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Omatola CA, Olaniran AO. Genetic heterogeneity of group A rotaviruses: a review of the evolutionary dynamics and implication on vaccination. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1587-1602. [PMID: 36285575 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2139239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human rotavirus remains a major etiology of acute gastroenteritis among under 5-year children worldwide despite the availability of oral vaccines. The genetic instability of rotavirus and the ability to form different combinations from the different G- and P-types reshapes the antigenic landscape of emerging strains which often display limited or no antigen identities with the vaccine strain. As evidence also suggests, the selection of the antigenically distinct novel or rare strains and their successful spread in the human population has raised concerns regarding undermining the effectiveness of vaccination programs. AREAS COVERED We review aspects related to current knowledge about genetic and antigenic heterogeneity of rotavirus, the mechanism of genetic diversity and evolution, and the implication of genetic change on vaccination. EXPERT OPINION Genetic changes in the segmented genome of rotavirus can alter the antigenic landscape on the virion capsid and further promote viral fitness in a fully vaccinated population. Against this background, the potential risk of the appearance of new rotavirus strains over the long term would be better predicted by a continued and increased close monitoring of the variants across the globe to identify any change associated with disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius A Omatola
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ademola O Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, Republic of South Africa
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Ghapoutsa RN, Boda M, Gautam R, Ndze VN, Mugyia AE, Etoa FX, Bowen MD, Esona MD. Detection of diarrhoea associated rotavirus and co-infection with diarrhoeagenic pathogens in the Littoral region of Cameroon using ELISA, RT-PCR and Luminex xTAG GPP assays. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:614. [PMID: 34182936 PMCID: PMC8237514 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the global roll-out of rotavirus vaccines (RotaTeq/Rotarix / ROTAVAC/Rotasiil), mortality and morbidity due to group A rotavirus (RVA) remains high in sub-Saharan Africa, causing 104,000 deaths and 600,000 hospitalizations yearly. In Cameroon, Rotarix™ was introduced in March 2014, but, routine laboratory diagnosis of rotavirus infection is not yet a common practice, and vaccine effectiveness studies to determine the impact of vaccine introduction have not been done. Thus, studies examining RVA prevalence post vaccine introduction are needed. The study aim was to determine RVA prevalence in severe diarrhoea cases in Littoral region, Cameroon and investigate the role of other diarrheagenic pathogens in RVA-positive cases. Methods We carried out a study among hospitalized children < 5 years of age, presenting with acute gastroenteritis in selected hospitals of the Littoral region of Cameroon, from May 2015 to April 2016. Diarrheic stool samples and socio-demographic data including immunization and breastfeeding status were collected from these participating children. Samples were screened by ELISA (ProSpecT™ Rotavirus) for detection of RVA antigen and by gel-based RT-PCR for detection of the VP6 gene. Co-infection was assessed by multiplexed molecular detection of diarrheal pathogens using the Luminex xTAG GPP assay. Results The ELISA assay detected RVA antigen in 54.6% (71/130) of specimens, with 45, positive by VP6 RT-PCR and 54, positive using Luminex xTAG GPP. Luminex GPP was able to detect all 45 VP6 RT-PCR positive samples. Co-infections were found in 63.0% (34/54) of Luminex positive RVA infections, with Shigella (35.3%; 12/34) and ETEC (29.4%; 10/34) detected frequently. Of the 71 ELISA positive RVA cases, 57.8% (41/71) were fully vaccinated, receiving two doses of Rotarix. Conclusion This study provides insight on RVA prevalence in Cameroon, which could be useful for post-vaccine epidemiological studies, highlights higher than expected RVA prevalence in vaccinated children hospitalized for diarrhoea and provides the trend of RVA co-infection with other enteric pathogens. RVA genotyping is needed to determine circulating rotavirus genotypes in Cameroon, including those causing disease in vaccinated children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahinatou N Ghapoutsa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Maurice Boda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Rashi Gautam
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Akongnwi E Mugyia
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Francois-Xavier Etoa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Michael D Bowen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mathew D Esona
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Tamim S, Heylen E, Zeller M, Ranst MV, Matthijnssens J, Salman M, Aamir UB, Sharif S, Ikram A, Hasan F. Phylogenetic analysis of open reading frame of 11 gene segments of novel human-bovine reassortant RVA G6P[1] strain in Pakistan. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3179-3186. [PMID: 31696948 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Rotavirus A (RVA) strains are linked with gastrointestinal infections in children that fall in age bracket of 0 to 60 months. However, the problem is augmented with emergence of unique strains that reassort with RVA strains of animal origin. The study describes the sequence analysis of a rare G6P[1] rotavirus strain isolated from a less than 1 year old child, during rotavirus surveillance in Rawalpindi district, Pakistan in 2010. Extracted RNA from fecal specimen was subjected to high throughput RT-PCR for structural and nonstructural gene segments. The complete rotavirus genome of one isolate RVA/Human-wt/PAK/PAK99/2010/G6P[1] was sequenced for phylogenetic analysis to elucidate the evolutionary linkages and origin. Full genome examination of novel strain RVA/Human-wt/PAK/PAK99/2010/G6P[1] revealed the unique genotype assemblage: G6-P[1]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H1. The evolutionary analyses of VP7, VP4, NSP1 and NSP3 gene segments revealed that PAK99 clustered with bovine, or cattle-like rotavirus strains from other closely related species, in the genotypes G6, P[1], A3 and T6 respectively. Gene segments VP6, VP1, VP2, VP3, NSP2 and NSP4 all possessed the DS-1-like bovine genotype 2 and bovine (-like) RVA strains instead of RVA strains having human origin. However, the NSP5 gene was found to cluster closely with contemporary human Wa-like rotavirus strains of H1 genotype. This is the first report on bovine-human (Wa-like reassortant) genotype constellation of G6P[1] strain from a human case in Pakistan (and the second description worldwide). Our results emphasize the significance of incessant monitoring of circulating RVA strains in humans and animals for better understanding of RV evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Tamim
- Public Health Laboratories, Department of Virology/Immunology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Elisabeth Heylen
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Zeller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Muhammad Salman
- Public Health Laboratories, Department of Virology/Immunology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Bashir Aamir
- IHP unit Health Emergencies, WHO Country Office, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Sharif
- Public Health Laboratories, Department of Virology/Immunology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ikram
- Public Health Laboratories, Department of Virology/Immunology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fariha Hasan
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Molecular Characterisation of a Rare Reassortant Porcine-Like G5P[6] Rotavirus Strain Detected in an Unvaccinated Child in Kasama, Zambia. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080663. [PMID: 32824526 PMCID: PMC7460411 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A human-porcine reassortant strain, RVA/Human-wt/ZMB/UFS-NGS-MRC-DPRU4723/2014/G5P[6], was identified in a sample collected in 2014 from an unvaccinated 12 month old male hospitalised for gastroenteritis in Zambia. We sequenced and characterised the complete genome of this strain which presented the constellation: G5-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. The genotype A8 is often observed in porcine strains. Phylogenetic analyses showed that VP6, VP7, NSP2, NSP4, and NSP5 genes were closely related to cognate gene sequences of porcine strains (e.g., RVA/Pig-wt/CHN/DZ-2/2013/G5P[X] for VP7) from the NCBI database, while VP1, VP3, VP4, and NSP3 were closely related to porcine-like human strains (e.g., RVA/Human-wt/CHN/E931/2008/G4P[6] for VP1, and VP3). On the other hand, the origin of the VP2 was not clear from our analyses, as it was not only close to both porcine (e.g., RVA/Pig-tc/CHN/SWU-1C/2018/G9P[13]) and porcine-like human strains (e.g., RVA/Human-wt/LKA/R1207/2009/G4P[6]) but also to three human strains (e.g., RVA/Human-wt/USA/1476/1974/G1P[8]). The VP7 gene was located in lineage II that comprised only porcine strains, which suggests the occurrence of independent porcine-to-human reassortment events. The study strain may have collectively been derived through interspecies transmission, or through reassortment event(s) involving strains of porcine and porcine-like human origin. The results of this study underline the importance of whole-genome characterisation of rotavirus strains and provide insights into interspecies transmissions from porcine to humans.
