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Gabiane G, Bohers C, Mousson L, Obadia T, Dinglasan RR, Vazeille M, Dauga C, Viglietta M, Yébakima A, Vega-Rúa A, Gutiérrez Bugallo G, Gélvez Ramírez RM, Sonor F, Etienne M, Duclovel-Pame N, Blateau A, Smith-Ravin J, De Lamballerie X, Failloux AB. Evaluating vector competence for Yellow fever in the Caribbean. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1236. [PMID: 38336944 PMCID: PMC10858021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne disease, Yellow fever (YF), has been largely controlled via mass delivery of an effective vaccine and mosquito control interventions. However, there are warning signs that YF is re-emerging in both Sub-Saharan Africa and South America. Imported from Africa in slave ships, YF was responsible for devastating outbreaks in the Caribbean. In Martinique, the last YF outbreak was reported in 1908 and the mosquito Aedes aegypti was incriminated as the main vector. We evaluated the vector competence of fifteen Ae. aegypti populations for five YFV genotypes (Bolivia, Ghana, Nigeria, Sudan, and Uganda). Here we show that mosquito populations from the Caribbean and the Americas were able to transmit the five YFV genotypes, with YFV strains for Uganda and Bolivia having higher transmission success. We also observed that Ae. aegypti populations from Martinique were more susceptible to YFV infection than other populations from neighboring Caribbean islands, as well as North and South America. Our vector competence data suggest that the threat of re-emergence of YF in Martinique and the subsequent spread to Caribbean nations and beyond is plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Gabiane
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
- Université des Antilles, Ecole Doctorale 589, Schœlcher, Martinique, Marseille, France
| | - Chloé Bohers
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Mousson
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Obadia
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Marseille, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, G5 Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics, Paris, France
| | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- University of Florida, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marie Vazeille
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Dauga
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Marine Viglietta
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | | | - Anubis Vega-Rúa
- Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Laboratory of Vector Control Research, Unit Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, Marseille, France
| | - Gladys Gutiérrez Bugallo
- Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Laboratory of Vector Control Research, Unit Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, Marseille, France
- Department of Vector Control, Center for Research, Diagnostic, and Reference, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kouri, Havana, Cuba
| | - Rosa Margarita Gélvez Ramírez
- Centro de Atención y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Fundación INFOVIDA, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Sonor
- Centre de Démoustication et de Recherches Entomologiques, Lutte antivectorielle, Martinique, Marseille, France
- Agence Régionale de Santé, Direction de la Santé Publique, Martinique, Marseille, France
| | - Manuel Etienne
- Centre de Démoustication et de Recherches Entomologiques, Lutte antivectorielle, Martinique, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Duclovel-Pame
- Agence Régionale de Santé, Direction de la Santé Publique, Martinique, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Blateau
- Agence Régionale de Santé, Direction de la Santé Publique, Martinique, Marseille, France
| | - Juliette Smith-Ravin
- Groupe de recherche Biospheres Université des Antilles, Campus de Schœlcher, Martinique, Marseille, France
| | - Xavier De Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France.
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Hansen CA, Staples JE, Barrett ADT. Fractional Dosing of Yellow Fever Live Attenuated 17D Vaccine: A Perspective. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:7141-7154. [PMID: 38023411 PMCID: PMC10640814 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s370013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes over 109,000 severe infections and over 51,000 deaths annually in endemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa and tropical South America. The virus has a transmission cycle involving mosquitoes and humans or non-human primates (NHPs) as the vertebrate hosts. Although yellow fever (YF) is prevented by a live attenuated vaccine (strain 17D), recent epidemics in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Brazil put great pressure on vaccine stockpiles. This resulted in the World Health Organization (WHO) and Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) implementing, on an emergency basis only, off-label dose-sparing techniques and policies during 2016-2018 to protect as many people in DRC and Brazil as possible from disease during unexpected large outbreaks of YF. Subsequently non-inferiority studies involving full doses compared to fractional doses indicated promising results, leading some policy-makers and scientists to consider utilizing YF vaccine fractional doses in non-emergency scenarios. Although the additional data on the immunogenicity and safety of fractional doses are promising, there are several questions and considerations that remain regarding the use of fractional doses, including differences in the initial antibody kinetics, differences in the immune response in certain populations, and durability of the immune response to fractional doses compared to full doses. Until the remaining knowledge gaps are addressed, full doses instead of fractional doses should continue to be used unless there are insufficient doses of the vaccine available to control outbreaks of YF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clairissa A Hansen
- Department of Pathology and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-4036, USA
