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Reddy MV, Gupta V, Nayak A, Tiwari SP. Picobirnaviruses in animals: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1785-1797. [PMID: 36462086 PMCID: PMC9734933 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are small non enveloped viruses with bi-segmented ds RNA. They have been observed in a wide variety of vertebrates, including mammals and birds with or without diarrhoea, as well as in sewage samples since its discovery (1988). The source of the viruses is uncertain. True hosts of PBVs and their role as primary pathogens or secondary opportunistic agents or innocuous viruses in the gut remains alien. The mechanisms by which they play a role in pathogenicity are still unclear based on the fact that they can be found in both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. There is a need to determine their tropism since they have not only been associated with viral gastroenteritis but also been reported in the respiratory tracts of pigs. As zoonotic agents with diverse hosts, the importance of epidemiological and surveillance studies cannot be overstated. The segmented genome of PBV might pose a serious public health issue because of the possibility of continuous genetic reassortment. Aware of the growing attention being given to emerging RNA viruses, we reviewed the current knowledge on PBVs and described the current status of PBVs in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareddy Vineetha Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, M.P India
| | - Vandana Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, M.P India
| | - Anju Nayak
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, M.P India
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The enigma of picobirnaviruses: viruses of animals, fungi, or bacteria? Curr Opin Virol 2022; 54:101232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Atasoy MO, Isidan H, Turan T. Genetic diversity, frequency and concurrent infections of picobirnaviruses in diarrhoeic calves in Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:127. [PMID: 35247085 PMCID: PMC8897729 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calf diarrhoea is one of the major problems in cattle farming with high morbidity and mortality in herds. Two enteric viruses, bovine rotavirus (BRV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV), are the leading cause of gastroenteritis in young calves, whereas picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are often associated with diarrhoea. In the present study, the faecal specimens of 127 diarrhoeic bovines (less than 1-month-old) were employed to investigate the infection frequencies of these three pathogens. Results indicated that frequencies of BRV and BCoV in diarrhoeic calves were 38.58% and 29.92%, respectively. The 7.08% of bovine calf samples (9 out of 127) were found to be positive for PBV genogroup I. Sequence analysis further revealed the high genetic heterogeneity within representative PBV sequences. Additionally, both PBV-BCoV (n = 2) and BCoV-BRV-PBV (n = 1) co-infections were detected in bovine calves for the first time. Consequently, our findings pointed out the highly divergent nature of PBVs without regard to exact host or territory and the occasional co-existence with other enteric agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ozan Atasoy
- Department of Veterinary Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Hakan Isidan
- Department of Veterinary Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Turhan Turan
- Department of Veterinary Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey.
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Emergence of a Distinct Picobirnavirus Genotype Circulating in Patients Hospitalized with Acute Respiratory Illness. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122534. [PMID: 34960803 PMCID: PMC8708096 DOI: 10.3390/v13122534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Picobirnaviruses (PBV) are found in a wide range of hosts and typically associated with gastrointestinal infections in immunocompromised individuals. Here, a divergent PBV genome was assembled from a patient hospitalized for acute respiratory illness (ARI) in Colombia. The RdRp protein branched with sequences previously reported in patients with ARI from Cambodia and China. Sputa from hospitalized individuals (n = 130) were screened by RT-qPCR which enabled detection and subsequent metagenomic characterization of 25 additional PBV infections circulating in Colombia and the US. Phylogenetic analysis of RdRp highlighted the emergence of two dominant lineages linked to the index case and Asian strains, which together clustered as a distinct genotype. Bayesian inference further established capsid and RdRp sequences as both significantly associated with ARI. Various respiratory-tropic pathogens were detected in PBV+ patients, yet no specific bacteria was common among them and four individuals lacked co-infections, suggesting PBV may not be a prokaryotic virus nor exclusively opportunistic, respectively. Competing models for the origin and transmission of this PBV genotype are presented that attempt to reconcile vectoring by a bacterial host with human pathogenicity. A high prevalence in patients with ARI, an ability to reassort, and demonstrated global spread indicate PBV warrant greater public health concern.
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Glud HA, George S, Skovgaard K, Larsen LE. Zoonotic and reverse zoonotic transmission of viruses between humans and pigs. APMIS 2021; 129:675-693. [PMID: 34586648 PMCID: PMC9297979 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans and pigs share a close contact relationship, similar biological traits, and one of the highest estimated number of viruses compared to other mammalian species. The contribution and directionality of viral exchange between humans and pigs remain unclear for some of these viruses, but their transmission routes are important to characterize in order to prevent outbreaks of disease in both host species. This review collects and assesses the evidence to determine the likely transmission route of 27 viruses between humans and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Aagaard Glud
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sophie George
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Molecular Epidemiology and Characterization of Picobirnavirus in Wild Deer and Cattle from Australia: Evidence of Genogroup I and II in the Upper Respiratory Tract. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081492. [PMID: 34452357 PMCID: PMC8402760 DOI: 10.3390/v13081492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) have been detected in several species of animals worldwide; however, data pertaining to their presence in Australian wild and domestic animals are limited. Although PBVs are mostly found in faecal samples, their detection in blood and respiratory tract samples raises questions concerning their tropism and pathogenicity. We report here PBV detection in wild deer and cattle from southeastern Australia. Through metagenomics, the presence of PBV genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) were detected in deer serum and plasma. Molecular epidemiology studies targeting the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene were performed in a wide range of specimens (serum, faeces, spleen, lung, nasal swabs, and trachea) collected from wild deer and cattle, with PCR amplification obtained in all specimen types except lung and spleen. Our results reveal the predominance of GI and concomitant detection of both genogroups in wild deer and cattle. In concordance with other studies, the detected GI sequences displayed high genetic diversity, however in contrast, GII sequences clustered into three distinct clades. Detection of both genogroups in the upper respiratory tract (trachea and nasal swab) of deer in the present study gives more evidence about the respiratory tract tropism of PBV. Although much remains unknown about the epidemiology and tropism of PBVs, our study suggests a wide distribution of these viruses in southeastern Australia.