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Stubbs SCB, Quaye O, Acquah ME, Adadey SM, Kean IRL, Gupta S, Blacklaws BA. Full genomic characterization of a porcine rotavirus strain detected in an asymptomatic piglet in Accra, Ghana. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:11. [PMID: 31924206 PMCID: PMC6954506 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The introduction of rotavirus A vaccination across the developing world has not proved to be as efficacious as first hoped. One cause of vaccine failure may be infection by zoonotic rotaviruses that are very variable antigenically from the vaccine strain. However, there is a lack of genomic information about the circulating rotavirus A strains in farm animals in the developing world that may be a source of infection for humans. We therefore screened farms close to Accra, Ghana for animals sub-clinically infected with rotavirus A and then sequenced the virus found in one of these samples. Results 6.1% of clinically normal cows and pigs tested were found to be Rotavirus A virus antigen positive in the faeces. A subset of these (33.3%) were also positive for virus RNA. The most consistently positive pig sample was taken forward for metagenomic sequencing. This gave full sequence for all open reading frames except segment 5 (NSP1), which is missing a single base at the 5′ end. The virus infecting this pig had genome constellation G5-P[7]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T7-E1-H1, a known porcine genotype constellation. Conclusions Farm animals carry rotavirus A infection sub-clinically at low frequency. Although the rotavirus A genotype discovered here has a pig-like genome constellation, a number of the segments most closely resembled those isolated from humans in suspected cases of zoonotic transmission. Therefore, such viruses may be a source of variable gene segments for re-assortment with other viruses to cause vaccine breakdown. It is recommended that further human and pig strains are characterized in West Africa, to better understand this dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C B Stubbs
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Osbourne Quaye
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Volta Road, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Maame Ekua Acquah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Volta Road, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Mawuli Adadey
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Volta Road, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Iain R L Kean
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Srishti Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Seheri LM, Magagula NB, Peenze I, Rakau K, Ndadza A, Mwenda JM, Weldegebriel G, Steele AD, Mphahlele MJ. Rotavirus strain diversity in Eastern and Southern African countries before and after vaccine introduction. Vaccine 2017; 36:7222-7230. [PMID: 29203181 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The African Rotavirus Surveillance Network has been detecting and documenting rotavirus genotypes in the African sub-continent since 1998 in anticipation of the rollout of rotavirus vaccination in routine Expanded Programme on Immunisation. This paper reports distribution of the rotavirus strains circulating in 15 Eastern and Southern African (ESA) countries from 2010-2015 as part of active World Health Organization (WHO) rotavirus surveillance, and investigates possibility of emergence of non-vaccine or unusual strains in six selected countries post-vaccine introduction. MATERIAL AND METHODS Stool samples were collected from children <5 years of age presenting with acute gastroenteritis at sentinel hospitals pre- and post-rotavirus vaccine introduction. Samples were tested for group A rotavirus using an enzyme immunoassay by the national and sentinel laboratories. At the WHO Rotavirus Regional Reference Laboratory in South Africa, molecular characterisation was determined by PAGE (n = 4186), G and P genotyping (n = 6447) and DNA sequencing for both G and P types (n = 400). RESULTS The six-year surveillance period demonstrated that 23.8% of the strains were G1P[8], followed by G2P[4] (11.8%), G9P[8] (10.4%), G12P[8] (4.9%), G2P[6] (4.2%) and G3P[6] (3.7%) in 15 ESA countries. There was no difference in circulating strains pre- and post-rotavirus vaccine introduction with yearly fluctuation of strains observed over time. Atypical rotavirus G and P combinations (such as G1P[4], G2P[8], G9P[4] and G12P[4]) that might have arisen through inter-genogroup or inter-genotypes reassortment were detected at low frequency (2%). Close genetic relationship of African strains were reflected on the phylogenetic analysis, strains segregated together to form an African cluster in the same lineages/sub-lineage or monophyletic branch. CONCLUSION There has been considerable concern about strain replacement post-vaccine introduction, it was not clear at this early stage whether observed cyclical changes of rotavirus strains were due to vaccine pressure or this was just part of natural annual fluctuations in the six ESA countries, long-term surveillance is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Seheri
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - N B Magagula
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - I Peenze
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - K Rakau
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A Ndadza
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J M Mwenda
- African Rotavirus Surveillance Network, Immunization, Vaccines and Development Cluster, WHO African Regional Office, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - G Weldegebriel
- World Health Organization, Inter-Country Support Team Office, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - A D Steele
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa; Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health Program, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
| | - M J Mphahlele
- South African Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
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Jing Z, Zhang X, Shi H, Chen J, Shi D, Dong H, Feng L. A G3P[13] porcine group A rotavirus emerging in China is a reassortant and a natural recombinant in the VP4 gene. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e317-e328. [PMID: 29148270 PMCID: PMC7169750 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are a major cause of serious intestinal disease in piglets. In this study, a novel pig strain was identified in a stool sample from China. The strain was designated RVA/Pig/China/LNCY/2016/G3P[13] and had a G3-P[13]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1 genome. The viral protein 7 (VP7) and non-structural protein 4 (NSP4) genes of RVA/Pig/China/LNCY/2016/G3P[13] were closely related to cogent genes of human RVAs, suggesting that a reassortment between pig and human strains had occurred. Recombination analysis showed that RVA/Pig/China/LNCY/2016/G3P[13] is a natural recombinant strain between the P[23] and P[7] RVA strains, and crossover points for recombination were found at nucleotides (nt) 456 and 804 of the VP4 gene. Elucidating the biological characteristics of porcine rotavirus (PoRV) will be helpful for further analyses of the epidemic characteristics of this virus. The results of this study provide valuable information for RVA recombination and evolution and will facilitate future investigations into the molecular pathogenesis of RVAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Jing
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - X Zhang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - H Shi
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - J Chen
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - D Shi
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - H Dong
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - L Feng
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Pradhan GN, Walimbe AM, Chitambar SD. Molecular characterization of emerging G9P[4] rotavirus strains possessing a rare E6 NSP4 or T1 NSP3 genotype on a genogroup-2 backbone using a refined classification framework. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3139-3153. [PMID: 27902372 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus infections associated with unusual strains are an emerging concern in rotavirus vaccination programmes. Recently, an increase in circulation of unusual G9P[4] strains was reported from different regions of India, placing this genotype in third position, after G1P[8] and G2P[4], of the most common rotavirus strains. The aim of the present study was to analyse the complete genomic constellation of three G9P[4] strains (RV09, RV10 and RV11), determine their genetic relatedness to other genogroup-2 strains and understand the evolution of a rare E6 and other NSP4 genotypes. All strains revealed the presence of a genogroup-2 backbone, with RV09 constituting the NSP3 T1 genotype and RV10 and RV11 bearing the NSP4 E6 genotype. A refined criterion adopted to classify the nine internal gene segments of G2P[4] and non-G2P[4] strains with the genogroup-2 backbone into lineages and sub-lineages indicated divergence of >8 % (except NSP1: >5.5 %) for lineages and >3 % for sub-lineages. The VP1 and/or VP3 genes of study strains showed close relationships with animal-like human rotaviruses. The estimated evolutionary rate for the NSP4 E6 genotype was marginally higher (3.78×10-3 substitutions per site per year) than that of genotypes E1 (2.6×10-3 substitutions per site per year) and E2 (3.06×10-3 substitutions per site per year), suggesting a step towards adaptation of E6 on a genogroup-2 backbone. The time and origin of the most recent common ancestor of E6 genotype were estimated to be 1981 and South Asia, respectively. Full-genome and evolutionary analyses performed in this study for G9P[4] strains will help better understand the extent of gene reassortment and origin in unusual rotavirus strains that may remain viable and cause infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri N Pradhan
- Enteric Viruses Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Atul M Walimbe
- Bioinformatics Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Malik YS, Kumar N, Sharma K, Saurabh S, Dhama K, Prasad M, Ghosh S, Bányai K, Kobayashi N, Singh RK. Multispecies reassortant bovine rotavirus strain carries a novel simian G3-like VP7 genotype. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 41:63-72. [PMID: 27033751 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus-A (RVAs), are the major cause of severe gastroenteritis in the young of mammals and birds. RVA strains possessing G6, G8, and G10 genotypes in combination with P[1] or P[11] have been commonly detected in cattle. During a routine surveillance for enteric viruses in a bovine population on North-Western temperate Himalayan region of India, an uncommon bovine RVA strain, designated as RVA/Cow-wt/IND/M1/09/2009 was detected in a diarrhoeic crossbred calf. The examination of nearly complete genome sequence of this RVA strain revealed an unusual G-P combination (G3P[11]) on a typical bovine RVA genotype backbone (I2-R2-C2-M2-A11-N2-T6-E2-H3). The VP7 gene of M1/09 isolate displayed a maximum nucleotide sequence identity of 73.8% with simian strain (RVA/Simian-tc/USA/RRV/1975/G3P[3]). The VP4 and NSP5 genes clustered with an Indian pig strain, RVA/Pig-wt/IND/AM-P66/2012/G10P[11] (99.6%), and a caprine strain, RVA/Goat-tc/BGD/GO34/1999/G6P[1] (98.9%) from Bangladesh, respectively, whilst the, VP6, NSP1, NSP3 and NSP4 genes were identical or nearly identical to Indian bovine strains (RVA/Cow-wt/IND/B-72/2008/G10P[X], RVA/Cow-wt/IND/B85/2010/GXP[X], and RVA/Cow-wt/IND/C91/2011/G6P[X]). The remaining four genes (VP1, VP2, VP3 and NSP2) were more closely related to RVA/Human-wt/ITA/PAI11/1996/G2P[4] (93.5%), RVA/Sheep-wt/CHN/LLR/1985/G10P[15] (88.8%), RVA/Human-tc/SWE/1076/1983/G2P2A[6] (93.2%) and RVA/Human-wt/AUS/CK20003/2000/G2P[4] (91.2%), respectively. Altogether, these findings are suggestive of multiple independent interspecies transmission and reassortment events between co-circulating bovine, porcine, ovine and human rotaviruses. The complete genome sequence information is necessary to establish the evolutionary relationship, interspecies transmission and ecological features of animal RVAs from different geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Kuldeep Sharma
- National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur -482 003, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Sharad Saurabh
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LUVAS, Hisar 125 001, Haryana, India.