| | - J Erin Staples
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alan D T Barrett
- Department of Pathology and Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-4036, USA
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Hale GL. Flaviviruses and the Traveler: Around the World and to Your Stage. A Review of West Nile, Yellow Fever, Dengue, and Zika Viruses for the Practicing Pathologist. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100188. [PMID: 37059228 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a genus of single-stranded RNA viruses that impose an important and growing burden to human health. There are over 3 billion individuals living in areas where flaviviruses are endemic. Flaviviruses and their arthropod vectors (which include mosquitoes and ticks) take advantage of global travel to expand their distribution and cause severe disease in humans, and they can be grouped according to their vector and pathogenicity. The mosquito-borne flaviviruses cause a spectrum of diseases from encephalitis to hepatitis and vascular shock syndrome, congenital abnormalities, and fetal death. Neurotropic infections such as Zika virus and West Nile virus cross the blood-brain barrier and infect neurons and other cells, leading to meningoencephalitis. In the hemorrhagic fever clade, there are yellow fever virus, the prototypical hemorrhagic fever virus that infects hepatocytes, and dengue virus, which infects cells of the reticuloendothelial system and can lead to a dramatic plasma cell leakage and shock syndrome. Zika virus also causes congenital infections and fetal death and is the first and only example of a teratogenic arbovirus in humans. Diagnostic testing for flaviviruses broadly includes the detection of viral RNA in serum (particularly within the first 10 days of symptoms), viral isolation by cell culture (rarely performed due to complexity and biosafety concerns), and histopathologic evaluation with immunohistochemistry and molecular testing on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. This review focuses on 4 mosquito-borne flaviviruses-West Nile, yellow fever, dengue, and Zika virus-and discusses the mechanisms of transmission, the role of travel in geographic distribution and epidemic emergence, and the clinical and histopathologic features of each. Finally, prevention strategies such as vector control and vaccination are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L Hale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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Potential Mammalian Vector-Borne Diseases in Live and Wet Markets in Indonesia and Myanmar. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases spread from wild animals and their associated ectoparasites to humans and domesticated animals. Wildlife markets are recognized as important areas where this transfer can take place. We assessed the potential for spreading vector-borne diseases in two live and wet markets in Myanmar (Mong La, on the Myanmar-China border) and Indonesia (Sukahaji in Bandung on the island of Java) by making an inventory of all live and freshly killed wild mammals for sale. For eight mammal families, we quantified the number of animals on offer, and we used a heatmap cluster analysis to map vector-borne diseases that these families may carry. In Myanmar, we observed large numbers of wild pigs and deer (potentially carrying West Nile and various encephalitis viruses) whereas in Indonesia we observed Old World fruit bats (potentially carrying Chikungunya and encephalitis viruses) and squirrels (potentially carrying West Nile and encephalitis viruses). The trade in Indonesia was dominated by live mammals offered for sale as pets, and only Old World fruit bats and squirrels traded for traditional Asian medicine were killed in the markets. The trade in Myanmar was more geared towards wild meat (e.g., wild pigs, deer, primates) and traditional Asian medicine (squirrels). The combined risks of vector-borne diseases spreading from traded animals to human health highlight the need for an integrated approach protecting public health, economic interests and biodiversity.
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Tuells J, Henao-Martínez AF, Franco-Paredes C. The Perennial Threat of Yellow Fever. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:649-657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yellow Fever Molecular Diagnosis Using Urine Specimens during Acute and Convalescent Phases of the Disease. J Clin Microbiol 2022; 60:e0025422. [PMID: 35916519 PMCID: PMC9383191 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00254-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have demonstrated prolonged presence of yellow fever virus (YFV) RNA in saliva and urine as an alternative to serum. To investigate the presence of YFV RNA in urine, we used RT-PCR for YFV screening in 60 urine samples collected from a large cohort of naturally infected yellow fever (YF) patients during acute and convalescent phases of YF infection from recent YF outbreaks in Brazil (2017 to 2018). Fifteen urine samples from acute phase infection (up to 15 days post-symptom onset) and four urine samples from convalescent phase infection (up to 69 days post-symptom onset), were YFV PCR-positive. We genotyped YFV detected in seven urine samples (five collected during the acute phase and two collected during the YF convalescent phase). Genotyping indicated the presence of YFV South American I genotype in these samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report of wild-type YFV RNA detection in the urine this far out from symptom onset (up to 69 DPS), including YFV RNA detection during the convalescent phase of YF infection. The detection of YFV RNA in urine is an indicative of YFV infection; however, the results of RT-PCR using urine as sample should be interpreted with care, since a negative result does not exclude the possibility of YFV infection. With a possible prolonged period of detection beyond the viremic phase, the use of urine samples coupled with serological tests, epidemiologic inquiry, and clinical assessment could provide a longer diagnostic window for laboratory YF diagnosis.
