1
|
Dai J, Lian X, Mo J, Li X, Mo W, Wang H, Jiang J. Case report: A clinical case study of six patients with Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1084882. [PMID: 36909719 PMCID: PMC9999381 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1084882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) pneumonia. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of six patients with C. psittaci pneumonia who were admitted to the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Hospital of Jiaxing from December 2021 to September 2022. Results All patients reported a fever and other accompanying symptoms, including cough (5/6), chest tightness (1/6), fatigue (2/6), and headache (1/6). Laboratory results showed that all patients had high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP≥70 mg/L), procalcitonin (PCT; 2 patients with PCT levels ≥0.5 ng/L), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were elevated in 3/6 and of 2/6 patients, respectively. Chest computed tomography (CT) of most patients showed patchy, high-density shadows with partial consolidation, accompanied by air bronchogram signs and pleural effusion. Six patients were diagnosed with C. psittaci pneumonia using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). They showed favorable outcomes following immediate adjustment of the regimen to doxycycline-based therapy and hydration, nutrition, and other follow-up treatments. In the imaging findings obtained at one-two month, the lesions were completely cleared, suggesting a favorable prognosis. Conclusion Patients with C. psittaci pneumonia commonly present sepsis and rapidly progressing disease. Early diagnosis is critical for C. psittaci pneumonia using mNGS, which can lead to favorable prognoses via immediate adjustment therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinmeng Dai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiashan County Yaozhuang Town Health Centre, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Lian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Juanfen Mo
- The Key Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaosi Li
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiqiang Mo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiqin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Haiqin Wang, ; Jianping Jiang,
| | - Jianping Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Haiqin Wang, ; Jianping Jiang,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wolska L, Kowalewski M, Potrykus M, Redko V, Rybak B. Difficulties in the Modeling of E. coli Spreading from Various Sources in a Coastal Marine Area. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144353. [PMID: 35889226 PMCID: PMC9316465 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Coastal and transitional waters are often used as bathing waters. In many regions, such activities play an important economic role. According to the European Union Bathing Water Directive (2006/7/EC) (BWD) the concentration of Escherichia coli in bathing water exceeding 500 CFU·100 mL−1 poses a high risk for bathers’ health. In order to safeguard public health, microbiological environmental monitoring is carried out, which has recently been supported or replaced by mathematical models detailing the spread of sanitary contamination. This study focuses on the problems and limitations that can be encountered in the process of constructing a mathematical model describing the spread of biological contamination by E. coli bacteria in coastal seawater. This and other studies point to the following problems occurring during the process of building and validating a model: the lack of data on loads of sanitary contamination (often connected with multiple sources of biological contamination inflow) makes the model more complex; E. coli concentrations higher than 250 CFU·100 mL−1 (low hazard for health) are observed very rarely, and are associated with great uncertainty; the impossibility of predicting the time and intensity of precipitation as well as stronger winds and rougher sea, which may be a significant source of E. coli. However, there is universal agreement that such models will be useful in managing bathing water quality and protecting public health, especially during big failures of the wastewater network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Wolska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa Str. 23A, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; (L.W.); (M.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Marek Kowalewski
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Av. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Marta Potrykus
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa Str. 23A, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; (L.W.); (M.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Vladyslav Redko
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa Str. 23A, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; (L.W.); (M.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Bartosz Rybak
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa Str. 23A, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; (L.W.); (M.P.); (V.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-1935
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Machado LFA, Fonseca RRDS, Queiroz MAF, Oliveira-Filho AB, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R. The Epidemiological Impact of STIs among General and Vulnerable Populations of the Amazon Region of Brazil: 30 years of Surveillance. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050855. [PMID: 34067165 PMCID: PMC8151421 DOI: 10.3390/v13050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) represent a worldwide public health problem and, although many of them are curable, they continue to be neglected, especially in areas with a low human development index, such as in the northern region of Brazil. This review describes the results of 30 years of studies at the Virus Laboratory at the Federal University of Pará, including the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, HTLV-1/2, HPV, HBV, Treponema pallidum and Chlamydia trachomatis among urban and non-urban populations, and also in vulnerable groups in the Brazilian Amazon. Control strategies and challenges in preventing STIs are discussed considering this immense geographic region, where essential health services are unable to reach the entire population, especially the most vulnerable, such as female sex workers, people who use illicit drugs, remnants of quilombolos and indigenous communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Roberto de Souza Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68.600-000, Brazil;
| | - Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres-Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Katsoulis K, Ismailos G, Kipourou M, Kostikas K. Microbiota and asthma: Clinical implications. Respir Med 2018; 146:28-35. [PMID: 30665515 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Katsoulis
- Pulmonary Department, 424 Army General Hospital, Periferiaki Odos, 56429, Efkarpia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Ismailos
- Experimental-Research Center ELPEN, ELPEN Pharmaceuticals, Leoforos Marathonos 95, 19009, Pikermi, Attika, Greece
| | - Maria Kipourou
- Pulmonary Department, 424 Army General Hospital, Periferiaki Odos, 56429, Efkarpia, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Kostikas
- 2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Noguchi S, Yatera K, Kawanami T, Fukuda K, Yamasaki K, Naito K, Akata K, Ishimoto H, Mukae H. Frequency of detection of Chlamydophila pneumoniae using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with community-onset pneumonia. Respir Investig 2017; 55:357-364. [PMID: 29153416 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydophila pneumoniae is a causative pathogen of lower respiratory tract infection, which generally infects healthy, young people. However, it is often difficult to evaluate acute C. pneumoniae infection using upper respiratory tract specimens and/or sputum samples due to its persistent infection or colonization. The interpretation of frequency of detection of C. pneumoniae seems to be insufficient in community-onset pneumonia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of C. pneumoniae using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples. METHODS BALF samples from 147 patients with pneumonia were retrospectively evaluated using C. pneumoniae-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. RESULTS None of the samples had positive PCR results for C. pneumoniae using two different sets of specific primers. Single and paired serological analyses were performed in 54 (36.7%) and 37 (25.2%) patients, respectively. These analyses revealed that 1 of 37 (2.7%) patients had a presumptive acute infection with C. pneumoniae, 8 of the 54 (14.8%) patients were suspected of having a C. pneumoniae infection, and 7 of the 37 (18.9%) patients were suspected of having past C. pneumoniae infection. In addition, cultivation and/or 16S rRNA gene sequencing detected Haemophilus influenzae in the presumptive case using the serological method. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study revealed that C. pneumoniae might be a minor causative agent of community-onset pneumonia according to an evaluation of specimens obtained from the lower respiratory tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Noguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wakamatsu Hospital of the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-17-1, Hamamachi, Wakamatsuku, Kitakyusyu city, Fukuoka 808-0024, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu city, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Yatera
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu city, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Toshinori Kawanami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu city, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Kazumasa Fukuda
- Department of Microbiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu city, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Kei Yamasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu city, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Naito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu city, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Akata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu city, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ishimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki city, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki city, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lugert R, Groß U, Masanta WO, Linsel G, Heutelbeck A, Zautner AE. Seroprevalence of Chlamydophila Psittaci among Employees of Two German Duck Farms. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2017; 7:267-273. [PMID: 29403654 PMCID: PMC5793695 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psittacosis is a zoonotic infectious disease that is caused by Chlamydophila psittaci. To determine the occupational risk of getting the infection, we investigated the seroprevalence of C. psittaci among employees of two German duck farms and two slaughterhouses according to their level of exposure to the pathogen during the years 2010, 2007, and 2004. In summary, we found low seroprevalence (≈ 8%) throughout the study population almost irrespective of the duty of a given worker. Surprisingly, in 2010, the anti-C. psittaci-specific antibody prevalence in the group of slaughterer (38.9%) was significantly increased in comparison to the non-exposed employees (p = 0.00578). This indicates that individuals in the surrounding of slaughterhouses exposed especially to aerosols containing C. psittaci elementary bodies bear a greater occupational risk of getting infected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raimond Lugert
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Groß
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wycliffe O Masanta
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gunter Linsel
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Biological Agents, NöldnerstraBe 40-42, 10317 Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid Heutelbeck
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Evironmental Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 37b, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas E Zautner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chlamydia trachomatis: the Persistent Pathogen. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00203-17. [PMID: 28835360 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00203-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium whose only natural host is humans. Although presenting as asymptomatic in most women, genital tract chlamydial infections are a leading cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal factor infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. C. trachomatis has evolved successful mechanisms to avoid destruction by autophagy and the host immune system and persist within host epithelial cells. The intracellular form of this organism, the reticulate body, can enter into a persistent nonreplicative but viable state under unfavorable conditions. The infectious form of the organism, the elementary body, is again generated when the immune attack subsides. In its persistent form, C. trachomatis ceases to produce its major structural and membrane components, but synthesis of its 60-kDa heat shock protein (hsp60) is greatly upregulated and released from the cell. The immune response to hsp60, perhaps exacerbated by repeated cycles of productive infection and persistence, may promote damage to fallopian tube epithelial cells, scar formation, and tubal occlusion. The chlamydial and human hsp60 proteins are very similar, and hsp60 is one of the first proteins produced by newly formed embryos. Thus, the development of immunity to epitopes in the chlamydial hsp60 that are also present in the corresponding human hsp60 may increase susceptibility to pregnancy failure in infected women. Delineation of host factors that increase the likelihood that C. trachomatis will avoid immune destruction and survive within host epithelial cells and utilization of this knowledge to design individualized preventative and treatment protocols are needed to more effectively combat infections by this persistent pathogen.