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts, West Indies.
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | | | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Do LP, Nakagomi T, Otaki H, Agbemabiese CA, Nakagomi O, Tsunemitsu H. Phylogenetic inference of the porcine Rotavirus A origin of the human G1 VP7 gene. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 40:205-213. [PMID: 26961591 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. The most common VP7 genotype of human RVA is G1, but G1 is rarely detected in porcine strains. To understand the evolutionary relationships between human and porcine G1 VP7 genes, we sequenced the VP7 genes of three Japanese G1 porcine strains; the first two (PRV2, S80B) were isolated in 1980 and the third (Kyusyu-14) was isolated in 2001. Then, we performed phylogenetic and in-silico structural analyses. All three VP7 sequences clustered into lineage VI, and the mean nucleotide sequence identity between any pair of porcine G1 VP7 sequences belonging to lineage VI was 91.9%. In contrast, the mean nucleotide sequence identity between any pair of human G1 VP7 sequences belonging to lineages I-V was 95.5%. While the mean nucleotide sequence identity between any pair of porcine lineage VI strain and human lineage I-V strain was 85.4%, the VP7 genes of PRV2 and a rare porcine-like human G1P[6] strain (AU19) were 98% identical, strengthening the porcine RVA origin of AU19. The phylogenetic tree suggests that human G1 VP7 genes originated from porcine G1 VP7 genes. The time of their most recent common ancestor was estimated to be 1948, and human and porcine RVA strains evolved along independent pathways. In-silico structural analyses identified 7 amino acid residues within the known neutralisation epitopes that show differences in electric charges and shape between different porcine and human G1 strains. When compared with much divergent porcine G1 VP7 lineages, monophyletic, less divergent human G1 VP7 lineages support the hypothesis that all human G1 VP7 genes included in this study originated from a rare event of a porcine RVA transmitting to humans that was followed by successful adaptation to the human host. By contrast, AU19 represents interspecies transmission that terminated in dead-end infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loan Phuong Do
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Toyoko Nakagomi
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Centre for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otaki
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Chantal Ama Agbemabiese
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakagomi
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Centre for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Tsunemitsu
- Dairy Hygiene Research Division, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Dóró R, Farkas SL, Martella V, Bányai K. Zoonotic transmission of rotavirus: surveillance and control. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:1337-50. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1089171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Genomic characterization of G3P[6], G4P[6] and G4P[8] human rotaviruses from Wuhan, China: Evidence for interspecies transmission and reassortment events. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 33:55-71. [PMID: 25891280 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report here the whole genomic analyses of two G4P[6] (RVA/Human-wt/CHN/E931/2008/G4P[6], RVA/Human-wt/CHN/R1954/2013/G4P[6]), one G3P[6] (RVA/Human-wt/CHN/R946/2006/G3P[6]) and one G4P[8] (RVA/Human-wt/CHN/E2484/2011/G4P[8]) group A rotavirus (RVA) strains detected in sporadic cases of diarrhea in humans in the city of Wuhan, China. All the four strains displayed a Wa-like genotype constellation. Strains E931 and R1954 shared a G4-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1 constellation, whilst the 11 gene segments of strains R946 and E2484 were assigned to G3-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 and G4-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 genotypes, respectively. Phylogenetically, the VP7 gene of R946, NSP3 gene of E931, and 10 of 11 gene segments of E2484 (except for VP7 gene) belonged to lineages of human RVAs. On the other hand, based on available data, it was difficult to ascertain porcine or human origin of VP3 genes of strains E931 and R946, and NSP2 genes of strains R946 and R1954. The remaining genes of E2484, E931, R946 and R1954 were close to those of porcine RVAs from China, and/or porcine-like human RVAs. Taken together, our observations suggested that strain R1954 might have been derived from porcine RVAs, whilst strains R946 and E931 might be reassortants possessing human RVA-like gene segments on a porcine RVA genetic backbone. Strain E2484 might be derived from reassortment events involving acquisition of a porcine-like VP7 gene by a Wa-like human RVA strain. The present study provided important insights into zoonotic transmission and complex reassortment events involving human and porcine RVAs, reiterating the significance of whole-genomic analysis of RVA strains.
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13
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Ndze VN, Esona MD, Achidi EA, Gonsu KH, Dóró R, Marton S, Farkas S, Ngeng MB, Ngu AF, Obama-Abena MT, Bányai K. Full genome characterization of human Rotavirus A strains isolated in Cameroon, 2010–2011: Diverse combinations of the G and P genes and lack of reassortment of the backbone genes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:537-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Full genomic characterization of a novel genotype combination, G4P[14], of a human rotavirus strain from Barbados. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:524-9. [PMID: 25251674 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since 2004, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has carried out rotavirus surveillance in Latin America and the Caribbean. Here we report the characterization of human rotavirus with the novel G-P combination of G4P[14], detected through PAHO surveillance in Barbados. Full genome sequencing of strain RVA/Human-wt/BRB/CDC1133/2012/G4P[14] revealed that its genotype is G4-P[14]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. The possession of a Genogroup 1 (Wa-like) backbone distinguishes this strain from other P[14] rotavirus strains. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that this strain was likely generated by genetic reassortment between human, porcine and possibly other animal rotavirus strains and identified 7 lineages within the P[14] genotype. The results of this study reinforce the potential role of interspecies transmission in generating human rotavirus diversity through reassortment. Continued surveillance is important to determine if rotavirus vaccines will protect against strains that express the P[14] rotavirus genotype.
