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Katona M, Jeles K, Takács P, Csoma E. Prevalence and in vitro study of human polyomavirus 9. Sci Rep 2024; 14:29313. [PMID: 39592793 PMCID: PMC11599758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-80806-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 11/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Little is known about human polyomavirus 9 (HPyV9). The mode of transmission and the site of replication are unknown, and seroprevalence data have been published with a wide range. A total of 1038 serum samples from individuals aged 0.7-93 years were used for seroprevalence study. We observed that seropositivity increased with age among children and young adults, and a 36.2% adult seroprevalence was detected. The prevalence was examined in samples from the respiratory tract: cancerous and non-cancerous lung tissues, tonsils, adenoids, throat swabs, middle ear discharge and nasopharyngeal samples collected from children and adults. HPyV9 was detected in 5.2% of nasopharyngeal samples and 1% of tonsils. Upon a viral infection, the interaction of viral promoters and cellular factors may determine whether a virus productively replicates in a cell. The early and late promoter activity of HPyV9 and the effect of the large T antigen (LTAg) on it was investigated in respiratory, kidney, endothelial and colon cell lines, fibroblast and primary airway epithelial cells. The highest promoter activity was measured in A549 lung cell line. LTAg expression significantly increased the late promoter activity. Based on our results, the respiratory cells may be suitable for HPyV9 replication.
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Grants
- FK 128533 National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK 128533 National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK 128533 National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- TKP2021-EGA-19 National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary, financed under the TKP2021-EGA funding scheme
- TKP2021-EGA-19 National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary, financed under the TKP2021-EGA funding scheme
- TKP2021-EGA-19 National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary, financed under the TKP2021-EGA funding scheme
- ÚNKP-23-4-I-DE-178 New National Excellence Program of The Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund
- BO/00212/18/5 János Bolyai Research Scholarship from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Katona
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Jeles
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Takács
- HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Eszter Csoma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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Moest WT, de Vries APJ, Roelen DL, Kers J, Moes DAR, van der Helm D, Mallat MJK, Meziyerh S, van Rijn AL, Feltkamp MCW, Rotmans JI. BK Polyomavirus DNAemia With a High DNA Load Is Associated With De Novo Donor-Specific HLA Antibodies in Kidney Transplant Recipients. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e70084. [PMID: 39601133 PMCID: PMC11600387 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.70084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2024] [Revised: 10/16/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN) is a well-known complication of kidney transplantation (KTx). The mainstay of prevention is the reduction of immunosuppression upon detection of BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) DNAemia, which precedes BKPyVAN. However, this reduction may inadvertently increase the risk of alloimmunity particularly in patients with a high BKPyV DNA load, where significant immunosuppression reduction is often necessary. This single-center, retrospective cohort study assesses the risk of de novo donor-specific antibodies (dnDSA) development and biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR) following high and low BKPyV DNAemia. All patients who underwent KTx at Leiden University Medical Center between 2011 and 2020 were included. Patients were grouped according to high (maximum BKPyV DNA load > 4log10 copies/mL), low (maximum serum BKPyV DNA load ≤ 10E4 copies/mL), and absent BKPyV DNAemia, and analyzed for the development of dnDSA and BPAR, using Cox regression. Of 1076 KTx recipients included, 108 (10%) developed a BKPyV DNAemia with a maximum DNA load below 4log10 copies/mL, whereas 121 (11.2%) developed a BKPyV DNAemia exceeding 4log10 copies/mL. The risk of dnDSA development was higher in patients with a high BKPyV DNAemia, compared to patients without DNAemia (adjusted hazard ratio of 1.9 (95% CI 1.1-3.2, p = 0.017). No significant difference in dnDSA risk was observed between patients with low and absent BKPyV DNAemia. Risk of BPAR did not differ between groups. Our study shows that higher BKPyV DNA loads in KTx patients are associated with a higher risk for dnDSA development, highlighting the importance of exploring additional strategies for the prevention and treatment of BKPyV infections in KTx recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter T. Moest
- Department of Internal MedicineLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
- Leiden Transplant CenterLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Aiko P. J. de Vries
- Department of Internal MedicineLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
- Leiden Transplant CenterLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Dave L. Roelen
- Department of ImmunologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jesper Kers
- Leiden Transplant CenterLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of PathologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - DirkJan A. R. Moes
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and ToxicologyLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Danny van der Helm
- Leiden Transplant CenterLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Marko J. K. Mallat
- Leiden Transplant CenterLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Soufian Meziyerh
- Department of Internal MedicineLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
- Leiden Transplant CenterLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Aline L. van Rijn
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection PreventionLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Mariet C. W. Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection PreventionLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Joris I. Rotmans
- Department of Internal MedicineLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
- Leiden Transplant CenterLeiden University Medical Center (LUMC)LeidenThe Netherlands
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Razizadeh MH, Tabibzadeh A. Human polyomavirus 9 as a potential threat in kidney transplant recipients; lessons from BKPyV. Transpl Immunol 2023; 80:101894. [PMID: 37414266 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
As a therapeutic method, kidney transplantation significantly improved the life quality and prognosis of patients with the end-stage renal disease. Since a key element in stable kidney transplantation is continuous therapy with immunosuppressive agents, an inhibited immune response makes patients vulnerable to opportunistic viral and bacterial infections. Polyomavirus (PyV), from the Polyomaviridae family, includes a well-known BK virus (BKPyV) and less publicized human polyomavirus 9 (HPyV9). Both these viruses may inflict significant damage to kidney transplants because of their high prevalence and pathogenesis. While a great body of knowledge was accumulated about the BKPyV-caused nephropathy, much less information is about the potential threat from the HPyV9-caused damage to kidney transplants. The current review provides a glimpse of general information about the PyV-associated nephropathy with a special focus on the role of the HPyV9 in pathogenesis of nephropathy in kidney transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Fronek L, Giansiracusa D, Nourmohammadi N, Johnson C, Yelich A, Hogan D. A Review of Cutaneous Diseases Observed in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2022; 15:21-31. [PMID: 36312823 PMCID: PMC9586525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Solid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk for numerous cutaneous conditions that fall within four categories: pre-neoplastic, neoplastic, infectious, or idiopathic. Many of these diseases can be attributed to immunosuppressive medications, including mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporine, azathioprine, tacrolimus, or glucocorticoids. Iatrogenic lessening of the immune system places the patient at risk of malignancies, opportunistic infections, immune-mediated dermatoses, and adverse effects of medications. As the life expectancy of patients with solid organ transplants continues to increase, dermatologists and transplant physicians must stay abreast of this spectrum of dermatologic conditions, their respective prognoses, prevention, mitigation, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fronek