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Neto Z, Martinez PA, Hill SC, Jandondo D, Thézé J, Mirandela M, Aguiar RS, Xavier J, dos Santos Sebastião C, Cândido ALM, Vaz F, Castro GR, Paixão JP, Loman NJ, Lemey P, Pybus OG, Vasconcelos J, Faria NR, de Morais J. Molecular and genomic investigation of an urban outbreak of dengue virus serotype 2 in Angola, 2017-2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010255. [PMID: 35584153 PMCID: PMC9166355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transmission patterns and genetic diversity of dengue virus (DENV) circulating in Africa remain poorly understood. Circulation of the DENV serotype 1 (DENV1) in Angola was detected in 2013, while DENV serotype 2 (DENV2) was detected in 2018. Here, we report results from molecular and genomic investigations conducted at the Ministry of Health national reference laboratory (INIS) in Angola on suspected dengue cases detected between January 2017 and February 2019. METHODS A total of 401 serum samples from dengue suspected cases were collected in 13 of the 18 provinces in Angola. Of those, 351 samples had complete data for demographic and epidemiological analysis, including age, gender, province, type of residence, clinical symptoms, as well as dates of onset of symptoms and sample collection. RNA was extracted from residual samples and tested for DENV-RNA using two distinct real time RT-PCR protocols. On-site whole genome nanopore sequencing was performed on RT-PCR+ samples. Bayesian coalescent models were used to estimate date and origin of outbreak emergence, as well as population growth rates. RESULTS Molecular screening showed that 66 out of 351 (19%) suspected cases were DENV-RNA positive across 5 provinces in Angola. DENV RT-PCR+ cases were detected more frequently in urban sites compared to rural sites. Of the DENV RT-PCR+ cases most were collected within 6 days of symptom onset. 93% of infections were confirmed by serotype-specific RT-PCR as DENV2 and 1 case (1.4%) was confirmed as DENV1. Six CHIKV RT-PCR+ cases were also detected during the study period, including 1 co-infection of CHIKV with DENV1. Most cases (87%) were detected in Luanda during the rainy season between April and October. Symptoms associated with severe dengue were observed in 11 patients, including 2 with a fatal outcome. On-site nanopore genome sequencing followed by genetic analysis revealed an introduction of DENV2 Cosmopolitan genotype (also known as DENV2-II genotype) possibly from India in or around October 2015, at least 1 year before its detection in the country. Coalescent models suggest relatively moderately rapid epidemic growth rates and doubling times, and a moderate expansion of DENV2 in Angola during the studied period. CONCLUSION This study describes genomic, epidemiological and demographic characteristic of predominately urban transmission of DENV2 in Angola. We also find co-circulation of DENV2 with DENV1 and CHIKV and report several RT-PCR confirmed severe dengue cases in the country. Increasing dengue awareness in healthcare professional, expanding the monitorization of arboviral epidemics across the country, identifying most common mosquito breeding sites in urban settings, implementing innovative vector control interventions and dengue vaccination campaigns could help to reduce vector presence and DENV transmission in Angola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoraima Neto
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (INIS), Ministry of Health, Luanda, Angola
| | - Pedro A. Martinez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (INIS), Ministry of Health, Luanda, Angola
| | - Sarah C. Hill
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Domingos Jandondo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (INIS), Ministry of Health, Luanda, Angola
| | - Julien Thézé
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marinela Mirandela
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (INIS), Ministry of Health, Luanda, Angola
| | - Renato Santana Aguiar
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Joilson Xavier
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Filipa Vaz
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (INIS), Ministry of Health, Luanda, Angola
- World Health Organization Angola, Luanda, Angola
| | - Gisel Reyes Castro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (INIS), Ministry of Health, Luanda, Angola
| | - Joana Paula Paixão
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (INIS), Ministry of Health, Luanda, Angola
| | - Nicholas J. Loman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oliver G. Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jocelyne Vasconcelos
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (INIS), Ministry of Health, Luanda, Angola
| | - Nuno Rodrigues Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, J-IDEA, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joana de Morais
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (INIS), Ministry of Health, Luanda, Angola
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Gabiane G, Yen P, Failloux A. Aedes mosquitoes in the emerging threat of urban yellow fever transmission. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2333. [PMID: 35124859 PMCID: PMC9541788 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This last decade has seen a resurgence of yellow fever (YF) in historical endemic regions and repeated attempts of YF introduction in YF‐free countries such as the Asia‐Pacific region and the Caribbean. Infected travellers are the main entry routes in these regions where competent mosquito vectors proliferate in appropriate environmental conditions. With the discovery of the 17D vaccine, it was thought that YF would be eradicated. Unfortunately, it was not the case and, contrary to dengue, chikungunya and Zika, factors that cotribute to YF transmission remain under investigation. Today, all the signals are red and it is very likely that YF will be the next pandemic in the YF‐free regions where millions of people are immunologically naïve. Unlike COVID‐19, YF is associated with a high case‐fatality rate and a high number of deaths are expected. This review gives an overview of global YF situation, including the non‐endemic Asia‐Pacific region and the Caribbean where Aedes aegypti is abundantly distributed, and also proposes different hypotheses on why YF outbreaks have not yet occurred despite high records of travellers importing YF into these regions and what role Aedes mosquitoes play in the emergence of urban YF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Gabiane
