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Davis AJ, Chipman RB, Nelson KM, Haley BS, Kirby JD, Ma X, Wallace RM, Gilbert AT. Evaluation of contingency actions to control the spread of raccoon rabies in Ohio and Virginia. Prev Vet Med 2024; 225:106145. [PMID: 38354432 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The raccoon (Procyon lotor) variant of the rabies virus (RRV) is enzootic in the eastern United States and oral rabies vaccination (ORV) is the primary strategy to prevent and control landscape spread. Breaches of ORV management zones occasionally occur, and emergency "contingency" actions may be implemented to enhance local control. Contingency actions are an integral part of landscape-scale wildlife rabies management but can be very costly and routinely involve enhanced rabies surveillance (ERS) around the index case. We investigated two contingency actions in Ohio (2017-2019 and 2018-2021) and one in Virginia (2017-2019) using a dynamic, multi-method occupancy approach to examine relationships between specific management actions and RRV occurrence, including whether ERS was sufficient around the index case. The RRV occupancy was assessed seasonally at 100-km2 grids and we examined relationships across three spatial scales (regional management zone, RRV free regions, and local contingency areas). The location of a grid relative to the ORV management zone was the strongest predictor of RRV occupancy at the regional scale. In RRV free regions, the neighbor effect and temporal variability were most important in influencing RRV occupancy. Parenteral (hand) vaccination of raccoons was important across all three contingency action areas, but more influential in the Ohio contingency action areas where more raccoons were hand vaccinated. In the Virginia contingency action area, ORV strategies were as important in reducing RRV occupancy as a hand vaccination strategy. The management action to trap, euthanize, and test (TET) raccoons was an important method to increase ERS, yet the impacts of TET on RRV occupancy are not clear. The probability of detecting additional cases of RRV was exceptionally high (>0.95) during the season the index case occurred. The probability of detecting RRV through ERS declined in the seasons following initial TET efforts but remained higher after the contingency action compared to the ERS detection probabilities prior to index case incidence. Local RRV cases were contained within one year and eliminated within 2-3 years of each contingency action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Davis
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA.
| | - Richard B Chipman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, NH, 03301, USA
| | - Kathleen M Nelson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, NH, 03301, USA
| | - Betsy S Haley
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, NH, 03301, USA
| | - Jordona D Kirby
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, NH, 03301, USA
| | - Xiaoyue Ma
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Ryan M Wallace
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Amy T Gilbert
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
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2
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Choudhary OP. One health and bat-borne henipaviruses. New Microbes New Infect 2024; 56:101195. [PMID: 38035121 PMCID: PMC10684794 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Bathinda, 151103, Punjab, India
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Guo A, Leung J, Ayers T, Fields VS, Safi H, Waters C, Curns AT, Routh JA, Haselow DT, Marlow MA, Marin M. Mumps vaccine effectiveness of a 3rd dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine in school settings during a mumps outbreak -- Arkansas, 2016-2017. Public Health Pract (Oxf) 2023; 6:100404. [PMID: 38099088 PMCID: PMC10719407 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2023.100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The largest mumps outbreak in the United States since 2006 occurred in Arkansas during the 2016-17 school year. An additional dose (third dose) of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR3) was offered to school children. We evaluated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of MMR3 compared with two doses of MMR for preventing mumps among school-aged children during the outbreak. Study design A generalized linear mixed effects model was used to estimate the incremental vaccine effectiveness (VE) of a third dose of MMR compared with two doses of MMR for preventing mumps. Methods We obtained school enrollment, immunization status and mumps case status from school registries, Arkansas's immunization registry, and Arkansas's mumps surveillance system, respectively. We included students who previously received 2 doses of MMR in schools with ≥1 mumps case after the MMR3 clinic. We used a generalized linear mixed model to estimate VE of MMR3 compared with two doses of MMR. Results Sixteen schools with 9272 students were included in the analysis. Incremental VE of MMR3 versus a two-dose MMR regimen was 52.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.6%‒78.4%) overall and in 8 schools with high mumps transmission it was 64.0% (95% CI: 1.2%‒86.9%). MMR3 VE was higher among middle compared with elementary school students (68.5% [95% CI: -30.2%‒92.4%] vs 37.6% [95% CI: -62.5%‒76.1%]); these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion Our findings suggest MMR3 provided additional protection from mumps compared with two MMR doses in elementary and middle school settings during a mumps outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Guo
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jessica Leung
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Tracy Ayers
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Virgie S. Fields
- Arkansas Department of Health, 4815 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
- Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Applied Epidemiology Fellowship, 2635 Century Pkwy NE #700, Atlanta, GA, 30345, USA
| | - Haytham Safi
- Arkansas Department of Health, 4815 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Catherine Waters
- Arkansas Department of Health, 4815 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Aaron T. Curns
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Janell A. Routh
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Dirk T. Haselow
- Arkansas Department of Health, 4815 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Mariel A. Marlow
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Mona Marin
