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Alsolami A, ALGhasab NS, Alharbi MSM, Bashir AI, Saleem M, Syed Khaja AS, Aldakheel DF, Rakha E, Alshammari JA, Taha TE, Melibari Z, Alharbi YH, Almutlag AA, Said KB. Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Hospitals: Age-Specificity and Potential Zoonotic-Zooanthroponotic Transmission Dynamics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2089. [PMID: 37370983 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13122089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) lineages are a devastating clinical and public health issue. Data on local lineage profiles are limited. We report on the frequency of community-acquired and hospital-acquired cases (CA-MRSA, HA-MRSA). We studied 147 isolates from King Khalid tertiary care hospitals (KKH), each from a case in a patient and including 33 patients at the Maternity and Children's Hospital (MCH). Of the 147 isolates, 87 males (59%) and 60 females (41%) were in KKH. The overwhelming majority (80%; n = 119/147) were CA-MRSA in KKH. Intriguingly, despite significant differences between males (70%) and females (53%), lineage-acquisition remained age-specific around 58-60 years in both genders. However, while CA-MRSA dominated early in life (0-20, 70% MCH), it increased with age in KKH adults; 21-50 (28%), >50 (59%) until the overall 80% (n = 144/180). Major specimens included skin-wounds, surgeries (70.3%), blood (13.5%), sputum (8.8%), very rarely urine (4.1%), and nasal (3.4%), albeit most patients showed severe enteritis and necrotizing pneumonia. Antibiograms showed high beta lactam resistances, including amoxicillin-clavulanate (83%), oxacillin (84%), cefoxitin FOX (100%), penicillin and ampicillin (~100%), as well as high resistance (82%) to carbapenem. Fortunately, high susceptibility was seen to non-beta lactams and, to a lesser extent, gentamicin, erythromycin, and fusidic acid; 33%, 34%, and 38%, respectively, in KKH. A similar pattern was seen in MCH except for a low resistance pattern to gentamicin CN, clindamycin CD, erythromycin E, and tobramycin TOB; 34%, 31%, 39%, and 41%, respectively, except for fusidic acid. These findings have significant clinical implications for MRSA patient management strategies. Clinical- and lineage-profiles imply host-selection and zoonotic-zooanthroponotic transmission dynamics. Future molecular typing, sequencing, and characterization of dominant clone(s) is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alsolami
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Saad ALGhasab
- Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S M Alharbi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelhafiz I Bashir
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Saleem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Dakheel F Aldakheel
- Medical Coordination Unit, Ha'il General Hospital, Ha'il 55428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Rakha
- Departments of Microbiology, King Khalid Hospital, Ha'il 55421, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jabar Aziz Alshammari
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taha E Taha
- Department of Epidemiology, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ziyad Melibari
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaseer H Alharbi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Almutlag
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamaleldin B Said
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
- Genomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel-By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Ogawa E, Shoji K, Uehara Y, Miyairi I. Retropharyngeal abscess caused by community-acquired MRSA USA300 clone in a Japanese child. Jpn J Infect Dis 2022; 75:403-406. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2021.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiki Ogawa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Subspecialities, National Center for Child Health and Development, Japan
| | - Kensuke Shoji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Subspecialities, National Center for Child Health and Development, Japan
| | - Yuki Uehara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Infectious Diseases, St Luke’s International Hospital, Japan
| | - Isao Miyairi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, USA
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Noguchi Y, Nishisho S, Okada H, Shimono R, Kusaka T. An infant with necrotizing pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain USA300. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e14658. [PMID: 34449119 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Noguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagawa University Hospital, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Sae Nishisho
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Shimono
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Kusaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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Lakhundi S, Zhang K. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Characterization, Evolution, and Epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00020-18. [PMID: 30209034 PMCID: PMC6148192 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00020-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 754] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen, has a collection of virulence factors and the ability to acquire resistance to most antibiotics. This ability is further augmented by constant emergence of new clones, making S. aureus a "superbug." Clinical use of methicillin has led to the appearance of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The past few decades have witnessed the existence of new MRSA clones. Unlike traditional MRSA residing in hospitals, the new clones can invade community settings and infect people without predisposing risk factors. This evolution continues with the buildup of the MRSA reservoir in companion and food animals. This review focuses on imparting a better understanding of MRSA evolution and its molecular characterization and epidemiology. We first describe the origin of MRSA, with emphasis on the diverse nature of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). mecA and its new homologues (mecB, mecC, and mecD), SCCmec types (13 SCCmec types have been discovered to date), and their classification criteria are discussed. The review then describes various typing methods applied to study the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary nature of MRSA. Starting with the historical methods and continuing to the advanced whole-genome approaches, typing of collections of MRSA has shed light on the origin, spread, and evolutionary pathways of MRSA clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahreena Lakhundi
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kunyan Zhang
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Song JH, Huh K, Chung DR. Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Asia-Pacific Region. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37:839-854. [PMID: 27960208 PMCID: PMC7171710 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1592075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Aging population, dense urbanization, and poor access to health care make the Asia-Pacific region vulnerable to CAP. The high incidence of CAP poses a significant health and economic burden in this region. Common etiologic agents in other global regions including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and respiratory viruses are also the most prevalent pathogens in the Asia-Pacific region. But the higher incidence of Klebsiella pneumoniae and the presence of Burkholderia pseudomallei are unique to the region. The high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in S. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae has been raising the need for more prudent use of antibiotics. Emergence and spread of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus deserve attention, while the risk has not reached significant level yet in cases of CAP. Given a clinical and socioeconomic importance of CAP, further effort to better understand the epidemiology and impact of CAP is warranted in the Asia-Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungmin Huh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Doo Ryeon Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Wan TW, Tomita Y, Saita N, Konno K, Iwao Y, Hung WC, Teng LJ, Yamamoto T. Emerging ST121/agr4 community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with strong adhesin and cytolytic activities: trigger for MRSA pneumonia and fatal aspiration pneumonia in an influenza-infected elderly. New Microbes New Infect 2016; 13:17-21. [PMID: 27358743 PMCID: PMC4917487 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) pneumonia in influenza-infected elderly individuals has not yet been elucidated in detail. In the present study, a 92-year-old man infected with influenza developed CA-MRSA pneumonia. His CA-MRSA was an emerging type, originated in ST121/agr4 S. aureus, with diversities of Panton–Valentine leucocidin (PVL)−/spat5110/SCCmecV+ versus PVL+/spat159(etc.)/SCCmec−, but with common virulence potentials of strong adhesin and cytolytic activities. Resistance to erythromycin/clindamycin (inducible-type) and gentamicin was detected. Pneumonia improved with the administration of levofloxacin, but with the subsequent development of fatal aspiration pneumonia. Hence, characteristic CA-MRSA with strong adhesin and cytolytic activities triggered influenza-related sequential complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-W Wan
- Department of Epidemiology, Genomics, and Evolution, International Medical Education and Research Centre, Niigata, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y Tomita
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N Saita
- Konno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Konno
- Konno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Iwao
- Department of Epidemiology, Genomics, and Evolution, International Medical Education and Research Centre, Niigata, Japan
| | - W-C Hung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - L-J Teng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - T Yamamoto
- Department of Epidemiology, Genomics, and Evolution, International Medical Education and Research Centre, Niigata, Japan
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Invasive Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Japanese Girl with Disseminating Multiple Organ Infection: A Case Report and Review of Japanese Pediatric Cases. Case Rep Pediatr 2015; 2015:291025. [PMID: 26819794 PMCID: PMC4706898 DOI: 10.1155/2015/291025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric invasive community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infection is very serious and occasionally fatal. This infectious disease is still a relatively rare and unfamiliar infectious disease in Japan. We report a positive outcome in a 23-month-old Japanese girl with meningitis, osteomyelitis, fasciitis, necrotizing pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and bacteremia due to CA-MRSA treated with linezolid. PCR testing of the CA-MRSA strain was positive for PVL and staphylococcal enterotoxin b and negative for ACME. SCC mec was type IVa. This case underscores the selection of effective combinations of antimicrobial agents for its treatment. We need to be aware of invasive CA-MRSA infection, which rapidly progresses with a serious clinical course, because the incidence of the disease may be increasing in Japan.