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Understanding the Genetic Diversity of Picobirnavirus: A Classification Update Based on Phylogenetic and Pairwise Sequence Comparison Approaches. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081476. [PMID: 34452341 PMCID: PMC8402817 DOI: 10.3390/v13081476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are small, double stranded RNA viruses with an ability to infect a myriad of hosts and possessing a high degree of genetic diversity. PBVs are currently classified into two genogroups based upon classification of a 200 nt sequence of RdRp. We demonstrate here that this phylogenetic marker is saturated, affected by homoplasy, and has high phylogenetic noise, resulting in 34% unsolved topologies. By contrast, full-length RdRp sequences provide reliable topologies that allow ancestralism of members to be correctly inferred. MAFFT alignment and maximum likelihood trees were established as the optimal methods to determine phylogenetic relationships, providing complete resolution of PBV RdRp and capsid taxa, each into three monophyletic groupings. Pairwise distance calculations revealed these lineages represent three species. For RdRp, the application of cutoffs determined by theoretical taxonomic distributions indicates that there are five genotypes in species 1, eight genotypes in species 2, and three genotypes in species 3. Capsids were also divided into three species, but sequences did not segregate into statistically supported subdivisions, indicating that diversity is lower than RdRp. We thus propose the adoption of a new nomenclature to indicate the species of each segment (e.g., PBV-C1R2).
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Abstract
Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are bisegmented double-stranded RNA viruses that have been detected in a wide variety of animal species including invertebrates and in environmental samples. Since PBVs are ubiquitous in feces/gut contents of humans and other animals with or without diarrhea, they were considered as opportunistic enteric pathogens of mammals and avian species. However, the virus remains to be propagated in animal cell cultures, or in gnotobiotic animals. Recently, the classically defined prokaryotic motif, the ribosomal binding site sequence, has been identified upstream of putative open reading frame/s in PBV and PBV-like sequences from humans, various animals, and environmental samples, suggesting that PBVs might be prokaryotic viruses. On the other hand, based on the detection of some novel PBV-like RNA-dependent RNA polymerase sequences that use the alternative mitochondrial genetic code (that of mold or invertebrates) for translation, and principal component analysis of codon usage bias for these sequences, it has been proposed that PBVs might be fungal viruses with a lifestyle reminiscent of mitoviruses. These contradicting observations warrant further studies to ascertain the true host/s of PBVs, which still remains controversial. In this minireview, we have focused on the various findings that have raised a debate on the true host/s of PBVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Yashpal S Malik
- College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana, India
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Kashnikov AY, Epifanova NV, Novikova NA. Picobirnaviruses: prevalence, genetic diversity, detection methods. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2020; 24:661-672. [PMID: 33659852 PMCID: PMC7716564 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents a general overview of the prevalence, genetic diversity and detection methods of picobirnaviruses (PBVs), which are small, non-enveloped icosahedral viruses with a segmented double-stranded RNA genome consisting of two segments taxonomically related to the genus Picobirnavirus of the family Picobirnaviridae. This review of scientific papers published in 1988-2019 provides data on the PBV distribution in the nature and a broad host range. PBV infection is characterized as opportunistic, the lack of understanding of the etiological role of PBVs in diarrhea is emphasized, since these viruses are detected both in symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. The concept of PBV infection as a chronic disease caused by a long-lasting persistence of the virus in the host is considered. Such factors as stress syndrome, physiological conditions, immune status and host age at the time of primary PBV infection influence the virus detection rate in humans and animals. The possible zoonotic nature of human PBV infection is noted due to the capacity for interspecies PBV transmission acquired during evolution as a result of the reassortment of the genome segments of different viruses infecting the same host. Data providing evidence that PBVs belong to eukaryotes and a challenging hypothesis stating that PBVs are bacterial viruses are presented. The need to intensify work on PBV detection because of their wide distribution, despite the complexity due to the lack of the cultivation system, is emphasized. Two strategies of RT-PCR as main PBV detection methods are considered. The genomes of individual representatives of the genus isolated from different hosts are characterized. Emphasis is placed on the feasibility of developing primers with broader specificity for expanding the range of identifiable representatives of the genus PBV due to a huge variety of their genotypes. The importance of effective monitoring of PBV prevalence for studying the zoonotic and anthroponotic potential using metagenomic analysis is highlighted, and so is the possibility of using PBV as a marker for environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yu Kashnikov
- I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - N V Epifanova
- I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - N A Novikova
- I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Joycelyn SJ, Ng A, Kleymann A, Malik YS, Kobayashi N, Ghosh S. High detection rates and genetic diversity of picobirnaviruses (PBVs) in pigs on St. Kitts Island: Identification of a porcine PBV strain closely related to simian and human PBVs. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104383. [PMID: 32473351 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report here high rates (75.38%, 49/65) of detection of genogroup I (GI) PBVs in diarrheic pigs on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. High quality gene segment-2 sequences encoding a significant region (~350 amino acid (aa) residues) of the putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) were obtained for 23 PBV strains. The porcine PBV strains from St. Kitts exhibited high genetic diversity among themselves (deduced aa identities of 56-100%) and with other PBVs (maximum deduced aa identities of 64-97%), and retained the three domains that are conserved in putative RdRps of PBVs. The nearly complete gene segment-2 sequence (full-length minus partial 3'- untranslated region) of a porcine PBV strain (strain PO36 from St. Kitts) that is closely related (deduced aa identities of 96-97%) to simian and human GI PBVs was determined using a combination of the non-specific primer-based amplification method and conventional RT-PCR. The complete putative RdRp sequence of strain PO36 preserved the various features that are maintained in PBVs from various species. For the first time, several co-circulating PBV strains from pigs were characterized for a significant region (~350 aa) of the putative RdRp, providing important insights into the genetic diversity of PBVs in a porcine population. Taken together, these observations corroborated growing evidence that PBVs can be highly prevalent and show limited correlation globally with host species or geography. This is the first report on detection of PBVs in pigs from the Caribbean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soh Jiaying Joycelyn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts and Nevis; School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Agnes Ng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts and Nevis; The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alyssa Kleymann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Yashpal S Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
