1
|
Xie Z, Liu YL, Luo JQ, Lian SW, Cheng PY, Xie JJ, Li ZJ. First report of Alternaria alternata causing leaf yellow spot on Heteropanax fragrans in China. Plant Dis 2022; 107:2219. [PMID: 36510431 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0754-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heteropanax fragrans (Roxb.) Seem is a common garden landscape tree in China. In December 2020, a leaf disease on H. fragrans was observed in a 2 ha field in Zhanjiang (20.85° N, 109.28° E), Guangdong province, China. Early symptoms were small yellow spots on leaves. Later, the spots gradually expanded and turned into necrotic tissues with a clear yellow halo and a white center. The disease incidence on plants was 100%. Twenty diseased leaves were collected from the field. The margin of the diseased tissues was cut into 2 mm × 2 mm pieces, surface disinfected with 75% ethanol and 2% sodium hypochlorite for 30 and 60 s, respectively, and rinsed thrice with sterile water before isolation. The tissues were plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 28 ℃. After 2-day incubation, grayish fungal colonies appeared on the PDA, then pure cultures were produced by transferring hyphal tips to new PDA plates. Single-spore isolation method was used to recover pure cultures for three isolates (HFA-1, HFA-2, and HFA-3). The colonies first produced a light-grayish aerial mycelia, which turned dark grayish upon maturity. Conidiophores were branched. Conidia numbered from two to four in chains, were dark brown, ovoid, or ellipsoid and mostly beakless; had 1-4 transverse and 0-3 longitudinal septa; measured within 7.2-17.8 (average = 10.2) × 2.5-7.5 (average = 4.3) µm (n = 30). Molecular identification was performed using the colony polymerase chain reaction method with MightyAmp DNA Polymerase (Takara-Bio, Dalian, China) (Lu et al. 2012) to amplify the large subunit (LSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, translation elongation factor (TEF) , and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) with NL1/LR3, ITS1/ITS4, EF-1α-F/EF-1α-R, and GDF1/GDR1 (Walther et al. 2013;Woudenberg et al. 2015; Nishikawa and Nakashima. 2020). Amplicons of the isolates were sequenced and submitted to GenBank (LSU, ON088978-ON088980; ITS, MW629797, ON417005 and ON417006; TEF, MW654167, ON497264,and ON497265;GAPDH, MW654166, ON497262,and ON497263). The obtained sequences were 100% identical with those of Alternaria alternata strain CBS 102600 upon BLAST analysis . The sequences were also concatenated for phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood. The isolates clustered with A. alternata (CBS 102600, CBS 102598, CBS 118814, CBS 918.96,CBS 106.24, CBS 119543, CBS 916.96). The fungus associated with leaf yellow spot on H. fragrans was thus identified as A. alternata. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in a greenhouse at 24 ℃-30 ℃ with 80% relative humidity. Individual plants were grown in pots (n = 5, 1 month old). The unwounded leaflets were inoculated with 5 mm-diameter mycelial plugs of the isolates or agar plugs (as control). The test was performed thrice. Disease symptoms were found on the leaves after 7 days, whereas the controls remained healthy. The pathogen was re-isolated from infected leaves and phenotypically identical to the original isolates to fulfill Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this report is the first one on A. alternata causing leaf yellow spot on H. fragrans. Thus, this work provides an important reference for the control of this disease in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue Lian Liu
- Guangdong Ocean University, 74780, Mazhang District Huguangyan East Road 1, Zhanjiang, China, 524088;
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu YL, Xie Z, Lian SW, Luo JQ, Cheng PY. First Report of Fusarium proliferatum Associated with Leaf Yellow on Alternanthera philoxeroides in China. Plant Dis 2022; 107:965. [PMID: 35997674 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-22-1556-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb is a highly invasive weed commonly found in rice fields in China. In May 2021, leaf yellowing was observed on this weed (about 10 ha) in Zhanjiang (21°19'N, 110°20'E), Guangdong Province, China. Disease incidence was approximately 20% (n = 100 investigated plants). Ten yellow leaves from 10 plants were sampled, surface-sterilized with 75% ethanol for 30 s, followed by 2% NaClO for 5 min. The leaves were rinsed three times in sterile distilled water and four sections of each leaf were placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). Pure cultures were obtained by transferring hyphal tips to new PDA plates. Twenty-two isolates of Fusarium ssp. (69% of the isolates) were obtained from 55% of the leaf samples. Three representative single-spore isolates (APF-1, APF-2, and APF-3) were used for further study. Colonies were white to pink on PDA. Conidiogenous cells were monophialidic or polyphialidic. Macroconidia were slightly curved, tapering apically with three to five septa, and measured from 32.5-55.8 μm × 2.5-5.1 μm in size (n=50). The morphological features of these fungi were noted to be in line with those of Fusarium proliferatum (Leslie and Summerell, 2006). For molecular identification, a colony PCR method (Lu et al. 2012) was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and portions of elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) genes using primers ITS1/ITS4, EF1-728F/EF1-986R, RPB1-R8/RPB1-F5, and RPB2-7CF/fRPB2-11aR, respectively (O'Donnell et al. 1998; O'Donnell et al. 2010). The sequences were submitted to GenBank under accession numbers MZ026797-MZ026799 (ITS) and MZ032209-MZ032217 (RPB1, RPB2, EF1-α). The sequences of the three isolates were 100% identical (ITS, 537/537 bp; RPB1, 1606/1606 bp; RPB2, 770/770 bp and EF1-α, 683/683 bp) with those of F. proliferatum (accession nos. MT378328, MN193921, MH582196, and MH582344) through BLAST analysis. Analysis of the sequences revealed a 99.87 - 100% identity with the isolates of the F. proliferatum (F. fujikuroi species complex, Asian clade) by polyphasic identification using the FUSARIUM-ID database (Yilmaz et al. 2021). The sequences were also concatenated for phylogenetic analysis by the maximum likelihood method. The isolates clustered with F. proliferatum. Pathogenicity was tested through in vivo experiments. The inoculated and control plants (n = 5, 30 days old) were sprayed with a spore suspension (1 × 105 per mL) of the three isolates individually and sterile distilled water, respectively, until run-off (Feng and Li. 2019). The test was performed three times. The plants were grown in pots in a greenhouse at 25 °C to 28 °C, with relative humidity of approximately 80%. Yellowing was observed on the inoculated plants after 7 days, while the control plants remained healthy. The pathogen re-isolated from all the inoculated plants was identical to the inoculated isolates in terms of morphology and ITS sequences. No fungi were isolated from the control plants. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report F. proliferatum causing yellow symptoms on A. philoxeroides. The fungus has some potential biological control properties, but its host range needs to be further determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lian Liu
- Guangdong Ocean University, Mazhang District Huguangyan East Road 1, Zhanjiang, China, 524088;
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu YL, Yang J, Lian SW, Xie Z, Luo JQ, Cheng PY, Xie JJ, Li ZJ. Pseudocercospora rhododendricola Causing Leaf dark Spot on Rhododendron pulchrum by the first phylogenetic analyses. Plant Dis 2022; 107:953. [PMID: 35949188 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-22-1170-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rhododendron pulchrum Sweet is a famous ornamental flower in China. In December 2020, a leaf spot disease was observed on cv. Maojuan in Zhanjiang (21.17 N, 110.18 E), Guangdong, China. The spots were irregular and distributed on both sides of the main vein. They were dark to black, and their borders were obvious. The coalescence of the spots eventually led to leaf wilt. The disease incidence was 100% (n = 100, about 50 ha ). Thirty infected leaves were collected from the field, and the margin of the diseased tissues was cut into 2 mm × 2 mm pieces. Samples were surface disinfected with 75% ethanol and 2% sodium hypochlorite for 30 and 60 s, respectively. They were rinsed thrice with sterile water before isolation. The tissues were plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 28 ℃. After 5 days, fungal colonies appeared on the PDA. Pure cultures were produced by transferring hyphal tips to new PDA plates. Three isolates (RSP-1, RSP-2, and RSP-3) were obtained and the colonies of isolates were preserved in glycerol (15%) at -80 °C deposited at the Museum of Guangdong Ocean University. The morphology of these three isolates was consistent, and their sequences showed 100% homology according to ITS, TEF1, and ACT analysis results. The colonies grew to approximately 5 cm in diameter after 10 days. They showed olive green with off-white aerial mycelia. Stromata and conidia were observed on leaf lesions. Stromata were olivaceous brown. Conidia were solitary, cylindrical to narrowly obclavate, mildly curved, obtuse to rounded at the apex, and 1- to 3-septate; they had dimensions of 20 to 60 × 2.0 to 3.0 μm (n = 30). These morphological characteristics were not different from the description of Pseudocercospora rhododendricola (J.M. Yen) Deighton (Liu et al. 1998). For molecular identification, the colony PCR method with MightyAmp DNA Polymerase (Takara-Bio, Dalian, China) (Lu et al. 2012) was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), and actin (ACT) loci of the isolates using primer pairs ITS4/ITS5, EF1/EF2, and ACT-512F/ACT-783R, respectively (White et al., 1990; O'Donnell et al. 1997). The sequences of the isolate RSP-1 were deposited in the GenBank (ITS, MW629798; TEF1, MW654168; and ACT, MW654170). BLAST analysis showed that the sequences of P. rhododendricola were submitted to GenBank for the first time by the author of this paper. A phylogenetic tree was generated based on the concatenated data of ITS, TEF1, and ACT sequences from GenBank by the Maximum Likelihood method. The isolates were closest to Pseudocercospora sp. CPC 14711 (Crous et al., 2013). Phylogenetic and morphological analyses identified the isolates as P. rhododendricola. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in a greenhouse at 24 °C-30 ℃ with 80% relative humidity. Healthy cv. Maojuan were grown in pots. Unwounded leaflets were inoculated with 5 mm-diameter mycelial plugs of the isolates or agar plugs (as control) (5 leaflets per plant, 3 plants, 2-month-old plants). The test was performed thrice. Disease symptoms were found on the leaves after 2 weeks, whereas the control plants remained healthy. The fungus was re-isolated from the infected leaves and confirmed as the same isolates by morphological and ITS analyses. P. rhododendricola was the cause of leaf spot of Rhododendron sp. from Singapore (Liu et al., 1998). For the first time, this pathogen was identified by combining phylogenetic and morphological analyses. The sequences in this study would be used as the reference sequences for further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lian Liu
- Guangdong Ocean University, Mazhang District Huguangyan East Road 1, Zhanjiang, China, 524088;
| | - Jianxing Yang
- Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ruckart PZ, Jones RL, Courtney JG, LeBlanc TT, Jackson W, Karwowski MP, Cheng PY, Allwood P, Svendsen ER, Breysse PN. Update of the Blood Lead Reference Value - United States, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:1509-1512. [PMID: 34710078 PMCID: PMC8553025 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7043a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Perri Zeitz Ruckart
- National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC
| | - Robert L Jones
- National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC
| | - Joseph G Courtney
- National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC
| | - Tanya Telfair LeBlanc
- National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC
| | - Wilma Jackson
- National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC
| | - Mateusz P Karwowski
- National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC
| | - Paul Allwood
- National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC
| | - Erik R Svendsen
- National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC
| | - Patrick N Breysse
- National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sommer YL, Ward CD, Georgi JC, Cheng PY, Jones RL. Importance of Preanalytical Factors in Measuring Cr and Co Levels in Human Whole Blood: Contamination Control, Proper Sample Collection and Long-Term Storage Stability. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:297-307. [PMID: 32514534 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of errors with potentially significant consequences may be introduced at various points in the analytical process, which result in skewed, erroneous analytical results. Precautionary procedures such as contamination control, following established sample collection protocols, and having a complete understanding of the long-term stability of the elements of interest can minimize or eliminate these errors. Contamination control is critical in the quantification of Cr and Co in human whole blood. Cr and Co levels in most biological samples are low, but these elements occur naturally in the environment and are often found in commercial and consumer products, which increases the risk of contamination. In this paper, we demonstrated that lot screening process in which we pre-screen a sub-set of manufactured lots used in collecting, analyzing and storing blood samples is a critical step in controlling Cr and Co contamination. Stainless steel needles are often utilized in blood collection but are considered as a potential source of introducing metal contamination to the patient sample. We conducted two studies to determine if there is a possibility of Cr or Co leaching into the human whole blood from the needles during blood collection. We analyzed blood collected from 100 donors and blood collected in vitro in the laboratory from designated vessel containing spiked blood with higher levels of Cr and Co. Two blood tubes were consecutively collected through one needle. In both studies, Cr and Co concentration levels in the two consecutively collected tubes were compared. Based on the results from donor and in vitro blood collection studies, we concluded that there was no Cr and Co leaching from the limited sets of stainless steel needles used in these studies. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Cr and Co human whole blood samples are stable for 1 year stored at temperatures of -70, -20 and 4°C and 6 months at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya L Sommer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Cynthia D Ward