- Dr. Fronek is with Bighorn Mohs Surgery and Dermatology Center, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California
| | - Derrek Giansiracusa
- Mr. Giansiracusa and Ms. Nourmohammadi are with Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine in Bradenton, Florida
| | - Niki Nourmohammadi
- Mr. Giansiracusa and Ms. Nourmohammadi are with Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine in Bradenton, Florida
| | - Cassandra Johnson
- Drs. Johnson, Yelich, and Hogan are with HCA Healthcare and USF Morsani College of Medicine at Largo Medical Center in Largo, Florida
| | - Allyson Yelich
- Drs. Johnson, Yelich, and Hogan are with HCA Healthcare and USF Morsani College of Medicine at Largo Medical Center in Largo, Florida
| | - Daniel Hogan
- Drs. Johnson, Yelich, and Hogan are with HCA Healthcare and USF Morsani College of Medicine at Largo Medical Center in Largo, Florida
- Dr. Hogan is additionally with the Department of Dermatology at Bay Pines Veterans Affairs Healthcare System in Bay Pines, Florida
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5
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Fan Y, Guo D, Zhao S, Wei Q, Li Y, Lin T. Human genes with relative synonymous codon usage analogous to that of polyomaviruses are involved in the mechanism of polyomavirus nephropathy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:992201. [PMID: 36159639 PMCID: PMC9492876 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.992201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) can cause serious and deleterious infections in human. Yet, the molecular mechanism underlying these infections, particularly in polyomavirus nephropathy (PVAN), is not well-defined. In the present study, we aimed to identify human genes with codon usage bias (CUB) similar to that of HPyV genes and explore their potential involvement in the pathogenesis of PVAN. The relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values of genes of HPyVs and those of human genes were computed and used for Pearson correlation analysis. The involvement of the identified correlation genes in PVAN was analyzed by validating their differential expression in publicly available transcriptomics data. Functional enrichment was performed to uncover the role of sets of genes. The RSCU analysis indicated that the A- and T-ending codons are preferentially used in HPyV genes. In total, 5400 human genes were correlated to the HPyV genes. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network indicated strong interactions between these proteins. Gene expression analysis indicated that 229 of these genes were consistently and differentially expressed between normal kidney tissues and kidney tissues from PVAN patients. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were involved in biological processes related to transcription and in pathways related to protein ubiquitination pathway, apoptosis, cellular response to stress, inflammation and immune system. The identified genes may serve as diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for HPyV associated diseases, especially PVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Duan Guo
- Department of Palliative Medicine, West China School of Public Health and West China fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Palliative Medicine Research Center, West China−Peking Union Medical College, Chen Zhiqian (PUMC C.C). Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shangping Zhao
- Department of Urology, West China School of Nursing and Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Lin, ; ; Yi Li,
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Lin, ; ; Yi Li,
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Mishra N, Ng J, Strom MA, Jain K, Thakkar R, Joshi S, Pereira M, Shah L, Grossman ME, Lee MJ, De Michele S, Silvers DN, Faust PL, Lipkin WI, Gallitano SM. Human Polyomavirus 9-An Emerging Cutaneous and Pulmonary Pathogen in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. JAMA Dermatol 2022; 158:293-298. [PMID: 35138364 PMCID: PMC8829745 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.5853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE We describe the first report to our knowledge of cutaneous and systemic pathogenicity of human polyomavirus 9 in solid organ transplant recipients. OBJECTIVE Three solid organ transplant recipients developed a widespread, progressive, violaceous, and hyperkeratotic skin eruption. All died from pulmonary and multiorgan failure around 1 year from onset of the rash. Routine clinical diagnostic testing could not identify any causative agent; therefore, samples and autopsies were investigated for novel pathogens using high-throughput sequencing. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case series, including 3 solid organ transplant recipients who developed characteristic pink, violaceous, or brown hyperkeratotic papules and plaques throughout the body, was conducted at the Columbia University Medical Center. Lesional skin biopsies were collected from all 3 patients and subjected to high-throughput illumina sequencing for identification of microbial pathogens. Human polyomavirus 9 was identified in lesional skin biopsies. We subsequently collected ocular swabs, oral swabs, urine samples, and blood samples from patients, and organ tissues at autopsy in 1 patient. We investigated these samples for the presence of human polyomavirus 9 using in situ hybridization and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES A description of the clinical and pathologic findings of 3 patients. RESULTS This case series study found that human polyomavirus 9 was detected in the skin biopsies of all 3 patients by a capture-based high-throughput sequencing method platform (VirCapSeq-VERT). Human polyomavirus 9 was also detected in blood, oral, ocular swabs, and urine by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. In situ hybridization and quantitative PCR assays were performed on the skin biopsies from 3 patients and lung autopsy of 1 patient, which showed the presence of human polyomavirus 9 messenger RNA transcripts, indicating active viral replication and pathogenesis in the skin and lungs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Human polyomavirus 9 was associated with the widespread cutaneous eruption. All 3 patients had progression of cutaneous disease, accompanied by clinical deterioration, pulmonary failure, and death. One patient underwent autopsy and human polyomavirus 9 was identified in the lungs and paratracheal soft tissue. These findings suggest that human polyomavirus 9 may be associated with cutaneous and possibly pulmonary infection and death in solid organ transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nischay Mishra
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - James Ng
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Mark A. Strom
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Komal Jain
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Riddhi Thakkar
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Shreyas Joshi
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Marcus Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Lori Shah
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Marc E. Grossman
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Hofstra/Northwell Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Michael J. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Simona De Michele
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - David N. Silvers
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York,Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Phyllis L. Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Stephanie M. Gallitano