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Boula A, Waku-Kouomou D, Njiki Kinkela M, Esona MD, Kemajou G, Mekontso D, Seheri M, Ndze VN, Emah I, Ela S, Dahl BA, Kobela M, Cavallaro KF, Etoundi Mballa GA, Genstch JR, Bowen MD, Koki Ndombo P. Molecular surveillance of rotavirus strains circulating in Yaoundé, Cameroon, September 2007-December 2012. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:470-5. [PMID: 25220619 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrheal disease in children under 5 years of age worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 453,000 rotavirus-attributable deaths occur annually. Through the WHO, the Rotavirus Sentinel Surveillance Program was established in Cameroon in September 2007 with the Mother and Child Center (MCC) in Yaoundé playing the role of sentinel site and national laboratory for this program. The objectives of this surveillance were to assess the rotavirus disease burden and collect baseline information on rotavirus strains circulating in Cameroon. Diarrheal stool samples were collected in a pediatric hospital from children under 5, using the WHO case definition for rotavirus diarrhea. Antigen detection of rotavirus was performed by using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The genotypic characterization was performed using multiplexed semi-nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Between September 2007 and December 2012, 2444 stool samples were received at the MCC laboratory for rotavirus antigen detection, of which 999 (41%) were EIA positive. Among EIA positive samples 898 were genotyped. Genotype prevalence varied each year. Genotype G9P[8] was the dominant type during 2007 (32%) and 2008 (24%), genotype G3P[6] predominated in 2010 (36%) and 2011 (25%), and G1P[8] was predominant in 2012 (44%). The findings showed that the rotavirus disease burden is high and there is a broad range of rotavirus strains circulating in Yaoundé. These data will help measure the impact of vaccination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Boula
- Mother and Child Center, Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Diane Waku-Kouomou
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States.
| | | | - Mathew D Esona
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Grace Kemajou
- Mother and Child Center, Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - David Mekontso
- World Health Organization Country Office of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mapaseka Seheri
- Medical Research Council/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, South Africa
| | | | - Irene Emah
- Ministry of Health, Expanded Program on Immunization, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Serge Ela
- Mother and Child Center, Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Benjamin A Dahl
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Marie Kobela
- Ministry of Health, Expanded Program on Immunization, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Kathleen F Cavallaro
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | | | - Jon R Genstch
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Michael D Bowen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Paul Koki Ndombo
- Mother and Child Center, Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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16
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Lachapelle V, Sohal JS, Lambert MC, Brassard J, Fravalo P, Letellier A, L’Homme Y. Genetic diversity of group A rotavirus in swine in Canada. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1771-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Ndze VN, Papp H, Achidi EA, Gonsu KH, László B, Farkas S, Kisfali P, Melegh B, Esona MD, Bowen MD, Bányai K, Gentsch JR, Odama AMT. One year survey of human rotavirus strains suggests the emergence of genotype G12 in Cameroon. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1485-90. [PMID: 23765785 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study the emergence of rotavirus A genotype G12 in children <5 years of age is reported from Cameroon during 2010/2011. A total of 135 human stool samples were P and G genotyped by reverse transcriptase PCR. Six different rotavirus VP7 genotypes were detected, including G1, G2, G3, G8, G9, and G12 in combinations with P[4], P[6] and P[8] VP4 genotypes. Genotype G12 predominated in combination with P[8] (54.1%) and P[6] (10.4%) genotypes followed by G1P[6] (8.2%), G3P[6] (6.7%), G2P[4] (5.9%), G8P[6] (3.7%), G2P[6] (0.7%), G3P[8] (0.7%), and G9P[8] (0.7%). Genotype P[6] strains in combination with various G-types represented a substantial proportion (N=44, 32.6%) of the genotyped strains. Partially typed strains included G12P[NT] (2.2%); G3P[NT] (0.7%); G(NT)P[6] (1.5%); and G(NT)P[8] (0.7%). Mixed infections were found in five specimens (3.7%) in several combinations including G1+ G12P[6], G2+ G3P[6] + P[8], G3+ G8P[6], G3 + G12P[6] + P[8], and G12P[6] +P[8]. The approximately 10% relative frequency of G12P[6] strains detected in this study suggests that this strain is emerging in Cameroon and should be monitored carefully as rotavirus vaccine is implemented in this country, as it shares neither G- nor P-type specificity with strains in the RotaTeq® and Rotarix® vaccines. These findings are consistent with other recent reports of the global spread and increasing epidemiologic importance of G12 and P[6] strains.
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18
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Gautam R, Esona MD, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Ian Tam K, Gentsch JR, Bowen MD. Real-time RT-PCR assays to differentiate wild-type group A rotavirus strains from Rotarix(®) and RotaTeq(®) vaccine strains in stool samples. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:767-77. [PMID: 24342877 PMCID: PMC4130254 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are the leading cause of severe diarrhea in young children worldwide. Two live-attenuated RVA vaccines, Rotarix(®) and RotaTeq(®) are recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) for routine immunization of all infants. Rotarix(®) and RotaTeq(®) vaccines have substantially reduced RVA associated mortality but occasionally have been associated with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases identified in vaccinees and their contacts. High-throughput assays are needed to monitor the prevalence of vaccine strains in AGE cases and emergence of new vaccine-derived strains following RVA vaccine introduction. In this study, we have developed quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assays for detection of Rotarix(®) and RotaTeq(®) vaccine components in stool samples. Real-time RT-PCR assays were designed for vaccine specific targets in the genomes of Rotarix(®) (NSP2, VP4) and RotaTeq(®) (VP6, VP3-WC3, VP3-human) and validated on sequence confirmed stool samples containing vaccine strains, wild-type RVA strains, and RVA-negative stools. For quantification, standard curves were generated using dsRNA transcripts derived from RVA gene segments. Rotarix(®) NSP2 and VP4 qRT-PCR assays exhibited 92-100% sensitivity, 99-100% specificity, 94-105% efficiency, and a limit of detection of 2-3 copies per reaction. RotaTeq(®) VP6, VP3-WC3, and VP3-human qRT-PCR assays displayed 100% sensitivity, 94-100% specificity, 91-102% efficiency and limits of detection of 1 copy, 2 copies, and 140 copies, respectively. These assays permit rapid identification of Rotarix(®) and RotaTeq(®) vaccine components in stool samples from clinical and surveillance studies and will be helpful in determining the frequency of vaccine strain-associated AGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashi Gautam
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch; Division of Viral Diseases; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Mathew D Esona
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch; Division of Viral Diseases; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Slavica Mijatovic-Rustempasic
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch; Division of Viral Diseases; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Ka Ian Tam
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch; Division of Viral Diseases; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jon R Gentsch
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch; Division of Viral Diseases; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Michael D Bowen
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch; Division of Viral Diseases; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, GA USA
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19
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Genetic characterization of a rare bovine-like human VP4 mono-reassortant G6P[8] rotavirus strain detected from an infant in Bangladesh. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 19:120-6. [PMID: 23851022 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
During an ongoing diarrhea etiology surveillance in Mirzapur, Bangladesh, a rare human G6P[8] RVA strain (RVA/Human-wt/BGD/KH2288/2011/G6P[8]) was detected in a stool sample of a 7-month-old infant with acute diarrhea. Complete genotype analyses revealed that KH2288 possessed the G6-P[8]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A11-N2-T6-E2-H3 genotype constellation. Sequence analysis of the VP7 gene revealed a close phylogenetic relationship with bovine G6 strains from India, whereas, the VP4 gene segment was nearly identical to typical human P[8] strain circulating in Bangladesh and the rest of the world. Phylogenetic analysis of the remaining nine gene segments revealed a close relatedness to either animal or animal derived human RVA strain. We speculated that, strain KH2288 was a monoreassortant between a human RVA strain and a RVA strain typically infecting member of the Artiodactyla, such as cattle, goat or sheep. To our knowledge, this is the first complete genotyping report of a naturally occurring G6P[8] RVA strain, worldwide.