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Joaudimir Castro Georgi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Robert L Jones
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ulmer CZ, Smith B, Thonkulpitak J, Hardin J, Danilenko U, Frame T, Cheng PY, Vesper HW. Development of a Sensitive High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Approach for Urea Nitrogen Quantitation in Small Volumes of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF). J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2020; 31:2270-2276. [PMID: 32931276 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive, selective, and quantitative method incorporating high-resolution mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The method requires no sample cleanup or derivatization prior to analysis. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a Hypersil Gold PFP column (100 × 3 mm, 3 μm particle size) connected to a C18 guard column was employed for a 10 min chromatographic separation. The detection of urea was achieved using a Thermo Scientific Q-Exactive Plus instrument incorporating selected ion monitoring (SIM) modes for the protonated adduct of urea. The urea analytical measuring range for the method is 0.047-17.134 mg/dL, resulting in a BUN analytical measurement range of 0.022-8.007 mg/dL, which allows for quantitation over 3 orders of magnitude (R2 = 0.999). In addition, the method is suitable for small sample volumes (15 μL) with a high level of accuracy, precision, and specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candice Z Ulmer
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS F25, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Bianca Smith
- Battelle, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201, United States
| | - Janet Thonkulpitak
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, P.O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Joshua Hardin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, P.O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Uliana Danilenko
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS F25, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Tunde Frame
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS F25, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS F25, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Hubert W Vesper
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS F25, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hoover JH, Erdei E, Begay D, Gonzales M, Jarrett JM, Cheng PY, Lewis J. Exposure to uranium and co-occurring metals among pregnant Navajo women. Environ Res 2020; 190:109943. [PMID: 32750552 PMCID: PMC7530024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Navajo Nation residents are at risk for exposure to uranium and other co-occurring metals found in abandoned mine waste. The Navajo Birth Cohort Study (NBCS) was initiated in 2010 to address community concerns regarding the impact of chronic environmental exposure to metals on pregnancy and birth outcomes. The objectives of this paper were to 1) evaluate maternal urine concentrations of key metals at enrollment and delivery from a pregnancy cohort; and 2) compare the NBCS to the US general population by comparing representative summary statistical values. Pregnant Navajo women (N = 783, age range 14-45 years) were recruited from hospital facilities on the Navajo Nation during prenatal visits and urine samples were collected by trained staff in pre-screened containers. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health's (NCEH) Division of Laboratory Sciences (DLS) analyzed urine samples for metals. Creatinine-corrected urine concentrations of cadmium decreased between enrollment (1st or 2nd trimester) and delivery (3rd trimester) while urine uranium concentrations were not observed to change. Median and 95th percentile values of maternal NBCS urine concentrations of uranium, manganese, cadmium, and lead exceeded respective percentiles for National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES) percentiles for women (ages 14-45 either pregnant or not pregnant.) Median NBCS maternal urine uranium concentrations were 2.67 (enrollment) and 2.8 (delivery) times greater than the NHANES median concentration, indicating that pregnant Navajo women are exposed to metal mixtures and have higher uranium exposure compared to NHANES data for women. This demonstrates support for community concerns about uranium exposure and suggests a need for additional analyses to evaluate the impact of maternal metal mixtures exposure on birth outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Hoover
- Montana State University BIllings, Billings, MT, United States.
| | - Esther Erdei
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, Community Environmental Health Program, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - David Begay
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, Community Environmental Health Program, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Melissa Gonzales
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, Community Environmental Health Program, Albuquerque, NM, United States; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jeffery M Jarrett
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Johnnye Lewis
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, Community Environmental Health Program, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cheng PY, Khan SF. Dimensional accuracy and surface finish of investment casting parts by indirect additive manufacturing from fused filament fabrication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/429/1/012100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
9
|
Caldwell KL, Cheng PY, Jarrett JM, Makhmudov A, Vance K, Ward CD, Jones RL, Mortensen ME. Measurement Challenges at Low Blood Lead Levels. Pediatrics 2017; 140:peds.2017-0272. [PMID: 28771411 PMCID: PMC5709716 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) adopted its Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention recommendation to use a population-based reference value to identify children and environments associated with lead hazards. The current reference value of 5 μg/dL is calculated as the 97.5th percentile of the distribution of blood lead levels (BLLs) in children 1 to 5 years old from 2007 to 2010 NHANES data. We calculated and updated selected percentiles, including the 97.5th percentile, by using NHANES 2011 to 2014 blood lead data and examined demographic characteristics of children whose blood lead was ≥90th percentile value. The 97.5th percentile BLL of 3.48 µg/dL highlighted analytical laboratory and clinical interpretation challenges of blood lead measurements ≤5 μg/dL. Review of 5 years of results for target blood lead values <11 µg/dL for US clinical laboratories participating in the CDC's voluntary Lead and Multi-Element Proficiency quality assurance program showed 40% unable to quantify and reported a nondetectable result at a target blood lead value of 1.48 µg/dL, compared with 5.5% at a target BLL of 4.60 µg/dL. We describe actions taken at the CDC's Environmental Health Laboratory in the National Center for Environmental Health, which measures blood lead for NHANES, to improve analytical accuracy and precision and to reduce external lead contamination during blood collection and analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L. Caldwell
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeffery M. Jarrett
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amir Makhmudov
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathryn Vance
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cynthia D. Ward
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert L. Jones
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary E. Mortensen
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Georgi JC, Sommer YL, Ward CD, Cheng PY, Jones RL, Caldwell KL. Biomonitoring method for the analysis of chromium and cobalt in human whole blood using inductively coupled plasma - kinetic energy discrimination - mass spectrometry (ICP-KED-MS). Anal Methods 2017; 9:3464-3476. [PMID: 29201158 PMCID: PMC5709816 DOI: 10.1039/c7ay00430c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed a biomonitoring method to rapidly and accurately quantify chromium and cobalt in human whole blood by ICP-MS. Many metal-on-metal hip implants which contain significant amounts of chromium and cobalt are susceptible to metal degradation. This method is used to gather population data about chromium and cobalt exposure of the U.S. population that does not include people that have metal-on-metal hip implants so that reference value can be established for a baseline level in blood. We evaluated parameters such as; helium gas flow rate, choice and composition of the diluent solution for sample preparation, and sample rinse time to determine the optimal conditions for analysis. The limits of detection for chromium and cobalt in blood were determined to be 0.41 and 0.06 μg/L, respectively. Method precision, accuracy, and recovery for this method were determined using quality control material created in-house and historical proficiency testing samples. We conducted experiments to determine if quantitative changes in the method parameters affect the results obtained by changing four parameters while analyzing human whole blood spiked with National Institute of Standard and Technology traceable materials: the dilution factor used during sample preparation, sample rinse time, diluent composition, and kinetic energy discrimination gas flow rate. The results at the increased and decreased levels for each parameter were statistically compared to the results obtained at the optimized parameters. We assessed the degree of reproducibility obtained under a variety of conditions and evaluated the method's robustness by analyzing the same set of proficiency testing samples by different analysts, on different instruments, with different reagents, and on different days. The short-term stability of chromium and cobalt in human blood samples stored at room temperature was monitored over a time period of 64 hours by diluting and analyzing samples at different time intervals. The stability of chromium and cobalt post-dilution was also evaluated over a period of 48 hours and at two storage temperatures (room temperature and refrigerated at 4°C). The results obtained during the stability studies showed that chromium and cobalt are stable in human blood for a period of 64 hours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaudimir Castro Georgi
- Inorganic & Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-50, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717
| | - Yuliya L Sommer
- Inorganic & Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-50, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717
| | - Cynthia D Ward
- Inorganic & Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-50, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- Inorganic & Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-50, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717
| | - Robert L Jones
- Inorganic & Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-50, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717
| | - Kathleen L Caldwell
- Inorganic & Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-50, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Coleman LA, Mishina M, Thompson M, Spencer SM, Reber AJ, Davis WG, Cheng PY, Belongia EA, Talbot HK, Sundaram ME, Griffin MR, Shay DK, Sambhara S. Age, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression and function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:35512-35521. [PMID: 27203211 PMCID: PMC5094941 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between age, vitamin D status, expression and functionality of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and key genes in the vitamin D pathway in immune cells is unclear. We enrolled adults 50 to 69 years old (20 subjects) and 70+ (20 subjects) and measured: 1) 25(OH)D levels by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry; and 2) mRNA expression of VDR, 1α-OHase, 1,25D3-MARRS, TREM-1, cathelicidin, RIG-I, and interferon-β by qRT-PCR. Mean serum 25(OH)D was 30 ± 4 ng/mL and was not associated with age. Baseline expression of VDR, 1α-OHase, 1,25D3-MARRS, TREM-1, and RIG-I also did not differ by age; IFN-β expression, however, was higher in the 70+ year old group. 25(OH)D3- and 1,25(OH)2D3-induced VDR, TREM-1 and cathelicidin expression were similar between age groups, as was LPS-induced expression of VDR and of 1α-OHase. Ligand-induced 1,25D3-MARRS expression was higher in subjects ≥ 70 years. Serum 25(OH)D was inversely associated with LPS-stimulated VDR expression and with baseline or vitamin D-induced TREM-1 expression, adjusting for age, self-rated health, and functional status. In healthy adults ≥ 50 years, the expression and functionality of the VDR, 1α-OHase and key vitamin D pathway genes were not consistently associated with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Coleman
- Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, OH, USA
- Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | | | - Mark Thompson
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Adrian J. Reber