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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Juneau CE, Briand AS, Collazzo P, Siebert U, Pueyo T. Effective contact tracing for COVID-19: A systematic review. Glob Epidemiol 2023; 5:100103. [PMID: 36959868 PMCID: PMC9997056 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2023.100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact tracing is commonly recommended to control outbreaks of COVID-19, but its effectiveness is unclear. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched four databases using a range of terms related to contact tracing effectiveness for COVID-19. We found 343 papers; 32 were included. All were observational or modelling studies. Observational studies (n = 14) provided consistent, very-low certainty evidence that contact tracing (alone or in combination with other interventions) was associated with better control of COVID-19 (e.g. in Hong Kong, only 1084 cases and four deaths were recorded in the first 4.5 months of the pandemic). Modelling studies (n = 18) provided consistent, high-certainty evidence that under assumptions of prompt and thorough tracing with effective quarantines, contact tracing could stop the spread of COVID-19 (e.g. by reducing the reproduction number from 2.2 to 0.57). A cautious interpretation indicates that to stop the spread of COVID-19, public health practitioners have 2-3 days from the time a new case develops symptoms to isolate the case and quarantine at least 80% of its contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Etienne Juneau
- Direction régionale de santé publique, CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Sara Briand
- École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pablo Collazzo
- Danube University Krems, Dr. Karl Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500 Krems, Austria and IEEM Universidad de Montevideo, Lord Ponsonby 2542, 16000 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Uwe Siebert
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT - University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Austria
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5
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Abstract
Global change in the Anthropocene has modified the environment of almost any species on earth, be it through climate change, habitat modifications, pollution, human intervention in the form of mass drug administration (MDA), or vaccination. This can have far-reaching consequences on all organisational levels of life, including eco-physiological stress at the cell and organism level, individual fitness and behaviour, population viability, species interactions and biodiversity. Host-parasite interactions often require highly adapted strategies by the parasite to survive and reproduce within the host environment and ensure efficient transmission among hosts. Yet, our understanding of the system-level outcomes of the intricate interplay of within host survival and among host parasite spread is in its infancy. We shed light on how global change affects host-parasite interactions at different organisational levels and address challenges and opportunities to work towards better-informed management of parasite control. We argue that global change affects host-parasite interactions in wildlife inhabiting natural environments rather differently than in humans and invasive species that benefit from anthropogenic environments as habitat and more deliberate rather than erratic exposure to therapeutic drugs and other control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstans Wells
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA28PP, UK.
| | - Robin Flynn
- Graduate Studies Office, South East Technological University, Cork Road Campus, Waterford, X91 K0EK, Ireland
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Juneau CE, Pueyo T, Bell M, Gee G, Collazzo P, Potvin L. Lessons from past pandemics: a systematic review of evidence-based, cost-effective interventions to suppress COVID-19. Syst Rev 2022; 11:90. [PMID: 35550674 PMCID: PMC9096744 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-022-01958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an unparalleled global response, during the COVID-19 pandemic, 90 countries asked 3.9 billion people to stay home. Yet other countries avoided lockdowns and focused on other strategies, like contact tracing. How effective and cost-effective are these strategies? We aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of the evidence on past pandemic controls, with a focus on cost-effectiveness. METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, MEDLINE (1946 to April week 2, 2020) and EMBASE (1974 to April 17, 2020) were searched using a range of terms related to pandemic control. Articles reporting on the effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of at least one intervention were included. RESULTS We found 1653 papers; 62 were included. The effectiveness of hand-washing and face masks was supported by randomized trials. These measures were highly cost-effective. For other interventions, only observational and modelling studies were found. They suggested that (1) the most cost-effective interventions are swift contact tracing and case isolation, surveillance networks, protective equipment for healthcare workers, and early vaccination (when available); (2) home quarantines and stockpiling antivirals are less cost-effective; (3) social distancing measures like workplace and school closures are effective but costly, making them the least cost-effective options; (4) combinations are more cost-effective than single interventions; and (5) interventions are more cost-effective when adopted early. For 2009 H1N1 influenza, contact tracing was estimated to be 4363 times more cost-effective than school closure ($2260 vs. $9,860,000 per death prevented). CONCLUSIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS For COVID-19, a cautious interpretation suggests that (1) workplace and school closures are effective but costly, especially when adopted late, and (2) scaling up as early as possible a combination of interventions that includes hand-washing, face masks, ample protective equipment for healthcare workers, and swift contact tracing and case isolation is likely to be the most cost-effective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Etienne Juneau
- Direction Régionale de Santé Publique, CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Matt Bell
- COVID-19 Work Group, Washington, D.C., USA
| | | | - Pablo Collazzo
- Danube University, Dr. Karl Dorrek Straße 30, 3500, Krems, Austria.