- Institut Pasteur Université de Paris, Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Paris France
- Université des Antilles, Campus de Schoelcher Schoelcher Martinique
| | - Pei‐Shi Yen
- Institut Pasteur Université de Paris, Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Paris France
| | - Anna‐Bella Failloux
- Institut Pasteur Université de Paris, Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Paris France
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Re-emergence of yellow fever in the neotropics - quo vadis? Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 4:399-410. [PMID: 33258924 PMCID: PMC7733675 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is the etiological agent of yellow fever (YF), an acute hemorrhagic vector-borne disease with a significant impact on public health, is endemic across tropical regions in Africa and South America. The virus is maintained in two ecologically and evolutionary distinct transmission cycles: an enzootic, sylvatic cycle, where the virus circulates between arboreal Aedes species mosquitoes and non-human primates, and a human or urban cycle, between humans and anthropophilic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. While the urban transmission cycle has been eradicated by a highly efficacious licensed vaccine, the enzootic transmission cycle is not amenable to control interventions, leading to recurrent epizootics and spillover outbreaks into human populations. The nature of YF transmission dynamics is multifactorial and encompasses a complex system of biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic factors rendering predictions of emergence highly speculative. The recent outbreaks in Africa and Brazil clearly remind us of the significant impact YF emergence events pose on human and animal health. The magnitude of the Brazilian outbreak and spillover in densely populated areas outside the recommended vaccination coverage areas raised the specter of human — to — human transmission and re-establishment of enzootic cycles outside the Amazon basin. Herein, we review the factors that influence the re-emergence potential of YFV in the neotropics and offer insights for a constellation of coordinated approaches to better predict and control future YF emergence events.
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Cracknell Daniels B, Gaythorpe K, Imai N, Dorigatti I. Yellow fever in Asia-a risk analysis. J Travel Med 2021; 28:taab015. [PMID: 33506250 PMCID: PMC8045179 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is concern about the risk of yellow fever (YF) establishment in Asia, owing to rising numbers of urban outbreaks in endemic countries and globalisation. Following an outbreak in Angola in 2016, YF cases were introduced into China. Prior to this, YF had never been recorded in Asia, despite climatic suitability and the presence of mosquitoes. An outbreak in Asia could result in widespread fatalities and huge economic impact. Therefore, quantifying the potential risk of YF outbreaks in Asia is a public health priority. METHODS Using international flight data and YF incidence estimates from 2016, we quantified the risk of YF introduction via air travel into Asia. In locations with evidence of a competent mosquito population, the potential for autochthonous YF transmission was estimated using a temperature-dependent model of the reproduction number and a branching process model assuming a negative binomial distribution. RESULTS In total, 25 cities across Asia were estimated to be at risk of receiving at least one YF viraemic traveller during 2016. At their average temperatures, we estimated the probability of autochthonous transmission to be <50% in all cities, which was primarily due to the limited number of estimated introductions that year. CONCLUSION Despite the rise in air travel, we found low support for travel patterns between YF endemic countries and Asia resulting in autochthonous transmission during 2016. This supports the historic absence of YF in Asia and suggests it could be due to a limited number of introductions in previous years. Future increases in travel volumes or YF incidence can increase the number of introductions and the risk of autochthonous transmission. Given the high proportion of asymptomatic or mild infections and the challenges of YF surveillance, our model can be used to estimate the introduction and outbreak risk and can provide useful information to surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Cracknell Daniels
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London
| | - Katy Gaythorpe
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London
| | - Natsuko Imai
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London
| | - Ilaria Dorigatti
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London
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Bifani AM, Ong EZ, de Alwis R. Vaccination and Therapeutics: Responding to the Changing Epidemiology of Yellow Fever. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 12:398-409. [PMID: 33173445 PMCID: PMC7644428 DOI: 10.1007/s40506-020-00237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
At the turn of the nineteenth century, yellow fever (YF) was considered the most dangerous infectious disease with high case fatality. Subsequent, mass vaccination campaigns coupled with widespread elimination of the YF mosquito vector significantly decreased YF cases and reduced outbreaks to the tropical and subtropical forested regions of Africa and South America. However, recent (2016) large outbreaks in Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and South-Eastern Brazil, where previously had been demarcated as low-risk regions, have highlighted the possibility of a rapidly changing epidemiology and the potential re-emergence of yellow fever virus (YFV). Furthermore, the first-ever importation of YFV into Asia has highlighted the potential fear of YFV emerging as a global threat. In this review, we describe the changing epidemiology of YF outbreaks, and highlight the use of public health policies, therapeutics, and vaccination as tools to help eliminate future YFV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Makha Bifani