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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Kamminga S, Sidorov IA, Tadesse M, van der Meijden E, de Brouwer C, Zaaijer HL, Feltkamp MC, Gorbalenya AE. Translating genomic exploration of the family Polyomaviridae into confident human polyomavirus detection. iScience 2022; 25:103613. [PMID: 35036862 PMCID: PMC8749223 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Polyomaviridae is a family of ubiquitous dsDNA viruses that establish persistent infection early in life. Screening for human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), which comprise 14 diverse species, relies upon species-specific qPCRs whose validity may be challenged by accelerating genomic exploration of the virosphere. Using this reasoning, we tested 64 published HPyV qPCR assays in silico against the 1781 PyV genome sequences that were divided in targets and nontargets, based on anticipated species specificity of each qPCR. We identified several cases of problematic qPCR performance that were confirmed in vitro and corrected through using degenerate oligos. Furthermore, our study ranked 8 out of 52 tested BKPyV qPCRs as remaining of consistently high quality in the wake of recent PyV discoveries and showed how sensitivity of most other qPCRs could be rescued by annealing temperature adjustment. This study establishes an efficient framework for ensuring confidence in available HPyV qPCRs in the genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Kamminga
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Blood-borne Infections, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Igor A. Sidorov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Michaël Tadesse
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Els van der Meijden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline de Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hans L. Zaaijer
- Department of Blood-borne Infections, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariet C.W. Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander E. Gorbalenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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JC and Human polyomavirus 9 after kidney transplantation: An exploratory serological cohort study. J Clin Virol 2021; 143:104944. [PMID: 34450559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) cause disease in immunocompromised patients. BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) for instance persistently infects the kidneys. In kidney transplant recipients, (KTRs) BKPyV can cause allograft nephropathy. JCPyV, MCPyV, TSPyV and HPyV9 reside in the kidneys too, or have been detected in urine. In this study, we investigate exposure to JCPyV, MCPyV, TSPyV and HPyV9 after kidney transplantation by serological means. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum samples from 310 KTR collected before and 6 months after transplantation (n = 620), from 279 corresponding kidney donors collected before transplantation, and from blood donor controls collected one year apart (n = 174) were assessed for HPyV species-specific IgG responses using a multiplex immunoassay. KTR HPyV IgG kinetics were compared to those of healthy blood donors by linear mixed modeling, and related to those of their donors by linear regression. RESULTS In the KTR, increased IgG levels during follow-up were observed for JCPyV (14.8%), MCPyV (7.1%), TSPyV (10.6%), and for HPyV9 (8.1%), while blood donor antibody levels remained stable. Seroconversion was observed for JCPyV (6.5%), MCPyV (2.3%), TSPyV (1.3%), and for HPyV9 (6.5%). The linear mixed model analysis showed that antibody increase was significant for JCPyV (p < 0.001) and HPyV9 (p < 0.001). Post-transplant JCPyV and HPyV9 antibody responses were associated with donor antibody levels against these HPyVs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS KTR are exposed to JCPyV and HPyV9 after transplantation. Whether the allograft serves as the source, as indicated by the donor serostatus association, deserves further study.
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van Rijn AL, Wunderink HF, Sidorov IA, de Brouwer CS, Kroes AC, Putter H, de Vries AP, Rotmans JI, Feltkamp MC. Torque teno virus loads after kidney transplantation predict allograft rejection but not viral infection. J Clin Virol 2021; 140:104871. [PMID: 34089977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The main challenge of immunosuppressive therapy after solid organ transplantation is to create a new immunological balance that prevents organ rejection and does not promote opportunistic infection. Torque teno virus (TTV), a ubiquitous and non-pathogenic single-stranded DNA virus, has been proposed as a marker of functional immunity in immunocompromised patients. Here we investigate whether TTV loads predict the risk of common viral infection and allograft rejection in kidney transplantation recipients. In a retrospective cohort of 389 kidney transplantation recipients, individual TTV loads in were measured by qPCR in consecutive plasma samples during one year follow-up. The endpoints were allograft rejection, BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) viremia and cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia. Repeated TTV measurements and rejection and infection survival data were analysed in a joint model. During follow-up, TTV DNA detection in the transplant recipients increased from 85 to 100%. The median viral load increased to 107 genome copies/ml within three months after transplantation. Rejection, BKPyV viremia and CMV viremia occurred in 23%, 27% and 17% of the patients, respectively. With every 10-fold TTV load-increase, the risk of rejection decreased considerably (HR: 0.74, CI 95%: 0.71-0.76), while the risk of BKPyV and CMV viremia remained the same (HR: 1.03, CI 95%: 1.03-1.04 and HR: 1.01, CI 95%: 1.01-1.01). In conclusion, TTV load kinetics predict allograft rejection in kidney transplantation recipients, but not the BKPyV and CMV infection. The potential use of TTV load levels as a guide for optimal immunosuppressive drug dosage to prevent allograft rejection deserves further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline L van Rijn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Herman F Wunderink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Igor A Sidorov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline S de Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Aloysius Cm Kroes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hein Putter
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Aiko Pj de Vries
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joris I Rotmans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mariet Cw Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Beyond Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus: a Review of Viruses Composing the Blood Virome of Solid Organ Transplant and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:33/4/e00027-20. [PMID: 32847820 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00027-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral primary infections and reactivations are common complications in patients after solid organ transplantation (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Among these patients, viral infections are frequently associated with viremia. Beyond the usual well-known viruses that are part of the routine clinical management of transplant recipients, numerous other viral signatures or genomes can be identified in the blood of these patients. The identification of novel viral species and variants by metagenomic next-generation sequencing has opened up a new field of investigation and new paradigms. Thus, there is a need to thoroughly describe the state of knowledge in this field with a review of all viral infections that should be scrutinized in high-risk populations. Here, we review the eukaryotic DNA and RNA viruses identified in blood, plasma, or serum samples of pediatric and adult SOT/HSCT recipients and the prevalence of their detection, with a particular focus on recently identified viruses and those for which their potential association with disease remains to be investigated, such as members of the Polyomaviridae, Anelloviridae, Flaviviridae, and Astroviridae families. Current knowledge of the clinical significance of these viral infections with associated viremia among transplant recipients is also discussed. To ensure a comprehensive description in these two populations, individuals described as healthy (mostly blood donors) are considered for comparative purposes. The list of viruses that should be on the clinicians' radar is certainly incomplete and will expand, but the challenge is to identify those of possible clinical significance.