| | - Louise Potvin
- École de Santé Publique, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
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7
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McKinsey DS, Gasser C, McKinsey JP, Ditto G, Agard A, Zellmer B, Poteete C, Vagnone PS, Dale JL, Bos J, Hahn R, Turabelidze G, Poiry M, Franklin P, Vlachos N, McAllister GA, Halpin AL, Glowicz J, Ham DC, Epstein L. A comprehensive approach to ending an outbreak of rare bla OXA-72 gene-positive carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii at a Community Hospital, Kansas City, MO, 2018. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:1183-1185. [PMID: 33839188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We identified a cluster of extensively drug-resistant, carbapenemase gene-positive, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CP-CRAB) at a teaching hospital in Kansas City. Extensively drug-resistant CRAB was identified from eight patients and 3% of environmental cultures. We used patient cohorting and targeted environmental disinfection to stop transmission. After implementation of these measures, no additional cases were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Geri Ditto
- Research Medical Center, Kansas City, MO
| | | | | | | | - Paula Snippes Vagnone
- Minnesota Department of Health Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Section, St. Paul, MN
| | - Jennifer L Dale
- Minnesota Department of Health Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Section, St. Paul, MN
| | - John Bos
- Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City MO
| | - Rachael Hahn
- Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City MO
| | | | - Madison Poiry
- Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City MO
| | - Patrick Franklin
- Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City MO
| | - Nicholas Vlachos
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Gillian A McAllister
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alison Laufer Halpin
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Commissioned Corps, U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville MD
| | - Janet Glowicz
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - D Cal Ham
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lauren Epstein
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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8
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Miglietta A, de Waure C, Chronaki C, Wild C, Favaretti C, Timen A, Edelstein M, Petelos E. Health technology assessment applied to emergency preparedness: a new perspective. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2021; 37:e77. [PMID: 34269171 DOI: 10.1017/S0266462321000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Emergency preparedness is a continuous quality improvement process through which roles and responsibilities are defined to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from the impact of emergencies. This process results in documented plans that provide a backbone structure for developing the core capacities to address health threats. Nevertheless, several barriers can impair an effective preparedness planning, as it needs a 360° perspective to address each component according to the best evidence and practice. Preparedness planning shares common principles with health technology assessment (HTA) as both encompass a multidisciplinary and multistakeholder approach, follow an iterative cycle, adopt a 360° perspective on the impact of intervention measures, and conclude with decision-making support. Our "Perspective" illustrates how each HTA domain can address different component(s) of a preparedness plan that can indeed be seen as a container of multiple HTAs, which can then be used to populate the entire plan itself. This approach can allow one to overcome preparedness barriers, providing an independent, systematic, and robust tool to address the components and ensuring a comprehensive evaluation of their value in the mitigation of the impact of emergencies.
