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Pyke AT, Wilson DJ, Michie A, Mackenzie JS, Imrie A, Cameron J, Doggett SL, Haniotis J, Herrero LJ, Caly L, Lynch SE, Mee PT, Madzokere ET, Ramirez AL, Paramitha D, Hobson-Peters J, Smith DW, Weir R, Sullivan M, Druce J, Melville L, Robson J, Gibb R, van den Hurk AF, Duchene S. Independent repeated mutations within the alphaviruses Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus indicates convergent evolution and past positive selection in ancestral populations despite ongoing purifying selection. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae080. [PMID: 39411152 PMCID: PMC11477980 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Ross River virus (RRV) and Barmah Forest virus (BFV) are arthritogenic arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that exhibit generalist host associations and share distributions in Australia and Papua New Guinea (PNG). Using stochastic mapping and discrete-trait phylogenetic analyses, we profiled the independent evolution of RRV and BFV signature mutations. Analysis of 186 RRV and 88 BFV genomes demonstrated their viral evolution trajectories have involved repeated selection of mutations, particularly in the nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) and envelope 3 (E3) genes suggesting convergent evolution. Convergent mutations in the nsP1 genes of RRV (residues 248 and 441) and BFV (residues 297 and 447) may be involved with catalytic enzyme mechanisms and host membrane interactions during viral RNA replication and capping. Convergent E3 mutations (RRV site 59 and BFV site 57) may be associated with enzymatic furin activity and cleavage of E3 from protein precursors assisting viral maturation and infectivity. Given their requirement to replicate in disparate insect and vertebrate hosts, convergent evolution in RRV and BFV may represent a dynamic link between their requirement to selectively 'fine-tune' intracellular host interactions and viral replicative enzymatic processes. Despite evidence of evolutionary convergence, selection pressure analyses did not reveal any RRV or BFV amino acid sites under strong positive selection and only weak positive selection for nonstructural protein sites. These findings may indicate that their alphavirus ancestors were subject to positive selection events which predisposed ongoing pervasive convergent evolution, and this largely supports continued purifying selection in RRV and BFV populations during their replication in mosquito and vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa T Pyke
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Public and Environmental Health Reference Laboratories, Department of Health, Queensland Government, P.O. Box 594, Archerfield, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel J Wilson
- Big Data Institute, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Department for Continuing Education, University of Oxford, 1 Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JA, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Michie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - John S Mackenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Bentley, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Allison Imrie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Jane Cameron
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Public and Environmental Health Reference Laboratories, Department of Health, Queensland Government, P.O. Box 594, Archerfield, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen L Doggett
- NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, 166-174 Hawkesbury Road Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - John Haniotis
- NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, 166-174 Hawkesbury Road Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Lara J Herrero
- Gold Coast Campus, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, 1 Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia
| | - Leon Caly
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Stacey E Lynch
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Peter T Mee
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Eugene T Madzokere
- Gold Coast Campus, Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, 1 Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia
| | - Ana L Ramirez
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, P.O. Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, P.O. Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
- The Jackson Laboratory, 10 Discovery Drive Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, United States of America
| | - Devina Paramitha
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Bdg 68 Cooper Road, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Bdg 68 Cooper Road, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David W Smith
- NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, 166-174 Hawkesbury Road Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, P.O. Box 3000, Darwin, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - Mitchell Sullivan
- Public and Environmental Health Reference Laboratories, Department of Health, Queensland Government, P.O Box 594 Archerfield, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Lorna Melville
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, P.O. Box 3000, Darwin, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - Jennifer Robson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Pathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, P.O. Box 2014 Fortitude Valley, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Robert Gibb
- Serology, Pathology Queensland Central Laboratory, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, 40 Butterfield Street Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Andrew F van den Hurk
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Public and Environmental Health Reference Laboratories, Department of Health, Queensland Government, P.O. Box 594, Archerfield, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sebastian Duchene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Evolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