Collapse
|
8
|
Papa V, Ginocchietti L, Budriesi R, Micucci M, Costa R, Biondi R, Cevenini R, Chiarini A, Aldini R, Donati M, Pollini GM, Cenacchi G. In vitro activity of a partially purified and characterized bark extract of Castanea sativa Mill. (ENC®) against Chlamydia spp. Ultrastruct Pathol 2017; 41:147-153. [PMID: 28277149 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2016.1275909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Castanea sativa Mill (ENC®), containing tannins against 33 Chlamydia strains, was compared to SMAP-29 with inhibitory effect against C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae. The ENC® activity against Chlamydia spp. was evaluated determining the lowest concentration to achieve more than half reduction of intact chlamydial inclusions versus controls. ENC® reduced all Chlamydia strains tested at 1 µg/mL, while SMAP-29 induced reductions of C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae infectivity at 10 µg/mL. A great reduction of C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and C. abortus infectivity was achieved with a 10 µg/mL ENC® concentration, whereas their infectivity was almost inhibited at 100 µg/mL ENC® concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Papa
- a Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences Department, Pathology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Laura Ginocchietti
- b Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, Microbiology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Roberta Budriesi
- c Pharmacy and Biotechnology Department , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Matteo Micucci
- c Pharmacy and Biotechnology Department , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Roberta Costa
- a Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences Department, Pathology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Roberta Biondi
- b Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, Microbiology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Roberto Cevenini
- b Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, Microbiology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Alberto Chiarini
- b Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, Microbiology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Rita Aldini
- c Pharmacy and Biotechnology Department , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Manuela Donati
- b Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, Microbiology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Gian Matteo Pollini
- b Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department, Microbiology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Giovanna Cenacchi
- a Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences Department, Pathology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJ. Bacteria associated with marginal zone lymphomas. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2017; 30:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
10
|
Sassone M, Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJM. Ocular adnexal marginal zone lymphoma: Clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2016; 30:118-130. [PMID: 28288706 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ocular adnexal marginal zone lymphoma (OAML) represents 1-2% of all non Hodgkin lymphomas. In the last few years many advances in understanding the pathogenesis and the molecular basis involved in its development have been done. Many potential risk factors have been proposed; a dysregulation of immune response in association with a chronic antigenic stimulation, have been hypothesized as possible pathogenic mechanism. In particular, Chlamydia psittaci infection has been related to OAML arising, and eradicating antibiotic therapy has been addressed as a safe and cost-effective approach. Management of OAML is still heterogeneous and matter of debate. There is no consensus about the best upfront treatment and therapeutic decision should take into account several patient-, lymphoma- and treatment-related factors. Novel agents and chemotherapy-free strategies are being investigated to reduce side effects and improve tumor control. This review is focused in recent knowledge improvements in this lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Sassone
- Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; Pathology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; Università Vita e Salute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrés J M Ferreri
- Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nattabi B, Gudka S, Ward J, Rumbold A. Quality improvement interventions for improving the detection and management of curable sexually transmitted infections in primary care. Hippokratia 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nattabi
- The University of Western Australia; Western Australia Centre for Rural Health, School of Primary, Aboriginal and Rural Health Care; 167 Fitzgerald Street Geraldton Western Australia Australia 6530
| | - Sajni Gudka
- The University of Western Australia; Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacology; M315, Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia Crawley Australia
| | - James Ward
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute; Infection and Immunity; North Terrace Adelaide Australia
| | - Alice Rumbold
- The University of Adelaide; The Robinson Research Institute; Ground Floor, Norwich Centre 55 King William Road Adelaide NT Australia SA 5006
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chlamydia and ocular adnexal lymphomas: An Indian experience. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 101:74-80. [PMID: 27435913 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CHLAMYDIA AND OCULAR ADNEXAL LYMPHOMAS AN INDIAN EXPERIENCE: Ocular adnexal lymphomas (OALs) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies, majority being extranodal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type. Different geographical regions have reported association of Chlamydia with OALs (MALT type). In India, role of Chlamydia in OALs remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to detect Chlamydia and to correlate with clinicopathological features of OALs in India. The clinicopathological features of 41 OAL cases were studied prospectively. Chlamydia DNA was detected by genus specific PCR amplifying major outer membrane protein (MOMP) gene followed by DNA sequencing. Chlamydia immunoexpression was evaluated by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. The results were correlated with clinicopathological features including follow-up and survival. Chlamydia genome was detected in 3/41 (7.3%) OAL cases by PCR. Direct sequencing revealed C. trachomatis in 3 positive cases. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry showed Chlamydia antigen in 5/41 and 1/41 cases respectively. Immunofluorescence demonstrated higher sensitivity than immunohistochemistry. A significant association was observed between Chlamydia positivity and orbital location (P=0.05). Follow-up revealed relapse in 2 Chlamydia positive cases (P=0.056). Our results demonstrate for the first time presence of C. trachomatis genome in 7.3% OAL cases in India. As no other reports are documented, more detailed studies from different regions within India are needed to explore status of Chlamydia in OALs.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ishak MDOG, Costa MM, Almeida NCCD, Santiago AM, Brito WBD, Vallinoto ACR, Azevedo VN, Ishak R. Chlamydia trachomatis serotype A infections in the Amazon region of Brazil: prevalence, entry and dissemination. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 48:170-4. [PMID: 25992931 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0038-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chlamydia infection is associated with debilitating human diseases including trachoma, pneumonia, coronary heart disease and urogenital diseases. Serotypes of C. trachomatis show a fair correlation with the group of diseases they cause, and their distribution follows a well-described geographic pattern. Serotype A, a trachoma-associated strain, is known for its limited dissemination in the Middle East and Northern Africa. However, knowledge on the spread of bacteria from the genus Chlamydia as well as the distribution of serotypes in Brazil is quite limited. METHODS Blood samples of 1,710 individuals from ten human population groups in the Amazon region of Brazil were examined for antibodies to Chlamydia using indirect immunofluorescence and microimmunofluorescence assays. RESULTS The prevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia ranged from 23.9% (Wayana-Apalai) to 90.7% (Awa-Guaja) with a mean prevalence of 50.2%. Seroreactivity was detected to C. pneumoniae and to all serotypes of C. trachomatis tested; furthermore, we report clear evidence of the as-yet-undescribed occurrence of serotype A of C. trachomatis. CONCLUSIONS Specific seroreactivity not only accounts for the large extent of dissemination of C. trachomatis in the Amazon region of Brazil but also shows an expanded area of occurrence of serotype A outside the epidemiological settings previously described. Furthermore, these data suggest possible routes of Chlamydia introduction into the Amazon region from the massive human migration that occurred during the 1,700s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurimélia Mesquita Costa
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Angélica Menezes Santiago
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - William Botelho de Brito
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Vânia Nakauth Azevedo
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Assar O, Nejatizadeh A, Dehghan F, Kargar M, Zolghadri N. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection With Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation. Glob J Health Sci 2015; 8:260-7. [PMID: 26573036 PMCID: PMC4873590 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n4p260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex multifactorial disorder. Studies show that infectious microbial agents may play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis; however, these findings are conflicting. This study investigated the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in atherosclerotic plaques of patients suffering from coronary artery disease. In a cross-sectional study, 85 patients (43 females and 42 males with mean age of 61±9.5, range 42-82 years) referred for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and thoracic biopsy as the control groups were enrolled for this study. Standard questionnaires, including demographic and clinical evaluation were administered. Obtained specimens were processed and then nested polymerase chain reaction with primers for Pst1 fragment was carried out to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS software. Of note, in 25 out of the 85 patients (29.4%), C. pneumoniae was detected within atherosclerotic plaques, whereas, 5 out of the 85 thoracic biopsy (5.9%) were positive for the presence of the mentioned bacteria in internal thoracic artery. There was a statistically significant association between atherosclerotic plaque (study group) and thoracic biopsy (control group) in terms of C. pneumoniae positivity (P=0.0001). The findings of this study support the hypothesis that C. pneumoniae is associated with atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Assar
- Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Getting visible: A new method to label bacterial cell walls shows the presence of functional peptidoglycan in the important pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis. This might clarify the long-standing paradox of the "chlamydial anomaly".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamimount Mohammadi
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The pathogenetic mechanisms leading to asthma are likely to be diverse, influenced by multiple genetic polymorphisms as well as elements of the environment. Recent data on the microbiome of the airway have revealed intriguing differences between the number and diversity of microbial populations in healthy persons and asthmatics. There is convincing evidence that early viral infections, particularly with human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus, are often associated with the development of chronic asthma and with exacerbations. Recent studies suggest that two unrelated types of atypical bacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mpn) and Chlamydia pneumoniae, are present in the airways of a substantial proportion of the population, bringing up the possibility that the persistent presence of the organism may contribute to the asthmatic phenotype in a subset of patients. This review will examine the current data regarding a possible role for infection in chronic asthma with a particular focus on atypical bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Prescott Atkinson
- Children's of Alabama CPP M220, 1601 4th Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Marginal zone lymphomas and infectious agents. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:431-40. [PMID: 24090976 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A link with infectious agents, bacteria and viruses in particular, has been reported for many lymphoma entities. Marginal zone lymphomas (extranodal, nodal and splenic forms) are frequently associated with chronic infections, with important clinical, molecular, biological, and therapeutic implications. The well-known correlation between Helicobacter pylori and gastric MALT-lymphoma, the recently reported links between Chlamydophila psittaci and ocular adnexal MALT-lymphoma and Borrelia burgdorferi and cutaneous MALT lymphoma constitute the best studied examples of lymphomagenic activity of bacteria, while the hepatitis C virus represents the most extensively investigated virus associated with marginal zone lymphomas. Biological and clinical features, therapeutic implications and future perspectives of these lymphoma-microbial associations are discussed in this review.
Collapse
|
18
|
T lymphocyte immunity in host defence against Chlamydia trachomatis and its implication for vaccine development. Can J Infect Dis 2012; 9:99-108. [PMID: 22451777 DOI: 10.1155/1998/395297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/1997] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes several significant human infectious diseases, including trachoma, urethritis, cervicitis and salpingitis, and is an important cofactor for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Until very recently, over three decades of research effort aimed at developing a C trachomatis vaccine had failed, due mainly to the lack of a precise understanding of the mechanisms for protective immunity. Although most studies concerning protective immunity to C trachomatis have focused on humoral immune responses, recent studies have clearly shown that T helper-1 (Th1)-like CD4 T cell-mediated immune responses play the dominant role in protective immunity. These studies suggest a paradigm for chlamydial immunity and pathology based on the concept of heterogeneity (Th1/Th2) in CD4 T cell immune responses. This concept for chlamydial immunity offers a rational template on which to base renewed efforts for development of a chlamydial vaccine that targets the induction of cell-mediated Th1 immune responses.