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11
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Wang Y, Strassl R, Helanterä I, Aberle SW, Bond G, Hedman K, Weseslindtner L. Multiplex analysis of Human Polyomavirus diversity in kidney transplant recipients with BK virus replication. J Clin Virol 2019; 120:6-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Kamminga S, van der Meijden E, de Brouwer C, Feltkamp M, Zaaijer H. Prevalence of DNA of fourteen human polyomaviruses determined in blood donors. Transfusion 2019; 59:3689-3697. [PMID: 31633816 PMCID: PMC6916541 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), like herpesviruses, cause persistent infection in a large part of the population. In immunocompromised and elderly patients, PyVs cause severe diseases such as nephropathy (BK polyomavirus [BKPyV]), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (JC polyomavirus [JCPyV]), and skin cancer (Merkel cell polyomavirus [MCPyV]). Like cytomegalovirus, donor‐derived PyV can cause disease in kidney transplant recipients. Possibly blood components transmit PyVs as well. To study this possibility, as a first step we determined the presence of PyV DNA in Dutch blood donations. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Blood donor serum samples (n = 1016) were analyzed for the presence of DNA of 14 HPyVs using HPyV species‐specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures. PCR‐positive samples were subjected to confirmation by sequencing. Individual PCR findings were compared with the previously reported PyV serostatus. RESULTS MC polyomavirus DNA was detected in 39 donors (3.8%), JCPyV and TS polyomavirus (TSPyV) DNA in five donors (both 0.5%), and HPyV9 DNA in four donors (0.4%). BKPyV, WU polyomavirus (WUPyV), HPyV6, MW polyomavirus (MWPyV), and LI polyomavirus (LIPyV) DNA was detected in one or two donors. Amplicon sequencing confirmed the expected product for BKPyV, JCPyV, WUPyV, MCPyV, HPyV6, TSPyV, MWPyV, HPyV9, and LIPyV. For JCPyV a significant association was observed between detection of viral DNA and the level of specific IgG antibodies. CONCLUSION In 5.4% of Dutch blood donors PyV DNA was detected, including DNA from pathogenic PyVs such as JCPyV. As a next step, the infectivity of PyV in donor blood and transmission via blood components to immunocompromised recipients should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Kamminga
- Department of Blood-borne Infections, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Els van der Meijden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Caroline de Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mariet Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans Zaaijer
- Department of Blood-borne Infections, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Reduced Risk of BK Polyomavirus Infection in HLA-B51–positive Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2019; 103:604-612. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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van Rijn AL, Wunderink HF, de Brouwer CS, van der Meijden E, Rotmans JI, Feltkamp MCW. Impact of HPyV9 and TSPyV coinfection on the development of BK polyomavirus viremia and associated nephropathy after kidney transplantation. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1142-1147. [PMID: 30624811 PMCID: PMC6590353 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) persistently infects the urinary tract and causes viremia and nephropathy in kidney transplantation (KTx), recipients. In a previous study, we observed an increased incidence and load of BKPyV viremia in KTx patients coinfected with human polyomavirus 9 (HPyV9). Here we sought confirmation of this observation and explored whether novel HPyVs that have been detected in urine (HPyV9 and trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus [TSPyV]) potentially aggravate BKPyV infection. Methods A well‐characterized cohort of 209 KTx donor‐recipient pairs was serologically and molecularly analyzed for HPyV9 and TSPyV coinfection. These data were correlated with the occurrence of BKPyV viremia and BKPyVAN in the recipients within a year after KTx. Results Seropositivity for HPyV9 (19%) and TSPyV (89%) was comparable between donors and recipients and did not correlate with BKPyV viremia and BKPyVAN that developed in 25% and 3% of the recipients, respectively. Two recipients developed TSPyV viremia and none HPyV9 viremia. Modification of the predictive effect of donor BKPyV seroreactivity on recipient BKPyV viremia by HPyV9 and TSPyV was not observed. Conclusions Our data provide no evidence for a promoting effect of HPyV9 and TSPyV on BKPyV infection and BKPyVAN in renal allograft patients. Therefore, we do not recommend including HPyV9 and TSPyV screening in KTx patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline L van Rijn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman F Wunderink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline S de Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Els van der Meijden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joris I Rotmans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariet C W Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Wunderink HF, de Brouwer CS, van der Meijden E, Pastrana DV, Kroes ACM, Buck CB, Feltkamp MCW. Development and evaluation of a BK polyomavirus serotyping assay using Luminex technology. J Clin Virol 2018; 110:22-28. [PMID: 30529638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is subdivided into four genotypes. The consequences of each genotype and of donor-recipient genotype (mis)match for BKPyV-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are unknown. OBJECTIVES To develop and evaluate a genotype-specific IgG antibody-based BKPyV serotyping assay, in order to classify kidney transplant donors and recipients accordingly. STUDY DESIGN VP1 antigens of six BKPyV variants (Ib1, Ib2, Ic, II, III and IV) were expressed as recombinant glutathione-s-transferase-fusion proteins and coupled to fluorescent Luminex beads. Sera from 87 healthy blood donors and 39 KTRs were used to analyze seroreactivity and serospecificity against the different BKPyV genotypes. Six sera with marked BKPyV serotype profiles were analyzed further for genotype-specific BKPyV pseudovirus neutralizing capacity. RESULTS Seroreactivity was observed against all genotypes, with seropositivity rates above 77% comparable for KTRs and blood donors. Strong cross-reactivity (r > 0.8) was observed among genotype I subtypes, and among genotypes II, III and IV. Seroresponses against genotypes I and IV seemed genuine, while those against II and III could be out(cross)competed. GMT (Luminex) and IC50 (neutralization assay) values showed good agreement in determining the genotype with the strongest seroresponse within an individual. CONCLUSIONS Despite some degree of cross-reactivity, this serotyping assay seems a useful tool to identify the main infecting BKPyV genotype within a given individual. This information, which cannot be obtained otherwise from nonviremic/nonviruric individuals, could provide valuable information regarding the prevalent BKPyV genotype in kidney donors and recipients and warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman F Wunderink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Caroline S de Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Els van der Meijden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Diana V Pastrana
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4263, USA
| | - Aloysius C M Kroes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher B Buck
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4263, USA
| | - Mariet C W Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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16