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20
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Komoto S, Maeno Y, Tomita M, Matsuoka T, Ohfu M, Yodoshi T, Akeda H, Taniguchi K. Whole genomic analysis of a porcine-like human G5P[6] rotavirus strain isolated from a child with diarrhoea and encephalopathy in Japan. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1568-1575. [PMID: 23515025 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.051011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
An unusual rotavirus strain, Ryukyu-1120, with G5P[6] genotypes (RVA/Human-wt/JPN/Ryukyu-1120/2011/G5P[6]) was identified in a stool specimen from a hospitalized child aged 4 years who showed diarrhoea and encephalopathy. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the complete genome of strain Ryukyu-1120. On whole genomic analysis, this strain was found to have a unique genotype constellation: G5-P[6]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. The VP6 and NSP1 genotypes I5 and A8 are those commonly found in porcine strains. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis indicated that each of the 11 genes of strain Ryukyu-1120 appeared to be of porcine origin. Thus, strain Ryukyu-1120 was found to have a porcine rotavirus genetic backbone and is likely to be of porcine origin. To our knowledge, this is the first report of whole-genome-based characterization of the emerging G5P[6] strains in Asian countries. Our observations will provide important insights into the origin of G5P[6] strains and the dynamic interactions between human and porcine rotavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Maeno
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Mayuko Tomita
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Matsuoka
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and General, Okinawa Prefectural Nanbu Medical Center and Children's Medical Center, Haebaru-cho, Okinawa 901-1193, Japan
| | - Masaharu Ohfu
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and General, Okinawa Prefectural Nanbu Medical Center and Children's Medical Center, Haebaru-cho, Okinawa 901-1193, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Yodoshi
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and General, Okinawa Prefectural Nanbu Medical Center and Children's Medical Center, Haebaru-cho, Okinawa 901-1193, Japan
| | - Hideki Akeda
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and General, Okinawa Prefectural Nanbu Medical Center and Children's Medical Center, Haebaru-cho, Okinawa 901-1193, Japan
| | - Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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21
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Papp H, Borzák R, Farkas S, Kisfali P, Lengyel G, Molnár P, Melegh B, Matthijnssens J, Jakab F, Martella V, Bányai K. Zoonotic transmission of reassortant porcine G4P[6] rotaviruses in Hungarian pediatric patients identified sporadically over a 15 year period. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 19:71-80. [PMID: 23792183 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genotype G4P[6] Rotavirus A (RVA) strains collected from children admitted to hospital with gastroenteritis over a 15 year period in the pre rotavirus vaccine era in Hungary were characterized in this study. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was performed on eight G4P[6] RVA strains. All these RVA strains shared a fairly conservative genomic configuration (G4-P[6]-I1/I5-R1-C1-M1-A1/A8-N1-T1/T7-E1-H1) and showed striking similarities to porcine and porcine-derived human RVA strains collected worldwide, although genetic relatedness to some common human RVA strains was also seen. The resolution of phylogenetic relationship between porcine and human RVA genes was occasionally low, making the evaluation of host species origin of individual genes sometimes difficult. Yet the whole genome constellations and overall phylogenetic analyses indicated that these eight Hungarian G4P[6] RVA strains may have originated by independent zoonotic transmission, probably from pigs. Future surveillance studies of human and animal RVA should go parallel to enable the distinction between direct interspecies transmission events and those that are coupled with reassortment of cognate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajnalka Papp
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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22
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Papp H, László B, Jakab F, Ganesh B, De Grazia S, Matthijnssens J, Ciarlet M, Martella V, Bányai K. Review of group A rotavirus strains reported in swine and cattle. Vet Microbiol 2013; 165:190-9. [PMID: 23642647 PMCID: PMC7117210 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RVA) infections cause severe economic losses in intensively reared livestock animals, particularly in herds of swine and cattle. RVA strains are antigenically heterogeneous, and are classified in multiple G and P types defined by the two outer capsid proteins, VP7 and VP4, respectively. This study summarizes published literature on the genetic and antigenic diversity of porcine and bovine RVA strains published over the last 3 decades. The single most prevalent genotype combination among porcine RVA strains was G5P[7], whereas the predominant genotype combination among bovine RVA strains was G6P[5], although spatiotemporal differences in RVA strain distribution were observed. These data provide important baseline data on epidemiologically important RVA strains in swine and cattle and may guide the development of more effective vaccines for veterinary use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajnalka Papp
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
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23
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Than VT, Baek IH, Kim W. Whole genomic analysis reveals the co-evolutionary phylodynamics of Korean G9P[8] human rotavirus strains. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1795-803. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Ndze VN, Achidi EA, Papp H, Kovács E, Farkas S, Adiogo D, Kisfali P, Ngeng MB, Abena MTO, Martella V, Esona MD, Bányai K. Shared G12 VP7 gene among human and bovine rotaviruses detected in Cameroonian villages. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2013; 60:21-8. [PMID: 23529296 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.60.2013.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are an important enteric pathogen in humans and livestock animals. Transmission of animal RVA strains to humans has been documented on several occasions. A reverse route of transmission of RVA under natural circumstances is anticipated, although evidence is scarce. However, experimental studies indicated that animals can be infected with human RVAs. By screening the stool samples collected from 157 cattle during 2011 in two Cameroonian villages, four samples (2.5%) were found positive for RVA. Upon sequence analysis of a 410 bp fragment of the VP7 gene, the RVA strains shared up to 100% nt identity to each other and to G12 RVAs identified in human patients living in the same geographic regions. This finding provides evidence for a human-to-animal transmission of an epidemic human rotavirus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Ngum Ndze
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Full-genome characterization of a G8P[8] rotavirus that emerged among children with diarrhea in Croatia in 2006. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1583-8. [PMID: 23426928 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00396-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The whole genome of a G8P[8] rotavirus from the 2006 epidemic in Croatia was sequenced and showed a Wa-like genotype constellation. Its VP7 gene clustered with DS-1-like G8 African rotaviruses and a G8P[4] German strain. Remaining genes clustered with contemporary Belgian G1P[8] rotaviruses, suggesting reassortment between human G8 and G1P[8] rotaviruses in Croatia or other European countries.
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26
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Papp H, Al-Mutairi L, Chehadeh W, Farkas S, Lengyel G, Jakab F, Martella V, Szűcs G, Bányai K. Novel NSP4 genotype in a camel G10P[15] rotavirus strain. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2012; 59:411-21. [PMID: 22982644 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.59.2012.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study a Kuwaiti camel rotavirus strain, RVA/Camel-wt/KUW/s21/2010/G10P[15], is characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The strain had multiple genes with high nucleotide sequence similarities to ovine and bovine strains (VP2, ≤ 96%; NSP2 and NSP5, ≤ 97%, NSP3, ≤ 94%), or, to porcine strains (VP1, ≤ 89%). Other genes had moderate sequence similarities (VP4, ≤ 87%; VP6, ≤ 81%; VP7, ≤ 82%) with reference strains from ruminants. The NSP4 gene shared limited sequence identity (≤ 71%) with other mammalian and avian rotavirus NSP4 types, and was designated a novel genotype, E15. This study demonstrates genetic diversity in the outer capsid and some backbone genes of an old-world camelid rotavirus strain and uncovers its common evolutionary roots with strains from other ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajnalka Papp
- 1 Hungarian Academy of Sciences Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research Budapest Hungary
| | - Laila Al-Mutairi
- 2 Kuwait University College of Graduate Studies, Molecular Biology Program Kuwait Kuwait
| | - Wassim Chehadeh
- 3 Kuwait University Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Kuwait Kuwait
| | - Szilvia Farkas
- 1 Hungarian Academy of Sciences Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research Budapest Hungary
| | - György Lengyel
- 4 Hungarian Defence Forces Dr. Radó György Military Medical Centre Budapest Hungary
| | - Ferenc Jakab
- 5 University of Pécs Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Pécs Hungary
| | - Vito Martella
- 6 University of Bari Department of Animal Health and Wellbeing Bari Italy
| | - György Szűcs
- 3 Kuwait University Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Kuwait Kuwait
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- 1 Hungarian Academy of Sciences Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research Budapest Hungary
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Mladenova Z, Papp H, Lengyel G, Kisfali P, Steyer A, Steyer AF, Esona MD, Iturriza-Gómara M, Bányai K. Detection of rare reassortant G5P[6] rotavirus, Bulgaria. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1676-84. [PMID: 22850117 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During the ongoing rotavirus strain surveillance program conducted in Bulgaria, an unusual human rotavirus A (RVA) strain, RVA/Human/BG/BG620/2008/G5P[6], was identified among 2200 genotyped Bulgarian RVAs. This strain showed the following genomic configuration: G5-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. Phylogenetic analysis of the genes encoding the neutralization proteins and backbone genes identified a probable mixture of RVA genes of human and porcine origin. The VP1, VP6 and NSP2 genes were more closely related to typical human rotavirus strains. The remaining eight genes were either closely related to typical porcine and unusual human-porcine reassortant rotavirus strains or were equally distant from reference human and porcine strains. This study is the first to report an unusual rotavirus isolate with G5P[6] genotype in Europe which has most likely emerged from zoonotic transmission. The absence of porcine rotavirus sequence data from this area did not permit to assess if the suspected ancestral zoonotic porcine strain already had human rotavirus genes in its genome when transmitted from pig to human, or, the transmission was coupled or followed by gene reassortment event(s). Because our strain shared no neutralization antigens with rotavirus vaccines used for routine immunization in children, attention is needed to monitor if this G-P combination will be able to emerge in human populations. A better understanding of the ecology of rotavirus zoonoses requires simultaneous monitoring of rotavirus strains in humans and animals.