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Abstract
At the turn of the nineteenth century, yellow fever (YF) was considered the most dangerous infectious disease with high case fatality. Subsequent, mass vaccination campaigns coupled with widespread elimination of the YF mosquito vector significantly decreased YF cases and reduced outbreaks to the tropical and subtropical forested regions of Africa and South America. However, recent (2016) large outbreaks in Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and South-Eastern Brazil, where previously had been demarcated as low-risk regions, have highlighted the possibility of a rapidly changing epidemiology and the potential re-emergence of yellow fever virus (YFV). Furthermore, the first-ever importation of YFV into Asia has highlighted the potential fear of YFV emerging as a global threat. In this review, we describe the changing epidemiology of YF outbreaks, and highlight the use of public health policies, therapeutics, and vaccination as tools to help eliminate future YFV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Makha Bifani
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eugenia Z. Ong
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre @ SingHealth Duke-NUS (VIREMiCS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruklanthi de Alwis
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre @ SingHealth Duke-NUS (VIREMiCS), Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Tsou HH, Cheng YC, Yuan HY, Hsu YT, Wu HY, Lee FJ, Hsiung CA, Chen WJ, Sytwu HK, Wu SI, Shih SM, Wen TH, Kuo SC. The effect of preventing subclinical transmission on the containment of COVID-19: Mathematical modeling and experience in Taiwan. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 96:106101. [PMID: 32771432 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The control strategies preventing subclinical transmission differed among countries. A stochastic transmission model was used to assess the potential effectiveness of control strategies at controlling the COVID-19 outbreak. Three strategies included lack of prevention of subclinical transmission (Strategy A), partial prevention using testing with different accuracy (Strategy B) and complete prevention by isolating all at-risk people (Strategy C, Taiwan policy). The high probability of containing COVID-19 in Strategy C is observed in different scenario, had varied in the number of initial cases (5, 20, and 40), the reproduction number (1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3.5), the proportion of at-risk people being investigated (40%, 60%, 80%, to 90%), the delay from symptom onset to isolation (long and short), and the proportion of transmission that occurred before symptom onset (<1%, 15%, and 30%). Strategy C achieved probability of 80% under advantageous scenario, such as low number of initial cases and high coverage of epidemiological investigation but Strategy B and C rarely achieved that of 60%. Considering the unsatisfactory accuracy of current testing and insufficient resources, isolation of all at-risk people, as adopted in Taiwan, could be an effective alternative.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review At the turn of the nineteenth century, yellow fever (YF) was considered the most dangerous infectious disease with high case fatality. Subsequent, mass vaccination campaigns coupled with widespread elimination of the YF mosquito vector significantly decreased YF cases and reduced outbreaks to the tropical and subtropical forested regions of Africa and South America. Recent Findings However, recent (2016) large outbreaks in Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and South-Eastern Brazil, where previously had been demarcated as low-risk regions, have highlighted the possibility of a rapidly changing epidemiology and the potential re-emergence of yellow fever virus (YFV). Furthermore, the first-ever importation of YFV into Asia has highlighted the potential fear of YFV emerging as a global threat. Summary In this review, we describe the changing epidemiology of YF outbreaks and highlight the use of public health policies, therapeutics, and vaccination as tools to help eliminate future YFV outbreaks.
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Hoefer A, Pampaka D, Rivas Wagner E, Alemán Herrera A, García-Ramos Alonso E, López-Perea N, Cano Portero R, Herrera-León L, Herrera-León S, Núñez Gallo D. Management of a COVID-19 outbreak in a hotel in Tenerife, Spain. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 96:384-386. [PMID: 32425635 PMCID: PMC7231486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first accounts of SARS-CoV-2, authorities have encountered numerous unprecedented situations threatening public health. This rapid communication addresses events that led to the quarantining of a hotel in Tenerife, Spain and the effectiveness of the rapidly implemented control measures. In total, eight cases have been associated with the hotel. Due to the international nature of the guests, had these timely precautions not been in place, a multinational cluster might have formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hoefer
- National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; European Public Health Microbiology Training Programme (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Despina Pampaka
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Rivas Wagner
- Área Técnica de Salud Pública, Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Tenerife, Servicio Canario de Salud, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Araceli Alemán Herrera
- Dirección General de Salud Pública, Comunidad Autónoma de las Islas Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Noemí López-Perea
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Cano Portero
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrera-León
- National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Herrera-León
- National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo Núñez Gallo
- Dirección General de Salud Pública, Comunidad Autónoma de las Islas Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
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13
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Ahn K, Hwang GY, Kim YK, Kim HY, Jeong HR, Hong JS, Uh Y. Nosocomial Outbreak Caused by NDM-5 and OXA-181 Carbapenemase Co-producing Escherichia coli. Infect Chemother 2019; 51:177-182. [PMID: 31270997 PMCID: PMC6609740 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2019.51.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) is an important and increasing threat to global health. From July to September 2017, 20 inpatients at a tertiary care hospital in Korea were either colonized or infected with carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli strains. All of E. coli isolates co-produced blaNDM-5 and blaOXA-181 carbapenemase genes and shared ≥88% clonal relatedness on the basis of a cladistic calculation of the distribution of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Rapid detection of CPE is one of the most important factors to prevent CPE dissemination because it takes long time for CPE to become negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangjin Ahn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Korea
| | - Gyu Yel Hwang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Korea
| | - Young Keun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Korea.,Infection Control Department, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hyo Youl Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Korea.,Infection Control Department, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Korea.
| | - Hye Ran Jeong
- Infection Control Department, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jun Sung Hong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Uh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Korea.,Infection Control Department, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Korea.