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Comparative Analysis of RNA Virome Composition in Rabbits and Associated Ectoparasites. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02119-19. [PMID: 32188733 PMCID: PMC7269439 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02119-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectoparasites play an important role in the transmission of many vertebrate-infecting viruses, including Zika and dengue viruses. Although it is becoming increasingly clear that invertebrate species harbor substantial virus diversity, it is unclear how many of the viruses carried by invertebrates have the potential to infect vertebrate species. We used the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as a model species to compare virome compositions in a vertebrate host and known associated ectoparasite mechanical vectors, in this case, fleas and blowflies. In particular, we aimed to infer the extent of viral transfer between these distinct types of host. Our analysis revealed that despite extensive viral diversity in both rabbits and associated ectoparasites, and the close interaction of these vertebrate and invertebrate species, biological viral transmission from ectoparasites to vertebrate species is rare. We did, however, find evidence to support the idea of a role of blowflies in transmitting viruses without active replication in the insect. Ectoparasites play an important role in virus transmission among vertebrates. Little, however, is known about the nature of those viruses that pass between invertebrates and vertebrates. In Australia, flies and fleas support the mechanical transmission of two viral biological controls against wild rabbits—rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) and myxoma virus. We compared virome compositions in rabbits and these ectoparasites, sequencing total RNA from multiple tissues and gut contents of wild rabbits, fleas collected from these rabbits, and flies trapped sympatrically. Meta-transcriptomic analyses identified 50 novel viruses from multiple RNA virus families. Rabbits and their ectoparasites were characterized by markedly different viromes, with virus abundance greatest in flies. Although viral contigs from six virus families/groups were found in both rabbits and ectoparasites, they clustered in distinct host-dependent lineages. A novel calicivirus and a picornavirus detected in rabbit cecal content were vertebrate specific; the newly detected calicivirus was distinct from known rabbit caliciviruses, while the picornavirus clustered with sapeloviruses. Several picobirnaviruses were also identified that fell in diverse phylogenetic positions, compatible with the idea that they are associated with bacteria. Further comparative analysis revealed that the remaining viruses found in rabbits, and all those from ectoparasites, were likely associated with invertebrates, plants, and coinfecting endosymbionts. While no full genomes of vertebrate-associated viruses were detected in ectoparasites, small numbers of reads from rabbit astrovirus, RHDV, and other lagoviruses were present in flies. This supports a role for flies in the mechanical transmission of RHDV, while their involvement in astrovirus transmission merits additional exploration. IMPORTANCE Ectoparasites play an important role in the transmission of many vertebrate-infecting viruses, including Zika and dengue viruses. Although it is becoming increasingly clear that invertebrate species harbor substantial virus diversity, it is unclear how many of the viruses carried by invertebrates have the potential to infect vertebrate species. We used the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as a model species to compare virome compositions in a vertebrate host and known associated ectoparasite mechanical vectors, in this case, fleas and blowflies. In particular, we aimed to infer the extent of viral transfer between these distinct types of host. Our analysis revealed that despite extensive viral diversity in both rabbits and associated ectoparasites, and the close interaction of these vertebrate and invertebrate species, biological viral transmission from ectoparasites to vertebrate species is rare. We did, however, find evidence to support the idea of a role of blowflies in transmitting viruses without active replication in the insect.
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Detection and Molecular Characterization of Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) in the Mongoose: Identification of a Novel PBV Using an Alternative Genetic Code. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010099. [PMID: 31952167 PMCID: PMC7019992 DOI: 10.3390/v12010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report high rates of detection (35.36%, 29/82) of genogroup-I (GI) picobirnaviruses (PBVs) in non-diarrheic fecal samples from the small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata). In addition, we identified a novel PBV-like RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene sequence that uses an alternative mitochondrial genetic code (that of mold or invertebrate) for translation. The complete/nearly complete gene segment-2/RdRp gene sequences of seven mongoose PBV GI strains and the novel PBV-like strain were obtained by combining a modified non-specific primer-based amplification method with conventional RT-PCRs, facilitated by the inclusion of a new primer targeting the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of PBV gene segment-2. The mongoose PBV and PBV-like strains retained the various features that are conserved in gene segment-2/RdRps of other PBVs. However, high genetic diversity was observed among the mongoose PBVs within and between host species. This is the first report on detection of PBVs in the mongoose. Molecular characterization of the PBV and PBV-like strains from a new animal species provided important insights into the various features and complex diversity of PBV gene segment-2/putative RdRps. The presence of the prokaryotic ribosomal binding site in the mongoose PBV genomes, and analysis of the novel PBV-like RdRp gene sequence that uses an alternative mitochondrial genetic code (especially that of mold) for translation corroborated recent speculations that PBVs may actually infect prokaryotic or fungal host cells.
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Novel Picobirnaviruses in Respiratory and Alimentary Tracts of Cattle and Monkeys with Large Intra- and Inter-Host Diversity. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060574. [PMID: 31234565 PMCID: PMC6631280 DOI: 10.3390/v11060574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are mostly found in animal alimentary samples. In this study, among 576 respiratory specimens from 476 mammals and 100 chickens, genogroup I PBVs were detected in three cattle and three monkeys, and a genogroup II PBV-positive sample was collected from one cattle specimen. More than one PBV sequence type was observed in two and one genogroup I PBV-positive samples from cattle and monkeys, respectively. Twenty-four complete/near-complete segments 2 (nine from respiratory and 15 from alimentary samples) from the cattle and monkey genogroup I PBVs and one complete segment 2 from the cattle genogroup II PBV were sequenced. Similar to other studies, the cattle PBVs also showed a high diversity. In contrast, the monkey PBVs observed in this study were clustered into three distinct clades. Within each clade, all the sequences showed >99% amino acid identities. This unique phenomenon is probably due to the fact that monkeys in our locality reside in separated troops with minimal inter-troop contact.