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28
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Kim HH, Matthijnssens J, Kim HJ, Kwon HJ, Park JG, Son KY, Ryu EH, Kim DS, Lee WS, Kang MI, Yang DK, Hyun BH, Park SI, Park SJ, Cho KO. Full-length genomic analysis of porcine G9P[23] and G9P[7] rotavirus strains isolated from pigs with diarrhea in South Korea. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1427-35. [PMID: 22613801 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are agents causing severe gastroenteritis in infants and young animals. G9 RVA strains are believed to have originated from pigs. However, this genotype has emerged as the fifth major human RVA genotype worldwide. To better understand the relationship between human and porcine RVA strains, complete RVA genome data are needed. For human RVA strains, the number of complete genome data have grown exponentially. However, there is still a lack of complete genome data on porcine RVA strains. Recently, G9 RVA strains have been identified as the third most important genotype in diarrheic pigs in South Korea in combinations with P[7] and P[23]. This study is the first report on complete genome analyses of 1 G9P[7] and 3 G9P[23] porcine RVA strains, resulting in the following genotype constellation: G9-P[7]/P[23]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. By comparisons of these genotype constellations, it was revealed that the Korean G9P[7] and G9P[23] RVA strains possessed a typical porcine RVA backbone, similar to other known porcine RVA strains. However, detailed phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of intra-genotype reassortments among porcine RVA strains in South Korea. Thus, our data provide genetic information of G9 RVA strains increasingly detected in both humans and pigs, and will help to establish the role of pigs as a source or reservoir for novel human RVA strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Hyun Kim
- Biotherapy Human Resources Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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29
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Hwang KP, Wu FT, Bányai K, Wu HS, Yang DCF, Huang YC, Lin JS, Hsiung CA, Huang JC, Jiang B, Gentsch JR. Identification of porcine rotavirus-like genotype P[6] strains in Taiwanese children. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:990-997. [PMID: 22466032 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.042499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular characterization of genotype P[6] rotavirus strains collected from children admitted to hospital with acute dehydrating diarrhoea during a 6-year surveillance period in Taiwan is described in this study. In total, three G4P[6] strains, one G5P[6] and one G12P[6] were characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the VP4, VP7, VP6 and NSP4 genes. Whilst all four genes of the single Taiwanese G12P[6] strain clustered with the respective genes of globally common human rotavirus strains, the G4 and G5 strains showed remarkable similarities to porcine rotavirus strains and putative porcine-origin human P[19] strains reported previously from Taiwan. The overall proportion of porcine rotavirus-like strains in Taiwan remains around 1 % among hospitalized children; however, the circulation and sporadic transmission of these heterotypic strains from pigs to humans could pose a public-health concern. Therefore, continuation of strain monitoring is needed in the vaccine era to detect any possible vaccine breakthrough events associated with the introduction of such heterologous rotavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kao-Pin Hwang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University School of Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan ROC
| | - Fang-Tzy Wu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan ROC.,Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taiwan ROC
| | | | - Ho-Sheng Wu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ROC.,Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taiwan ROC
| | | | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan ROC
| | - Jen-Shiou Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan ROC
| | - Chao Agnes Hsiung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan ROC
| | - Jason C Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Baoming Jiang
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jon R Gentsch
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Miyazaki A, Kuga K, Suzuki T, Kohmoto M, Katsuda K, Tsunemitsu H. Genetic diversity of group A rotaviruses associated with repeated outbreaks of diarrhea in a farrow-to-finish farm: identification of a porcine rotavirus strain bearing a novel VP7 genotype, G26. Vet Res 2011; 42:112. [PMID: 22067072 PMCID: PMC3245447 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (GARs) are one of the most common causes of diarrhea in suckling pigs. Although a number of G and P genotypes have been identified in porcine GARs, few attempts have been made to study the molecular epidemiology of these viruses associated with diarrhea outbreaks within a farm over an extended period of time. Here, we investigated the molecular characteristics of GARs that caused four outbreaks of diarrhea among suckling pigs in a farrow-to-finish farm over the course of a year. G and P genotyping of GARs detected at each outbreak demonstrated genetic diversity in this farm as follows: G9P[23] was detected at the first outbreak, G9P[13]/[22] and G9P[23] at the second, G3P[7] at the third, and G9P[23], G5P[13]/[22], and P[7] combined with an untypeable G genotype at the fourth. Sequence analysis of the detected GARs revealed that such genetic diversity could have resulted not only from the introduction of new GAR strains, but also from gene reassortment between GAR strains within the farm. Further, the GAR strain carrying the untypeable G genotype was shown to be a novel porcine GAR bearing a new G26 genotype, as confirmed by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Miyazaki
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
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31
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Wu FT, Bányai K, Huang JC, Wu HS, Chang FY, Yang JY, Hsiung CA, Huang YC, Lin JS, Hwang KP, Jiang B, Gentsch JR. Diverse origin of P[19] rotaviruses in children with acute diarrhea in Taiwan: Detection of novel lineages of the G3, G5, and G9 VP7 genes. J Med Virol 2011; 83:1279-87. [PMID: 21567431 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the detection of genotype P[19] rotavirus strains from children hospitalized with acute dehydrating diarrhea during a 5-year surveillance period in Taiwan. The characterization of five P[19] strains (0.4% of all typed), including three G3P[19], a novel G5P[19], and a unique G9P[19] genotype is described in this study. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP4, VP7, VP6, and NSP4 genes was performed, which demonstrated novel lineages for respective genotypes of the VP4 and the VP7 genes. The sequence similarities of the P[19] VP4 gene among Taiwanese human strains was higher (nt, 91.5-96.2%; aa, 93.7-97.6%) than to other P[19] strains (nt, 83.5-86.6%; aa, 89.4-94.1%) from different regions of the world. The VP7 gene of the three G3P[19] Taiwanese strains shared up to 93.4% nt and 97.5% aa identity to each other but had lower similarity to reference strain sequences available in GenBank (nt, <90.1%; aa, <95.6%). Similarly, the VP7 gene of the novel G5P[19] strain was only moderately related to the VP7 gene of reference G5 strains (nt, 82.2-87.3%; aa, 87.0-93.1%), while the VP7 gene of the single G9P[19] strain was genetically distinct from other known human and animal G9 rotavirus strains (nt, ≤ 92.0%; aa, ≤ 95.7%). Together, these findings suggest that the Taiwanese P[19] strains originated by independent interspecies transmission events. Synchronized surveillance of human and animal rotaviruses in Taiwan should identify possible hosts of these uncommon human rotavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Tzy Wu
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
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32
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Ghosh S, Kobayashi N. Whole-genomic analysis of rotavirus strains: current status and future prospects. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:1049-65. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on genetic diversity of rotaviruses have been primarily based on the genes encoding the antigenically significant VP7 and VP4 proteins. Since the rotavirus genome has 11 segments of RNA that are vulnerable to reassortment events, analyses of the VP7 and VP4 genes may not be sufficient to obtain conclusive data on the overall genetic diversity, or true origin of strains. In the last few years following the advent of the whole-genome-based genotype classification system, the whole genomes of at least 167 human group A rotavirus strains have been analyzed, providing a plethora of new and important information on the complex origin of strains, inter- and intra-genogroup reassortment events, animal–human reassortment events, zoonosis, and genetic linkages involving different group A rotavirus gene segments. In addition, the whole genomes of a limited number of human group B, C and novel group rotavirus strains have been analyzed. This article briefly reviews the available data on whole-genomic analysis of human rotavirus strains. The significance and future prospects of whole-genome-based studies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S 1, W 17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan
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Ghosh S, Adachi N, Gatheru Z, Nyangao J, Yamamoto D, Ishino M, Urushibara N, Kobayashi N. Whole-genome analysis reveals the complex evolutionary dynamics of Kenyan G2P[4] human rotavirus strains. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2201-2208. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.033001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although G2P[4] rotaviruses are common causes of acute childhood diarrhoea in Africa, to date there are no reports on whole genomic analysis of African G2P[4] strains. In this study, the nearly complete genome sequences of two Kenyan G2P[4] strains, AK26 and D205, detected in 1982 and 1989, respectively, were analysed. Strain D205 exhibited a DS-1-like genotype constellation, whilst strain AK26 appeared to be an intergenogroup reassortant with a Wa-like NSP2 genotype on the DS-1-like genotype constellation. The VP2-4, VP6-7, NSP1, NSP3 and NSP5 genes of strain AK26 and the VP2, VP4, VP7 and NSP1–5 genes of strain D205 were closely related to those of the prototype or other human G2P[4] strains. In contrast, their remaining genes were distantly related, and, except for NSP2 of AK26, appeared to originate from or share a common origin with rotavirus genes of artiodactyl (ruminant and camelid) origin. These observations highlight the complex evolutionary dynamics of African G2P[4] rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Zipporah Gatheru
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Nyangao
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dai Yamamoto
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaho Ishino
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriko Urushibara
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Wu FT, Bányai K, Huang JC, Wu HS, Chang FY, Hsiung CA, Huang YC, Lin JS, Hwang KP, Jiang B, Gentsch JR. Human infection with novel G3P[25] rotavirus strain in Taiwan. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:1570-3. [PMID: 21851477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genotype P[25] rotaviruses are rare and to date have been reported to occur only in a few countries of mainland Asia. Here we report the molecular characterization of a novel human rotavirus genotype combination, G3P[25], detected in a 17-month-old child hospitalized due to severe gastroenteritis during 2009 in central Taiwan. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the VP4 gene demonstrated a distinct origin from other strains bearing the P[25] VP4 gene, whereas the VP7, VP6 and NSP4 gene phylogenies identified common origins with cognate genes of other, presumed human-porcine reassortment Taiwanese strains. These results suggest that interactions between human and animal strains appear to contribute to the generation of genetic and antigenic diversity of rotavirus strains, with potential public health importance in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-T Wu
- Department of Health, Centre for Research and Diagnostics, Centres for Disease Control, Taiwan.
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da Silva MFM, Tort LFL, Gómez MM, Assis RMS, de Mendonça MCL, Volotão EDM, Leite JPG. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1, VP2, and VP3 gene segments of genotype G5 group A rotavirus strains circulating in Brazil between 1986 and 2005. Virus Res 2011; 160:381-8. [PMID: 21827799 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genotype G5 group A rotavirus (RV-A), which is common in pigs and also detected in horses and cattle, circulated as endemic genotype in the 1980s and early 1990s in Brazil. After 1996, G5 RV-A has been replaced by G9 RV-A, becoming only sporadically detected. Recently, G5 has been reported in children with severe diarrhea in Argentina, Cameroon, Paraguay, People's Republic of China, and Vietnam, suggesting that, although uncommon in humans, it has a worldwide distribution. In a previous study, Brazilian G5 RV-A VP7 gene analysis demonstrated the existence of three main lineages: I, II, and III; all Brazilian strains and three porcine strains from Thailand grouped inside Lineage I. The VP8(*) subunit of VP4 gene showed that all P[8] strains fell into three major genetic lineages: P[8]-1; P[8]-2; and P[8]-3. Partial sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of VP1, VP2 and VP3 genes of P[8]G5 human RV-A strains were determined from 28 Brazilian strains collected from 1986 to 2005. The VP1-VP3 partial sequences analysis showed that the Brazilian strains have high amino acid identity with the human RV-A prototype IAL28 and other Wa-like genogroup strains. It was also shown that G5 RV-A Brazilian VP1-VP3 and VP7 sequences have a similar pattern of gouping: The study strains and the G5 prototype strain IAL-28 grouped together, while other prototypes, like OSU grouped separately. These results suggest that the core protein genes (VP1-VP3) of the G5 RV-A Brazilian strains might have originated from porcine and human strains. Phylogenetic analyses of VP7, VP4, VP1, VP2, and VP3 genes of P[8]G5 strains revealed a conserved genomic constellation (G5-P[8]-R1-C1-M1) with sequence similarity to Wa-like strains: IAL28, Wa, BE00048, CK00032, CK00033, DC4772 and DC1898, suggesting that despite the differences in genotypes (i.e., G5, G1 and G3) these viruses are genetically similar. The results presented here are fundamental to understand the epidemiology and evolution of genotype G5 RV-A and demonstrate the importance of continuous monitoring and molecular characterization of RV-A strains circulating in human and animal populations.
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El Sherif M, Esona MD, Wang Y, Gentsch JR, Jiang B, Glass RI, Abou Baker S, Klena JD. Detection of the first G6P[14] human rotavirus strain from a child with diarrhea in Egypt. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:1436-42. [PMID: 21640199 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the first detection of a G6P[14] rotavirus strain in Egypt from the stool of a child participating in a hospital-based diarrhea surveillance study conducted throughout the year 2004. Rotavirus infection was initially detected using a rotavirus group A VP6 enzyme immunoassay; the P (VP4) and G (VP7) genotypes of the strain were identified by RT-PCR. We sequenced the VP7 gene and the VP8* portion of the VP4 gene and the strain displayed the strongest identity to the VP7 [>94% nucleotides (nt), >97% amino acids (aa)] and VP4 (>93% nt, >98% aa) sequences of PA169, a novel G6P[14] strain first isolated from a child in Italy during the winter of 1987. Additional sequencing and analysis of the other remaining structural (VP1-VP3, VP6) and non-structural (NSP1-NSP5) proteins support this animal-to-human reassortment theory. According to the full genome classification system, the G6P[14] strain (EGY3399) was assigned to G6-P[14]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A11-N2-T6-E2-H3 genotypes. The greatest similarity of EGY3399 NSP4 and NSP5 gene sequences were to those of ovine and simian origin, respectively. Coupled with other observations, our results suggest G6P[14] isolates rarely cause severe diarrhea in Egyptian children, and support other studies that indicate animal rotavirus contribute to the genetic diversity of rotavirus detected from humans through interspecies transmission and single or multiple segments reassortment.
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Affiliation(s)
- May El Sherif
- United States Naval Medical Research Unit-3, Cairo, Egypt.
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37
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Clinical and molecular observations of two fatal cases of rotavirus-associated enteritis in children in Italy. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:2733-9. [PMID: 21525221 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01358-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two fatal cases of infantile rotavirus enteritis occurred in northern Italy in 2005. Both children were severely dehydrated, and death was related to severe cerebral edema. Histological examination demonstrated extensive damage of the intestinal epithelium, villous atrophy or blunting, and macrophage infiltration. The two rotavirus strains were of the G1P[8] type and the long electropherotype. The 2005 G1P[8] rotaviruses differed in the NSP4, VP3, VP4, and VP7 genes from G1P[8] rotaviruses circulating in 2004, suggesting the onset of a new G1P[8] strain in the local population.
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da Silva MFM, Tort LFL, Goméz MM, Assis RMS, Volotão EDM, de Mendonça MCL, Bello G, Leite JPG. VP7 Gene of human rotavirus A genotype G5: Phylogenetic analysis reveals the existence of three different lineages worldwide. J Med Virol 2011; 83:357-66. [PMID: 21181934 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RV-A) genotype G5, which is common in pigs, was also detected in children with severe diarrhea in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Cameroon, China, Thailand, and Vietnam. To evaluate the evolutionary relationship among RV-A G5 strains, the VP7 and VP4 genes of 28 Brazilian RV-A G5 human strains, sampled between 1986 and 2005, were sequenced and compared with other RV-A G5 strains currently circulating worldwide in animals and humans. The phylogenetic analysis of RV-A G5 VP7 gene strains demonstrates the existence of three main lineages: (a) Lineage I: Brazilian strains grouped with three porcine strains from Thailand; (b) Lineage II: porcine, bovine, and equine strains from different regions; (c) Lineage III: human strains isolated in Asia and Africa, and two porcine strains from Argentina. The VP8* (*non-typable) subunit of VP4 gene sequencing showed that all P[8] strains fell into three major genetic lineages: P[8]-1; P[8]-2; and P[8]-3. These results showed that the RV-A G5 strains circulating in humans are the result of two independent zoonotic transmission events, most likely from pigs.