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Robert A, Camacho A, Edmunds WJ, Baguelin M, Muyembe Tamfum JJ, Rosello A, Kéïta S, Eggo RM. Control of Ebola virus disease outbreaks: Comparison of health care worker-targeted and community vaccination strategies. Epidemics 2019; 27:106-114. [PMID: 30981563 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care workers (HCW) are at risk of infection during Ebola virus disease outbreaks and therefore may be targeted for vaccination before or during outbreaks. The effect of these strategies depends on the role of HCW in transmission which is understudied. METHODS To evaluate the effect of HCW-targeted or community vaccination strategies, we used a transmission model to explore the relative contribution of HCW and the community to transmission. We calibrated the model to data from multiple Ebola outbreaks. We quantified the impact of ahead-of-time HCW-targeted strategies, and reactive HCW and community vaccination. RESULTS We found that for some outbreaks (we call "type 1″) HCW amplified transmission both to other HCW and the community, and in these outbreaks prophylactic vaccination of HCW decreased outbreak size. Reactive vaccination strategies had little effect because type 1 outbreaks ended quickly. However, in outbreaks with longer time courses ("type 2 outbreaks"), reactive community vaccination decreased the number of cases, with or without prophylactic HCW-targeted vaccination. For both outbreak types, we found that ahead-of-time HCW-targeted strategies had an impact at coverage of 30%. CONCLUSIONS The vaccine strategies tested had a different impact depending on the transmission dynamics and previous control measures. Although we will not know the characteristics of a new outbreak, ahead-of-time HCW-targeted vaccination can decrease the total outbreak size, even at low vaccine coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Robert
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St. London. WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Anton Camacho
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St. London. WC1E 7HT UK; Epicentre, Paris, France
| | - W John Edmunds
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St. London. WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Marc Baguelin
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St. London. WC1E 7HT UK; Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | | | - Alicia Rosello
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK; Institute of Health Informatics, Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, UCL, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Sakoba Kéïta
- Ebola Response, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Rosalind M Eggo
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St. London. WC1E 7HT UK.
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15
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Qi L, Fan W, Xia X, Yao L, Liu L, Zhao H, Kong X, Liu J. Nosocomial outbreak of Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto fungaemia in a neonatal intensive care unit in China. J Hosp Infect 2018; 100:e246-e252. [PMID: 29928941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida parapsilosis is a common agent of fungaemia, but few outbreaks of Candida parapsilosis infection have been reported in China. AIM To elaborate an outbreak of nosocomial Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto fungaemia in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a comprehensive hospital in China from July to October 2017. METHODS Epidemics and characteristics of fungaemia cases were investigated. Surveillance samples were collected. Vitek 2 Compact System, internal transcribed spacer sequencing, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing were conducted to identify the isolates. Antifungal susceptibility test was performed for all bloodstream isolates. FINDINGS Sixteen neonates were diagnosed as Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto fungaemia during this period. Presenting symptoms included leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and respiratory crackles. Fifteen cases were cured whereas one case who suffered from severe concomitant diseases died. The isolates were susceptible to fluconazole, amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, and 5-fluorocytosine. A total of 313 surveillance samples were collected, and Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto was identified from 16 environmental samples and one sample from an ultrasonographer's hand. The colonized locations included wiping cloths, faucets, sinks, operating table, puddles in the bathroom, a ventilator, and an ultrasonic probe. The RAPD patterns of all the Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto isolates from bloodstream and surveillance samples were identical. The outbreak was controlled after a series of infection control measures. CONCLUSION Contaminated environment was associated with this outbreak. Close attention to immunocompromised patients, thorough environmental disinfection and hand hygiene should be strengthened in NICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Qi
- Department of Laboratory, Army General Hospital, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - W Fan
- Department of Laboratory, Army General Hospital, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - X Xia
- Department of Infection Control, Army General Hospital, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - L Yao
- Department of Laboratory, Army General Hospital, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - L Liu
- Department of Laboratory, Army General Hospital, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - H Zhao
- Department of Laboratory, Army General Hospital, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - X Kong
- Department of Extremely Preterm Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Army General Hospital, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - J Liu
- Department of Laboratory, Army General Hospital, PLA, Beijing, China.