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eugenia Z. Ong
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre @ SingHealth Duke-NUS (VIREMiCS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruklanthi de Alwis
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre @ SingHealth Duke-NUS (VIREMiCS), Singapore, Singapore
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Low JG, Ng JHJ, Ong EZ, Kalimuddin S, Wijaya L, Chan YFZ, Ng DHL, Tan HC, Baglody A, Chionh YH, Lee DCP, Budigi Y, Sasisekharan R, Ooi EE. Phase 1 Trial of a Therapeutic Anti-Yellow Fever Virus Human Antibody. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:452-459. [PMID: 32726531 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insufficient vaccine doses and the lack of therapeutic agents for yellow fever put global health at risk, should this virus emerge from sub-Saharan Africa and South America. METHODS In phase 1a of this clinical trial, we assessed the safety, side-effect profile, and pharmacokinetics of TY014, a fully human IgG1 anti-yellow fever virus monoclonal antibody. In a double-blind, phase 1b clinical trial, we assessed the efficacy of TY014, as compared with placebo, in abrogating viremia related to the administration of live yellow fever vaccine (YF17D-204; Stamaril). The primary safety outcomes were adverse events reported 1 hour after the infusion and throughout the trial. The primary efficacy outcome was the dose of TY014 at which 100% of the participants tested negative for viremia within 48 hours after infusion. RESULTS A total of 27 healthy participants were enrolled in phase 1a, and 10 participants in phase 1b. During phase 1a, TY014 dose escalation to a maximum of 20 mg per kilogram of body weight occurred in 22 participants. During phases 1a and 1b, adverse events within 1 hour after infusion occurred in 1 of 27 participants who received TY014 and in none of the 10 participants who received placebo. At least one adverse event occurred during the trial in 22 participants who received TY014 and in 8 who received placebo. The mean half-life of TY014 was approximately 12.8 days. At 48 hours after the infusion, none of the 5 participants who received the starting dose of TY014 of 2 mg per kilogram had detectable YF17D-204 viremia; these participants remained aviremic throughout the trial. Viremia was observed at 48 hours after the infusion in 2 of 5 participants who received placebo and at 72 hours in 2 more placebo recipients. Symptoms associated with yellow fever vaccine were less frequent in the TY014 group than in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS This phase 1 trial of TY014 did not identify worrisome safety signals and suggested potential clinical benefit, which requires further assessment in a phase 2 trial. (Funded by Tysana; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03776786.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny G Low
- From the Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School (J.G.L., E.Z.O., H.-C.T., E.-E.O.), Singapore General Hospital (J.G.L., S.K., L.W., Y.F.Z.C., D.H.L.N.), Tysana (J.H.J.N., A.B., Y.-H.C., D.C.P.L., Y.B.), and the Singapore-MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Alliance for Research and Technology (R.S., E.-E.O.) - all in Singapore; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.S.)
| | - Justin H J Ng
- From the Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School (J.G.L., E.Z.O., H.-C.T., E.-E.O.), Singapore General Hospital (J.G.L., S.K., L.W., Y.F.Z.C., D.H.L.N.), Tysana (J.H.J.N., A.B., Y.-H.C., D.C.P.L., Y.B.), and the Singapore-MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Alliance for Research and Technology (R.S., E.-E.O.) - all in Singapore; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.S.)
| | - Eugenia Z Ong
- From the Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School (J.G.L., E.Z.O., H.-C.T., E.-E.O.), Singapore General Hospital (J.G.L., S.K., L.W., Y.F.Z.C., D.H.L.N.), Tysana (J.H.J.N., A.B., Y.-H.C., D.C.P.L., Y.B.), and the Singapore-MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Alliance for Research and Technology (R.S., E.-E.O.) - all in Singapore; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.S.)
| | - Shirin Kalimuddin
- From the Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School (J.G.L., E.Z.O., H.-C.T., E.-E.O.), Singapore General Hospital (J.G.L., S.K., L.W., Y.F.Z.C., D.H.L.N.), Tysana (J.H.J.N., A.B., Y.-H.C., D.C.P.L., Y.B.), and the Singapore-MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Alliance for Research and Technology (R.S., E.-E.O.) - all in Singapore; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.S.)
| | - Limin Wijaya
- From the Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School (J.G.L., E.Z.O., H.-C.T., E.-E.O.), Singapore General Hospital (J.G.L., S.K., L.W., Y.F.Z.C., D.H.L.N.), Tysana (J.H.J.N., A.B., Y.-H.C., D.C.P.L., Y.B.), and the Singapore-MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Alliance for Research and Technology (R.S., E.-E.O.) - all in Singapore; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.S.)
| | - Yvonne F Z Chan
- From the Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School (J.G.L., E.Z.O., H.-C.T., E.-E.O.), Singapore General Hospital (J.G.L., S.K., L.W., Y.F.Z.C., D.H.L.N.), Tysana (J.H.J.N., A.B., Y.-H.C., D.C.P.L., Y.B.), and the Singapore-MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Alliance for Research and Technology (R.S., E.-E.O.) - all in Singapore; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.S.)
| | - Dorothy H L Ng
- From the Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School (J.G.L., E.Z.O., H.-C.T., E.-E.O.), Singapore General Hospital (J.G.L., S.K., L.W., Y.F.Z.C., D.H.L.N.), Tysana (J.H.J.N., A.B., Y.-H.C., D.C.P.L., Y.B.), and the Singapore-MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Alliance for Research and Technology (R.S., E.-E.O.) - all in Singapore; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.S.)