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Kylla H, Dutta TK, Roychoudhury P, Subudhi PK. Coinfection of diarrheagenic bacterial and viral pathogens in piglets of Northeast region of India. Vet World 2019; 12:224-230. [PMID: 31040562 PMCID: PMC6460878 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.224-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to study the prevalence of the coinfection of enteric bacterial and viral pathogens, namely Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Rotavirus, and Picobirnavirus from fecal samples of pre-weaned piglets in Northeast region of India. Materials and Methods A total of 457 fresh fecal samples were collected from piglets under 9 weeks old during 2013-2015 from organized (n=225) and unorganized (n=232) farms of Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland. Samples were collected from diarrheic (n =339) and non-diarrheic (n=118) piglets including local indigenous (n=130) and crossbreed (n=327) piglets in different seasons during the study period. The samples were processed for the isolation of E. coli and Salmonella and detection of their putative virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Samples were also processed for the detection of Rotavirus and Picobirnavirus by RNA-polyacrylamide agarose gel electrophoresis and reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR). Results A total of 11 (2.40%) samples were found positive for two or more coinfecting enteric bacterial and viral pathogens. All the 11 positive fecal samples were recovered from diarrheic piglets. Salmonella Typhimurium (enterotoxin, stn gene) and Picobirnavirus genogroup 1 were found to be more frequent as coinfecting agents. Coinfection was recorded higher in unorganized (3.87%) compared to organized farm (0.88%). Again, higher detection was recorded in crossbreed (2.75%) than local indigenous piglets (1.53%). The occurrence of coinfection was found to be more common during summer (4.68%) followed by winter (2.27%) season. Conclusion The present study highlighted the significance of E. coli, Salmonella, Rotavirus, and Picobirnavirus as important diarrheagenic pathogens causing coinfection in piglets in Northeast region of India. Probably, this is the first systematic study of the coinfection of four important diarrheagenic bacterial and viral agents associated with piglet diarrhea in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosterson Kylla
- Department of A.H and Veterinary, Disease Investigation Office, Meghalaya, Shillong, India
| | - Tapan K Dutta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Parimal Roychoudhury
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Prasant K Subudhi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
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The Challenges of Analysing Highly Diverse Picobirnavirus Sequence Data. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120685. [PMID: 30513931 PMCID: PMC6316005 DOI: 10.3390/v10120685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliable identification and classification of infectious diseases is critical for understanding their biology and controlling their impact. Recent advances in sequencing technology have allowed insight into the remarkable diversity of the virosphere, of which a large component remains undiscovered. For these emerging or undescribed viruses, the process of classifying unknown sequences is heavily reliant on existing nucleotide sequence information in public databases. However, due to the enormous diversity of viruses, and past focus on the most prevalent and impactful virus types, databases are often incomplete. Picobirnaviridae is a dsRNA virus family with broad host and geographic range, but with relatively little sequence information in public databases. The family contains one genus, Picobirnavirus, which may be associated with gastric illness in humans and animals. Little further information is available due in part to difficulties in identification. Here, we investigate diversity both within the genus Picobirnavirus and among other dsRNA virus types using a combined phylogenetic and functional (protein structure homology-modelling) approach. Our results show that diversity within picobirnavirus exceeds that seen between many other dsRNA genera. Furthermore, we find that commonly used practices employed to classify picobirnavirus, such as analysis of short fragments and trimming of sequences, can influence phylogenetic conclusions. The degree of phylogenetic and functional divergence among picobirnavirus sequences in our study suggests an enormous undiscovered diversity, which contributes to the undescribed “viral dark matter” component of metagenomic studies.
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Malik YS, Sircar S, Saurabh S, Kattoor JJ, Singh R, Ganesh B, Ghosh S, Dhama K, Singh RK. Epidemiologic Status of Picobirnavirus in India, A Less Explored Viral Disease. Open Virol J 2018; 12:99-109. [PMID: 30288198 PMCID: PMC6142670 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901812010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the unexpected discovery of picobirnaviruses (PBV) in 1988, they have been reported in many animals including mammals and birds, which comprises both terrestrial and marine species. Due to their divergent characteristics to other viral taxa they are classified into a new family Picobirnaviridae. Although their pathogenicity and role in causing diarrhea still remains a question since they have been discovered in symptomatic and asymptomatic cases both. Recent studies employing state-of-art molecular tools have described their presence in various clinical samples, like stool samples from different mammals and birds, respiratory tracts of pigs and humans, sewage water, different foods, etc. Furthermore, their epidemiological status from different parts of the world in different hosts has also increased. Due to their diverse host and irregular host pattern their role in causing diarrhea remains alien. The heterogeneity nature can be ascribed to segmented genome of PBV, which renders them prone to continuous reassortment. Studies have been hampered on PBVs due to their non-adaptability to cell culture system. Here, we describe the molecular epidemiological data on PBVs in India and discusses the overall status of surveillance studies carried out till date in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharad Saurabh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jobin Jose Kattoor
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rashmi Singh
- College of Veterinary Sciences, DUVASU, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh - 281001, India
| | - Balasubramanian Ganesh
- Indian Council of Medical Research -National Institute of Epidemiology, R-127; 2nd Main Road, TNHB Layout, Ayapakkam, Chennai - 600 077, India
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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17