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Purdie KJ, Proby CM, Rizvi H, Griffin H, Doorbar J, Sommerlad M, Feltkamp MC, der Meijden EV, Inman GJ, South AP, Leigh IM, Harwood CA. The Role of Human Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses in BRAF-Inhibitor Induced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Benign Squamoproliferative Lesions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1806. [PMID: 30154763 PMCID: PMC6102365 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) has long been proposed as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). More recently, the striking clinico-pathological features of cSCCs that complicate treatment of metastatic melanoma with inhibitors targeting BRAF mutations (BRAFi) has prompted speculation concerning a pathogenic role for oncogenic viruses. Here, we investigate HPV and human polyomaviruses (HPyV) and correlate with clinical, histologic, and genetic features in BRAFi-associated cSCC. Materials and Methods: Patients receiving BRAFi treatment were recruited at Barts Health NHS Trust. HPV DNA was detected in microdissected frozen samples using reverse line probe technology and degenerate and nested PCR. HPV immunohistochemistry was performed in a subset of samples. Quantitative PCR was performed to determine the presence and viral load of HPyVs with affinity for the skin (HPyV6, HPyV7, HPyV9, MCPyV, and TSPyV). These data were correlated with previous genetic mutational analysis of H, K and NRAS, NOTCH1/2, TP53, CDKN2A, CARD11, CREBBP, TGFBR1/2. Chromosomal aberrations were profiled using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. Results: Forty-five skin lesions from seven patients treated with single agent vemurafenib in 2012–2013 were analyzed: 12 cSCC, 19 viral warts (VW), 2 actinic keratosis (AK), 5 verrucous keratosis/other squamoproliferative (VK/SP) lesions, one melanocytic lesion and 6 normal skin samples. Significant histologic features of viral infection were seen in 10/12 (83%) cSCC. HPV DNA was detected in 18/19 (95%) VW/SP, 9/12 (75%) cSCC, 4/5 (80%) SP, and 3/6 (50%) normal skin samples and in 1/12 cases assessed by immunohistochemistry. HPyV was co-detected in 22/30 (73%) of samples, usually at low viral load, with MCPyV and HPyV7 the most common. SNP arrays confirmed low levels of chromosomal abnormality and there was no significant correlation between HPV or HPyV detection and individual gene mutations or overall mutational burden. Conclusion: Despite supportive clinicopathologic evidence, the role for HPV and HPyV infection in the pathogenesis of BRAFi-induced squamoproliferative lesions remains uncertain. Synergistic oncogenic mechanisms are plausible although speculative. Nonetheless, with the prospect of a significant increase in the adjuvant use of these drugs, further research is justified and may provide insight into the pathogenesis of other BRAFi-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J Purdie
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte M Proby
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Rizvi
- Department of Pathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Griffin
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Doorbar
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Sommerlad
- Department of Dermatology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariet C Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Els Van der Meijden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gareth J Inman
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P South
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Irene M Leigh
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A Harwood
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Dermatology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Development and Evaluation of a Broad Bead-Based Multiplex Immunoassay To Measure IgG Seroreactivity against Human Polyomaviruses. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.01566-17. [PMID: 29305551 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01566-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of polyomaviruses, which cause severe disease in immunocompromised hosts, has expanded substantially in recent years. To accommodate measurement of IgG seroresponses against all currently known human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), including the Lyon IARC polyomavirus (LIPyV), we extended our custom multiplex bead-based HPyV immunoassay and evaluated the performance of this pan-HPyV immunoassay. The VP1 proteins of 15 HPyVs belonging to 13 Polyomavirus species were expressed as recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins and coupled to fluorescent Luminex beads. Sera from healthy blood donors and immunocompromised kidney transplant recipients were used to analyze seroreactivity against the different HPyVs. For BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), the GST-VP1 fusion protein-directed seroresponses were compared to those obtained against BKPyV VP1 virus-like particles (VLP). Seroreactivity against most HPyVs was common and generally high in both test populations. Low seroreactivity against HPyV9, HPyV12, New Jersey PyV, and LIPyV was observed. The assay was reproducible (Pearson's r2 > 0.84, P < 0.001) and specific. Weak but consistent cross-reactivity between the related viruses HPyV6 and HPyV7 was observed. The seroresponses measured by the GST-VP1-based immunoassay and a VP1 VLP-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were highly correlated (Spearman's ρ = 0.823, P < 0.001). The bead-based pan-HPyV multiplex immunoassay is a reliable tool to determine HPyV-specific seroresponses with high reproducibility and specificity and is suitable for use in seroepidemiological studies.
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18
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Moens U, Song X, Van Ghelue M, Lednicky JA, Ehlers B. A Role of Sp1 Binding Motifs in Basal and Large T-Antigen-Induced Promoter Activities of Human Polyomavirus HPyV9 and Its Variant UF-1. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112414. [PMID: 29135936 PMCID: PMC5713382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human polyomavirus 9 (HPyV9) was originally detected in the serum of a renal transplant patient. Seroepidemiological studies showed that ~20-50% of the human population have antibodies against this virus. HPyV9 has not yet been associated with any disease and little is known about the route of infection, transmission, host cell tropism, and genomic variability in circulating strains. Recently, the HPyV9 variant UF-1 with an eight base-pair deletion, a thirteen base-pair insertion and with point mutations, creating three putative Sp1 binding sites in the late promoter was isolated from an AIDS patient. Transient transfection studies with a luciferase reporter plasmid driven by HPyV9 or UF1 promoter demonstrated that UF1 early and late promoters were stronger than HPyV9 promoters in most cell lines, and that the UF1 late promoter was more potently activated by HPyV9 large T-antigen (LTAg). Mutation of two Sp1 motifs strongly reduced trans-activation of the late UF1 promoter by HPyV9 LTAg in HeLa cells. In conclusion, the mutations in the UF1 late promoter seem to strengthen its activity and its response to stimulation by HPyV9 LTAg in certain cells. It remains to be investigated whether these promoter changes have an influence on virus replication and affect the possible pathogenic properties of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Xiaobo Song
- Host Microbe Interaction Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Marijke Van Ghelue
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Northern-Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville , FL 32603, USA.