Collapse
|
19
|
Taha MA, Singh SR, Dennis VA. Biodegradable PLGA85/15 nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle for Chlamydia trachomatis recombinant MOMP-187 peptide. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:325101. [PMID: 22824940 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/32/325101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Development of a Chlamydia trachomatis vaccine has been a formidable task partly because of an ineffective delivery system. Our laboratory has generated a recombinant peptide of C. trachomatis major outer membrane protein (MOMP) (rMOMP-187) and demonstrated that it induced at 20 μg ml(-1) maximal interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12p40 Th1 cytokines in mouse J774 macrophages. In a continuous pursuit of a C. trachomatis effective vaccine-delivery system, we encapsulated rMOMP-187 in poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA, 85:15 PLA/PGA ratio) to serve as a nanovaccine candidate. Physiochemical characterizations were assessed by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, Zetasizer, Zeta potential, transmission electron microcopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The encapsulated rMOMP-187 was small (∼200 nm) with an apparently smooth uniform oval structure, thermally stable (54 °C), negatively charged ( - 27.00 mV) and exhibited minimal toxicity at concentrations <250 μg ml (-1) to eukaryotic cells (>95% viable cells) over a 24-72 h period. We achieved a high encapsulation efficiency of rMOMP-187 (∼98%) in PLGA, a loading peptide capacity of 2.7% and a slow release of the encapsulated peptide. Stimulation of J774 macrophages with a concentration as low as 1 μg ml (-1) of encapsulated rMOMP-187 evoked high production levels of the Th1 cytokines IL-6 (874 pg ml(-1)) and IL-12p40 (674 pg ml(-1)) as well as nitric oxide (8 μM) at 24 h post-stimulation, and in a dose-response and time-kinetics manner. Our data indicate the successful encapsulation and characterization of rMOMP-187 in PLGA and, more importantly, that PLGA enhanced the capacity of the peptide to induce Th1 cytokines and NO in vitro. These findings make this nanovaccine an attractive candidate in pursuit of an efficacious vaccine against C. trachomatis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murtada A Taha
- Center for NanoBiotechnology and Life Science Research (CNBR), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Osman KM, Ali HA, ElJakee JA, Galal HM. Prevalence ofChlamydophila psittaciInfections in the Eyes of Cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep and Goats in Contact with a Human Population. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:245-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
21
|
Voigt A, Schöfl G, Saluz HP. The Chlamydia psittaci genome: a comparative analysis of intracellular pathogens. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35097. [PMID: 22506068 PMCID: PMC3323650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydiaceae are a family of obligate intracellular pathogens causing a wide range of diseases in animals and humans, and facing unique evolutionary constraints not encountered by free-living prokaryotes. To investigate genomic aspects of infection, virulence and host preference we have sequenced Chlamydia psittaci, the pathogenic agent of ornithosis. RESULTS A comparison of the genome of the avian Chlamydia psittaci isolate 6BC with the genomes of other chlamydial species, C. trachomatis, C. muridarum, C. pneumoniae, C. abortus, C. felis and C. caviae, revealed a high level of sequence conservation and synteny across taxa, with the major exception of the human pathogen C. trachomatis. Important differences manifest in the polymorphic membrane protein family specific for the Chlamydiae and in the highly variable chlamydial plasticity zone. We identified a number of psittaci-specific polymorphic membrane proteins of the G family that may be related to differences in host-range and/or virulence as compared to closely related Chlamydiaceae. We calculated non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rate ratios for pairs of orthologous genes to identify putative targets of adaptive evolution and predicted type III secreted effector proteins. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first detailed analysis of the Chlamydia psittaci genome sequence. It provides insights in the genome architecture of C. psittaci and proposes a number of novel candidate genes mostly of yet unknown function that may be important for pathogen-host interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Voigt
- Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schöfl
- Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans Peter Saluz
- Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fellerhoff B, Wank R. Increased prevalence of Chlamydophila DNA in post-mortem brain frontal cortex from patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011; 129:191-5. [PMID: 21546214 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Infection can initiate symptoms of mental illness. It has been shown previously that Chlamydophila DNA is present six times more often in the blood of patients with schizophrenia than in the blood of control individuals. Monocytes, the main targets of Chlamydiaceae infection, are microglia precursors. We identified Chlamydiaceae infection using blinded brain DNA samples derived from the frontal cortex. Using PCR and sequence analysis, we found Chlamydophila DNA to be four times greater in patients with schizophrenia than in controls (schizophrenia: N=34, microbial DNA frequency 23.5%; controls: N=35, microbial DNA frequency 5.7%; P=0.045, OR=5.08). Persistent Chlamydophila-infected microglia or neuronal cells may impair neuronal circuits and thus be a mechanism for causing psychiatric illness in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fellerhoff
- Institute of Immunology, University of Munich, Goethestrasse 31, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Singal N, Rootman DS. Chlamydial Infections. Cornea 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06387-6.00052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
24
|
Ikeda-Dantsuji Y, Feril LB, Tachibana K, Ogawa K, Endo H, Harada Y, Suzuki R, Maruyama K. Synergistic effect of ultrasound and antibiotics against Chlamydia trachomatis-infected human epithelial cells in vitro. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2011; 18:425-430. [PMID: 20728399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether or not the combined ultrasound and antibiotic treatment is effective against chlamydial infection, a new ultrasound exposure system was designed to treat chlamydia-infected cells. First, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics against Chlamydia trachomatis were determined. Infected cultures were treated with antibiotics then sonicated at intensity of 0.15 or 0.44 W/cm(2) with or without Bubble liposomes. After 48 or 72 h after infection, chlamydial inclusions were stained and examined by fluorescence microscopy. The internalization of dextran-fluorescein conjugates by ultrasound irradiation with Bubble liposomes was observed by fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that application of nanobubble-enhanced ultrasound caused no significant effect on cell viability and chlamydial infectivity. However, Doxycycline (1/2 MIC) or CZX (1.0 μg/ml) in combination with nanobubble-enhanced ultrasound dramatically reduced the number of inclusions compared with that administered with antibiotics only. Bubble dose-dependent synergy was also observed. After ultrasound irradiation at intensity of 0.44 W/cm(2) on the presence of Bubble liposomes, 10% of HeLa cells were observed to have internalized the dextran molecules. This study suggests the possibility of using nanobubble-enhanced ultrasound to deliver antibiotic molecules into cells to eradiate intracellular bacteria, such as chlamydiae, without causing much damage to the cells itself.
Collapse
|
25
|
Linhares IM, Witkin SS. Immunopathogenic consequences of Chlamydia trachomatis 60 kDa heat shock protein expression in the female reproductive tract. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:467-73. [PMID: 20182835 PMCID: PMC3006632 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects chiefly urogenital and ocular epithelial cells. In some infected women the microorganism migrates to the upper reproductive tract resulting in a chronic, but asymptomatic, infection. The immune response to this infection, production of interferon-gamma and pro-inflammatory cytokines, results in interruption of chlamydial intracellular replication. However, the Chlamydia remains viable and enters into a persistent state. In this form, most chlamydial genes are inactive. An exception is the gene coding for the 60 kDa heat shock protein (hsp60), which is synthesized in increased amounts and is released into the extracellular milieu. The chronic release of chlamydial hsp60 induces a local pro-inflammatory immune response in fallopian tube epithelia and results in scar formation and tubal occlusion. In addition, long-term exposure of the maternal immune system to the chlamydial hsp60 eventually results in the release of tolerance and generation of an immune response that recognizes regions of the chlamydial hsp60 that are also present in the human hsp60. Production of cross-reacting antibodies and cell-mediated immunity to the human hsp60 is detrimental to subsequent pregnancy outcome and may also possibly increase susceptibility to atherosclerosis, autoimmune disorders, or malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iara Moreno Linhares
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, P.O. Box 35, New York, NY 10065 USA
- Department of Gynecology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School and Hospital das Clinicas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Steven S. Witkin
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, P.O. Box 35, New York, NY 10065 USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Impact of free-living amoebae on presence of Parachlamydia acanthamoebae in the hospital environment and its survival in vitro without requirement for amoebae. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3360-5. [PMID: 20631104 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00366-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parachlamydia acanthamoebae is an obligately intracellular bacterium that infects free-living amoebae and is a potential human pathogen in hospital-acquired pneumonia. We examined whether the presence of P. acanthamoebae is related to the presence of Acanthamoeba in an actual hospital environment and assessed the in vitro survival of P. acanthamoebae. Ninety smear samples were collected between November 2007 and March 2008 (trial 1, n = 52) and between October 2008 and February 2009 (trial 2, n = 38) from the floor (dry conditions, n = 56) and sink outlets (moist conditions, n = 34) of a hospital. The prevalences of P. acanthamoebae DNA in the first and second trials were 64.3% and 76%, respectively. The prevalences of Acanthamoeba DNA in the first and second trials were 48% and 63.1%, respectively. A statistical correlation between the prevalence of P. acanthamoebae and that of Acanthamoeba was found (trial 1, P = 0.011; trial 2, P = 0.022), and that correlation increased when samples from just the dry area (floor smear samples, P = 0.002) were analyzed but decreased when samples from a moist area were analyzed (P = 0.273). The in vitro experiment showed that, without Acanthamoeba, P. acanthamoebae could not survive in dry conditions for 3 days at 30 degrees C or 15 days at 15 degrees C. Thus, both organisms were coincidentally found in an actual hospital environment, with the presence of Acanthamoeba having a significant effect on the long-term survival of P. acanthamoebae, suggesting that this potential human pathogen could spread through a hospital environment via Acanthamoeba.