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Boros Á, Polgár B, Pankovics P, Fenyvesi H, Engelmann P, Phan TG, Delwart E, Reuter G. Multiple divergent picobirnaviruses with functional prokaryotic Shine-Dalgarno ribosome binding sites present in cloacal sample of a diarrheic chicken. Virology 2018; 525:62-72. [PMID: 30245195 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) of family Picobirnaviridae have bisegmented (S1 and S2 segments), double-stranded RNA genomes. In this study a total of N = 12 complete chicken PBVs (ChPBV) segments (N = 5 of S1 and N = 7 of S2, Acc. Nos.: MH425579-90) were determined using viral metagenomic and RT-PCR techniques from a single cloacal sample of a diarrheic chicken. The identified ChPBV segments are unrelated to each other and distant from all of the currently known PBVs. In silico sequence analyses revealed the presence of conserved prokaryotic Shine-Dalgarno-like (SD-like) sequences upstream of the three presumed open reading frames (ORFs) of the S1 and a single presumed ORF of the S2 segments. According to the results of expression analyses in E. coli using 6xHis-tagged recombinant ChPBV segment 1 construct and Western blot these SD-like sequences are functional in vivo suggesting that S1 of study PBVs can contain three ORFs and supporting the bacteriophage-nature of PBVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Boros
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Laboratory of Gastroenteric Viruses, ÁNTSZ Regional Institute of State Public Health Service, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Beáta Polgár
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Pankovics
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Laboratory of Gastroenteric Viruses, ÁNTSZ Regional Institute of State Public Health Service, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Fenyvesi
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Laboratory of Gastroenteric Viruses, ÁNTSZ Regional Institute of State Public Health Service, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tung Gia Phan
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gábor Reuter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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18
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Malik YS, Sircar S, Dhama K, Singh R, Ghosh S, Bányai K, Vlasova AN, Nadia T, Singh RK. Molecular epidemiology and characterization of picobirnaviruses in small ruminant populations in India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 63:39-42. [PMID: 29772398 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Picobirnavirus (PBV) is recognized as a putative cause of diarrhea and respiratory illnesses. Although PBV has been reported in several mammalian (including humans) and avian host species, data pertaining to its presence in small ruminants are limited. We report, here, PBV infection in small ruminants (ovine and caprine), in India. From January 2015 to December 2017, 400 samples were tested for the presence of PBV, using an RT-PCR assay specific for the genome segment-2. The overall rate of PBV infection was 35.75% (143/400), being higher in caprines (42.35%, 83/196) than in ovines (29.42%, 60/204). Viral genogrouping showed the predominance of PBV genogroup I (GG-I; 53.15%, 76/173), the detection of genogroup II (GG-II; 3.49%, 5/143), a concomitant infection with GG-I and GG-II (38.47%, 55/143), and un-typeable strains (4.9%, 7/143). Of note, these PBV strains exhibit low sequence identity (11.2% to 70.7%) to other reported PBV isolates from humans and other animals. By phylogenetic analysis, camel PBV isolates from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the reference human GG-I strain (1-CHN-97) from China were found to be the nearest neighbors of PBV strains. Furthermore, sequence analysis revealed the possible appearance of a new genogroup/genetic cluster and the existence of high genetic heterogeneity in the circulating PBV strains. Although much remains to be understood about the epidemiology and impact of PBV, the present study demonstrates the high prevalence of GG-I, the detection of GG-II, and the possible emergence of new genogroup/genetic cluster in small ruminant populations in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rashmi Singh
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Mathura 281 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, CFAES, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Touil Nadia
- Laboratoire de Biosécurité et de Recherche, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Med V, de Rabat 110 000, Morocco
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Yinda CK, Ghogomu SM, Conceição-Neto N, Beller L, Deboutte W, Vanhulle E, Maes P, Van Ranst M, Matthijnssens J. Cameroonian fruit bats harbor divergent viruses, including rotavirus H, bastroviruses, and picobirnaviruses using an alternative genetic code. Virus Evol 2018; 4:vey008. [PMID: 29644096 PMCID: PMC5888411 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human emerging infectious diseases originate from wildlife and bats are a major reservoir of viruses, a few of which have been highly pathogenic to humans. In some regions of Cameroon, bats are hunted and eaten as a delicacy. This close proximity between human and bats provides ample opportunity for zoonotic events. To elucidate the viral diversity of Cameroonian fruit bats, we collected and metagenomically screened eighty-seven fecal samples of Eidolon helvum and Epomophorus gambianus fruit bats. The results showed a plethora of known and novel viruses. Phylogenetic analyses of the eleven gene segments of the first complete bat rotavirus H genome, showed clearly separated clusters of human, porcine, and bat rotavirus H strains, not indicating any recent interspecies transmission events. Additionally, we identified and analyzed a bat bastrovirus genome (a novel group of recently described viruses, related to astroviruses and hepatitis E viruses), confirming their recombinant nature, and provide further evidence of additional recombination events among bat bastroviruses. Interestingly, picobirnavirus-like RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene segments were identified using an alternative mitochondrial genetic code, and further principal component analyses suggested that they may have a similar lifestyle to mitoviruses, a group of virus-like elements known to infect the mitochondria of fungi. Although identified bat coronavirus, parvovirus, and cyclovirus strains belong to established genera, most of the identified partitiviruses and densoviruses constitute putative novel genera in their respective families. Finally, the results of the phage community analyses of these bats indicate a very diverse geographically distinct bat phage population, probably reflecting different diets and gut bacterial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen Mbigha Ghogomu
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, 237, Cameroon
| | - Nádia Conceição-Neto
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Piet Maes