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William G. Davis
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Maria E. Sundaram
- Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI, USA
- University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - David K. Shay
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cheng PY, Palekar R, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Iuliano D, Alencar AP, Bresee J, Oliva O, de Souza MDFM, Widdowson MA. Burden of influenza-associated deaths in the Americas, 2002-2008. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 9 Suppl 1:13-21. [PMID: 26256291 PMCID: PMC4549098 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza disease is a vaccine-preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) region has invested in influenza vaccines, but few estimates of influenza burden exist to justify these investments. We estimated influenza-associated deaths for 35 PAHO countries during 2002-2008. METHODS Annually, PAHO countries report registered deaths. We used respiratory and circulatory (R&C) codes from seven countries with distinct influenza seasonality and high-quality mortality data to estimate influenza-associated mortality rates by age group (0-64, 65-74, and ≥ 75 years) with a Serfling regression model or a negative binomial model. We calculated the percent of all R&C deaths attributable to influenza by age group in these countries (etiologic fraction) and applied it to the age-specific mortality in 13 countries with good mortality data but poorly defined seasonality. Lastly, we grouped the remaining 15 countries into WHO mortality strata and applied the age and mortality stratum-specific rate of influenza mortality calculated from the 20 countries. We summed each country's estimate to arrive at an average total annual number and rate of influenza deaths in the Americas. RESULTS For the 35 PAHO countries, we estimated an annual mean influenza-associated mortality rate of 2·1/100,000 among <65-year olds, 31·9/100 000 among those 65-74 years, and 161·8/100,000 among those ≥ 75 years. We estimated that annually between 40,880 and 160,270 persons (mean, 85,100) die of influenza illness in the PAHO region. CONCLUSION Influenza remains an important cause of mortality in the Americas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yung Cheng
- Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rakhee Palekar
- Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Danielle Iuliano
- Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Airlane P Alencar
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph Bresee
- Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Otavio Oliva
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Durand LO, Cheng PY, Palekar R, Clara W, Jara J, Cerpa M, El Omeiri N, Ropero-Alvarez AM, Ramirez JB, Araya JL, Acosta B, Bruno A, Calderon de Lozano C, Castillo Signor LDC, Matute ML, Jackson-Betty S, Mung KS, Díaz-Quiñonez JA, López-Martinez I, Balmaseda A, Arévalo BM, Vazquez C, Gutierrez V, Garten R, Widdowson MA, Azziz-Baumgartner E. Timing of influenza epidemics and vaccines in the American tropics, 2002-2008, 2011-2014. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:170-5. [PMID: 26701079 PMCID: PMC4814866 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza‐associated illness results in increased morbidity and mortality in the Americas. These effects can be mitigated with an appropriately chosen and timed influenza vaccination campaign. To provide guidance in choosing the most suitable vaccine formulation and timing of administration, it is necessary to understand the timing of influenza seasonal epidemics. Objectives Our main objective was to determine whether influenza occurs in seasonal patterns in the American tropics and when these patterns occurred. Methods Publicly available, monthly seasonal influenza data from the Pan American Health Organization and WHO, from countries in the American tropics, were obtained during 2002–2008 and 2011–2014 (excluding unseasonal pandemic activity during 2009–2010). For each country, we calculated the monthly proportion of samples that tested positive for influenza. We applied the monthly proportion data to a logistic regression model for each country. Results We analyzed 2002–2008 and 2011–2014 influenza surveillance data from the American tropics and identified 13 (81%) of 16 countries with influenza epidemics that, on average, started during May and lasted 4 months. Conclusions The majority of countries in the American tropics have seasonal epidemics that start in May. Officials in these countries should consider the impact of vaccinating persons during April with the Southern Hemisphere formulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Wilfrido Clara
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jorge Jara
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | | | | | - Juliana Barbosa Ramirez
- Centro Nacional de Influenza, Laboratorio de Virología, Instituto Nacional De Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jenny Lara Araya
- Centro Nacional de Influenza, Centro Nacional de Referencia de Virología, Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Belsy Acosta
- Centro Nacional de Influenza, Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‟Pedro Kouríˮ, Havana, Cuba
| | - Alfredo Bruno
- El Centro de Referencia Nacional de Influenza y Otros Virus Respiratorios Insituto Nacional de Investigacion en Salud Publica (INSPI), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Celina Calderon de Lozano
- Unidad de Vigilancia Laboratorial Dr. Max Bloch, Centro Nacional de Influenza, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | | | - Maria Luisa Matute
- Departamento de Laboratorio Nacional de Vigilancia de la Salud, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Sandra Jackson-Betty
- National Influenza Centre-Jamaica, Department of Microbiology, University of West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Kam Suan Mung
- PAHO/WHO Jamaica, National Influenza Centre-Jamaica, Department of Microbiology, University of West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - José Alberto Díaz-Quiñonez
- National Influenza Centre, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE), Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irma López-Martinez
- National Influenza Centre, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE), Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Brechla Morneo Arévalo
- Depto. de Investigación en Virología Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas, Panamá City, Panamá
| | | | | | - Rebecca Garten
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aungkulanon S, Cheng PY, Kusreesakul K, Bundhamcharoen K, Chittaganpitch M, Margaret M, Olsen S. Influenza-associated mortality in Thailand, 2006-2011. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2015; 9:298-304. [PMID: 26283569 PMCID: PMC4605410 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza-associated mortality in subtropical or tropical regions, particularly in developing countries, remains poorly quantified and often underestimated. We analyzed data in Thailand, a middle-income tropical country with good vital statistics and influenza surveillance data. Methods We obtained weekly mortality data for all-cause and three underlying causes of death (circulatory and respiratory diseases, and pneumonia and influenza), and weekly influenza virus data, from 2006 to 2011. A negative binomial regression model was used to estimate deaths attributable to influenza in two age groups (<65 and ≥65 years) by incorporating influenza viral data as covariates in the model. Results From 2006 to 2011, the average annual influenza-associated mortality per 100 000 persons was 4·0 (95% CI: −18 to 26). Eighty-three percent of influenza-associated deaths occurred among persons aged > 65 years. The average annual rate of influenza-associated deaths was 0·7 (95% CI: −8·2 to 10) per 100 000 population for person aged <65 years and 42 (95% CI: −137 to 216) for person aged ≥ 65 years. Discussion In Thailand, estimated excess mortality associated with influenza was considerable even during non-pandemic years. These data provide support for Thailand's seasonal influenza vaccination campaign. Continued monitoring of mortality data is important to assess impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suchunya Aungkulanon
- International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Khanitta Kusreesakul
- International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | | | - McCarron Margaret
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sonja Olsen
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Thailand Ministry of Public Health - United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Foppa IM, Cheng PY, Reynolds SB, Shay DK, Carias C, Bresee JS, Kim IK, Gambhir M, Fry AM. Deaths averted by influenza vaccination in the U.S. during the seasons 2005/06 through 2013/14. Vaccine 2015; 33:3003-9. [PMID: 25812842 PMCID: PMC4834450 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess mortality due to seasonal influenza is substantial, yet quantitative estimates of the benefit of annual vaccination programs on influenza-associated mortality are lacking. METHODS We estimated the numbers of deaths averted by vaccination in four age groups (0.5 to 4, 5 to 19, 20 to 64 and ≥65 yrs.) for the nine influenza seasons from 2005/6 through 2013/14. These estimates were obtained using a Monte Carlo approach applied to weekly U.S. age group-specific estimates of influenza-associated excess mortality, monthly vaccination coverage estimates and summary seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates to obtain estimates of the number of deaths averted by vaccination. The estimates are conservative as they do not include indirect vaccination effects. RESULTS From August, 2005 through June, 2014, we estimated that 40,127 (95% confidence interval [CI] 25,694 to 59,210) deaths were averted by influenza vaccination. We found that of all studied seasons the most deaths were averted by influenza vaccination during the 2012/13 season (9398; 95% CI 2,386 to 19,897) and the fewest during the 2009/10 pandemic (222; 95% CI 79 to 347). Of all influenza-associated deaths averted, 88.9% (95% CI 83 to 92.5%) were in people ≥65 yrs. old. CONCLUSIONS The estimated number of deaths averted by the US annual influenza vaccination program is considerable, especially among elderly adults and even when vaccine effectiveness is modest, such as in the 2012/13 season. As indirect effects ("herd immunity") of vaccination are ignored, these estimates represent lower bound estimates and are thus conservative given valid excess mortality estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo M Foppa
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS A-20, Atlanta, 30333 GA, USA; Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS A-20, Atlanta, 30333 GA, USA; Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sue B Reynolds
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS A-20, Atlanta, 30333 GA, USA; Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, GA, USA
| | - David K Shay
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS A-20, Atlanta, 30333 GA, USA
| | - Cristina Carias
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; IHRC.Inc, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph S Bresee
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS A-20, Atlanta, 30333 GA, USA
| | - Inkyu K Kim
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS A-20, Atlanta, 30333 GA, USA; Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manoj Gambhir
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS A-20, Atlanta, 30333 GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Talbot HK, Coleman LA, Zhu Y, Spencer S, Thompson M, Cheng PY, Sundaram ME, Belongia EA, Griffin MR. Factors associated with maintenance of antibody responses to influenza vaccine in older, community-dwelling adults. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:195. [PMID: 25903659 PMCID: PMC4415221 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0926-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about factors associated with maintenance of hemagglutinin inhibition (HAI) antibodies after influenza vaccination in older adults. Methods Adults ≥50 years of age were vaccinated prior to the 2009–10 influenza season. Serum was drawn pre-vaccination (S1), 21–28 days post-vaccination (S2), and after the influenza season (S3) for HAI assays. Seroconversion was defined as ≥ 4-fold increase S1 to S2 (or if S1 < 10, by an S2 ≥ 40) and seroprotection was defined as S2 ≥ 40. Maintenance of antibody response was measured in participants with an S2 ≥ 40, and defined as an S3 ≥ 40. Results We enrolled 510 participants during Fall 2009 at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation. Participants’ mean age was 64 years with 62% female and 96% white. Seroconversion and seroprotection rates were lowest for influenza A H1N1 (12% and 26%, respectively), highest for influenza A H3N2 (45% and 82%), and intermediate for influenza B (28% and 72%). Of the participants with an S2 ≥ 40, 36% (46/126), 71% (289/407), and 74% (263/354) maintained an S3 ≥ 40 for H1N1, H3N2, and B influenza vaccine strains, respectively. S1 HAI titer was strongly associated with both post-vaccination seroprotection and maintaining seroprotection at S3 for all three influenza antigens. Age, sex, body mass index, self-reported stress, and vaccination site were not consistently associated with vaccine response or maintenance of response. Conclusions Pre-vaccination antibody titer was the only study variable consistently and positively associated with both serologic response to vaccination and maintenance of response. Antibody responses were lowest for the H1N1 vaccine strain. ClinicalTrials gov Identifier: NCT02401893 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-0926-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Keipp Talbot
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, A2200 MCN 1161 21st Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Laura A Coleman
- Abbott Nutrition, 3300 Stelzer Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43219, USA.