Collapse
|
27
|
Mitchell CM, Hutton S, Myers GSA, Brunham R, Timms P. Chlamydia pneumoniae is genetically diverse in animals and appears to have crossed the host barrier to humans on (at least) two occasions. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000903. [PMID: 20502684 PMCID: PMC2873915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common human and animal pathogen associated with a wide range of diseases. Since the first isolation of C. pneumoniae TWAR in 1965, all human isolates have been essentially clonal, providing little evolutionary insight. To address this gap, we investigated the genetic diversity of 30 isolates from diverse geographical locations, from both human and animal origin (amphibian, reptilian, equine and marsupial). Based on the level of variation that we observed at 23 discreet gene loci, it was clearly evident that the animal isolates were more diverse than the isolates of human origin. Furthermore, we show that C. pneumoniae isolates could be grouped into five major genotypes, A-E, with A, B, D and E genotypes linked by geographical location, whereas genotype C was found across multiple continents. Our evidence strongly supports two separate animal-to-human cross species transfer events in the evolutionary history of this pathogen. The C. pneumoniae human genotype identified in the USA, Canada, Taiwan, Iran, Japan, Korea and Australia (non-Indigenous) most likely originated from a single amphibian or reptilian lineage, which appears to have been previously geographically widespread. We identified a separate human lineage present in two Australian Indigenous isolates (independent geographical locations). This lineage is distinct and is present in Australian amphibians as well as a range of Australian marsupials. Chlamydia pneumoniae is an intracellular bacterial pathogen with an extremely diverse host range (humans, amphibians, reptiles and marsupials). We selected 23 target genes in order to investigate genetic diversity: seven of these had been lost or gained by C. pneumoniae, a further six were conserved, four were polymorphic (defined by greater than 20 SNPs per 1 kbp; in this study), and six were truncated or length polymorphic in one strain or the other. Our research highlights that C. pneumoniae animal isolates are much more genetically diverse than C. pneumoniae human isolates, and have crossed the host barrier to humans on at least two occasions. Our study provides new insights into the evolution of this complex pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candice M. Mitchell
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susan Hutton
- Menzies School of Health Research, Royal Darwin Hospital Campus, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Garry S. A. Myers
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Brunham
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter Timms
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Jha HC, Srivastava P, Divya A, Prasad J, Mittal A. Prevalence of Chlamydophila pneumoniae is higher in aorta and coronary artery than in carotid artery of coronary artery disease patients. APMIS 2010; 117:905-11. [PMID: 20078556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a public health problem accounting for an estimated one-third of deaths overall. A potential link between infectious agents and atherosclerosis has been suggested. Data obtained from several seroepidemiological studies have suggested that infection with Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus-1 can initiate or maintain the atherosclerotic process. However, there is no single study in which multiple infectious agents have been detected together in different vascular locations in the same population. This would help in determining if there is any leading pathogen in atheromatous plaques of CAD patients. Hence, we screened for C. pneumoniae, H. pylori, CMV and HSV-1 in different vascular locations of CAD patients using quantitative real-time (RT) PCR. We performed multiplex RT-PCR for detecting pathogens, viz. C. pneumoniae, H. pylori, CMV and HSV-1 in different vascular locations of CAD patients. Percent positivity scores for C. pneumoniae, H. pylori, CMV and HSV-1 in different vascular locations were as follows: aorta (64.7, 35.3, 11.7 and 11.7 respectively); carotid (27.2, 27.2, 9 and 0 respectively); coronary artery (58.3, 33.3, 16.6 and 8.3 respectively). Combined positivity for C. pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae IgA and RT-PCR for C. pneumoniae) was the highest compared with all other groups. Aorta and coronary artery were more susceptible to these pathogens as compared with carotid artery. Moreover, CAD patients' characteristics were associated with C. pneumoniae positivity (C. pneumoniae IgA and RT-PCR), suggesting thereby that C. pneumoniae may have caused chronic persistent infection in CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hem C Jha
- Institute of Pathology, ICMR, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cunningham KA, Carey AJ, Lycke N, Timms P, Beagley KW. CTA1-DD is an effective adjuvant for targeting anti-chlamydial immunity to the murine genital mucosa. J Reprod Immunol 2009; 81:34-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
31
|
Ferreri AJM, Ernberg I, Copie-Bergman C. Infectious agents and lymphoma development: molecular and clinical aspects. J Intern Med 2009; 265:421-38. [PMID: 19298458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on the role of infectious agents in the development of some lymphoma entities. Associations involving bacterial infections mostly regard marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-type. Some paradigmatic examples of these associations include the Helicobacter pylori-related gastric MALT lymphoma and the more recently reported links between Chlamydophila psittaci and ocular adnexal MALT lymphomas and Borrelia burgdorferi and cutaneous MALT lymphomas. The well-documented association between Epstein-Barr virus infection and related lymphoproliferative disorders are analysed as an example of lymphotropic virus with tumourigenic activity. Molecular, biological and clinical features as well as therapeutic implications of these associations are analysed and future perspectives in this field are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J M Ferreri
- Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mitchell CM, Mathews SA, Theodoropoulos C, Timms P. In vitro characterisation of koala Chlamydia pneumoniae: morphology, inclusion development and doubling time. Vet Microbiol 2008; 136:91-9. [PMID: 19026498 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common human and animal pathogen associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Of the animal C. pneumoniae isolates, the koala nasal isolate (LPCoLN) is by far the best genetically characterised. This current study was designed to characterise the morphology and developmental events for the LPCoLN isolate, and our results showed several striking in vitro growth differences when compared to the human isolate, AR39. The LPCoLN inclusion size and morphology was distinct from AR39, and a much faster doubling time (3.4-4.9h versus 5.9-8.7h doubling time) was observed when grown in HEp-2 cell monolayers. Confocal and electron microscopy of LPCoLN confirmed large (9-30 microm in diameter) inclusions, that were heterogeneously shaped, compared to the small (5-9 microm in diameter), uniformly shaped inclusions of AR39. The morphology of the LPCoLN elementary body was round, and had a narrow or nonexistent periplasmic space, compared to the 'pear-shaped' morphology of AR39 EBs. While both isolates showed evidence of inclusion fusion, the level of fusion was much higher for LPCoLN (100%) compared to AR39 (30-40%). Our findings have provided new insights and identified key differences in the in vitro doubling time, size and morphology of an animal C. pneumoniae isolate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candice M Mitchell
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xepapadaki P, Koutsoumpari I, Papaevagelou V, Karagianni C, Papadopoulos NG. Atypical bacteria and macrolides in asthma. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 4:111-6. [PMID: 20525132 PMCID: PMC2868865 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-4-3-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
: Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are common pathogens causing acute illness in both the upper and lower airways. Several observations are supportive of a possible causative role of these pathogens in asthma; however, more evidence is required before this becomes meaningful in clinical practice. Atypical bacteria can enhance airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation, both of which have been associated with exacerbations in patients with preexisting asthma. It is less clear whether the above mechanisms might also be responsible for the development of asthma. Difficulties in accurately diagnosing these infections contribute to such uncertainty. In the present report, evidence of the involvement of Chlamydophila and Mycoplasma infection in the development and the progression of asthma are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioanna Koutsoumpari
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Allergy Research Center, 41 Fidippidou str, 11527 Goudi, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ferreri AJ, Dolcetti R, Dognini GP, Malabarba L, Vicari N, Pasini E, Ponzoni M, Cangi MG, Pecciarini L, Resti AG, Doglioni C, Rossini S, Magnino S. Chlamydophila psittaciis viable and infectious in the conjunctiva and peripheral blood of patients with ocular adnexal lymphoma: Results of a single‐center prospective case–control study. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1089-93. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
35
|
Novel Parachlamydia acanthamoebae quantification method based on coculture with amoebae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:6397-404. [PMID: 18757579 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00841-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, belonging to the order Chlamydiales, is an obligately intracellular bacterium that infects free-living amoebae and is a potential human pathogen. However, no method exists to accurately quantify viable bacterial numbers. We present a novel quantification method for P. acanthamoebae based on coculture with amoebae. P. acanthamoebae was cultured either with Acanthamoeba spp. or with mammalian epithelial HEp-2 or Vero cells. The infection rate of P. acanthamoebae (amoeba-infectious dose [AID]) was determined by DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining and was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization. AIDs were plotted as logistic sigmoid dilution curves, and P. acanthamoebae numbers, defined as amoeba-infectious units (AIU), were calculated. During culture, amoeba numbers and viabilities did not change, and amoebae did not change from trophozoites to cysts. Eight amoeba strains showed similar levels of P. acanthamoebae growth, and bacterial numbers reached ca. 1,000-fold (10(9) AIU preculture) after 4 days. In contrast, no increase was observed for P. acanthamoebae in either mammalian cell line. However, aberrant structures in epithelial cells, implying possible persistent infection, were seen by transmission electron microscopy. Thus, our method could monitor numbers of P. acanthamoebae bacteria in host cells and may be useful for understanding chlamydiae present in the natural environment as human pathogens.