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Omler A, Mutso M, Vaher M, Freitas JR, Taylor A, David CT, Moseley GW, Liu X, Merits A, Mahalingam S. Exploring Barmah Forest virus pathogenesis: molecular tools to investigate non-structural protein 3 nuclear localization and viral genomic determinants of replication. mBio 2024; 15:e0099324. [PMID: 38953633 PMCID: PMC11323547 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00993-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Barmah Forest virus (BFV) is a mosquito-borne virus that causes arthralgia with accompanying rash, fever, and myalgia in humans. The virus is mainly found in Australia and has caused outbreaks associated with significant health concerns. As the sole representative of the Barmah Forest complex within the genus Alphavirus, BFV is not closely related genetically to other alphaviruses. Notably, basic knowledge of BFV molecular virology has not been well studied due to a lack of critical investigative tools such as an infectious clone. Here we describe the construction of an infectious BFV cDNA clone based on Genbank sequence and demonstrate that the clone-derived virus has in vitro and in vivo properties similar to naturally occurring virus, BFV field isolate 2193 (BFV2193-FI). A substitution in nsP4, V1911D, which was identified in the Genbank reference sequence, was found to inhibit virus rescue and replication. T1325P substitution in nsP2 selected during virus passaging was shown to be an adaptive mutation, compensating for the inhibitory effect of nsP4-V1911D. The two mutations were associated with changes in viral non-structural polyprotein processing and type I interferon (IFN) induction. Interestingly, a nuclear localization signal, active in mammalian but not mosquito cells, was identified in nsP3. A point mutation abolishing nsP3 nuclear localization attenuated BFV replication. This effect was more prominent in the presence of type I interferon signaling, suggesting nsP3 nuclear localization might be associated with IFN antagonism. Furthermore, abolishing nsP3 nuclear localization reduced virus replication in mice but did not significantly affect disease.IMPORTANCEBarmah Forest virus (BFV) is Australia's second most prevalent arbovirus, with approximately 1,000 cases reported annually. The clinical symptoms of BFV infection include rash, polyarthritis, arthralgia, and myalgia. As BFV is not closely related to other pathogenic alphaviruses or well-studied model viruses, our understanding of its molecular virology and mechanisms of pathogenesis is limited. There is also a lack of molecular tools essential for corresponding studies. Here we describe the construction of an infectious clone of BFV, variants harboring point mutations, and sequences encoding marker protein. In infected mammalian cells, nsP3 of BFV was located in the nuclei. This finding extends our understanding of the diverse mechanisms used by alphavirus replicase proteins to interact with host cells. Our novel observations highlight the complex synergy through which the viral replication machinery evolves to correct mutation errors within the viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailar Omler
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Bioengineering, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margit Mutso
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Vaher
- The Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Joseph R. Freitas
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre for Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam Taylor
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre for Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cassandra T. David
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory W. Moseley
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiang Liu
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre for Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Bioengineering, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre for Excellence in Arboviruses, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Michie A, Ernst T, Pyke AT, Nicholson J, Mackenzie JS, Smith DW, Imrie A. Genomic Analysis of Sindbis Virus Reveals Uncharacterized Diversity within the Australasian Region, and Support for Revised SINV Taxonomy. Viruses 2023; 16:7. [PMID: 38275942 PMCID: PMC10820390 DOI: 10.3390/v16010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Sindbis virus (SINV) is a widely dispersed mosquito-borne alphavirus. Reports of Sindbis disease are largely restricted to northern Europe and South Africa. SINV is frequently sampled in Australian mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance programs, but human disease has rarely been reported. Molecular epidemiological studies have characterized six SINV genotypes (G1-G6) based on E2 gene phylogenies, mostly comprising viruses derived from the African-European zoogeographical region and with limited representation of Australasian SINV. In this study, we conducted whole genome sequencing of 66 SINV isolates sampled between 1960 and 2014 from countries of the Australasian region: Australia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea. G2 viruses were the most frequently and widely sampled, with three distinct sub-lineages defined. No new G6 SINV were identified, confirming geographic restriction of these viruses to south-western Australia. Comparison with global SINV characterized large-scale nucleotide and amino acid sequence divergence between African-European G1 viruses and viruses that circulate in Australasia (G2 and G3) of up to 26.83% and 14.55%, respectively, divergence that is sufficient for G2/G3 species demarcation. We propose G2 and G3 are collectively a single distinct alphavirus species that we name Argyle virus, supported by the inapparent or mild disease phenotype and the higher evolutionary rate compared with G1. Similarly, we propose G6, with 24.7% and 12.61% nucleotide and amino acid sequence divergence, is a distinct alphavirus species that we name Thomson's Lake virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Michie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (A.M.); (T.E.)
| | - Timo Ernst
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (A.M.); (T.E.)
| | - Alyssa T. Pyke
- Department of Health, Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia;
| | - Jay Nicholson
- Environmental Health Directorate, Department of Health, Perth, WA 6000, Australia;
| | - John S. Mackenzie
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.S.M.); (D.W.S.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - David W. Smith
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.S.M.); (D.W.S.)
| | - Allison Imrie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (A.M.); (T.E.)