| | - Bernhard Ehlers
- Division 12, Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Biology, evolution, and medical importance of polyomaviruses: An update. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Fajfr M, Pliskova L, Kutova R, Matyskova-Kubisova M, Navratil P, Radocha J, Valenta Z, Dusilova-Sulkova S. Human polyomavirus 9 in immunocompromised patients in the University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. J Med Virol 2017; 89:2230-2234. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Fajfr
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology; University Hospital; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pliskova
- Department of Molecular Biology; Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics; University Hospital; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Radka Kutova
- Department of Molecular Biology; Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics; University Hospital; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Matyskova-Kubisova
- University Hospital; Haemodialysis Centre; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Navratil
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- Transplantation Centre of Urological Clinic; University Hospital; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Radocha
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine-Haematology; Charles University; University Hospital; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Valenta
- Department of Epidemiology; Faculty of Military Health Science; University of Defence; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Dusilova-Sulkova
- University Hospital; Haemodialysis Centre; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
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21
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Sadeghi M, Wang Y, Ramqvist T, Aaltonen LM, Pyöriä L, Toppinen M, Söderlund-Venermo M, Hedman K. Multiplex detection in tonsillar tissue of all known human polyomaviruses. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:409. [PMID: 28595595 PMCID: PMC5465560 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past few years, eleven new human viruses have joined the two previously known members JCPyV and BKPyV of the Polyomaviridae family, by virtue of molecular methods. Serology data suggest that infections with human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) occur since childhood and the viruses are widespread in the general population. However, the viral persistence sites and transmission routes are by and large unknown. Our previous studies demonstrated that the four new HPyVs - KIPyV, WUPyV, MCPyV and TSPyV - were present in the tonsils, and suggested lymphoid tissue as a persistent site of these emerging human viruses. We developed a Luminex-based multiplex assay for simultaneous detection of all 13 HPyVs known, and explored their occurrence in tonsillar tissues of children and adults mostly with tonsillitis or tonsillar hypertrophy. METHODS We set up and validated a new Luminex-based multiplex assay by using primer pairs and probes targeting the respective HPyV viral protein 1 (VP1) genes. With this assay we tested 78 tonsillar tissues for DNAs of 13 HPyVs. RESULTS The multiplex assay allowed for simultaneous detection of 13 HPyVs with high analytical sensitivity and specificity, with detection limits of 100-102 copies per microliter, and identified correctly all 13 target sequences with no cross reactions. HPyV DNA altogether was found in 14 (17.9%) of 78 tonsils. The most prevalent HPyVs were HPyV6 (7.7%), TSPyV (3.8%) and WUPyV (3.8%). Mixed infection of two HPyVs occurred in one sample. CONCLUSIONS The Luminex-based HPyV multiplex assay appears highly suitable for clinical diagnostic purposes and large-scale epidemiological studies. Additional evidence was acquired that the lymphoid system plays a role in HPyV infection and persistence. Thereby, shedding from this site during reactivation might take part in transmission of the newly found HPyVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yilin Wang
- Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Torbjörn Ramqvist
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leena-Maija Aaltonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lari Pyöriä
- Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Klaus Hedman
- Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Korup-Schulz SV, Lucke C, Moens U, Schmuck R, Ehlers B. Large T antigen variants of human polyomaviruses 9 and 12 and seroreactivity against their N terminus. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:704-714. [PMID: 28113048 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour antigens (TAgs) of mammalian polyomaviruses (PyVs) are key proteins responsible for modulating the host cell cycle and are involved in virus replication as well as cell transformation and tumour formation. Here we aimed to identify mRNA sequences of known and novel TAgs encoded by the recently discovered human polyomaviruses 9 and 12 (HPyV9 and HPyV12) in cell culture. Synthetic viral genomes were transfected into human and animal cell lines. Gene expression occurred in most cell lines, as measured by quantitative PCR of cDNA copies of mRNA encoding major structural protein VP1. Large TAg- and small TAg-encoding mRNAs were detected in all cell lines, and additional spliced mRNAs were identified encoding TAg variants of 145 aa (HPyV9) and 84 aa (HPyV12). Using as antigens in ELISA the N-terminal 78 aa common to all respective TAg variants of HPyV9 and HPyV12, seroreactivity of 100 healthy blood donors, 54 patients with malignant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and 32 patients with non-malignant diseases of the GIT was analysed. For comparison, the corresponding TAg N termini of BK PyV (BKPyV) and Merkel cell PyV (MCPyV) were included. Frequent reactivity against HPyV9, HPyV12 and BKPyV TAgs, but not MCPyV TAg, was observed in all tested groups. This indicates expression activity of the early region of three human PyVs in healthy and diseased subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Verena Korup-Schulz
- Division 12 'Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients', Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Lucke
- Division 12 'Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients', Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ugo Moens
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rosa Schmuck
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Campus Virchow, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ehlers
- Division 12 'Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients', Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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First detection and complete genome sequence of a phylogenetically distinct human polyomavirus 6 highly prevalent in human bile samples. J Infect 2016; 74:50-59. [PMID: 27840269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oncovirus-associated malignancies are potentially preventable diseases with major public health significance. Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) may be associated with oncogenesis or symptomatic illnesses in immunocompromised patients, but the site of viral shedding of most recently discovered HPyVs remains obscure. Using real-time PCR assay using specific primers targeting the HPyV6 large tumor antigen gene, we detected a phylogenetically distinct HPyV6 which was highly prevalent in the bile samples of patients with malignant biliary obstruction (18.8%) and acute gallstone cholangitis (5.5%). The prevalence rate and mean viral load of this HPyV6 were highest in the cholangiocarcinoma subgroup (27.6% and 2.41 × 104copies/ml). These findings were confirmed with another real-time PCR assay using specific primers targeting the HPyV6 viral capsid protein 2 gene. These bile HPyV6 strains may represent a novel clade of HPyV6 as they formed a distinct cluster from the other HPyV6s and exhibited >2% differences in amino acid sequences in their major proteins. While HPyV6 was unlikely the cause of the patients' acute symptoms and liver dysfunction, the virus may be related to immunosuppression in patients with malignancy and/or important in the oncogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma in patients without coinfection with other oncogenic microbes. Further studies to ascertain a causative role of HPyV6 in cholangiocarcinoma should be conducted.