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16
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Yadav S, Weng HY. Estimating the scale of adverse animal welfare consequences of movement restriction and mitigation strategies in a classical swine fever outbreak. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:83. [PMID: 28376865 PMCID: PMC5379744 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study aim was to quantify the impact of movement restriction on the well-being of pigs and the associated mitigation responses during a classical swine fever (CSF) outbreak. We developed a stochastic risk assessment model and incorporated Indiana swine industry statistics to estimate the timing and number of swine premises that would encounter overcrowding or feed interruption resulting from movement restriction. Our model also quantified the amount of on-farm euthanasia and movement of pigs to slaughter plants required to alleviate those conditions. We simulated various single-site (i.e., an outbreak initiated from one location) and multiple-site (i.e., an outbreak initiated from more than one location) outbreak scenarios in Indiana to estimate outputs. Results The study estimated that 14% of the swine premises in Indiana would encounter overcrowding or feed interruption due to movement restriction implemented during a CSF outbreak. The number of premises that would experience animal welfare conditions was about 2.5 fold of the number of infected premises. On-farm euthanasia needed to be performed on 33% of those swine premises to alleviate adverse animal welfare conditions, and more than 90% of on-farm euthanasia had to be carried out within 2 weeks after the implementation of movement restriction. Conversely, movement of pigs to slaughter plants could alleviate 67% of adverse animal welfare conditions due to movement restriction, and only less than 1% of movement of pigs to slaughter plants had to be initiated in the first 2 weeks of movement restrictions. The risk of secondary outbreaks due to movement of pigs from movement restriction areas to slaughter plants was low and only seven pigs from each shipment needed to be tested for CSF infection to prevent a secondary outbreak. Conclusions We found that the scale of adverse animal welfare consequences of movement restriction during a CSF outbreak in Indiana was substantial, and controlled movement of pigs to slaughter plants was an efficient and low-risk alternative mitigation response to on-farm euthanasia. The output estimates generated from this study provide empirical evidence for decision makers to properly incorporate required resources for mitigating adverse animal welfare conditions in CSF outbreak management strategic planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Yadav
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program (ORISE fellow), Orient Point, NY, 11957, USA
| | - Hsin-Yi Weng
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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17
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Kim E, Liao Q, Yu E, Kim J, Yoon S, Lam W, Fielding R. Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea during 2015: Risk-related perceptions and quarantine attitudes. Am J Infect Control 2016; 44:1414-1416. [PMID: 27130900 PMCID: PMC7115318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Korean public had low trust in the government for controlling the MERS outbreak. Korean public perceived low risk from contracting MERS during the MERS outbreak. Most Korean public believed that quarantine was ineffective to control MERS.
A telephone survey involving 200 household members in and around Seoul, South Korea, was completed during the maturity stage of the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in Korea during June 2015. The study found that respondents perceived low risk from contracting MERS, had low trust in government in controlling MERS, and generally held unfavorable attitudes toward quarantine.
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18
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Li ZJ, Tu WX, Wang XC, Shi GQ, Yin ZD, Su HJ, Shen T, Zhang DP, Li JD, Lv S, Cao CL, Xie RQ, Lu HZ, Jiang RM, Cao Z, An ZJ, Li LL, Xu J, Xiong YW, Zang W, Zhang W, Zhang HW, Chen WS, Ling H, Xu W, Cai J, Luo HJ, Xing XS, Zheng CJ, Wei Q, Li XX, Li M, Jiang H, Deng LQ, Chen MQ, Huo X, Xu F, Lai XH, Bai XC, Ye LJ, Yao JY, Yin WW, Sun JJ, Xiao L, Liu FQ, Liu XQ, Fan HW, Kou ZQ, Zhou JK, Zhang H, Ni DX, Samba TT, Li Q, Yu HJ, Wang Y, Liang XF. A practical community-based response strategy to interrupt Ebola transmission in sierra Leone, 2014-2015. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:74. [PMID: 27491387 PMCID: PMC4974705 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Ebola virus disease spread rapidly in West Africa in 2014, leading to the loss of thousands of lives. Community engagement was one of the key strategies to interrupt Ebola transmission, and practical community level measures needed to be explored in the field and tailored to the specific context of communities. Methods First, community-level education on Ebola virus disease (EVD) prevention was launched for the community’s social mobilizers in six districts in Sierra Leone beginning in November 2014. Then, from January to May of 2015, in three pilot communities, local trained community members were organized to engage in implementation of EVD prevention and transmission interruption measures, by involving them in alert case report, contact tracing, and social mobilization. The epidemiological indicators of transmission interruption in three study communities were evaluated. Results A total of 6 016 community social mobilizers from 185 wards were trained by holding 279 workshops in the six districts, and EVD message reached an estimated 631 680 residents. In three pilot communities, 72 EVD alert cases were reported, with 70.8 % of them detected by trained local community members, and 14 EVD cases were finally identified. Contact tracing detected 64.3 % of EVD cases. The median duration of community infectivity for the cases was 1 day. The secondary attack rate was 4.2 %, and no third generation of infection was triggered. No health worker was infected, and no unsafe burial and noncompliance to EVD control measures were recorded. The community-based measures were modeled to reduce 77 EVD cases, and the EVD-free goal was achieved four months earlier in study communities than whole country of Sierra Leone. Conclusions The community-based strategy of social mobilization and community engagement was effective in case detection and reducing the extent of Ebola transmission in a country with weak health system. The successfully practical experience to reduce the risk of Ebola transmission in the community with poor resources would potentially be helpful for the global community to fight against the EVD and the other diseases in the future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0167-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Jie Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Xiao Tu