| | - Hwee-Cheng Tan
- From the Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School (J.G.L., E.Z.O., H.-C.T., E.-E.O.), Singapore General Hospital (J.G.L., S.K., L.W., Y.F.Z.C., D.H.L.N.), Tysana (J.H.J.N., A.B., Y.-H.C., D.C.P.L., Y.B.), and the Singapore-MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Alliance for Research and Technology (R.S., E.-E.O.) - all in Singapore; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.S.)
| | - Anjali Baglody
- From the Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School (J.G.L., E.Z.O., H.-C.T., E.-E.O.), Singapore General Hospital (J.G.L., S.K., L.W., Y.F.Z.C., D.H.L.N.), Tysana (J.H.J.N., A.B., Y.-H.C., D.C.P.L., Y.B.), and the Singapore-MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Alliance for Research and Technology (R.S., E.-E.O.) - all in Singapore; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.S.)
| | - Yok-Hian Chionh
- From the Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School (J.G.L., E.Z.O., H.-C.T., E.-E.O.), Singapore General Hospital (J.G.L., S.K., L.W., Y.F.Z.C., D.H.L.N.), Tysana (J.H.J.N., A.B., Y.-H.C., D.C.P.L., Y.B.), and the Singapore-MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Alliance for Research and Technology (R.S., E.-E.O.) - all in Singapore; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.S.)
| | - Debbie C P Lee
- From the Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School (J.G.L., E.Z.O., H.-C.T., E.-E.O.), Singapore General Hospital (J.G.L., S.K., L.W., Y.F.Z.C., D.H.L.N.), Tysana (J.H.J.N., A.B., Y.-H.C., D.C.P.L., Y.B.), and the Singapore-MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Alliance for Research and Technology (R.S., E.-E.O.) - all in Singapore; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.S.)
| | - Yadunanda Budigi
- From the Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School (J.G.L., E.Z.O., H.-C.T., E.-E.O.), Singapore General Hospital (J.G.L., S.K., L.W., Y.F.Z.C., D.H.L.N.), Tysana (J.H.J.N., A.B., Y.-H.C., D.C.P.L., Y.B.), and the Singapore-MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Alliance for Research and Technology (R.S., E.-E.O.) - all in Singapore; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.S.)
| | - Ram Sasisekharan
- From the Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School (J.G.L., E.Z.O., H.-C.T., E.-E.O.), Singapore General Hospital (J.G.L., S.K., L.W., Y.F.Z.C., D.H.L.N.), Tysana (J.H.J.N., A.B., Y.-H.C., D.C.P.L., Y.B.), and the Singapore-MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Alliance for Research and Technology (R.S., E.-E.O.) - all in Singapore; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.S.)
| | - Eng-Eong Ooi
- From the Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School (J.G.L., E.Z.O., H.-C.T., E.-E.O.), Singapore General Hospital (J.G.L., S.K., L.W., Y.F.Z.C., D.H.L.N.), Tysana (J.H.J.N., A.B., Y.-H.C., D.C.P.L., Y.B.), and the Singapore-MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Alliance for Research and Technology (R.S., E.-E.O.) - all in Singapore; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.S.)
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14
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Phan MV, Murad SD, van der Eijk AA, Metselaar HJ, Hartog H, Harinck F, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Molenkamp R, Cotten M, Koopmans MP. Genomic sequence of yellow fever virus from a Dutch traveller returning from the Gambia-Senegal region, the Netherlands, November 2018. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 30696531 PMCID: PMC6351999 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.4.1800684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In November 2018, yellow fever was diagnosed in a Dutch traveller returning from a bicycle tour in the Gambia-Senegal region. A complete genome sequence of yellow fever virus (YFV) from the case was generated and clustered phylogenetically with YFV from the Gambia and Senegal, ruling out importation into the Netherlands from recent outbreaks in Brazil or Angola. We emphasise the need for increased public awareness of YFV vaccination before travelling to endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- My Vt Phan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sarwa Darwish Murad
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Herold J Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hermien Hartog
- Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Femme Harinck
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Matthew Cotten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Vaccination and Therapeutics: Responding to the Changing Epidemiology of Yellow Fever. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 12:349-360. [PMID: 32837338 PMCID: PMC7351566 DOI: 10.1007/s40506-020-00232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review At the turn of the nineteenth century, yellow fever (YF) was considered the most dangerous infectious disease with high case fatality. Subsequent, mass vaccination campaigns coupled with widespread elimination of the YF mosquito vector significantly decreased YF cases and reduced outbreaks to the tropical and subtropical forested regions of Africa and South America. Recent Findings However, recent (2016) large outbreaks in Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and South-Eastern Brazil, where previously had been demarcated as low-risk regions, have highlighted the possibility of a rapidly changing epidemiology and the potential re-emergence of yellow fever virus (YFV). Furthermore, the first-ever importation of YFV into Asia has highlighted the potential fear of YFV emerging as a global threat. Summary In this review, we describe the changing epidemiology of YF outbreaks and highlight the use of public health policies, therapeutics, and vaccination as tools to help eliminate future YFV outbreaks.