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Gallagher CA, Navarro R, Cruz K, Aung MS, Ng A, Bajak E, Beierschmitt A, Lawrence M, Dore KM, Ketzis J, Malik YS, Kobayashi N, Ghosh S. Detection of picobirnaviruses in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus): Molecular characterization of complete genomic segment-2. Virus Res 2017; 230:13-18. [PMID: 28057480 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During 2014-2015, 270 fecal samples were collected from non-diarrheic, captive and wild African green monkeys (AGMs) on the island of St. Kitts, Caribbean region. By RNA-PAGE, picobirnaviruses (PBVs) were detected in sixteen captive AGMs. By RT-PCR and sequencing of partial gene segment-2, PBVs in 15 of these 16 samples were assigned to genogroup-I. The full-length nucleotide (nt) sequence of gene segment-2 of one of the genogroup-I PBV strains, strain PBV/African green monkey/KNA/016593/2015, was obtained using a non-specific primer-based amplification method with modifications. Gene segment-2 of strain 016593 was 1707bp long, and encoded a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of 538aa. Furthermore, the nearly complete gene segment-2 sequences of three other AGM PBV strains were determined using primers designed from gene segment-2 sequence of 016593. The gene segment-2 of the 4 AGM PBV strains were almost identical to each other, and exhibited a high degree of genetic diversity (maximum nt and deduced aa sequence identities of 66.4% and 65.3%, respectively) with those of PBVs from other host species. The 5'- and 3'- (except for one mismatch) end nt sequences and the three domains of RdRps were retained in the AGM PBV strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report on detection, and molecular characterization of complete gene segment-2 of PBVs in vervet monkeys. PBVs were detected for the first time from the Caribbean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa A Gallagher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Ryan Navarro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Katalina Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Meiji Soe Aung
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Agnes Ng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies; School of Life Sciences and Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Edyta Bajak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Amy Beierschmitt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies; Behavioral Science Foundation, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Matthew Lawrence
- St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Kerry M Dore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Jennifer Ketzis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Yashpal S Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies; Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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21
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Molecular detection and characterization of picobirnaviruses in piglets with diarrhea in Thailand. Arch Virol 2016; 162:1061-1066. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Kylla H, Dutta TK, Roychoudhury P, Malik YS, Mandakini R, Subudhi PK. Prevalence and molecular characterization of porcine Picobirnavirus in piglets of North East Region of India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 49:417-422. [PMID: 27987110 PMCID: PMC7089439 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) have been recognized as one of the important causal viral agents of gastroenteritis in several animal species especially in young immunocompromised hosts. In this study, we report the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of porcine PBVs from North Eastern Hilly region of India. A total of 457 fecal samples from piglets were collected from local (n = 130) and cross (n = 327) breed piglets in different seasons for 2 years. All the samples were subjected to RNA-PAGE and RT-PCR analysis for detection of PBVs. A total of 4.59 and 11.15% samples were recorded as positive for PBVs by RNA-PAGE and RT-PCR, respectively. Rate of detection was higher from diarrhoeic animals (13.56%) compared to non-diarrhoeic (4.23%) animals. Higher prevalence rate was observed from unorganized farms (14.22%) compared to organized farms (8.0%) with slightly higher detection from cross breed (11.62%) compared to local breed (10.0%). Maximum cases of piglet diarrhea associated with PBVs were detected during summer (16.4%) and winter (14.39%) seasons compared to autumn (4.80%) and spring (6.45%). All the samples were positive for PBV genogroup I only. Based upon the sequence analysis, the isolates were unique and placed in separate clad and were not closely associated with any other Indian isolates of PBVs so far. Two isolates were closely related with one Chinese isolate recovered from sewage water. This is the first systematic study of prevalence of PBVs associated with piglet diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Kylla
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram 796014 India
| | - T. K. Dutta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram 796014 India
| | - P. Roychoudhury
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram 796014 India
| | - Y. S. Malik
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram 796014 India
| | - R. Mandakini
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram 796014 India
| | - P. K. Subudhi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram 796014 India
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23
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Amimo JO, El Zowalaty ME, Githae D, Wamalwa M, Djikeng A, Nasrallah GK. Metagenomic analysis demonstrates the diversity of the fecal virome in asymptomatic pigs in East Africa. Arch Virol 2016; 161:887-97. [PMID: 26965436 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pigs harbor a variety of viruses that are closely related to human viruses and are suspected to have zoonotic potential. Little is known about the presence of viruses in smallholder farms where pigs are in close contact with humans and wildlife. This study provides insight into viral communities and the prevalence and characteristics of enteric viral co-infections in smallholder pigs in East Africa. Sequence-independent amplification and high-throughput sequencing were applied to the metagenomics analysis of viruses in feces collected from asymptomatic pigs. A total of 47,213 de novo-assembled contigs were constructed and compared with sequences from the GenBank database. Blastx search results revealed that 1039 contigs (>200 nt) were related to viral sequences in the GenBank database. Of the 1039 contigs, 612 were not assigned to any viral taxa because they had little similarity to known viral genomic or protein sequences, while 427 contigs had a high level of sequence similarity to known viruses and were assigned to viral taxa. The most frequent contigs related to mammalian viruses resembling members of the viral genera Astrovirus, Rotavirus, Bocavirus, Circovirus, and Kobuvirus. Other less abundant contigs were related to members of the genera Sapelovirus, Pasivirus, Posavirus, Teschovirus and Picobirnavirus. This is the first report on the diversity of the fecal virome of pig populations in East Africa. The findings of the present study help to elucidate the etiology of diarrheal diseases in pigs and identify potential zoonotic and emerging viruses in the region. Further investigations are required to compare the incidence of these viruses in healthy and diseased pigs in order to better elucidate their pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O Amimo
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 29053, Nairobi, 00625, Kenya. .,Bioscieces of Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Hub, Nairobi, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | | | - Dedan Githae
- Bioscieces of Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Hub, Nairobi, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Mark Wamalwa
- Bioscieces of Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Hub, Nairobi, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Apollinaire Djikeng
- Bioscieces of Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Hub, Nairobi, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar. .,Department of Health Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar.