Collapse
|
36
|
Tsutsumi-Ishii Y, Shimada K, Daida H, Toman R, Nagaoka I. Low potency of Chlamydophila LPS to activate human mononuclear cells due to its reduced affinities for CD14 and LPS-binding protein. Int Immunol 2007; 20:199-208. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
37
|
Thomson NR, Holden MTG, Carder C, Lennard N, Lockey SJ, Marsh P, Skipp P, O'Connor CD, Goodhead I, Norbertzcak H, Harris B, Ormond D, Rance R, Quail MA, Parkhill J, Stephens RS, Clarke IN. Chlamydia trachomatis: genome sequence analysis of lymphogranuloma venereum isolates. Genome Res 2007; 18:161-71. [PMID: 18032721 PMCID: PMC2134780 DOI: 10.1101/gr.7020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of sexually transmitted infections in the UK, a statistic that is also reflected globally. There are three biovariants of C. trachomatis: trachoma (serotypes A-C) and two sexually transmitted pathovars; serotypes D-K and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). Trachoma isolates and the sexually transmitted serotypes D-K are noninvasive, whereas the LGV strains are invasive, causing a disseminating infection of the local draining lymph nodes. Genome sequences are available for single isolates from the trachoma (serotype A) and sexually transmitted (serotype D) biotypes. We sequenced two isolates from the remaining biotype, LGV, a long-term laboratory passaged strain and the recent "epidemic" LGV isolate-causing proctitis. Although the genome of the LGV strain shows no additional genes that could account for the differences in disease outcome, we found evidence of functional gene loss and identified regions of heightened sequence variation that have previously been shown to be important sites for interstrain recombination. We have used new sequencing technologies to show that the recent clinical LGV isolate causing proctitis is unlikely to be a newly emerged strain but is most probably an old strain with relatively new clinical manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Thomson
- The Pathogen Sequencing Unit, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kutlin A, Roblin PM, Kumar S, Kohlhoff S, Bodetti T, Timms P, Hammerschlag MR. Molecular characterization of Chlamydophila pneumoniae isolates from Western barred bandicoots. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:407-417. [PMID: 17314374 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydophila pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular respiratory pathogen that has been associated with pneumonia and chronic bronchitis, atherosclerosis, asthma and other chronic diseases in humans. However, C. pneumoniae is not restricted to humans, as originally thought, and can cause infections in several animal hosts. C. pneumoniae was isolated in cell culture from nine Western barred bandicoots (Perameles bougainville) from Australia. The sequences of five genomic regions were determined, including full-length sequences of the 16S rRNA and ompA genes and the ygeD-urk intergenic spacer, and partial sequences of the 23S rRNA and rpoB genes. Sequence analysis of the entire 16S rRNA and ompA genes from bandicoot isolates demonstrated that they were 98.2-98.3% similar to human isolates, 94.6-99.3% similar to the equine biovar and almost identical, with 99.5-99.9% similarity, to the koala biovar. Comparative genotyping of the variable domain 4 region of the ompA gene demonstrated that bandicoot isolates seemed to be identical to the animal genotype that has been recently identified in human carotid plaque specimens. Minor sequence polymorphism observed in ompA, 16S rRNA and rpoB genes of animal isolates, indicating genomic diversity within C. pneumoniae, may have important implications for diagnostic PCR assays leading to false negative results. Forty percent of selected published species-specific PCR assays were found to have sequence variability in primer and/or probe that might affect their performance in detecting bandicoot isolates of C. pneumoniae, or possibly other animal and human strains where minor sequence polymorphisms may be present. The data from this study support the previous observations that C. pneumoniae is not restricted to humans and may be widespread in an animal reservoir with a potential risk of transmission to humans.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Wild/microbiology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Chlamydophila Infections/microbiology
- Chlamydophila Infections/veterinary
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae/classification
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae/genetics
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae/isolation & purification
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Intergenic/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Genes, rRNA
- Genotype
- Humans
- Marsupialia/microbiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Kutlin
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Patricia M Roblin
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Swati Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Stephan Kohlhoff
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Tracey Bodetti
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fellerhoff B, Laumbacher B, Mueller N, Gu S, Wank R. Associations between Chlamydophila infections, schizophrenia and risk of HLA-A10. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:264-72. [PMID: 17102800 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Several microbes have been suspected as pathogenetic factors in schizophrenia. We have previously observed increased frequencies of chlamydial infections and of human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-A10 in independent studies of schizophrenia. Our aim here was to analyze frequencies of three types of Chlamydiaceae in schizophrenic patients (n=72), random controls (n=225) and hospital-patient controls (n=36), together with HLA-A genotypes. Patients were diagnosed with schizophrenia according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV. Blood samples were collected at the beginning of hospitalization and analyzed with Chlamydiaceae species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Control panels consisted of randomly selected volunteers and hospitalized, non-schizophrenic patients. We found chlamydial infection in 40.3% of the schizophrenic patients compared to 6.7% in the controls. The association of schizophrenia with Chlamydiaceae infections was highly significant (P=1.39 x 10(-10), odds ratio (OR)=9.43), especially with Chlamydophila psittaci (P=2.81 x 10(-7), OR=24.39). Schizophrenic carriers of the HLA-A10 genotype were clearly most often infected with Chlamydophila, especially C. psittaci (P=8.03 x 10(-5), OR=50.00). Chlamydophila infections represent the highest risk factor yet found to be associated with schizophrenia. This risk is even further enhanced in carriers of the HLA-A10 genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Fellerhoff
- Institute of Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilans University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Atypical pneumonia is a term applied to lower respiratory tract infections that are not characterized by signs and symptoms of lobar consolidation. This article will discuss the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and laboratory diagnoses of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia sp., Legionella sp., Francisella tularensis, and Coxiella burnetii, which are the agents most commonly associated with atypical pneumonia. Because many of these pathogens are intracellular, diagnosis depends upon serological confirmation. The current serological tests used to identify these agents in the etiologic diagnosis of atypical pneumonia are described. Recently, however, it has become possible to make a diagnosis directly in these cases using DNA or protein microarrays. Here, we describe the development of a new, automated technique for simultaneous testing and detection of several pathogens using a multiplexed serology test. This should prove to be a valuable tool for the rapid determination of patient status, allowing effective and efficient postexposure prophylaxis and treatment.