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Chuang YY, Huang YC. Molecular epidemiology of community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Asia. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013; 13:698-708. [PMID: 23827369 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In Asia, most reports on the epidemiology of community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) are from developed countries, with few data from resource-limited countries, not because of low actual prevalence, but probably because of scarce diagnostic facilities. The rate of MRSA in all community-associated S. aureus infections in Asian countries ranges from 2·5% to 39%. Unlike the predominance of USA300-sequence type (ST) 8 staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV in the USA, the molecular epidemiology of CA-MRSA in Asia is characterised by clonal heterogeneity, similar to that in Europe. The emergence of CA-MRSA is a threat in both community and hospital settings because such strains are now more prevalent than are health-care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) strains. Many epidemic clones are in circulation in Asia and with scarce data available, concern has arisen that CA-MRSA could have devastating results if it becomes epidemic in resource-poor regions. The epidemiology of CA-MRSA in Asia is closely linked with the health of both developing and developed countries. The present situation of CA-MRSA in Asia is important not only for local public health, but also to provide a better understanding of the successful epidemic clones of this global pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yu Chuang
- Department of Pediatrics, St Mary's Hospital, Luodong, Taiwan
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9
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Genetic nature and virulence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomed.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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10
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Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characteristics of 857 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from 16 medical centers in Japan (2008–2009): nationwide survey of community-acquired and nosocomial MRSA. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 72:253-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Isobe H, Takano T, Nishiyama A, Hung WC, Kuniyuki S, Shibuya Y, Reva I, Yabe S, Iwao Y, Higuchi W, Khokhlova OE, Okubo T, Yamamoto T. Evolution and virulence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive ST30 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the past 30 years in Japan. Biomed Res 2012; 33:97-109. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.33.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Abstract
A 62-year-old man presented with general fatigue. He was diagnosed with septic shock and severe pneumonia. The sputum at admission yielded methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strain and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain. Despite antibiotic treatment, he did not improve. A chest computed tomography (CT) revealed multilobar cavity lesions. Only MRSA strain was confirmed at that time. We diagnosed him with necrotizing pneumonia. Despite treatment with vancomycin, his pneumonia worsened and he died. At autopsy, many gram-positive cocci were observed in the lungs. The clinical presentation of our patient was different from typical CA-MRSA-mediated necrotizing pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Otera
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nishi-Kobe Medical Center, Japan.
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Super-sticky familial infections caused by Panton–Valentine leukocidin-positive ST22 community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2012; 18:187-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s10156-011-0316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Yamamoto T, Nishiyama A, Takano T, Yabe S, Higuchi W, Razvina O, Shi D. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: community transmission, pathogenesis, and drug resistance. J Infect Chemother 2010; 16:225-54. [PMID: 20336341 PMCID: PMC7088255 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-010-0045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is able to persist not only in hospitals (with a high level of antimicrobial agent use) but also in the community (with a low level of antimicrobial agent use). The former is called hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) and the latter community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA). It is believed MRSA clones are generated from S. aureus through insertion of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), and outbreaks occur as they spread. Several worldwide and regional clones have been identified, and their epidemiological, clinical, and genetic characteristics have been described. CA-MRSA is likely able to survive in the community because of suitable SCCmec types (type IV or V), a clone-specific colonization/infection nature, toxin profiles (including Pantone-Valentine leucocidin, PVL), and narrow drug resistance patterns. CA-MRSA infections are generally seen in healthy children or young athletes, with unexpected cases of diseases, and also in elderly inpatients, occasionally surprising clinicians used to HA-MRSA infections. CA-MRSA spreads within families and close-contact groups or even through public transport, demonstrating transmission cores. Re-infection (including multifocal infection) frequently occurs, if the cores are not sought out and properly eradicated. Recently, attention has been given to CA-MRSA (USA300), which originated in the US, and is growing as HA-MRSA and also as a worldwide clone. CA-MRSA infection in influenza season has increasingly been noted as well. MRSA is also found in farm and companion animals, and has occasionally transferred to humans. As such, the epidemiological, clinical, and genetic behavior of CA-MRSA, a growing threat, is focused on in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Yamamoto