- Public Health Emergency Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Wang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Shi
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zun-Dong Yin
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Jun Su
- Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Da-Peng Zhang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Dong Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Lv
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Li Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Qian Xie
- Chinese Center for Health Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Zhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong-Meng Jiang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Zhi-Jie An
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei-Lei Li
- Public Health Emergency Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Xu
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Wen Xiong
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zang
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Training, Chinese Center for Health Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Sen Chen
- Infection Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Ling
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Jian Cai
- Division of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Jin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Sheng Xing
- Division of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Can-Jun Zheng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Office of laboratory Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Xu Li
- National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Quan Deng
- Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, China
| | - Ming-Quan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Huo
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Hui Lai
- Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi-Chen Bai
- China Population Communication Center, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jian-Yi Yao
- Public Health Emergency Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Wu Yin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao-Jin Sun
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Jingzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-Wei Fan
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng-Qiang Kou
- Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Ji-Kun Zhou
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | | | - Da-Xin Ni
- Public Health Emergency Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas T Samba
- District Health Management Team, Western Area, Sierra Leone
| | - Qun Li
- Public Health Emergency Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Jie Yu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. .,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Feng Liang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. .,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Abstract
On May 20th 2015, a 68 year old man was the first to be diagnosed with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) in Korea. He travelled to Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar for 16 days. On May 4th 2015, the patient entered Korea, with febrile sense and respiratory symptoms that appeared on May 11th. The MERS-CoV Outbreak became worse and several patients had to be admitted throughout various hospitals starting at the beginning of June. This situation led to a nationwide chaos. The Rapid Response Team (RRT) was organized after the Korean government's calling for specialists that were composed of 15 Infectious disease Doctors and 2 Infection Control professionals on the 8th of June 2015. The main purpose of the RRT were: 1) consultation to the Government controlling MERS-CoV outbreak. 2) Visit hospitals that were exposed to MERS-CoV infected patients, and to provide advice regarding infection control strategy for rehabilitating of the exposed hospitals. Since June 8th, the RRT visited more than 10 hospitals and an effective consultation was carried out. Most of the hospitals were recovering from the MERS outbreak since early July. Cooperation between the government and private sector experts was very effective. The efforts of government and private sector experts overcame the initial chaos situation. It could prevent further deterioration of the MERS outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Korea
| | | | - Woo Joo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Rebmann T, Wilson KD, Loux T, Iqbal AZ, Peters EB, Peavler O. Outcomes, Approaches, and Challenges to Developing and Passing a Countywide Mandatory Vaccination Policy: St. Louis County's Experience with Hepatitis A Vaccine for Food Service Personnel. AIMS Public Health 2016; 3:116-130. [PMID: 29546151 PMCID: PMC5690268 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2016.1.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early 1990s, St. Louis County had multiple foodservice worker-related hepatitis A outbreaks uncontrolled by standard outbreak interventions. Restaurant interest groups and the general public applied political pressure to local public health officials for more stringent interventions, including a mandatory vaccination policy. Local health departments can enact mandatory vaccination policies, but this has rarely been done. The study objectives were to describe the approach used to pass a mandatory vaccination policy at the local jurisdiction level and illustrate the outcome from this ordinance 15 years later. A case study design was used. In-depth, semi-structured interviews using guided questions were conducted in spring, 2015, with six key informants who had direct knowledge of the mandatory vaccination policy process. Meeting minutes and/or reports were also analyzed. A Poisson distribution analysis was used to calculate the rate of outbreaks before and after mandatory vaccination policy implementation. The policy appears to have reduced the number of hepatitis A outbreaks, lowering the morbidity and economic burden in St. Louis County. The lessons learned by local public health officials in passing a mandatory hepatitis A vaccination policy are important and relevant in today's environment. The experience and lessons learned may assist other local health departments when faced with the potential need for mandatory policies for any vaccine preventable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri Rebmann