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24
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Li L, Giannitti F, Low J, Keyes C, Ullmann LS, Deng X, Aleman M, Pesavento PA, Pusterla N, Delwart E. Exploring the virome of diseased horses. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2721-2733. [PMID: 26044792 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenomics was used to characterize viral genomes in clinical specimens of horses with various organ-specific diseases of unknown aetiology. A novel parvovirus as well as a previously described hepacivirus closely related to human hepatitis C virus and equid herpesvirus 2 were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid of horses with neurological signs. Four co-infecting picobirnaviruses, including an unusual genome with fused RNA segments, and a divergent anellovirus were found in the plasma of two febrile horses. A novel cyclovirus genome was characterized from the nasal secretion of another febrile animal. Lastly, a small circular DNA genome with a Rep gene, from a virus we called kirkovirus, was identified in the liver and spleen of a horse with fatal idiopathic hepatopathy. This study expands the number of viruses found in horses, and characterizes their genomes to assist future epidemiological studies of their transmission and potential association with various equine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Federico Giannitti
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.,Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Jason Low
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Casey Keyes
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leila S Ullmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNESP Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monica Aleman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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25
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Zhang S, Bai R, Feng R, Zhang H, Liu L. Detection and evolutionary analysis of picobirnaviruses in treated wastewater. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 8:474-82. [PMID: 25546400 PMCID: PMC4408179 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Wastewater contains numerous viruses. In this study, picobirnaviruses (PBVs) were detected in the stream of a wastewater treatment plant in Changsha, Hunan province, China, and evolutionary analysis of the isolated PBVs was performed. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the PBVs were highly divergent and could be classified into six distinct groups according to their hosts. Among these groups, pairwise comparison of the six groups revealed that the nucleotide distance of group 4 (bootstrap value = 0.92; nucleotide identity = 94%) was the largest. Thus, group 4 might represent a new division of PBVs. Comprehensive analysis of the obtained PBV sequences to investigate their evolutionary history and phylodynamics revealed that group 5 (PBVs from monkey) exhibited maximum polymorphism (K = 30.582, S = 74, η = 98, Pa = 47) and lowest nucleotide substitutions per site per year (6.54E-3 subs per site per year), except group 4. Maximum clade credibility tree indicated that group 5 appeared earlier than the other groups. In conclusion, this study detected PBVs in treated wastewater in China, and identified a new PBV group. Furthermore, among these PBVs, group 5 was found to survive longer and present a balance between PBVs and their monkey host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhang
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
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26
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Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Teng JLL, Tsang AKL, Joseph M, Wong EYM, Tang Y, Sivakumar S, Bai R, Wernery R, Wernery U, Yuen KY. Metagenomic analysis of viromes of dromedary camel fecal samples reveals large number and high diversity of circoviruses and picobirnaviruses. Virology 2014; 471-473:117-25. [PMID: 25461537 PMCID: PMC7112128 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus and another novel dromedary camel coronavirus UAE-HKU23 in dromedaries has boosted interest in search of novel viruses in dromedaries. In this study, fecal samples of 203 dromedaries in Dubai were pooled and deep sequenced. Among the 7330 assembled viral contigs, 1970 were assigned to mammalian viruses. The largest groups of these contigs matched to Picobirnaviridae, Circoviridae, Picornaviridae, Parvoviridae, Astroviridae and Hepeviridae. Many of these viral families were previously unknown to dromedaries. In addition to the high abundance of contigs from Circoviridae (n=598 with 14 complete genomes) and Picobirnaviridae (n=1236), a high diversity of contigs from these two families was found, with the 14 Circoviridae complete genomes forming at least five clusters and contigs from both genogroup I and genogroup II potentially novel picobirnaviruses. Further studies comparing the incidence of these viral families in healthy and sick dromedaries will reveal their pathogenic potential. The viromes of fecal samples from dromedaries in the Middle East were analyzed. Circoviridae and Picobirnaviridae are most abundant among the mammalian viruses. A high diversity of contigs from Circoviridae and Picobirnaviridae was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Y Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jade L L Teng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alan K L Tsang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marina Joseph
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Emily Y M Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Ru Bai
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Renate Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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27
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Epidemiology, phylogeny, and evolution of emerging enteric Picobirnaviruses of animal origin and their relationship to human strains. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:780752. [PMID: 25136620 PMCID: PMC4124650 DOI: 10.1155/2014/780752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Picobirnavirus (PBV) which has been included in the list of viruses causing enteric infection in animals is highly versatile because of its broad host range and genetic diversity. PBVs are among the most recent and emerging small, nonenveloped viruses with a bisegmented double-stranded RNA genome, classified under a new family “Picobirnaviridae.” PBVs have also been detected from respiratory tract of pigs, but needs further close investigation for their inhabitant behavior. Though, accretion of genomic data of PBVs from different mammalian species resolved some of the ambiguity, quite a few questions and hypotheses regarding pathogenesis, persistence location, and evolution of PBVs remain unreciprocated. Evolutionary analysis reveals association of PBVs with partitiviruses especially fungi partitiviruses. Although, PBVs may have an ambiguous clinical implication, they do pose a potential public health concern in humans and control of PBVs mainly relies on nonvaccinal approach. Based upon the published data, from 1988 to date, generated from animal PBVs across the globe, this review provides information and discussion with respect to genetic analysis as well as evolution of PBVs of animal origin in relation to human strains.