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Bányai K, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Hull J, Esona M, Freeman M, Frace A, Bowen M, Gentsch J. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the coding region of six common rotavirus strains: Evidence for intragenogroup reassortment among co-circulating G1P[8] and G2P[4] strains from the United States. J Med Virol 2011; 83:532-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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40
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Abe M, Ito N, Masatani T, Nakagawa K, Yamaoka S, Kanamaru Y, Suzuki H, Shibano KI, Arashi Y, Sugiyama M. Whole genome characterization of new bovine rotavirus G21P[29] and G24P[33] strains provides evidence for interspecies transmission. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:952-60. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.028175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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41
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Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of a zoonotic human G8P[14] rotavirus strain. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:1140-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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42
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Wang YH, Kobayashi N, Nagashima S, Zhou X, Ghosh S, Peng JS, Hu Q, Zhou DJ, Yang ZQ. Full genomic analysis of a porcine-bovine reassortant G4P[6] rotavirus strain R479 isolated from an infant in China. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1094-102. [PMID: 20419827 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
During the 2004 surveillance of rotaviruses in Wuhan, China, a G4P[6] rotavirus strain R479 was isolated from a stool specimen collected from a 2-year-old child with diarrhea. The strain R479 had an uncommon subgroup specificity I + II, and analysis of the VP6 gene suggested that it was related to porcine rotaviruses. In the present study, full-length nucleotide sequences of all the RNA segments of R479 were determined and analyzed phylogenetically to identify the origin of individual RNA segments. According to the rotavirus genotyping system based on 11 RNA segments, the genotype of R479 was expressed as G4-P[6]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T7-E1-H1. This genotype includes the porcine-like VP6 genotype (I5) and bovine-like NSP3 genotype (T7). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that R479 genes encoding VP1, VP2, VP3, VP6, VP7, VP8*, NSP1, NSP4, and NSP5 were more closely related to those of porcine rotaviruses than human or other animal rotaviruses. In contrast, it was remarkable that the NSP3 gene of R479 was genetically closely related to only a bovine rotavirus strain UK. The NSP2 gene of R479 was also unique and clustered with only the G5P[8] human strain IAL28 and G3P[24] simian strain TUCH. These results suggested that R479 may be a reassortant virus having the NSP3 gene from a bovine rotavirus in the genetic background of a porcine rotavirus, with an NSP2 gene related to the porcine-human reassortant strain IAL28. To our knowledge, R479 is the first porcine-bovine reassortant rotavirus isolated from a human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hong Wang
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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43
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Molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses in Bulgaria: annual shift of the predominant genotype. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:555-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-0895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wu F, Liang S, Tsao K, Huang C, Lin C, Lin J, Su C, Eng H, Yang J, Chen P, Yang C. Hospital-based surveillance and molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infection in Taiwan, 2005–2007. Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 5:F50-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Zoonotic bovine rotavirus strain in a diarrheic child, Nicaragua. J Clin Virol 2009; 46:391-3. [PMID: 19775934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Molecular characterization of a rare, human-porcine reassortant rotavirus strain, G11P[6], from Ecuador. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1823-9. [PMID: 19763776 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Pan-American Health Organization established a rotavirus pre-vaccination disease burden and strain surveillance network in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2004. During strain surveillance in Ecuador in 2005-2006, a rare rotavirus genotype, G11P[6], was detected among common strains. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of this strain identified a novel lineage of the G11 VP7 gene, most closely related to A253 (91.8% nt identity), a porcine rotavirus strain identified in Venezuela. Most genes of this strain clustered with porcine, human-porcine or bovine-porcine reassortant strains; only VP6 and perhaps NSP2 genes were more closely related to cognate genes of human rotaviruses. Thus, this strain was likely generated by gene reassortment between porcine and human parental strains. Our study provides further evidence that animal rotaviruses play an important role in genetic and antigenic diversity of rotaviruses pathogenic for humans.
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Martella V, Bányai K, Matthijnssens J, Buonavoglia C, Ciarlet M. Zoonotic aspects of rotaviruses. Vet Microbiol 2009; 140:246-55. [PMID: 19781872 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are important enteric pathogens of humans and animals. Group A rotaviruses (GARVs) account for up to 1 million children deaths each year, chiefly in developing countries and human vaccines are now available in many countries. Rotavirus-associated enteritis is a major problem in livestock animals, notably in young calves and piglets. Early in the epidemiological GARV studies in humans, either sporadic cases or epidemics by atypical, animal-like GARV strains were described. Complete genome sequencing of human and animal GARV strains has revealed a striking genetic heterogeneity in the 11 double stranded RNA segments across different rotavirus strains and has provided evidence for frequent intersections between the evolution of human and animal rotaviruses, as a result of multiple, repeated events of interspecies transmission and subsequent adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Martella
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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48
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László B, Czellár E, Deák J, Juhász A, Kovács J, Kónya J, Mészáros J, Mészner Z, Mihály I, Molnár P, Nyúl Z, Pátri L, Puskás E, Schneider F, Siffel C, Tóth A, Tóth E, Szucs G, Bányai K. [Post vaccination rotavirus surveillance in Hungary, in 2007]. Orv Hetil 2009; 150:1443-50. [PMID: 19617180 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2009.28690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the main strategy to control severe dehydrating gastroenteritis caused by rotaviruses in early childhood. The availability of new generation rotavirus vaccines has led to an intensification of strain surveillance worldwide, in part, to gauge the impact of the possible vaccine-driven immune selection of wild-type rotavirus strains. In the present study, authors describe the strain prevalence data obtained in 2007, with the involvement of different regions of Hungary. Genomic RNA was extracted from rotavirus-positive stool samples collected mainly from children and then subjected to genotyping using multiplex RT-PCR assay. Type-specific primers targeted G1 to G4, G6, G8 to G10, and G12 VP7 specificities, and P[4], P[6], and P[8] to P[11] VP4 specificities were used. Out of 489 rotavirus-positive specimens, collected from 482 patients, 466 and 474 were successfully G and P typed, respectively, and both G and P type specificities could be assigned for 457 strains. Prevalence data showed the predominance of G4P[8] (31.5%) strains, followed by G1P[8] (28.3%), G2P[4] (19.3%), and G9P[8] (10.2%). Minority strains were G1P[4] (0.4%), G2P[8] (1.3%), G3P[9] (0.2%), G4P[6] (0.7%), G6P[9] (0.4%), G8P[8] (0.2%), G9P[4] (0.2%), G9P[6] (0.8%), and G12P[8] (0.4%). Mixed infections were found in 1.2% of the samples, while 4.9% remained partially or fully non-typified. Our data indicate that the antigen specificities of medically important rotavirus strains identified in this 1-year study are well represented in the vaccines available in the pharmaceutical private market in Hungary. Depending on the vaccination coverage achievable in the forthcoming years, the post-vaccination rotavirus strain surveillance may allow us to gain comprehensive information on the impact of rotavirus vaccines on the prevalence of circulating rotavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta László
- Debreceni Egyetem, Altalános Orvostudományi Kar, Orvos- és Egészségtudományi Centrum Orvosi Mikrobiológiai Intézet, Debrecen
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Esona M, Geyer A, Page N, Trabelsi A, Fodha I, Aminu M, Agbaya V, Tsion B, Kerin T, Armah G, Steele A, Glass R, Gentsch J. Genomic characterization of human rotavirus G8 strains from the African rotavirus network: Relationship to animal rotaviruses. J Med Virol 2009; 81:937-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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50
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Freeman M, Kerin T, Hull J, Teel E, Esona M, Parashar U, Glass R, Gentsch J. Phylogenetic analysis of novel G12 rotaviruses in the United States: A molecular search for the origin of a new strain. J Med Virol 2009; 81:736-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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