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, A2200 MCN 1161 21st Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Sarah Spencer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd MS A32, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
| | - Mark Thompson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd MS A32, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd MS A32, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
| | | | - Edward A Belongia
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 N. Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI, 54449, USA.
| | - Marie R Griffin
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, A2200 MCN 1161 21st Ave, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
McCarron M, Munyua P, Cheng PY, Manga T, Wanjohi C, Moen A, Mounts A, Katz MA. Understanding the poultry trade network in Kenya: Implications for regional disease prevention and control. Prev Vet Med 2015; 120:321-7. [PMID: 26002998 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases in poultry can spread quickly and lead to huge economic losses. In the past decade, on multiple continents, the accelerated spread of highly pathogenic avian Influenza A (H5N1) virus, often through informal trade networks, has led to the death and culling of hundreds of millions of poultry. Endemic poultry diseases like Newcastle disease and fowl typhoid can also be devastating in many parts of the world. Understanding trade networks in unregulated systems can inform policy decisions concerning disease prevention and containment. From June to December 2008 we conducted a cross-sectional survey of backyard farmers, market traders, and middlemen in 5/8 provinces in Kenya. We administered a standardized questionnaire to each type of actor using convenience, random, snowball, and systematic sampling. Questionnaires addressed frequency, volume, and geography of trade, as well as biosecurity practices. We created a network diagram identifying the most important locations for trade. Of 380 respondents, 51% were backyard farmers, 24% were middlemen and 25% were market traders. Half (50%) of backyard farmers said they raised poultry both for household consumption and for sale. Compared to market traders, middlemen bought their poultry from a greater number of villages (median 4.2 villages for middlemen vs. 1.9 for market traders). Traders were most likely to purchase poultry from backyard farmers. Of the backyard farmers who sold poultry, 51% [CI 40-63] reported selling poultry to market traders, and 54% [CI 44-63] sold to middlemen. Middlemen moved the largest volume of poultry on a weekly basis (median purchases: 187 birds/week [IQR 206]; median sales: 188 birds/week [IQR 412.5]). The highest numbers of birds were traded in Nairobi - Kenya's capital city. Nairobi was the most prominent trading node in the network (61 degrees of centrality). Many smaller sub-networks existed as a result of clustered local trade. Market traders were also integral to the network. The informal poultry trade in Kenya is dependent on the sale of backyard poultry to middlemen and market traders. These two actors play a critical role in poultry movement in Kenya; during any type of disease outbreak middlemen should be targeted for control- and containment-related interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret McCarron
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Peninah Munyua
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, KEMRI Complex, Mbagathi Road off Mbagathi Way PO Box 606-00621 Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; Battelle Memorial Institute, 2987 Clairmont Road, Suite 450, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Thomas Manga
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock Development, P.Os. Box 34188-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cathryn Wanjohi
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock Development, P.Os. Box 34188-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ann Moen
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Anthony Mounts
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Mark A Katz
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, KEMRI Complex, Mbagathi Road off Mbagathi Way PO Box 606-00621 Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ortiz JR, Neuzil KM, Shay DK, Rue TC, Neradilek MB, Zhou H, Seymour CW, Hooper LG, Cheng PY, Goss CH, Cooke CR. The burden of influenza-associated critical illness hospitalizations. Crit Care Med 2014; 42:2325-32. [PMID: 25148596 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Influenza is the most common vaccine-preventable disease in the United States; however, little is known about the burden of critical illness due to influenza virus infection. Our primary objective was to estimate the proportion of all critical illness hospitalizations that are attributable to seasonal influenza. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Arizona, California, and Washington from January 2003 to March 2009. PATIENTS All adults hospitalized with critical illness, defined by International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition, Clinical Modification diagnosis and procedure codes for acute respiratory failure, severe sepsis, or in-hospital death. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We combined the complete hospitalization discharge databases for three U.S. states, regional influenza virus surveillance, and state census data. Using negative binomial regression models, we estimated the incidence rates of adult influenza-associated critical illness hospitalizations and compared them with all-cause event rates. We also compared modeled outcomes to International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition, Clinical Modification-coded influenza hospitalizations to assess potential underrecognition of severe influenza disease. During the study period, we estimated that 26,760 influenza-associated critical illness hospitalizations (95% CI, 14,541, 47,464) occurred. The population-based incidence estimate for influenza-associated critical illness was 12.0 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI, 6.6, 21.6) or 1.3% of all critical illness hospitalizations (95% CI, 0.7%, 2.3%). During the influenza season, 3.4% of all critical illness hospitalizations (95% CI, 1.9%, 5.8%) were attributable to influenza. There were only 2,612 critical illness hospitalizations with International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition, Clinical Modification-coded influenza diagnoses, suggesting influenza is either undiagnosed or undercoded in a substantial proportion of critical illness. CONCLUSIONS Extrapolating our data to the 2010 U.S. population, we estimate that about 28,000 adults are hospitalized for influenza-associated critical illness annually. Influenza in many of these critically ill patients may be undiagnosed. Critical care physicians should have a high index of suspicion for influenza in the ICU, particularly when influenza is known to be circulating in their communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Ortiz
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 2Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 3Vaccine Access and Delivery Global Program, PATH, Seattle, WA. 4Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Atlanta, GA. 5Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 6The Mountain-Whisper-Light Statistics, Seattle, WA. 7Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance (proposed), Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Atlanta, GA. 8Departments of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. 9Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gounder PP, Callinan LS, Holman RC, Cheng PY, Bruce MG, Redd JT, Steiner CA, Bresee J, Hennessy TW. Influenza hospitalizations among american indian/alaska native people and in the United States general population. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014; 1:ofu031. [PMID: 25734102 PMCID: PMC4324209 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically, American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) people have experienced a disproportionate burden of infectious disease morbidity compared with the general US population. We evaluated whether a disparity in influenza hospitalizations exists between AI/AN people and the general US population. METHODS We used Indian Health Service hospital discharge data (2001-2011) for AI/AN people and 13 State Inpatient Databases (2001-2008) to provide a comparison to the US population. Hospitalization rates were calculated by respiratory year (July-June). Influenza-specific hospitalizations were defined as discharges with any influenza diagnoses. Influenza-associated hospitalizations were calculated using negative binomial regression models that incorporated hospitalization and influenza laboratory surveillance data. RESULTS The mean influenza-specific hospitalization rate/100 000 persons/year during the 2001-2002 to 2007-2008 respiratory years was 18.6 for AI/AN people and 15.6 for the comparison US population. The age-adjusted influenza-associated hospitalization rate for AI/AN people (98.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 51.6-317.8) was similar to the comparison US population (58.2; CI, 34.7-172.2). By age, influenza-associated hospitalization rates were significantly higher among AI/AN infants (<1 year) (1070.7; CI, 640.7-2969.5) than the comparison US infant population (210.2; CI, 153.5-478.5). CONCLUSIONS American Indian/Alaska Native people had higher influenza-specific hospitalization rates than the comparison US population; a significant influenza-associated hospitalization rate disparity was detected only among AI/AN infants because of the wide CIs inherent to the model. Taken together, the influenza-specific and influenza-associated hospitalization rates suggest that AI/AN people might suffer disproportionately from influenza illness compared with the general US population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu P. Gounder
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Laura S. Callinan
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Robert C. Holman
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael G. Bruce
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska
| | | | - Claudia A. Steiner
- Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Center for Delivery, Organizations, and Markets, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Joseph Bresee
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas W. Hennessy
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Moen A, Kennedy PJ, Cheng PY, MacDonald G. National inventory of core capabilities for pandemic influenza preparedness and response: results from 36 countries with reviews in 2008 and 2010. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 8:201-8. [PMID: 24299023 PMCID: PMC4186468 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Re-emergence in 2003 of human cases of avian H5N1 and the resultant spread of the disease highlighted the need to improve the capacity of countries to detect and contain novel viruses. To assess development in this capacity, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) produced a tool for assessing a country's capability in 12 critical areas related to pandemic preparedness, including monitoring and identifying novel influenza viruses. OBJECTIVES Capabilities the CDC tool assesses range from how well a country has planned and is prepared for an outbreak to how prepared a country is to respond when a pandemic occurs. Included in this assessment tool are questions to determine whether a country has a detailed preparedness plan and the laboratory capacity to identify various strains of influenza quickly and accurately. METHODS The tool was used first in 2008 when 40 countries in collaboration with CDC calculated baseline scores and used a second time in 2010 by 36 of the original 40 countries to determine whether they had improved their preparedness. Using basic mathematical comparison and statistical analyses, we compared data at the aggregate capability level as well as at the indicator and country levels. Additionally, we examined the comments of respondents to the assessment questionnaire for reasons (positive and negative) that would explain changes in scores from 2008 to 2010. RESULTS Analysis of results of two assessments in 36 countries shows statistically significant improvement in all 12 capabilities on an aggregate level and 47 of 50 indicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Moen
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zolotusca L, Jorgensen P, Popovici O, Pistol A, Popovici F, Widdowson MA, Alexandrescu V, Ivanciuc A, Cheng PY, Gross D, Brown CS, Mott JA. Risk factors associated with fatal influenza, Romania, October 2009-May 2011. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 8:8-12. [PMID: 24251915 PMCID: PMC4177790 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limited data are available from Central and Eastern Europe on risk factors for severe complications of influenza. Such data are essential to prioritize prevention and treatment resources and to adapt influenza vaccination recommendations. Objectives To use sentinel surveillance data to identify risk factors for fatal outcomes among hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) and among hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza. Methods Retrospective analysis of case-based surveillance data collected from sentinel hospitals in Romania during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 winter influenza seasons was performed to evaluate risk factors for fatal outcomes using multivariate logistic regression. Results During 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, sentinel hospitals reported 661 SARI patients of which 230 (35%) tested positive for influenza. In the multivariate analyses, infection with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was the strongest risk factor for death among hospitalized SARI patients (OR: 6·6; 95% CI: 3·3–13·1). Among patients positive for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection (n = 148), being pregnant (OR: 7·1; 95% CI: 1·6–31·2), clinically obese (OR: 2·9;95% CI: 1·6–31·2), and having an immunocompromising condition (OR: 3·7;95% CI: 1·1–13·4) were significantly associated with fatal outcomes. Conclusion These findings are consistent with several other investigations of risk factors associated with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infections. They also support the more recent 2012 recommendations by the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) that pregnant women are an important risk group for influenza vaccination. Ongoing sentinel surveillance can be useful tool to monitor risk factors for complications of influenza virus infections during each influenza season, and pandemics as well.