- Institute for Biosecurity, Saint Louis University, College for Public Health & Social Justice, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kristin D Wilson
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Saint Louis University, College for Public Health & Social Justice, USA
| | - Travis Loux
- Department of Biostatistics, Saint Louis University, College for Public Health & Social Justice, USA
| | - Ayesha Z Iqbal
- Center for Clinical Excellence, BJC HealthCare, St. Louis, MO
| | - Eleanor B Peters
- St. Louis County Department of Public Health, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Olivia Peavler
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Saint Louis University, College for Public Health & Social Justice, USA
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Jinadatha C, Simmons S, Dale C, Ganachari-Mallappa N, Villamaria FC, Goulding N, Tanner B, Stachowiak J, Stibich M. Disinfecting personal protective equipment with pulsed xenon ultraviolet as a risk mitigation strategy for health care workers. Am J Infect Control 2015; 43:412-4. [PMID: 25726129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The doffing of personal protective equipment (PPE) after contamination with pathogens such as Ebola poses a risk to health care workers. Pulsed xenon ultraviolet (PX-UV) disinfection has been used to disinfect surfaces in hospital settings. This study examined the impact of PX-UV disinfection on an Ebola surrogate virus on glass carriers and PPE material to examine the potential benefits of using PX-UV to decontaminate PPE while worn, thereby reducing the pathogen load prior to doffing. Ultraviolet (UV) safety and coverage tests were also conducted. PX-UV exposure resulted in a significant reduction in viral load on glass carriers and PPE materials. Occupational Safety and Health Administration-defined UV exposure limits were not exceeded during PPE disinfection. Predoffing disinfection with PX-UV has potential as an additive measure to the doffing practice guidelines. The PX-UV disinfection should not be considered sterilization; all PPE should still be considered contaminated and doffed and disposed of according to established protocols.
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22
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Bonačić Marinović AA, Koopmans M, Dittrich S, Teunis P, Swaan C, van Steenbergen J, Kretzschmar M. Speed versus coverage trade off in targeted interventions during an outbreak. Epidemics 2014; 8:28-40. [PMID: 25240901 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Which case-based intervention measures should be applied during an epidemic outbreak depends on how timely they can be applied and how effective they are. During the course of each individual's infection, the earlier control measures are applied on him/her the more effectively further disease spread can be prevented. However, quick implementation can lead to loss of efficacy or coverage, e.g., when individuals are targeted based on rapid but poorly sensitive diagnostic tests in place of slower but accurate PCR tests. To analyse this trade off between speed and coverage we used stochastic models considering how the individual reproduction density is modified by interventions. We took as example the case-based intervention strategy employed in the Netherlands during the beginning of the H1N1 pandemic. Suspected cases were isolated and samples were collected for PCR diagnosis. In case of positive diagnosis, antiviral drugs were provided to contacts as post-exposure prophylaxis. At the time there were also rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) available which provided results within an hour after sample collection compared to a median of 2.7 days for PCR tests, but they were less sensitive. We studied how interventions based on RIDTs with various sensitivities affect the outbreak size and how these compare to PCR diagnosis based interventions. Using an intervention based on a bedside RIDT with 60% detection ratio or a laboratory RIDT with 70% detection ratio is as effective as the most effective PCR-diagnosis based intervention. Relative performances of interventions are not dependent on the basic reproduction number R0 but only on distributions of individual reproduction density and of delay periods. The individual reproduction density combines R0 and infection time distribution, both crucial in determining the impact of case-based interventions during epidemic outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel A Bonačić Marinović
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Julius Centre for Health Sciences & Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Dittrich
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; European Public Health Microbiology Training Program (EPIET/EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden; Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Peter Teunis
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Corien Swaan
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jim van Steenbergen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Centre for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Kretzschmar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Julius Centre for Health Sciences & Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
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