4. [PMID: 21631518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The startle reflex is modulated during processing of pleasant and unpleasant affective cues. One explanation of this finding contends that approach and withdrawal motivational processes are key to explaining the effect. Undergraduates performed arm flexion and arm extension actions shown elsewhere to reliably elicit approach and withdrawal motives, respectively. Results showed that arm extension (a withdrawal action) was associated with the largest startles, followed by a neutral control action and arm flexion (an approach action). This pattern was not attributable to the subjective pleasantness or muscular effort associated with the actions. Results support motivational priming accounts of startle reflex modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Thibodeau
- Psychology Department, St. John Fisher College, Rochester, New York 14618, USA.
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Evaluation of International Affective Picture System (IAPS) ratings in an athlete population and its relations to personality. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Coombes SA, Higgins T, Gamble KM, Cauraugh JH, Janelle CM. Attentional control theory: anxiety, emotion, and motor planning. J Anxiety Disord 2009; 23:1072-9. [PMID: 19674869 PMCID: PMC2760607 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated how trait anxiety alters the balance between attentional control systems to impact performance of a discrete preplanned goal-directed motor task. Participants executed targeted force contractions (engaging the goal-directed attentional system) at the offset of emotional and non-emotional distractors (engaging the stimulus-driven attentional system). High and low anxious participants completed the protocol at two target force levels (10% and 35% of maximum voluntary contraction). Reaction time (RT), performance accuracy, and rate of change of force were calculated. Expectations were confirmed at the 10% but not the 35% target force level: (1) high anxiety was associated with slower RTs, and (2) threat cues lead to faster RTs independently of trait anxiety. These new findings suggest that motor efficiency, but not motor effectiveness is compromised in high relative to low anxious individuals. We conclude that increased stimulus-driven attentional control interferes with movements that require greater attentional resources.
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Emotion and motor preparation: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study of corticospinal motor tract excitability. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2009; 9:380-8. [PMID: 19897791 DOI: 10.3758/cabn.9.4.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Carretié L, Albert J, López-Martín S, Tapia M. Negative brain: An integrative review on the neural processes activated by unpleasant stimuli. Int J Psychophysiol 2009; 71:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Janssen D, Schöllhorn WI, Lubienetzki J, Fölling K, Kokenge H, Davids K. Recognition of Emotions in Gait Patterns by Means of Artificial Neural Nets. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-007-0045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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