Collapse
|
22
|
Ohmit SE, Thompson MG, Petrie JG, Thaker SN, Jackson ML, Belongia EA, Zimmerman RK, Gaglani M, Lamerato L, Spencer SM, Jackson L, Meece JK, Nowalk MP, Song J, Zervos M, Cheng PY, Rinaldo CR, Clipper L, Shay DK, Piedra P, Monto AS. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in the 2011-2012 season: protection against each circulating virus and the effect of prior vaccination on estimates. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 58:319-27. [PMID: 24235265 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each year, the US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network examines the effectiveness of influenza vaccines in preventing medically attended acute respiratory illnesses caused by influenza. METHODS Patients with acute respiratory illnesses of ≤ 7 days' duration were enrolled at ambulatory care facilities in 5 communities. Specimens were collected and tested for influenza by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Receipt of influenza vaccine was defined based on documented evidence of vaccination in medical records or immunization registries. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated in adjusted logistic regression models by comparing the vaccination coverage in those who tested positive for influenza with those who tested negative. RESULTS The 2011-2012 season was mild and peaked late, with circulation of both type A viruses and both lineages of type B. Overall adjusted vaccine effectiveness was 47% (95% confidence interval [CI], 36-56) in preventing medically attended influenza; vaccine effectiveness was 65% (95% CI, 44-79) against type A (H1N1) pdm09 but only 39% (95% CI, 23-52) against type A (H3N2). Estimates of vaccine effectiveness against both type B lineages were similar (overall, 58%; 95% CI, 35-73). An apparent negative effect of prior year vaccination on current year effectiveness estimates was noted, particularly for A (H3N2) outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Vaccine effectiveness in the 2011-2012 season was modest overall, with lower effectiveness against the predominant A (H3N2) virus. This may be related to antigenic drift, but past history of vaccination might also play a role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Ohmit
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ortiz JR, Neuzil KM, Rue TC, Zhou H, Shay DK, Cheng PY, Cooke CR, Goss CH. Population-based incidence estimates of influenza-associated respiratory failure hospitalizations, 2003 to 2009. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:710-5. [PMID: 23855650 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201212-2341oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The incidence of influenza-associated acute respiratory failure is unknown. OBJECTIVES To estimate the population-based incidence of influenza-associated acute respiratory failure hospitalizations. METHODS This is a cohort study from January 2003 through March 2009 using hospitalization databases for Arizona, California, and Washington from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and influenza surveillance data for regions encompassing these states. Acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation was defined by International Classification of Diseases-9-CM code. We used negative-binomial regression modeling to estimate the incidence of influenza-associated events. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The incidence of influenza-associated acute respiratory failure was 2.7 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 0.2-23.5), and during the influenza season, 3.8% of all respiratory failure hospitalizations were attributable to influenza. Compared with adults aged 18-49 years, the incidence rate ratio for influenza-associated acute respiratory failure was lower among children aged 1-4 (0.9) and 5-17 years (0.3); however, it was higher among adults aged 50-64 (4.8), 65-74 (10.4), 75-84 (19.9), and 85 years and older (33.7). Results were similar with more sensitive and specific outcome definitions and in a sensitivity analysis using only Arizona-specific outcome and surveillance data. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that influenza was an important contributor to respiratory failure hospitalizations during 2003-2009. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for influenza among hospitalized patients with acute respiratory illness when influenza is circulating in a community. Influenza has a greater effect on respiratory failure in the elderly, for whom better prevention measures are needed.
Collapse
|
24
|
Azziz-Baumgartner E, Cabrera AM, Cheng PY, Garcia E, Kusznierz G, Calli R, Baez C, Buyayisqui MP, Poyard E, Pérez E, Basurto-Davila R, Palekar R, Oliva O, Alencar AP, de Souza R, dos Santos T, Shay DK, Widdowson MA, Breese J, Echenique H. Incidence of influenza-associated mortality and hospitalizations in Argentina during 2002-2009. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:710-7. [PMID: 23210456 PMCID: PMC5855154 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We estimated rates of influenza-associated deaths and hospitalizations in Argentina, a country that recommends annual influenza vaccination for persons at high risk of complications from influenza illness. METHODS We identified hospitalized persons and deaths in persons diagnosed with pneumonia and influenza (P&I, ICD-10 codes J10-J18) and respiratory and circulatory illness (R&C, codes I00-I99 and J00-J99). We defined the influenza season as the months when the proportion of samples that tested positive for influenza exceeded the annual median. We used hospitalizations and deaths during the influenza off-season to estimate, using linear regression, the number of excess deaths that occurred during the influenza season. To explore whether excess mortality varied by sex and whether people were age <65 or ≥ 65 years, we used Poisson regression of the influenza-associated rates. RESULTS During 2002-2009, 2411 P&I and 8527 R&C mean excess deaths occurred annually from May to October. If all of these excess deaths were associated with influenza, the influenza-associated mortality rate was 6/100,000 person-years (95% CI 4-8/100,000 person-years for P&I and 21/100,000 person-years (95% CI 12-31/100,000 person-years) for R&C. During 2005-2008, we identified an average of 7868 P&I excess hospitalizations and 22,994 R&C hospitalizations per year, resulting in an influenza-associated hospitalization rate of 2/10,000 person-years (95% CI 1-3/10,000 person-years) for P&I and 6/10,000 person-years (95% CI 3-8/10,000 person-years) for R&C. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that annual rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations and death in Argentina were substantial and similar to neighboring Brazil.
Collapse
|
25
|
Thompson MG, Sokolow LZ, Almendares O, Openo K, Farley MM, Meek J, Ray J, Kirley PD, Reingold A, Aragon D, Hancock E, Baumbach J, Schaffner W, Thomas A, Lynfield R, Ryan P, Monroe M, Cheng PY, Fry AM, Shay DK. Effectiveness of nonadjuvanted monovalent influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccines for preventing reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-confirmed pandemic influenza hospitalizations: case-control study of children and adults at 10 US influenza surveillance network sites. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57:1587-92. [PMID: 23956169 PMCID: PMC7314184 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2009–2010, we examined 217 patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed pandemic influenza in 9 Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network sites and 413 age- and community-matched controls and found that a single dose of monovalent nonadjuvanted influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine was 50% (95% confidence interval, 13%–71%) effective in preventing hospitalization associated with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Thompson
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kostova D, Reed C, Finelli L, Cheng PY, Gargiullo PM, Shay DK, Singleton JA, Meltzer MI, Lu PJ, Bresee JS. Influenza Illness and Hospitalizations Averted by Influenza Vaccination in the United States, 2005-2011. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66312. [PMID: 23840439 PMCID: PMC3686813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Context The goal of influenza vaccination programs is to reduce influenza-associated disease outcomes. Therefore, estimating the reduced burden of influenza as a result of vaccination over time and by age group would allow for a clear understanding of the value of influenza vaccines in the US, and of areas where improvements could lead to greatest benefits. Objective To estimate the direct effect of influenza vaccination in the US in terms of averted number of cases, medically-attended cases, and hospitalizations over six recent influenza seasons. Design Using existing surveillance data, we present a method for assessing the impact of influenza vaccination where impact is defined as either the number of averted outcomes or as the prevented disease fraction (the number of cases estimated to have been averted relative to the number of cases that would have occurred in the absence of vaccination). Results We estimated that during our 6-year study period, the number of influenza illnesses averted by vaccination ranged from a low of approximately 1.1 million (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6–1.7 million) during the 2006–2007 season to a high of 5 million (CI 2.9–8.6 million) during the 2010–2011 season while the number of averted hospitalizations ranged from a low of 7,700 (CI 3,700–14,100) in 2009–2010 to a high of 40,400 (CI 20,800–73,000) in 2010–2011. Prevented fractions varied across age groups and over time. The highest prevented fraction in the study period was observed in 2010–2011, reflecting the post-pandemic expansion of vaccination coverage. Conclusions Influenza vaccination programs in the US produce a substantial health benefit in terms of averted cases, clinic visits and hospitalizations. Our results underscore the potential for additional disease prevention through increased vaccination coverage, particularly among nonelderly adults, and increased vaccine effectiveness, particularly among the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deliana Kostova
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Carrie Reed
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lyn Finelli
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Gargiullo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David K. Shay
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James A. Singleton
- Immunizations Services Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Martin I. Meltzer
- Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Enteric and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Peng-jun Lu
- Immunizations Services Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joseph S. Bresee
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
de Souza MDFM, Widdowson MA, Alencar AP, Gawryszewski VP, Aziz-Baumgartner E, Palekar R, Breese J, Cheng PY, Barbosa J, Cabrera AM, Olea A, Flores AB, Shay DK, Mounts A, Oliva OP. Trends in mortality from respiratory disease in Latin America since 1998 and the impact of the 2009 influenza pandemic. Bull World Health Organ 2013; 91:525-32. [PMID: 23825880 DOI: 10.2471/blt.12.116871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine trends in mortality from respiratory disease in several areas of Latin America between 1998 and 2009. METHODS The numbers of deaths attributed to respiratory disease between 1998 and 2009 were extracted from mortality data from Argentina, southern Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico and Paraguay. Robust linear models were then fitted to the rates of mortality from respiratory disease recorded between 2003 and 2009. FINDINGS Between 1998 and 2008, rates of mortality from respiratory disease gradually decreased in all age groups in most of the study areas. Among children younger than 5 years, for example, the annual rates of such mortality - across all seven study areas - fell from 56.9 deaths per 100,000 in 1998 to 26.6 deaths per 100,000 in 2008. Over this period, rates of mortality from respiratory disease were generally highest among adults older than 65 years and lowest among individuals aged 5 to 49 years. In 2009, mortality from respiratory disease was either similar to that recorded in 2008 or showed an increase - significant increases were seen among children younger than 5 years in Paraguay, among those aged 5 to 49 years in southern Brazil, Mexico and Paraguay and among adults aged 50 to 64 years in Mexico and Paraguay. CONCLUSION In much of Latin America, mortality from respiratory disease gradually fell between 1998 and 2008. However, this downward trend came to a halt in 2009, probably as a result of the (H1N1) 2009 pandemic.