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Zhang B, Tang C, Yue H, Ren Y, Song Z. Viral metagenomics analysis demonstrates the diversity of viral flora in piglet diarrhoeic faeces in China. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1603-1611. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.063743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the diversity of viral flora, we used metagenomics to study the viral communities in a pooled faecal sample of 27 diarrhoeic piglets from intensive commercial farms in China. The 15 distinct mammalian viruses identified in the pooled diarrhoeic sample were, in order of abundance of nucleic acid sequence, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), sapovirus, porcine bocavirus-4 (PBoV-4), sapelovirus, torovirus, coronavirus, PBoV-2, stool-associated single-stranded DNA virus (poSCV), astrovirus (AstV), kobuvirus, posavirus-1, porcine enterovirus-9 (PEV-9), porcine circovirus-like (po-circo-like) virus, picobirnavirus (PBV) and Torque teno sus virus 2 (TTSuV-2). The prevalence rate of each virus was verified from diarrhoeic and healthy piglets by PCR assay. A mean of 5.5 different viruses were shed in diarrhoeic piglets, and one piglet was in fact co-infected with 11 different viruses. By contrast, healthy piglets shed a mean of 3.2 different viruses. Compared with samples from healthy piglets, the co-infection of PEDV and PBoV had a high prevalence rate in diarrhoea samples, suggesting a correlation with the appearance of diarrhoea in piglets. Furthermore, we report here for the first time the presence of several recently described viruses in China, and the identification of novel genotypes. Therefore, our investigation results provide an unbiased survey of viral communities and prevalence in faecal samples of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Hua Yue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yupeng Ren
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhigang Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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29
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Ganesh B, Masachessi G, Mladenova Z. Animal picobirnavirus. Virusdisease 2014; 25:223-38. [PMID: 25674589 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Picobirnavirus (PBV) is a small, non-enveloped, bisegmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus of vertebrate hosts. The name 'Picobirnavirus' derives from the prefix 'pico' (latin for 'small') in reference to the small virion size, plus the prefix 'bi' (latin for 'two') and the word 'RNA' to indicate the nature of the viral genome. The serendipitous discovery of PBV dates back to 1988 from Brazil, when human fecal samples collected during the acute gastroenteritis outbreaks were subjected for routine rotavirus surveillance by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and silver straining (S/S). The PAGE gels after silver staining showed a typical 'two RNA band' pattern, and it was identified as Picobirnavirus. Likewise, the feces of wild black-footed pigmy rice rats (Oryzomys nigripes) subjected for PAGE assay by the same research group in Brazil reported the presence of PBV (Pereira et al., J Gen Virol 69:2749-2754, 1988). PBVs have been detected in faeces of humans and wide range of animal species with or without diarrhoea, worldwide. The probable role of PBV as either a 'primary diarrhoeal agent' in 'immunocompetent children'; or a 'potential pathogen' in 'immunocompromised individuals' or an 'innocuous virus' in the intestine remains elusive and needs to be investigated despite the numerous reports of the presence of PBV in fecal samples of various species of domestic mammals, wild animals, birds and snakes; our current knowledge of their biology, etiology, pathogenicity or their transmission characteristics remains subtle. This review aims to analyse the veterinary and zoonotic aspects of animal Picobirnavirus infections since its discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Ganesh
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), P-33, C. I. T. Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700 010 West Bengal India
| | - Gisela Masachessi
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Zornitsa Mladenova
- National Reference Laboratory of Enteroviruses, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A, Stoletov Blvd., 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
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30
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Molecular detection of genogroup I and II picobirnaviruses in pigs in China. Virus Genes 2014; 48:553-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Malik YS, Sharma AK, Kumar N, Sharma K, Ganesh B, Kobayashi N. Identification and characterisation of a novel genogroup II picobirnavirus in a calf in India. Vet Rec 2014; 174:278. [PMID: 24570405 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y S Malik
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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32
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A preliminary study of viral metagenomics of French bat species in contact with humans: identification of new mammalian viruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87194. [PMID: 24489870 PMCID: PMC3906132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prediction of viral zoonosis epidemics has become a major public health issue. A profound understanding of the viral population in key animal species acting as reservoirs represents an important step towards this goal. Bats harbor diverse viruses, some of which are of particular interest because they cause severe human diseases. However, little is known about the diversity of the global population of viruses found in bats (virome). We determined the viral diversity of five different French insectivorous bat species (nine specimens in total) in close contact with humans. Sequence-independent amplification, high-throughput sequencing with Illumina technology and a dedicated bioinformatics analysis pipeline were used on pooled tissues (brain, liver and lungs). Comparisons of the sequences of contigs and unassembled reads provided a global taxonomic distribution of virus-related sequences for each sample, highlighting differences both within and between bat species. Many viral families were present in these viromes, including viruses known to infect bacteria, plants/fungi, insects or vertebrates, the most relevant being those infecting mammals (Retroviridae, Herpesviridae, Bunyaviridae, Poxviridae, Flaviviridae, Reoviridae, Bornaviridae, Picobirnaviridae). In particular, we detected several new mammalian viruses, including rotaviruses, gammaretroviruses, bornaviruses and bunyaviruses with the identification of the first bat nairovirus. These observations demonstrate that bats naturally harbor viruses from many different families, most of which infect mammals. They may therefore constitute a major reservoir of viral diversity that should be analyzed carefully, to determine the role played by bats in the spread of zoonotic viral infections.
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Smits SL, Raj VS, Oduber MD, Schapendonk CME, Bodewes R, Provacia L, Stittelaar KJ, Osterhaus ADME, Haagmans BL. Metagenomic analysis of the ferret fecal viral flora. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71595. [PMID: 23977082 PMCID: PMC3748082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrets are widely used as a small animal model for a number of viral infections, including influenza A virus and SARS coronavirus. To further analyze the microbiological status of ferrets, their fecal viral flora was studied using a metagenomics approach. Novel viruses from the families Picorna-, Papilloma-, and Anelloviridae as well as known viruses from the families Astro-, Corona-, Parvo-, and Hepeviridae were identified in different ferret cohorts. Ferret kobu- and hepatitis E virus were mainly present in human household ferrets, whereas coronaviruses were found both in household as well as farm ferrets. Our studies illuminate the viral diversity found in ferrets and provide tools to prescreen for newly identified viruses that potentially could influence disease outcome of experimental virus infections in ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia L. Smits
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - V. Stalin Raj
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Minoushka D. Oduber
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Provacia
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Smits SL, van Leeuwen M, Schapendonk CME, Schürch AC, Bodewes R, Haagmans BL, Osterhaus ADME. Picobirnaviruses in the human respiratory tract. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1539-40. [PMID: 22932227 PMCID: PMC3437736 DOI: 10.3201/eid1809.120507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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