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24
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Bialasiewicz S, Rockett RJ, Barraclough KA, Leary D, Dudley KJ, Isbel NM, Sloots TP. Detection of Recently Discovered Human Polyomaviruses in a Longitudinal Kidney Transplant Cohort. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:2734-40. [PMID: 27000433 PMCID: PMC7159543 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A large number of human polyomaviruses have been discovered in the last 7 years. However, little is known about the clinical impact on vulnerable immunosuppressed patient populations. Blood, urine, and respiratory swabs collected from a prospective, longitudinal adult kidney transplant cohort (n = 167) generally pre-operatively, at day 4, months 1, 3, and 6 posttransplant, and at BK viremic episodes within the first year were screened for 12 human polyomaviruses using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Newly discovered polyomaviruses were most commonly detected in the respiratory tract, with persistent shedding seen for up to 6 months posttransplant. Merkel cell polyomavirus was the most common detection, but was not associated with clinical symptoms or subsequent development of skin cancer or other skin abnormalities. In contrast, KI polyomavirus was associated with respiratory disease in a subset of patients. Human polyomavirus 9, Malawi polyomavirus, and human polyomavirus 12 were not detected in any patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bialasiewicz
- Centre for Children's Health ResearchChildren's Health QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia,Child Health Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - R. J. Rockett
- Child Health Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia,Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical ResearchWestmead HospitalSydneyAustralia
| | - K. A. Barraclough
- Department of Renal MedicineRoyal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneAustralia
| | - D. Leary
- Department of Renal MedicinePrincess Alexandra HospitalBrisbaneAustralia
| | - K. J. Dudley
- Institute for Future EnvironmentsCentral Analytical Research FacilityQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
| | - N. M. Isbel
- Department of Renal MedicinePrincess Alexandra HospitalBrisbaneAustralia
| | - T. P. Sloots
- Centre for Children's Health ResearchChildren's Health QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia,Child Health Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
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25
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Gossai A, Waterboer T, Nelson HH, Michel A, Willhauck-Fleckenstein M, Farzan SF, Hoen AG, Christensen BC, Kelsey KT, Marsit CJ, Pawlita M, Karagas MR. Seroepidemiology of Human Polyomaviruses in a US Population. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 183:61-9. [PMID: 26667254 PMCID: PMC5006224 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses (PyV) are potentially tumorigenic in humans. However, limited data exist on the population seroprevalence of PyVs and individual characteristics that relate to seropositivity. Using multiplex serology, we determined the seroprevalence of 10 human PyVs (BK, JC, KI, WU, MCV, HPyV6, HPyV7, TSV, HPyV9, and HPyV10) among controls from a population-based skin cancer case-control study (n = 460) conducted in New Hampshire between 1993 and 1995. On a subset of participants (n = 194), methylation at CpG dinucleotides across the genome was measured in peripheral blood using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip array (Illumina Inc., San Diego, California), from which lymphocyte subtype proportions were inferred. All participants were seropositive for at least 1 PyV, with seroprevalences ranging from 17.6% (HPyV9) to 99.1% (HPyV10). Seropositivity to JC, MCV, and HPyV7 increased with age. JC and TSV seropositivity were more common among men than among women. Smokers were more likely to be HPyV9-seropositive but MCV-seronegative, and HPyV7 seropositivity was associated with prolonged glucocorticoid use. Based on DNA methylation profiles, differences were observed in CD8-positive T- and B-cell proportions by BK, JC, and HPyV9 seropositivity. Our findings suggest that PyV seropositivity is common in the United States and varies by sociodemographic and biological characteristics, including those related to immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Margaret R. Karagas
- Correspondence to Dr. Margaret R. Karagas, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756 (e-mail: )
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26
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Bella R, Dolci M, Ferraresso M, Ticozzi R, Ghio L, Rizzo J, Signorini L, Villani S, Elia F, Ferrante P, Delbue S. Human herpesvirus-6 and polyomaviruses DNAemia in children and young adult patients after kidney transplantation. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and polyomaviruses (HPyV) establish latency and reactivate in immunocompromised hosts. The prevalence of their infections was investigated in pediatric and young adult kidney transplant recipients. Materials & methods: Blood was obtained from 83 patients. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions were conducted to quantify HHV-6 and HPyV loads; nested PCR and reverse transcriptase-PCR assays were conducted to differentiate HHV-6A from 6B and to evaluate the presence of transcripts. Results: HHV-6 and HPyV DNAemia were detected in 19.3 and 18.1% patients, respectively. No association between HHV-6 and HPyV DNA presence, age of patients and time from transplant was observed. Conclusion: HHV-6 infection in immunosuppression setting was as common as those of HPyVs that are commonly recognized as opportunistic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Bella
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Dolci
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariano Ferraresso
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Division of Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosalia Ticozzi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciana Ghio
- Division of Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Nephrology, Dialysis & Transplantation Unit, Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Rizzo
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Signorini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Villani
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Elia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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27
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Abstract
Purpose of review Polyomavirus nephropathy (PVN) mainly caused by BK virus (BKV) remains the most common productive viral infection of the kidney. Over the past decade, clinical interest often focused on BK viremia and viruria as the diagnostic mainstays of patient management. The purpose of this review is to discuss viral nephropathy in the context of BK viremia and viruria and new strategies to optimize diagnostic accuracy and patient management. The emerging roles of polyomaviruses in oncogenesis, salivary gland disease, and post-bone marrow transplantation as well as novel Polyomavirus strains are highlighted. Recent findings Areas of investigation include proposals by the Banff working group on the classification of PVN and studies on PVN progression and resolution, including the role cellular immune responses may play during reconstitution injury. New noninvasive strategies to optimize the diagnosis of PVN, that is, the urinary ‘polyomavirus-haufen’ test and mRNA expression levels for BKV in the urine, hold great promise to accurately identify patients with viral nephropathy. Tools are now available to separate ‘presumptive’ from ‘definitive’ disease in various patient cohorts including individuals post-bone marrow transplantation. Recent observations also point to a currently underrecognized role of polyomaviruses in oncogenesis post-transplantation and salivary gland disease in patients with HIV-AIDS. Summary This review summarizes recent studies on PVN and the significance of the BKV strain in disease. Current paradigms for patient management post-(renal) transplantation are discussed in the setting of new observations. Issues that still require clarification and further validation are highlighted.