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Disease Control and International Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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David MZ, Daum RS. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:616-87. [PMID: 20610826 PMCID: PMC2901661 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00081-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1340] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs), endovascular infections, pneumonia, septic arthritis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, foreign-body infections, and sepsis. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were once confined largely to hospitals, other health care environments, and patients frequenting these facilities. Since the mid-1990s, however, there has been an explosion in the number of MRSA infections reported in populations lacking risk factors for exposure to the health care system. This increase in the incidence of MRSA infection has been associated with the recognition of new MRSA clones known as community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). CA-MRSA strains differ from the older, health care-associated MRSA strains; they infect a different group of patients, they cause different clinical syndromes, they differ in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, they spread rapidly among healthy people in the community, and they frequently cause infections in health care environments as well. This review details what is known about the epidemiology of CA-MRSA strains and the clinical spectrum of infectious syndromes associated with them that ranges from a commensal state to severe, overwhelming infection. It also addresses the therapy of these infections and strategies for their prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z David
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Higuchi W, Takano T, Iwao Y, Yabe S, Razvina O, Nishiyama A, Yamamoto T, Mimura S, Kurosawa Y, Ikeda-Dantsuji Y, Sakai F, Hanaki H. Emergence of the community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 clone in a Japanese child, demonstrating multiple divergent strains in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2010; 16:292-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10156-010-0051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Thompson WW, Moore MR, Weintraub E, Cheng PY, Jin X, Bridges CB, Bresee JS, Shay DK. Estimating influenza-associated deaths in the United States. Am J Public Health 2009; 99 Suppl 2:S225-30. [PMID: 19797736 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2008.151944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Most estimates of US deaths associated with influenza circulation have been similar despite the use of different approaches. However, a recently published estimate suggested that previous estimates substantially overestimated deaths associated with influenza, and concluded that substantial numbers of deaths during a future pandemic could be prevented because of improvements in medical care. We reviewed the data sources and methods used to estimate influenza-associated deaths. We suggest that discrepancies between the recent estimate and previous estimates of the number of influenza-associated deaths are attributable primarily to the use of different outcomes and methods. We also believe that secondary bacterial infections will likely result in substantial morbidity and mortality during a future influenza pandemic, despite medical progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Thompson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS A32, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Reva I, Higuchi W, Takano T, Singur O, Ozaki K, Isobe H, Yabe S, Saito K, Baranovich T, Enany S, Otsuka T, Nishiyama A, Yamamoto T, Potapov V. A rapid screening method for Panton-Valentine leucocidin-positive community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus belonging to multilocus sequence type 30 and its related clone using a combination of multiplex PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Infect Chemother 2009; 15:75-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s10156-009-0667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Emergence of the community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 clone in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2008; 14:439-41. [PMID: 19089559 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-008-0640-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We isolated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from a 3-month-old Indian girl who was born in the United States, moved to Japan, and suffered from subcutaneous abscesses in 2007. The MRSA (strain NN36) belonged to multilocus sequence type (ST) 8, exhibited agr1, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IVa, and coagulase type III, and was positive for Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and the arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME), just like the USA300 clone, which is the predominant community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) in the United States. Strain NN36 shared an identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern with the USA300 clone. Although the USA300 clone is of spa1, strain NN36 possessed spa985. Strain NN36 was resistant to erythromycin and kanamycin, in addition to beta-lactam agents (e.g., oxacillin). The data suggest that the USA300 clone has emerged in Japan. Because the USA300 clone has recently spread to European countries, surveillance of the USA300 clone should be actively performed in Japan.
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