Collapse
|
41
|
Liu YC, Ohyashiki JH, Ito Y, Iwaya KI, Serizawa H, Mukai K, Goto H, Usui M, Ohyashiki K. Chlamydia psittaci in ocular adnexal lymphoma: Japanese experience. Leuk Res 2006; 30:1587-9. [PMID: 16524626 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We searched for the Chlamydia psittaci DNA the touchdown enzyme time release PCR (TETR-PCR) in 23 specimens from 21 patients with ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative disorders, including 12 patients with MALT lymphoma to identify C. psittaci infection. Southern hybridization of the PCR product using the C. psittaci-specific probe failed to detect C. psittaci, although three samples appeared to be positive by ethidium bromide staining. This indicates that technical approach for detecting C. psittaci infection in ocular adnexal lymphoma might be an essential in disclosing this association.
Collapse
|
42
|
Borel N, Mukhopadhyay S, Kaiser C, Sullivan ED, Miller RD, Timms P, Summersgill JT, Ramirez JA, Pospischil A. Tissue MicroArray (TMA) analysis of normal and persistent Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:152. [PMID: 17052347 PMCID: PMC1622754 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection has been implicated as a potential risk factor for atherosclerosis, however the mechanism leading to persistent infection and its role in the disease process remains to be elucidated. METHODS We validated the use of tissue microarray (TMA) technology, in combination with immunohistochemistry (IHC), to test antibodies (GroEL, GroES, GspD, Ndk and Pyk) raised against differentially expressed proteins under an interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induced model of chlamydial persistence. RESULTS In the cell pellet array, we were able to identify differences in protein expression patterns between untreated and IFN-gamma treated samples. Typical, large chlamydial inclusions could be observed in the untreated samples with all antibodies, whereas the number of inclusions were decreased and were smaller and atypical in shape in the IFN-gamma treated samples. The staining results obtained with the TMA method were generally similar to the changes observed between normal and IFN-gamma persistence using proteomic analysis. Subsequently, it was shown in a second TMA including archival atheromatous heart tissues from 12 patients undergoing heart transplantation, that GroEL, GroES, GspD and Pyk were expressed in atheromatous heart tissue specimens as well, and were detectable morphologically within lesions by IHC. CONCLUSION TMA technology proved useful in documenting functional proteomics data with the morphologic distribution of GroEL, GroES, GspD, Ndk and Pyk within formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cell pellets and tissues from patients with severe coronary atherosclerosis. The antibodies GroEL and GroES, which were upregulated under persistence in proteomic analysis, displayed positive reaction in atheromatous heart tissue from 10 out of 12 patients. These may be useful markers for the detection of persistent infection in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sanghamitra Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, 12300 Washington Avenue, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Carmen Kaiser
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erin D Sullivan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Richard D Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Peter Timms
- Infectious Diseases Program, School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James T Summersgill
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Julio A Ramirez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Andreas Pospischil
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Webley W, Stuart E, Cirino F, Cahill F, Stec T, Andrzejewski C. Successful removal of Chlamydia pneumoniae from plateletpheresis products collected using automated leukoreduction hemapheresis techniques. J Clin Apher 2006; 21:195-201. [PMID: 16570261 DOI: 10.1002/jca.20086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) is an obligate intracellular pathogen associated with a variety of maladies. Best known for its involvement in community-acquired pneumonia outbreaks; the potential role of Cp in diverse illnesses is a topic of increasing interest and investigation. Previous studies suggested that white blood cells from normal blood donors harboring this agent may be eliminated through leukoreduction by filtration. Here we examine the ability and efficacy of apheresis-related leukoreduction for its effect on the carriage and potential infectivity of these organisms in the preparation of platelet products. Matched pre-apheresis peripheral blood (PB) samples and product samples obtained from healthy plateletpheresis donors were analyzed for the presence and potential infectivity of Cp organisms by direct smear inspection and tissue culture techniques. Antibody seroreactivity directed towards the organism was assessed using a solid phase immunoassay. Forty-eight percent of the donor blood samples exhibited elevated anti-Cp antibody titers (> or =200). Specimens from 31 (27%) and 34 (30%) of 115 plateletpheresis donors were positive for the presence of Cp organisms in their pre-apheresis PB samples when analyzed by direct smear examination and culture, respectively. Examination of the 115 post-leukodepleted plateletpheresis product samples revealed only two (1.7%) and one (0.009%) product(s) to be smear-positive and culture-positive, respectively. Certain plateletpheresis donors may harbor infectious Cp organisms in circulating WBC. Collections from such donors of apheresis platelet products using standard apheresis leukoreduction strategies appear successful in markedly decreasing or eliminating the organisms found in the final products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilmore Webley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Al-Younes HM, Gussmann J, Braun PR, Brinkmann V, Meyer TF. Naturally occurring amino acids differentially influence the development of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) pneumoniae. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:879-886. [PMID: 16772415 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The differential influence of individual amino acids on the growth of Chlamydia trachomatis versus Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) pneumoniae was investigated. Certain essential amino acids added in excess at the middle of the infection course resulted in varying degrees of abnormality in the development of the two species. If amino acids were added as early as 2 h post-infection, these effects were even more pronounced. The most effective amino acids in terms of C. trachomatis growth inhibition were leucine, isoleucine, methionine and phenylalanine. These amino acids elicited similar effects against C. pneumoniae, except methionine, which, surprisingly, showed a lower inhibitory activity. Tryptophan and valine marginally inhibited C. trachomatis growth and, paradoxically, led to a considerable enhancement of C. pneumoniae growth. On the other hand, some non-essential amino acids administered at the middle of or throughout the infection course differentially affected the development of the two species. For example, C. trachomatis growth was efficiently inhibited by glycine and serine, whereas C. pneumoniae was relatively less sensitive to these agents. Another difference was apparent for glutamate, glutamine and aspartate, which stimulated C. pneumoniae growth more than that of C. trachomatis. Overall, several distinctive patterns of susceptibility to excess amino acid levels were revealed for two representative C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae isolates. Perturbation of amino acid levels, e.g. of leucine and isoleucine, might form a basis for the development of novel treatment or preventive regimens for chlamydial diseases.