Collapse
|
28
|
Xu C, Iuliano AD, Chen M, Cheng PY, Chen T, Shi J, Yang J, Wang L, Yuan F, Widdowson MA, Shu Y. Characteristics of hospitalized cases with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 infection during first winter season of post-pandemic in China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55016. [PMID: 23393563 PMCID: PMC3564919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 (2009 H1N1) re-circulated as the predominant virus from January through February 2011 in China. National surveillance of 2009 H1N1 as a notifiable disease was maintained to monitor potential changes in disease severity from the previous season. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To describe the characteristics of hospitalized cases with 2009 H1N1 infection and analyze risk factors for severe illness during the 2010-2011winter season in China, we obtained surveillance data from hospitalized cases with 2009 H1N1 infection from November 2010 through May 2011, and reviewed medical records from 701 hospitalized cases. Age-standardized risk ratios were used to compare the age distribution of patients that were hospitalized and died due to 2009 H1N1 between the 2010-2011winter season to those during the 2009-2010 pandemic period. During the 2010-2011 winter season, children less than 5 years of age had the highest relative risk of hospitalization and death, followed by adults aged 65 years or older. Additionally, the relative risk of hospitalized cases aged 5-14 and 15-24 years was lower compared to children less than 5 years of age. During the winter season of 2010-2011, the proportions of adults aged 25 years or older for hospitalization and death were significantly higher than those during the 2009-2010 pandemic period. Being male, having a chronic medical condition, delayed hospital admission (≥3 days from onset) or delayed initiation of antiviral treatment (≥5 days from onset) were associated with severe illness among non-pregnant patients ≥2 years of age. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We observed a change in high risk groups for hospitalization for 2009 H1N1 during the winter months immediately following the pandemic period compared to the high risk groups identified during the pandemic period. Our nationally notifiable disease surveillance system enabled us to understand the evolving epidemiology of 2009 H1N1 infection after the pandemic period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Xu
- National Institute for Viral Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - A. Danielle Iuliano
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Min Chen
- National Institute for Viral Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tao Chen
- National Institute for Viral Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghong Shi
- National Institute for Viral Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- National Institute for Viral Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lijie Wang
- National Institute for Viral Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yuan
- National Institute for Viral Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Treanor JJ, Talbot HK, Ohmit SE, Coleman LA, Thompson MG, Cheng PY, Petrie JG, Lofthus G, Meece JK, Williams JV, Berman L, Breese Hall C, Monto AS, Griffin MR, Belongia E, Shay DK. Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines in the United States during a season with circulation of all three vaccine strains. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:951-9. [PMID: 22843783 PMCID: PMC3657521 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza vaccines may be reformulated annually because of antigenic drift in influenza viruses. However, the relationship between antigenic characteristics of circulating viruses and vaccine effectiveness (VE) is not well understood. We conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of US influenza vaccines during the 2010-2011 season. METHODS We performed a case-control study comparing vaccination histories between subjects with acute respiratory illness with positive real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for influenza and influenza test-negative controls. Subjects with acute respiratory illness of ≤7 days duration were enrolled in hospitals, emergency departments, or outpatient clinics in communities in 4 states. History of immunization with the 2010-2011 vaccine was ascertained from vaccine registries or medical records. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated in logistic regression models adjusted for study community, age, race, insurance status, enrollment site, and presence of a high-risk medical condition. RESULTS A total of 1040 influenza-positive cases and 3717 influenza-negative controls were included from the influenza season, including 373 cases of influenza A(H1N1), 334 cases of influenza A(H3N2), and 333 cases of influenza B. Overall adjusted VE was 60% (95% confidence interval [CI], 53%-66%). Age-specific VE estimates ranged from 69% (95% CI, 56%-77%) in children aged 6 months-8 years to 38% (95% CI, -16% to 67%) in adults aged ≥65 years. CONCLUSIONS The US 2010-2011 influenza vaccines were moderately effective in preventing medically attended influenza during a season when all 3 vaccine strains were antigenically similar to circulating viruses. Continued monitoring of influenza vaccines in all age groups is important, particularly as new vaccines are introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Treanor
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Azziz Baumgartner E, Dao CN, Nasreen S, Bhuiyan MU, Mah-E-Muneer S, Al Mamun A, Sharker MAY, Zaman RU, Cheng PY, Klimov AI, Widdowson MA, Uyeki TM, Luby SP, Mounts A, Bresee J. Seasonality, timing, and climate drivers of influenza activity worldwide. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:838-46. [PMID: 22829641 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although influenza is a vaccine-preventable disease that annually causes substantial disease burden, data on virus activity in tropical countries are limited. We analyzed publicly available influenza data to better understand the global circulation of influenza viruses. METHOD We reviewed open-source, laboratory-confirmed influenza surveillance data. For each country, we abstracted data on the percentage of samples testing positive for influenza each epidemiologic week from the annual number of samples testing positive for influenza. The start of influenza season was defined as the first week when the proportion of samples that tested positive remained above the annual mean. We assessed the relationship between percentage of samples testing positive and mean monthly temperature with use of regression models. FINDINGS We identified data on laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection from 85 countries. More than one influenza epidemic period per year was more common in tropical countries (41%) than in temperate countries (15%). Year-round activity (ie, influenza virus identified each week having ≥ 10 specimens submitted) occurred in 3 (7%) of 43 temperate, 1 (17%) of 6 subtropical, and 11 (37%) of 30 tropical countries with available data (P = .006). Percentage positivity was associated with low temperature (P = .001). INTERPRETATION Annual influenza epidemics occur in consistent temporal patterns depending on climate.
Collapse
|
31
|
Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, Cheng PY, Bandaranayake D, Breiman RF, Brooks WA, Buchy P, Feikin DR, Fowler KB, Gordon A, Hien NT, Horby P, Huang QS, Katz MA, Krishnan A, Lal R, Montgomery JM, Mølbak K, Pebody R, Presanis AM, Razuri H, Steens A, Tinoco YO, Wallinga J, Yu H, Vong S, Bresee J, Widdowson MA. Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 12:687-95. [PMID: 22738893 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 798] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 18,500 laboratory-confirmed deaths caused by the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 were reported worldwide for the period April, 2009, to August, 2010. This number is likely to be only a fraction of the true number of the deaths associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1. We aimed to estimate the global number of deaths during the first 12 months of virus circulation in each country. METHODS We calculated crude respiratory mortality rates associated with the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 strain by age (0-17 years, 18-64 years, and >64 years) using the cumulative (12 months) virus-associated symptomatic attack rates from 12 countries and symptomatic case fatality ratios (sCFR) from five high-income countries. To adjust crude mortality rates for differences between countries in risk of death from influenza, we developed a respiratory mortality multiplier equal to the ratio of the median lower respiratory tract infection mortality rate in each WHO region mortality stratum to the median in countries with very low mortality. We calculated cardiovascular disease mortality rates associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 infection with the ratio of excess deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases during the pandemic in five countries and multiplied these values by the crude respiratory disease mortality rate associated with the virus. Respiratory and cardiovascular mortality rates associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 were multiplied by age to calculate the number of associated deaths. FINDINGS We estimate that globally there were 201,200 respiratory deaths (range 105,700-395,600) with an additional 83,300 cardiovascular deaths (46,000-179,900) associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1. 80% of the respiratory and cardiovascular deaths were in people younger than 65 years and 51% occurred in southeast Asia and Africa. INTERPRETATION Our estimate of respiratory and cardiovascular mortality associated with the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 was 15 times higher than reported laboratory-confirmed deaths. Although no estimates of sCFRs were available from Africa and southeast Asia, a disproportionate number of estimated pandemic deaths might have occurred in these regions. Therefore, efforts to prevent influenza need to effectively target these regions in future pandemics. FUNDING None.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah S Dawood
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhou H, Thompson WW, Viboud CG, Ringholz CM, Cheng PY, Steiner C, Abedi GR, Anderson LJ, Brammer L, Shay DK. Hospitalizations associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States, 1993-2008. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54:1427-36. [PMID: 22495079 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-specific comparisons of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hospitalization rates can inform prevention efforts, including vaccine development plans. Previous US studies have not estimated jointly the burden of these viruses using similar data sources and over many seasons. METHODS We estimated influenza and RSV hospitalizations in 5 age categories (<1, 1-4, 5-49, 50-64, and ≥65 years) with data for 13 states from 1993-1994 through 2007-2008. For each state and age group, we estimated the contribution of influenza and RSV to hospitalizations for respiratory and circulatory disease by using negative binomial regression models that incorporated weekly influenza and RSV surveillance data as covariates. RESULTS Mean rates of influenza and RSV hospitalizations were 63.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 37.5-237) and 55.3 (95% CI, 44.4-107) per 100000 person-years, respectively. The highest hospitalization rates for influenza were among persons aged ≥65 years (309/100000; 95% CI, 186-1100) and those aged <1 year (151/100000; 95% CI, 151-660). For RSV, children aged <1 year had the highest hospitalization rate (2350/100000; 95% CI, 2220-2520) followed by those aged 1-4 years (178/100000; 95% CI, 155-230). Age-standardized annual rates per 100000 person-years varied substantially for influenza (33-100) but less for RSV (42-77). CONCLUSIONS Overall US hospitalization rates for influenza and RSV are similar; however, their age-specific burdens differ dramatically. Our estimates are consistent with those from previous studies focusing either on influenza or RSV. Our approach provides robust national comparisons of hospitalizations associated with these 2 viral respiratory pathogens by age group and over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Thompson WW, Moore MR, Weintraub E, Cheng PY, Jin X, Bridges CB, Bresee JS, Shay DK. Estimating influenza-associated deaths in the United States. Am J Public Health 2009; 99 Suppl 2:S225-30. [PMID: 19797736 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2008.151944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Most estimates of US deaths associated with influenza circulation have been similar despite the use of different approaches. However, a recently published estimate suggested that previous estimates substantially overestimated deaths associated with influenza, and concluded that substantial numbers of deaths during a future pandemic could be prevented because of improvements in medical care. We reviewed the data sources and methods used to estimate influenza-associated deaths. We suggest that discrepancies between the recent estimate and previous estimates of the number of influenza-associated deaths are attributable primarily to the use of different outcomes and methods. We also believe that secondary bacterial infections will likely result in substantial morbidity and mortality during a future influenza pandemic, despite medical progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William W Thompson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS A32, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Thompson WW, Weintraub E, Dhankhar P, Cheng PY, Brammer L, Meltzer MI, Bresee JS, Shay DK. Estimates of US influenza-associated deaths made using four different methods. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2009; 3:37-49. [PMID: 19453440 PMCID: PMC4986622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A wide range of methods have been used for estimating influenza‐associated deaths in temperate countries. Direct comparisons of estimates produced by using different models with US mortality data have not been published. Objective Compare estimates of US influenza‐associated deaths made by using four models and summarize strengths and weaknesses of each model. Methods US mortality data from the 1972–1973 through 2002–2003 respiratory seasons and World Health Organization influenza surveillance data were used to estimate influenza‐associated respiratory and circulatory deaths. Four models were used: (i) rate‐difference (using peri‐season or summer‐season baselines), (ii) Serfling least squares cyclical regression, (iii) Serfling–Poisson regression, (iv) and autoregressive integrated moving average models. Results Annual estimates of influenza‐associated deaths made using each model were similar and positively correlated, except for estimates from the summer‐season rate‐difference model, which were consistently higher. From the 1976/1977 through the 2002/2003 seasons the, the Poisson regression models estimated that an annual average of 25 470 [95% confidence interval (CI) 19 781–31 159] influenza‐associated respiratory and circulatory deaths [9·9 deaths per 100 000 (95% CI 7·9–11·9)], while peri‐season rate‐difference models using a 15% threshold estimated an annual average of 22 454 (95% CI 16 189–28 719) deaths [8·6 deaths per 100 000 (95% CI 6·4–10·9)]. Conclusions Estimates of influenza‐associated mortality were of similar magnitude. Poisson regression models permit the estimation of deaths associated with influenza A and B, but require robust viral surveillance data. By contrast, simple peri‐season rate‐difference models may prove useful for estimating mortality in countries with sparse viral surveillance data or complex influenza seasonality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William W Thompson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Blanco RA, Ziegler TR, Carlson BA, Cheng PY, Park Y, Cotsonis GA, Accardi CJ, Jones DP. Diurnal variation in glutathione and cysteine redox states in human plasma. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:1016-23. [PMID: 17921379 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.4.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) and cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS) couples are oxidized in humans in association with oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease risk. Animal studies show that both pools undergo diurnal variations associated with dietary intake of sulfur amino acids. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether the redox state of GSH, Cys, GSH/GSSG, or Cys/CySS undergoes diurnal variation in healthy adults. DESIGN Plasma samples were collected every hour for 24 h from 63 persons aged 18-86 y who were consuming normal food (protein, 0.8 g kg(-1) d(-1); sulfur amino acids, 20 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) at standardized mealtimes. Measurements of Cys, CySS, GSH, and GSSG were used with the Nernst equation to calculate the redox states. RESULTS Plasma Cys and GSH concentrations varied with the time of day. The highest values for plasma Cys occurred approximately 3 h after meals. Glutathione was maximal 6 h after peak plasma Cys. The calculated redox states of the GSH/GSSG and Cys/CySS couples varied in association with the concentrations of the thiol forms. Maximal reduction and oxidation of the Cys/CySS couple occurred at 2130 and 0630, whereas the respective values for the GSH/GSSG couple occurred at 0330 and 1330. The mean diurnal variation for Cys/CySS redox in persons aged >or=60 y was 1.8-fold that in persons aged <40 y. CONCLUSIONS Cys/CySS and GSH/GSSG redox states in human plasma undergo diurnal variation with an increased magnitude of variation in Cys/CySS redox state in older persons. This variation could alter sensitivity to oxidative stress over a course of hours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Blanco
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Affiliation(s)
- P Y Cheng
- THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION VIRUS LABORATORIES, NEW YORK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jacob BA, Porter KM, Elms SC, Cheng PY, Jones DP, Sutliff RL. HIV-1-induced pulmonary oxidative and nitrosative stress: exacerbated response to endotoxin administration in HIV-1 transgenic mouse model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 291:L811-9. [PMID: 16728526 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00468.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 causes lung disease by increasing the host's susceptibility to pathogens. HIV-1 also causes an increase in systemic oxidative/nitrosative stress, perhaps enhancing the deleterious effects of secondary infections. Here we examined the ability of HIV-1 proteins to increase lung oxidative/nitrosative stress after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (endotoxin) administration in an HIV-1 transgenic mouse model. Lung oxidative/nitrosative stress biomarkers studied 3 and 6 h after LPS administration were as follows: lung edema, tissue superoxide, NO metabolites, nitrotyrosine, hydrogen peroxide, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) glutathione (GSH). Blood serum cytokine levels were quantified to verify immune function of our nonimmunocompromised animal model. Results indicate that 3 h after LPS administration, HIV-1 transgenic mouse lung tissue has significantly greater edema and superoxide. Furthermore, NO metabolites are significantly elevated in HIV-1 transgenic mouse BALF, lung tissue, and blood plasma compared with those of wild-type mice. HIV-1 transgenic mice also produce significantly greater lung nitrotyrosine and hydrogen peroxide than wild-type mice. In addition, HIV-1 transgenic mice produce significantly less BALF GSH than wild-type mice 3 h after LPS treatment. Without treatment, serum cytokine levels are similar for HIV-1 transgenic and wild-type mice. After treatment, serum cytokine levels are significantly elevated in both HIV-1 transgenic and wild-type mice. Therefore, HIV-1 transgenic mice have significantly greater lung oxidative/nitrosative stress after endotoxin administration than wild-type mice, independent of immune function. These results indicate that HIV-1 proteins may increase pulmonary complications subsequent to a secondary infection by altering the lung redox potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Jacob
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Rd., Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Riddick DS, Lee C, Bhathena A, Timsit YE, Cheng PY, Morgan ET, Prough RA, Ripp SL, Miller KKM, Jahan A, Chiang JYL. Transcriptional suppression of cytochrome P450 genes by endogenous and exogenous chemicals. Drug Metab Dispos 2005; 32:367-75. [PMID: 15039287 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.32.4.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is an invited report of a symposium sponsored by the Division for Drug Metabolism of the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics held at Experimental Biology 2003 in San Diego, California, April 11-15, 2003. Several members of the cytochrome P450 (P450) superfamily are induced after exposure to a variety of chemical signals, and we have gained considerable mechanistic insight into these processes over the past four decades. In addition, the expression of many P450s is suppressed in response to various endogenous and exogenous chemicals; however, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. The goal of this symposium was to critically examine our current understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in transcriptional suppression of CYP genes by endogenous and exogenous chemicals. Specific examples were drawn from the following chemical categories: polycyclic and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon environmental toxicants, inflammatory mediators, the endogenous sterol dehydroepiandrosterone and peroxisome proliferators, and bile acids. Multiple molecular mechanisms are involved in transcriptional suppression, and these processes often involve rather complex cascades of transcription factors and other regulatory proteins. Mechanistic studies of CYP gene suppression can enhance our understanding of how organisms respond to xenobiotics as well as to perturbations in endogenous chemicals involved in maintaining homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Riddick
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cheng PY, Wang M, Morgan ET. Rapid Transcriptional Suppression of Rat Cytochrome P450 Genes by Endotoxin Treatment and Its Inhibition by Curcumin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 307:1205-12. [PMID: 14557382 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.057174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Down-regulation of constitutive hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) mRNAs by bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) or other inflammatory stimuli has been documented extensively, but the contribution of transcriptional suppression to this effect is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the rates of transcription of the CYP2C11, CYP3A2, and CYP2E1 genes are reduced to 20, 30, and 10% of control levels, respectively, in rat liver within 1 to 2 h of injection of LPS (1 mg/kg). The magnitude and rapidity of these effects indicate that transcriptional suppression is a primary reason for the decline in P450 mRNAs. Injection of curcumin significantly inhibited the rapid transcriptional suppression of CYP2E1, and blocked that of CYP3A2. These effects seemed to be independent of inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation by curcumin, because induction of known NF-kappaB-regulated genes was not attenuated. One hour after LPS injection, the DNA-binding activities of hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)1alpha, HNF3beta, and HNF4alpha were reduced to 73, 72, and 53%, respectively, of control values. The nuclear abundances of Sp1, liver-enriched transcriptional inhibitory protein (LIP), HNF1alpha, and HNF3beta were unchanged, whereas the abundance of HNF4alpha was reduced to 87% of control levels. We conclude that changes in Sp1 or LIP do not contribute significantly to the early suppression of P450 transcription in the acute phase rat liver. Although changes in DNA-binding activities of HNF1alpha, HNF3beta, and HNF4alpha are too small individually to explain the observed changes in P450 transcription, the role of each factor in concert with other factors remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yung Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Hepatic levels of cytochrome P450 enzymes and their mRNAs are reduced in models of inflammation or infection. The contributions of transcriptional versus post-transcriptional mechanisms to this decline are poorly understood. The transcription of CYP2C11 is rapidly suppressed by administration of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) to rats, consistent with the finding that the CYP2C11 promoter contains a negative NF-kappa B response element that confers down-regulation of a linked reporter gene by cytokines. Nitric oxide has been proposed to be a mediator of inflammatory suppression of P450 expression, but reports from different laboratories have disagreed on this subject. Recently, we found that LPS suppresses the expression of CYP2B1 by both pre-translational and post-translational mechanisms in rat hepatocytes, the latter being NO-dependent and occurring only at high concentrations of LPS. Studies were conducted in control and NOS2-null mice to determine the contributions of these different mechanisms to CYP2B suppression in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cheng TH, Shih NL, Chen SY, Loh SH, Cheng PY, Tsai CS, Liu SH, Wang DL, Chen JJ. Reactive oxygen species mediate cyclic strain-induced endothelin-1 gene expression via Ras/Raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in endothelial cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001; 33:1805-14. [PMID: 11603923 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2001.