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16
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Evaluating the importation of yellow fever cases into China in 2016 and strategies used to prevent and control the spread of the disease. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2020; 11:5-10. [PMID: 33537159 PMCID: PMC7829080 DOI: 10.5365/wpsar.2018.9.1.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the yellow fever epidemic in Angola in 2016, cases of yellow fever were reported in China for the first time. The 11 cases, all Chinese nationals returning from Angola, were identified in March and April 2016, one to two weeks after the peak of the Angolan epidemic. One patient died; the other 10 cases recovered after treatment. This paper reviews the epidemiological characteristics of the 11 yellow fever cases imported into China. It examines case detection and disease control and surveillance, and presents recommendations for further action to prevent additional importation of yellow fever into China.
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17
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Reno E, Quan NG, Franco-Paredes C, Chastain DB, Chauhan L, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Henao-Martínez AF. Prevention of yellow fever in travellers: an update. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:e129-e137. [PMID: 32386609 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, yellow fever virus infection generated substantial fear among explorers, tourist travellers, workers, military personnel, and others entering areas of transmission. Currently, there is transmission only in some areas of tropical South America and sub-Saharan Africa. When symptomatic, yellow fever infection causes severe liver dysfunction and coagulopathy with elevated mortality rates. Since there is no effective treatment, vaccination against yellow fever, available since 1937, represents an important preventive intervention in endemic areas. Every year, an increasing number of individuals are travelling to yellow fever endemic areas, many of whom have complex medical conditions. Travel health practitioners should do individualised assessments of the risks and benefits of yellow fever vaccination to identify potential contraindications. The most relevant contraindications include a history of thymoma or thymus dysfunction, AIDS, and individuals receiving immunosuppressive drugs including biological therapies or chemotherapy. We briefly review strategies to prevent yellow fever infection in travellers with the use of yellow fever vaccination and the use of personal protection measures to avoid mosquito bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Reno
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicolas G Quan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carlos Franco-Paredes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Instituto Nacional de Salud, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel B Chastain
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Albany, GA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Chauhan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia.
| | - Andrés F Henao-Martínez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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18
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Phan MVT, Mendonca Melo M, van Nood E, Aron G, Kreeft-Voermans JJC, Koopmans MPG, Reusken C, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Cotten M. Shedding of Yellow Fever Virus From an Imported Case in the Netherlands After Travel to Brazil. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa020. [PMID: 32055637 PMCID: PMC7008093 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report yellow fever infection in a Dutch traveler returning from Brazil. Yellow fever virus (YFV) was identified in serum and urine samples over a period of 1 month. Yellow fever virus genome sequences from the patient clustered with recent Brazilian YFV and showed with limited nucleotide changes during the resolving infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- My V T Phan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariana Mendonca Melo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Els van Nood
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Georgina Aron
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Chantal Reusken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Matthew Cotten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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19
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Chen LH, Wilson ME. Yellow fever control: current epidemiology and vaccination strategies. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2020; 6:1. [PMID: 31938550 PMCID: PMC6954598 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-020-0101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) outbreaks continue, have expanded into new areas and threaten large populations in South America and Africa. Predicting where epidemics might occur must take into account local mosquito populations and specific YF virus strain, as well as ecoclimatic conditions, sociopolitical and demographic factors including population size, density, and mobility, and vaccine coverage. Populations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from different regions vary in susceptibility to and capacity to transmit YF virus. YF virus cannot be eliminated today because the virus circulates in animal reservoirs, but human disease could be eliminated with wide use of the vaccine. WHO EYE (Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics) is a welcome plan to control YF, with strategies to be carried out from 2017 to 2026: to expand use of YF vaccine, to prevent international spread, and to contain outbreaks rapidly. YF vaccination is the mainstay in controlling YF outbreaks, but global supply is insufficient. Therefore, dose-sparing strategies have been proposed including fractional dosing and intradermal administration. Fractional dosing has been effectively used in outbreak control but currently does not satisfy International Health Regulations; special documentation is needed for international travel. Vector control is another facet in preventing YF outbreaks, and novel methods are being considered and proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin H Chen
- 1Mount Auburn Hospital, 330 Mount Auburn Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.,2Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Mary E Wilson
- 3Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA.,4Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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20