Collapse
|
45
|
Guidoboni M, Ferreri AJM, Ponzoni M, Doglioni C, Dolcetti R. Infectious agents in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-type lymphomas: pathogenic role and therapeutic perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 6:289-300. [PMID: 16507206 DOI: 10.3816/clm.2006.n.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma probably constitutes the best in vivo model showing how complex interplay between B lymphocytes and the surrounding microenvironment may lead to a neoplastic disorder. After the seminal discovery of the pathogenic association between Helicobacter pylori and gastric MALT lymphomas, evidence suggests the possible involvement of other infectious agents in the development of MALT lymphomas arising at different body sites. Although several other bacteria (Borrelia burgdorferi, Campylobacter jejuni, and Chlamydia psittaci) and viruses (Hepatitis C virus) seem to play a role in lymphomas presenting at different locations, a possible common pathogenic mechanism is emerging. Several lines of evidence suggest that different infectious agents might provide a chronic antigenic stimulation that elicits host immune responses able to promote clonal B-cell expansion. This model is also substantiated by the increasing number of patients with MALT lymphomas who exhibit objective clinical responses after antimicrobial therapy. A multidisciplinary approach is critical to better understand the complex etiopathogenesis of MALT lymphomas with the final goal to dissect the clinicopathologic heterogeneity of these disorders and design more tailored preventive and therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Guidoboni
- Immunovirology and Biotherapy Unit, Department of Pre-Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Grünberger B, Hauff W, Lukas J, Wöhrer S, Zielinski CC, Streubel B, Chott A, Raderer M. ‘Blind’ antibiotic treatment targeting Chlamydia is not effective in patients with MALT lymphoma of the ocular adnexa. Ann Oncol 2006; 17:484-7. [PMID: 16500916 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdj143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent results have implicated Chlamydia, especially Chlamydia psittaci, in the development of ocular adnexal lymphoma in the large majority of patients. We present our experience with ex-juvantibus antibiotic treatment in patients diagnosed with MALT lymphoma of the ocular adnexa. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis identified a total of 11 patients (six female, five male) with MALT-lymphoma of the ocular adnexa who were given doxycyclin 200 mg p.o. daily over 3 weeks. Patients were tested also for autoimmune conditions, Helicobacter status and hepatitis along with assessment of MALT-lymphoma specific genetic changes. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 9 months, none of the patients responded to 'blind' antibiotic treatment with doxycyclin. Only one patient with bilateral conjunctival lymphoma related a short lasting subjective improvement, but was referred to alternative therapy due to progression and worsening symptoms after 6 months. CONCLUSIONS In this uncontrolled series, no effect of 'blind' antibiotic treatment with doxycyclin could be found in our patients with MALT lymphoma of the ocular adnexa. These results are in contrast to other series and suggest a potential geographic difference in the role of Chlamydia in ocular adnexal lymphoma. Thus, antibiotic therapy without prior testing for Chlamydia should be discouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Grünberger
- Departments of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Opththalmology, and Pathology Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
McCoy AJ, Maurelli AT. Building the invisible wall: updating the chlamydial peptidoglycan anomaly. Trends Microbiol 2006; 14:70-7. [PMID: 16413190 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The existence of peptidoglycan (PG) in chlamydiae has long been debated. Genome sequencing of members of the Chlamydiaceae family and Protochlamydia amoebophila has uncovered a nearly complete pathway for PG synthesis in these organisms. The recent use of microarray and proteomic analysis methods has revealed that PG synthesis genes are expressed primarily during reticulate body development and division. Furthermore, key genes in the chlamydial PG synthesis pathway encode functional PG synthesis enzymes, some of which provide the basis for the susceptibility of chlamydiae to PG inhibitors. Recent studies shed light on how the construction of a cell wall in chlamydiae is taking shape and why the wall is being built.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J McCoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Skelding KA, Hickey DK, Horvat JC, Bao S, Roberts KG, Finnie JM, Hansbro PM, Beagley KW. Comparison of intranasal and transcutaneous immunization for induction of protective immunity against Chlamydia muridarum respiratory tract infection. Vaccine 2005; 24:355-66. [PMID: 16153755 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae causes a range of respiratory infections including bronchitis, pharyngitis and pneumonia. Infection has also been implicated in exacerbation/initiation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and may play a role in atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. We have used a mouse model of Chlamydia respiratory infection to determine the effectiveness of intranasal (IN) and transcutaneous immunization (TCI) to prevent Chlamydia lung infection. Female BALB/c mice were immunized with chlamydial major outer membrane protein (MOMP) mixed with cholera toxin and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvants by either the IN or TCI routes. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were collected for antibody analysis. Mononuclear cells from lung-draining lymph nodes were stimulated in vitro with MOMP and cytokine mRNA production determined by real time PCR. Animals were challenged with live Chlamydia and weighed daily following challenge. At day 10 (the peak of infection) animals were sacrificed and the numbers of recoverable Chlamydia in lungs determined by real time PCR. MOMP-specific antibody-secreting cells in lung tissues were also determined at day 10 post-infection. Both IN and TCI protected animals against weight loss compared to non-immunized controls with both immunized groups gaining weight by day 10-post challenge while controls had lost 6% of body weight. Both immunization protocols induced MOMP-specific IgG in serum and BAL while only IN immunization induced MOMP-specific IgA in BAL. Both immunization routes resulted in high numbers of MOMP-specific antibody-secreting cells in lung tissues (IN>TCI). Following in vitro re-stimulation of lung-draining lymph node cells with MOMP; IFNgamma mRNA increased 20-fold in cells from IN immunized animals (compared to non-immunized controls) while IFNgamma levels increased 6- to 7-fold in TCI animals. Ten days post challenge non-immunized animals had >7,000 IFU in their lungs, IN immunized animals <50 IFU and TCI immunized animals <1,500 IFU. Thus, both intranasal and transcutaneous immunization protected mice against respiratory challenge with Chlamydia. The best protection was obtained following IN immunization and correlated with IFNgamma production by mononuclear cells in lung-draining LN and MOMP-specific IgA in BAL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Skelding
- Discipline of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Raggam RB, Leitner E, Berg J, Mühlbauer G, Marth E, Kessler HH. Single-run, parallel detection of DNA from three pneumonia-producing bacteria by real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Mol Diagn 2005; 7:133-8. [PMID: 15681485 PMCID: PMC1867508 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular assay for parallel detection of three bacteria, Chlamydia (C.) pneumoniae, Legionella (L.) spp., and Mycoplasma (M.) pneumoniae, in clinical specimens by a set of real-time polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) in a single run was evaluated. Bacterial DNAs were extracted by an automated DNA extraction protocol on the MagNA Pure LC System. Amplification and detection were done by real-time PCR on the LightCycler (LC) instrument. For amplification, specific oligonucleotides derived from the 16s rRNA genes of C. pneumoniae, L. spp., and M. pneumoniae were used. The three assays were complemented with an internal control (IC), a specially designed DNA fragment which contains the specific primer binding sites for the three PCRs. The IC was added to the samples, co-extracted, and co-amplified. Primers and hybridization probes were designed to suit one LC PCR program. LC PCRs were established, detection limits were determined, and clinical samples were tested. The detection limits were found between 5.0 and 0.5 IFU/CFU per PCR reaction for each of the bacteria. A total number of 100 clinical specimens were tested for validation of the molecular assay. Tested samples included 63 bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) and 37 induced sputa specimens. The internal control was detected in all negative and low-positive samples; no inhibition was found throughout the whole study. Additionally, samples underwent testing by culture for L. spp., and M. pneumoniae; for C. pneumoniae, the serological microimmunofluorescence (MIF) test was used. In conclusion, the developed set of LC PCR assays permits parallel detection of C. pneumoniae, L. spp., and M. pneumoniae in a single LC run. This molecular assay may lead to accurate and early diagnosis of pneumonia produced by these three types of bacteria. The assay proved to be suitable for the high-throughput routine diagnostic laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard B Raggam
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Institute of Hygiene, Medical University Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Donati M, Di Leo K, Benincasa M, Cavrini F, Accardo S, Moroni A, Gennaro R, Cevenini R. Activity of cathelicidin peptides against Chlamydia spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1201-2. [PMID: 15728927 PMCID: PMC549261 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.3.1201-1202.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro activity of six cathelicidin peptides against 25 strains of Chlamydia was investigated. SMAP-29 proved to be the most active peptide, reducing the inclusion numbers of all 10 strains of Chlamydia trachomatis tested by > or =50% at 10 microg/ml. This peptide was also active against C. pneumoniae and C. felis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Donati
- Sezione di Microbiologia, DMCSS, Policlinico S.Orsola, Università di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|