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28
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Moens U, Van Ghelue M, Ludvigsen M, Korup-Schulz S, Ehlers B. Early and late promoters of BK polyomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus and human polyomavirus 12 are among the strongest of all known human polyomaviruses in 10 different cell lines. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2293-2303. [PMID: 25968129 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, 11 new human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) have been isolated and named KI, WU, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), HPyV6, -7, -9, -10 and -12, Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV), STLPyV and NJPyV-2013. Little is known about cell tropism of the novel HPyVs, and cell cultures allowing virus propagation are lacking. Because viral tropism partially depends on the interaction of cellular transcription factors with the viral promoter, we monitored the promoter activity of all known HPyVs. Therefore, we compared the relative early and late promoter activity of the BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) (WW strain) with the corresponding activities of the other HPyVs in 10 different cell lines derived from brain, colon, kidney, liver, lung, the oral cavity and skin. Our results show that the BKPyV, MCPyV, TSPyV and HPyV12 early promoters displayed the strongest activity in most cell lines tested, while the remaining HPyV had relative low early promoter activity. HPyV12 showed the highest late promoter activity of all HPyVs in most cell lines, but also the BKPyV, MCPyV and TSPyV late promoters belonged to the stronger ones among HPyVs. The HPyVs with weak early promoter activity had in general also weak late promoter activity, except for HPyV10 whose late promoter was relatively strong in six of the 10 cell lines. A 20 bp deletion in the promoter of an HPyV12 variant significantly affected both early and late promoter activity in most cell lines. In conclusion, our findings suggest which cell lines may be suitable for virus propagation and may give an indication of the cell tropism of the HPyVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marijke Van Ghelue
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of North Norway, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Biology, University of Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maria Ludvigsen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sarah Korup-Schulz
- Division 12 Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ehlers
- Division 12 Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Li K, Zhang C, Zhao R, Xue Y, Yang J, Peng J, Jin Q. The prevalence of STL polyomavirus in stool samples from Chinese children. J Clin Virol 2015; 66:19-23. [PMID: 25866330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past 7 years, eleven novel human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) have been identified. The frequent discovery of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) in the gastrointestinal tract and stool samples suggests a potential involvement in gastroenteritis. OBJECTIVE In this study we want to explore the prevalence of STL polyomavirus (STLPyV) in China and delineate the clinical role played by STLPyV. STUDY DESIGN Stool samples from 508 hospitalized children with diarrhea and 271 healthy children were screened to detect STLPyV. Human polyomavirus 12(HPyV12), New Jersey polyomavirus (NJPyV-2013) and six common enteric viruses (including rotaviruses, adenovirus, norovirus GI and GII, astrovirus and sapovirus) were also screened in this study. RESULTS 348 of the 508 (68.5%) specimens from the hospitalized children with diarrhea contained at least 1 common enteric virus. STLPyV was identified in 11 specimens in the case group (2.2%), among which 4 specimens were negative for those common enteric viruses. STLPyV was not more prevalent among the case group than the control group (2.2% versus 3.0%; p = 0.50, χ(2) test). In case group, when common enteric viruses' positive and negative groups were compared, the difference in detection rate of STLPyV was not statistically significant (2.5% versus 2.0%; p = 0.98, χ(2) test). Two whole genome sequences of STLPyV were obtained. CONCLUSIONS We are the first to report the prevalence of STLPyV in Chinese children and obtained whole genome sequences of STLPyV strains isolated in China. Our results of phylogenetic analysis support the hypothesis that STLPyV is geographically widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chi Zhang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Rong Zhao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ying Xue
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jian Yang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Junping Peng
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Qi Jin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
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30
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High frequency of Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA in the urine of kidney transplant recipients and healthy controls. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:565-70. [PMID: 25467862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyomavirus (PyV) infection is common, ranging from 60% to 100% depending on the virus. The urinary excretion rates of JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV) have been extensively studied, but less is known about the more recently discovered PyVs. OBJECTIVES To investigate the urinary excretion of Merkel cell PyV (MCPyV), which is associated with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), in kidney transplant recipients and healthy subjects, as well as those of lymphotropic polyomavirus (LPV), which was isolated from the B-cells of African green monkeys but has also been found in human blood, JCV and BKV. STUDY DESIGN Urine samples were collected from 62 adult (ATP) and 46 pediatric (PTP) kidney transplant recipients and from 67 adult (AHC) and 40 pediatric (PHC) healthy controls. DNA was isolated and analyzed using real-time PCR (Q-PCR) to determine the viral loads of MCPyV, LPV, JCV and BKV. RESULTS MCPyV DNA was more frequently detected (p<0.05) in the PTP (36.9%) and PHC (30.0%) groups compared to JCV (8.7% in PTP, 12.5% in PHC), BKV (6.5% in PTP, 2.5% in PHC), and LPV (2.2% in PTP, 5% in PHC) and in the AHC (47.8%) group compared to BKV (13.4%) and LPV (0%). CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, it could be concluded that: (a) Despite the rarity of MCC, MCPyV is a common infection; (b) MCPyV demonstrates an excretion pattern similar to those of JCV and BKV, persisting in the kidney and infecting skin cells upon reactivation, with subsequent integration and transformation.
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31
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Lednicky JA, Butel JS, Luetke MC, Loeb JC. Complete genomic sequence of a new Human polyomavirus 9 strain with an altered noncoding control region. Virus Genes 2014; 49:490-2. [PMID: 25260554 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A complete Human polyomavirus 9 (HPyV9) genome, designated HPyV9 UF-1, was amplified by rolling circle DNA amplification from DNA extracted from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of an AIDS patient. The noncoding control (enhancer/promoter) region (NCCR) of HPyV9 UF-1 has one less AML-1a binding site and three more potential Sp1/GC box binding sites than the NCCRs of two previously described HPyV9 genomes. Nucleotide polymorphisms within the coding regions result in two amino acid differences in the deduced VP2 and VP3 proteins of HPyV9 UF-1 relative to those of the two previously described HPyV9 genomes. Exhaustive attempts to detect HPyV9 in DNA samples extracted from the PBMC of 40 healthy humans and 9 other AIDS patients were unsuccessful, highlighting the need for improved search strategies and optimal specimens for the detection of HPyV9 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Box 100188, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0188, USA,
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