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Yates JA, Rao SR, Walker AT, Esposito DH, Sotir M, LaRocque RC, Ryan ET. Characteristics and preparation of the last-minute traveler: analysis of vaccine usage in the Global TravEpiNet Consortium. J Travel Med 2019; 26:5482232. [PMID: 31044254 PMCID: PMC6736758 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Last-minute travellers (LMTs) present challenges for health care providers because they may have insufficient time for recommended vaccinations or pre-travel preparation. Our objective was to obtain a better understanding of LMTs in order to help travel medicine providers develop improved strategies to decrease the number of LMTs and potentially reduce travel-related morbidity. METHODS We defined LMTs as travellers with a departure date of 7 days or fewer from the medical encounter. We analysed the characteristics and health preparation of 12 494 LMTs who presented to a network of US clinical practices for pre-travel health advice between January 2009 and December 2015. RESULTS LMTs comprised 16% of all travellers. More LMTs than non-LMTs travelled for business or to visit friends and relatives (VFR) (26% vs 16% and 15% vs 8%, respectively; P < 0.0001). More LMTs also travelled for longer than 1 month (27% vs 21%; P < 0.0001) and visited only urban areas (40% vs 29%; P < 0.0001). At least one travel vaccine was deferred by 18% of LMTs because of insufficient time before departure. Vaccines that required multiple vaccinations, such as Japanese encephalitis and rabies, were the most likely to be deferred because of time constraints. CONCLUSION Interventions to improve the timing of pre-travel health consultations should be developed, particularly for business and VFR travellers. Recently endorsed accelerated vaccine schedules for Japanese encephalitis and rabies may help some LMTs receive protection against these infections despite late presentation for pre-travel health care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sowmya R Rao
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison Taylor Walker
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Travelers' Health Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Douglas H Esposito
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Travelers' Health Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark Sotir
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Travelers' Health Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Regina C LaRocque
- Travelers' Advice and Immunization Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Travelers' Advice and Immunization Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Burdmann EA. Flaviviruses and Kidney Diseases. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2019; 26:198-206. [PMID: 31202392 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus comprises approximately 73 viruses, which share several common aspects, such as dimension, structure, nucleic acid properties, and shape in electronic microscopy. Global incidence of flavivirus infection increased dramatically over the last decades, causing large outbreaks in several areas of the world. These viruses are expanding from endemic tropical and subtropical areas to previously nonendemic areas, affecting and causing diseases in millions of individuals worldwide and posing a formidable challenge to public health in several countries. The majority of clinically significant flavivirus-associated infections are mosquito borne (arboviruses-acronym for ARthropod-BOrne VIRUSES), such as dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, and West Nile fever. Most diseases caused by flaviviruses are asymptomatic or manifest as self-limited, mild, undifferentiated febrile diseases. In a limited number of cases, these diseases may evolve to severe inflammatory, multisystem diseases, causing high morbidity and mortality. Some flaviviruses have been consistently identified in kidney tissue and urine and have been clinically associated with kidney diseases. In this review, we will provide an overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, kidney pathology, etiopathogenesis, and outcomes of acute and chronic kidney syndromes associated with dengue, yellow fever, Zika, and West Nile virus disease.
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22
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Li M, Wang B, Li L, Wong G, Liu Y, Ma J, Li J, Lu H, Liang M, Li A, Zhang X, Bi Y, Zeng H. Rift Valley Fever Virus and Yellow Fever Virus in Urine: A Potential Source of Infection. Virol Sin 2019; 34:342-345. [PMID: 30888606 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Liqiang Li
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Jinmin Ma
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Jiandong Li
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mifang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Xiuqing Zhang
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hui Zeng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, China.
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Phylogenomic analysis unravels evolution of yellow fever virus within hosts. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006738. [PMID: 30188905 PMCID: PMC6143276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The yellow fever virus (YFV) recently reemerged in the large outbreaks in Africa and Brazil, and the first imported patients into Asia have recalled the concerns of YFV evolution. Here we show phylogenomics of YFV with serial clinical samples of the 2016 YFV infections. Phylogenetics exhibited that the 2016 strains were close to Angola 1971 strains and only three amino acid changes presented new to other lineages. Deep sequencing of viral genomes discovered 101 intrahost single nucleotide variations (iSNVs) and 234 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Analysis of iSNV distribution and mutated allele frequency revealed that the coding regions were under purifying selection. Comparison of the evolutionary rates estimated by iSNV and SNP showed that the intrahost rate was ~2.25 times higher than the epidemic rate, and both rates were higher than the long-term YFV substitution rate, as expected. In addition, the result also hinted that short viremia duration of YFV might further hinder the evolution of YFV. The first importation of infections into China in 2016 and the following outbreaks in Africa and Brazil of yellow fever virus (YFV) have raised again the concerns of the potential viral spread into new territories. In this study, we aimed to know the evolution dynamics of YFV by using intrahost phylogenomics and to assess the risk of virus epidemics. Through deep sequencing of consecutive samples from 12 patients, we identified hundreds of genomic variations (iSNVs and SNPs), and noticed the nearly linear accumulation of variations within individuals. The estimated evolutionary rate within host is much higher than the epidemic evolutionary rate. In comparison with Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), which share similar host vectors (Aedes spp.), life cycles, mutation rates and replication strategies to YFV, the lower epidemic evolutionary rate of YFV might have been hindered by the shorter viremia duration, which decreased the accumulated variations to get into the transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D T Barrett
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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