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (Et-1) is a peptide synthesized by endothelial cells (ECs) both in culture and in vivo. Cyclic strain induces gene expression of Et-1, however, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Since cyclic strain induces a sustained increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), we hypothesized that the ROS could be a modulator in strain-induced Et-1 gene expression. Human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) subjected to cyclic strain had increased Et-1 secretion. Pretreatment of HUVECs with antioxidants, catalase (300 U/ml) or 1,3-dimethyl-2-thiourea (DMTU, 0.1 mm), abolished the strain-induced Et-1 release. ECs strained for 6 h had elevated Et-1 mRNA levels. In contrast, ECs treated with catalase or DMTU did not have increase Et-1 mRNA levels stimulated by cyclic strain. Bovine aortic ECs (BAECs) transfected with fusion plasmid containing Et-1 5'-flanking sequence (4.4 kb) and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene produced a maximal Et-1 promoter activity after undergoing strain for 6 h, whereas pretreatment with catalase decreased this activity. BAECs cotransfected with a dominant negative mutant of Ras (RasN17), Raf-1 (Raf301), or catalytically inactive mutant of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (mERK2) had inhibited strain-induced Et-1 promoter activity, indicating the Ras/Raf/ERK pathway was involved; moreover, ERK phosphorylation was induced in ECs which were strained. This strain-activated ERK phosphorylation was attenuated in the presence of catalase. Functional analysis of the Et-1 promoter with site-directed mutagenesis indicates that the activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding site had to be within 143 base-pairs upstream of transcription initiation site for strain-induced promoter activity. Pretreatment of ECs with catalase also decreased the strain-induced promoter activity in the minimal construct (-143 bp). Our data demonstrate that strain-induced Et-1 gene expression is modulated by ROS via Ras/Raf/ERK signaling pathway, and indicate the responsiveness of the AP-1 binding site for strain-induced Et-1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T H Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme activities and gene expression can be profoundly altered in disease states. In general the levels of affected hepatic P450 enzymes are depressed by diseases, causing potential and documented impairment of drug clearance and clinical drug toxicity. However, modulation of P450s is enzyme selective and this selectivity differs among different diseases. This review will concentrate on regulation of P450s in diabetes, obesity and infectious and inflammatory disease, conditions that affect millions of people worldwide every day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Y Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Shih NL, Cheng TH, Loh SH, Cheng PY, Wang DL, Chen YS, Liu SH, Liew CC, Chen JJ. Reactive oxygen species modulate angiotensin II-induced beta-myosin heavy chain gene expression via Ras/Raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 283:143-8. [PMID: 11322781 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) causes cardiomyocytes hypertrophy. Cardiac beta-myosin heavy chain (beta-MyHC) gene expression can be altered by Ang II. The molecular mechanisms are not completely known. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in signal transduction pathways of Ang II. However, the role of ROS on Ang II-induced beta-MyHC gene expression remains unclear. Here we found that Ang II increased beta-MyHC promoter activity and it was blocked by Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan. Ang II dose-dependently increased the intracellular ROS. Cardiomyocytes cotransfected with a dominant negative mutant of Ras (RasN17), Raf-1 (Raf301), or a catalytically inactive mutant of extracellular signal regulated kinase (mERK2) inhibited Ang II-induced beta-MyHC promoter activity, indicating Ras/Raf/ERK pathway was involved. Antioxidants such as catalase or N-acetyl-cysteine decreased Ang II-activated ERK phosphorylation and inhibited Ang II-induced beta-MyHC promoter activity. These data indicate that Ang II increases beta-MyHC gene expression in part via the generation of ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N L Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Iber H, Chen Q, Cheng PY, Morgan ET. Suppression of CYP2C11 Gene Transcription by Interleukin-1 Mediated by NF-κB Binding at the Transcription Start Site. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
45
|
Lee CH, Yu KL, Cheng PY, Huang JC, Pong WF. X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of Co structure in the epitaxial Co/Pt multilayers on Al2O3(11-20) substrates. J Synchrotron Radiat 2001; 8:496-498. [PMID: 11512828 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049501000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2000] [Accepted: 01/10/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, five epitaxial [Co(t nm)/Pt(1 nm)]30, multilayer samples (t=0.16-1.07 nm) were studied using polarized X-ray absorption spectroscopy method. These samples were prepared on Mo(110)/ Al2O3(11-20) substrates by MBE technique. The results show that the Co layer is more like an fcc pseudomorphic structure for the Co thickness of less than 0.3 nm. For Co layer thickness of 1 nm, the first shell distance is 0.25 nm, which is very close to the Co-Co distance of bulk hcp Co. On the other hand, for Co layer of less than 0.3 nm, the in plane first shell distance is expanded by 4% and most of the neighboring atoms are Pt atoms. The fitting results of the Co/Pt multilayers seem to support a sharp boundary model rather than an interdiffusion model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Lee
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Iber H, Chen Q, Cheng PY, Morgan ET. Suppression of CYP2C11 gene transcription by interleukin-1 mediated by NF-kappaB binding at the transcription start site. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 377:187-94. [PMID: 10775459 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines cause the down-regulation of multiple cytochrome P450 mRNAs, but the transcriptional mechanisms involved are not known. We investigated the role of a putative negative NF-kappaB-responsive element, nkappaB-RE1, in the down-regulation of the CYP2C11 gene in rat hepatocytes. This sequence spans the transcription start site of CYP2C11, from positions -2 to +8. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that nuclear extracts from livers of rats treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, or from hepatocytes treated with interleukin-1beta, formed a protein complex with an oligonucleotide probe containing the nkappaB-RE1, and that this complex contained predominantly the p50 subunit of NF-kappaB. Binding of NF-kappaB to the nkappaB-RE1 probe was of lower affinity than to a probe containing the prototypic NF-kappaB enhancer of the immunoglobulin kappa chain gene. Mutations in the 5'-end of the nkappaB-RE1, and to a lesser extent the 3'-end, reduced the affinity of NF-kappaB for this element. Introduction of the 5'-mutation into nkappaB-RE1 abolished the response of the -200-CYP2C11-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter construct to interleukin-1 or lipopolysaccharide. We conclude that nkappaB-RE1 is a functional negative regulatory element that participates in the inflammatory suppression of CYP2C11.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Iber
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cheng PY, Kagawa N, Takahashi Y, Waterman MR. Three zinc finger nuclear proteins, Sp1, Sp3, and a ZBP-89 homologue, bind to the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive sequence of the bovine adrenodoxin gene and regulate transcription. Biochemistry 2000; 39:4347-57. [PMID: 10757983 DOI: 10.1021/bi992298f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocorticotropin acting through cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) regulates transcription of the bovine adrenodoxin (Adx) gene in the adrenal cortex. The bovine Adx cAMP-responsive transcription sequence (CRS) has previously been found to contain two consensus GC boxes. By use of nuclear extracts from adrenocortical cells, Sp1 and Sp3 are shown here to bind to CRS. Mutations designed to enhance the identification of additional CRS binding proteins by reducing Sp protein binding showed the presence of an additional DNA-binding protein (Adx factor). Adx factor binding is inhibited by the zinc-chelating agent, 1,10-o-phenanthroline, suggesting it might be a zinc finger protein. By a fractionation/renaturation technique the Adx factor in mouse Y1 adrenocortical cells was found to be in the size range of 106-115 kDa by gel mobility shift assay. On the basis of size, the CRS sequence to which it binds, and its tentative identification as a zinc finger protein, Adx factor has been identified as a Krüppel-like zinc finger protein (a mouse ZBP-89 homologue). Further mutagenesis of CRS demonstrates that it can further be divided into two similar cAMP-responsive elements, and elimination of ZBP-89 binding does not affect cAMP responsiveness of either. Expression of these three nuclear proteins in Drosophila SL2 cells has been used to decipher the role of Adx CRS binding proteins in regulating transcription. Sp1 and Sp3 confer basal transcriptional activities, yet only Sp1 confers cAMP-responsive activity. ZBP-89 represses basal transcriptional activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Y Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Opiates active at the mu-opiate receptor (MOR) produce antinociception, in part, through actions involving substance P (SP), a peptide present in both unmyelinated primary afferents and interneurons within the dorsal horn. We examined potential functional sites for interactions between SP and MOR by using dual electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of antisera against SP and a sequence-specific antipeptide antibody against MOR in rat cervical spinal dorsal horn. The distribution was compared with that of the functionally analogous dorsal horn of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Many of the SP-immunoreactive terminals in the dorsal horn contacted dendrites that contain MOR (53% in trigeminal; 70% in cervical spinal cord). Conversely, within the cervical spinal dorsal horn 79% of the MOR-labeled dendrites that received any afferent input were contacted by at least one SP-containing axon or terminal. Although SP-immunoreactive dendrites were rare, many of these (48%) contained MOR, suggesting that the activity of SP-containing spinal interneurons may be regulated by MOR ligands. A few SP-labeled terminals also contained MOR (12% in trigeminal; 6% in cervical spinal cord). These data support the idea that MOR ligands produce antinociception primarily through modulation of postsynaptic second-order nociceptive neurons in the dorsal horns of spinal cord and spinal trigeminal nuclei, some of which contain SP. They also suggest, however, that in each region, MOR agonists can act presynaptically to control the release of SP and/or glutamate from afferent terminals. The post- and presynaptic MOR sites are likely to account for the potency of MOR agonists as analgesics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Aicher
- Cornell University Medical College, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Division of Neurobiology, New York, New York 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Cheng PY, Birk AV, Gershengorn MC, Szeto HH. Dynorphin stimulates corticotropin release from mouse anterior pituitary AtT-20 cells through nonopioid mechanisms. Neuroendocrinology 2000; 71:170-6. [PMID: 10729788 DOI: 10.1159/000054534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dynorphin (Dyn) peptides were previously shown to increase plasma corticotropin (ACTH) in the ovine fetus, but the site of its action remains unclear. In the present study, Dyn A(1-17) was found to stimulate ACTH release from mouse anterior pituitary tumor AtT-20 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Naloxone did not block the effect of Dyn A(1-17) and the selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist U50488H did not stimulate ACTH release. Dyn A(2-17), a degradative peptide fragment that does not bind to opioid receptors, also stimulated ACTH release from AtT-20 cells. Although the nonopioid effects of Dyn have previously been attributed to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, the ACTH-releasing effects of Dyn A(1-17) in AtT-20 cells were not affected by co-administration of NMDA receptor antagonist LY235959. The ACTH response to Dyn A(1-17) could not be blocked by alpha-helical CRH (CRH antagonist) and was additive with a maximal stimulatory dose of CRH, suggesting different mechanisms of action. These results show that the release of ACTH by Dyn A(1-17) in AtT-20 cells is not mediated by kappa-opioid receptors or by the NMDA receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Y Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, N.Y., USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Affiliation(s)
- N Kagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|