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Prevalence of Barmah Forest Virus, Chikungunya Virus and Ross River Virus Antibodies among Papua New Guinea Military Personnel before 2019. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020394. [PMID: 36851608 PMCID: PMC9966107 DOI: 10.3390/v15020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Barmah Forest virus (BFV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Ross River virus (RRV) belong to the Alphavirus genus of the family Togaviridae. All three virus infections have been reported in Papua New Guinea (PNG) previously, but the exact prevalence and distribution of these three alphaviruses in PNG has not been established. Sera collected from 204 PNG Military Personnel (PNGMP) study participants in April 2019 was tested for the presence of anti-BFV, anti-CHIKV and anti-RRV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) IgG detection kits, as well as for specific neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against individual viruses. Overall, sero-positivity of the sera was anti-BFV IgG 12.3% (25/204), anti-BFV NAb 8.3% (17/204); anti-CHIKV IgG 47.1% (96/204), anti-CHIKV NAb 34.8% (71/204); and anti-RRV IgG 93.1% (190/204), anti-RRV NAb 56.4% (115/204), respectively. Of the 137/204 participants that were Nab-positive for at least one virus, we identified 4 BFV, 40 CHIKV and 73 RRV single infections, and 9 RRV+CHIKV and 11 BFV+RRV double infections. The lower proportion of NAb sero-positive compared to the ELISA IgG sero-positive assay samples suggests that the currently available commercial ELISA detection kits for these three alphaviruses may not be suitable for diagnostic/surveillance purposes in endemic areas such as PNG, due to serological cross-reactivity among these three alphaviruses. Laboratory testing using known positive control sera indicated no cross-neutralization between BFV and RRV; however, some RRV or BFV single infection human sera demonstrated low-level cross-neutralization against CHIKV (the ratio of RRV/CHIKV NAb titers or BFV/CHIKV ≥ 4). Our preliminary results indicate that the majority of PNGMP have previously been exposed to RRV, with mild exposure to CHIKV and low-level exposure to BFV, suggesting that multiple alphaviruses have been circulating among PNGMP. The transmission landscapes of these three alphaviruses across PNG should be prioritized for further investigation, including identification of specific vectors and hosts that mediate human spillover in order to mitigate future outbreaks. Ongoing education regarding precautionary and protective measures are needed to better protect individuals who travel to PNG.
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Goi J, Koinari M, Muker S, Vinit R, Pomat W, Williams DT, Karl S. Comparison of Different Mosquito Traps for Zoonotic Arbovirus Vectors in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:823-827. [PMID: 35026726 PMCID: PMC8922509 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector surveillance is important to control mosquito-borne diseases. We compared the efficacies of three mosquito-trapping devices: the CDC light trap with incandescent light (CDC_I), the CDC light trap with ultraviolet light (CDC_UV), and the Biogents-sentinel (BG) trap, to identify a suitable and cost-effective surveillance tool for key vectors of neglected zoonotic arboviral diseases in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Of 13,788 female mosquitoes, CDC_I caught 7.9%, BG caught 14.5%, and CDC_UV caught 77.6%. Culex was the most predominant genus caught in all the traps. Centers for Disease Control light trap with ultraviolet light trap captured the highest abundance, highest species richness of mosquitoes and exhibited the highest overall Culex mosquito capture rates compared with BG and CDC_l. This study represents the first assessment of trapping devices for zoonotic arbovirus vectors in PNG. We recommend the CDC _UV trap for future monitoring and surveillance of infectious arboviral vector programs in PNG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelyn Goi
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Melanie Koinari
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia;,Address correspondence to Melanie Koinari, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, 1/14-88 McGregor Rd., Smithfield, Queensland, Australia. E-mail:
| | - Sakur Muker
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Rebecca Vinit
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - William Pomat
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - David T. Williams
- CSIRO, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Australia
| | - Stephan Karl
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea;,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Australia
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Matthews RJ, Kaluthotage I, Russell TL, Knox TB, Horwood PF, Craig AT. Arboviral Disease Outbreaks in the Pacific Islands Countries and Areas, 2014 to 2020: A Systematic Literature and Document Review. Pathogens 2022; 11:74. [PMID: 35056022 PMCID: PMC8779081 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne diseases pose a significant public health threat, accounting for greater than 17% of infectious disease cases and 1 million deaths annually. Across Pacific Island countries and areas (PICs), outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are increasing in frequency and scale. Data about arbovirus outbreaks are incomplete, with reports sporadic, delayed, and often based solely on syndromic surveillance. We undertook a systematic review of published and grey literature and contacted relevant regional authorities to collect information about arboviral activity affecting PICs between October 2014 and June 2020. Our literature search identified 1176 unique peer-reviewed articles that were reduced to 25 relevant publications when screened. Our grey literature search identified 873 sources. Collectively, these data reported 104 unique outbreaks, including 72 dengue outbreaks affecting 19 (out of 22) PICs, 14 chikungunya outbreaks affecting 11 PICs, and 18 Zika outbreaks affecting 14 PICs. Our review is the most complete account of arboviral outbreaks to affect PICs since comparable work was published in 2014. It highlights the continued elevated level of arboviral activity across the Pacific and inconsistencies in how information about outbreaks is reported and recorded. It demonstrates the importance of a One-Health approach and the role that improved communication and reporting between different governments and sectors play in understanding the emergence, circulation, and transboundary risks posed by arboviral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie J. Matthews
- Department of Medicine, Cairns Hospital, Cairns, QID 4870, Australia
| | - Ishani Kaluthotage
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QID 4870, Australia; (I.K.); (T.L.R.)
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QID 4870, Australia
| | - Tanya L. Russell
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QID 4870, Australia; (I.K.); (T.L.R.)
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QID 4870, Australia
| | - Tessa B. Knox
- Vanuatu Country Liaison Office, World Health Organization, Port Vila, Vanuatu;
| | - Paul F. Horwood
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QID 4811, Australia;
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QID 4811, Australia
| | - Adam T. Craig
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 1466, Australia
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Abdullah N, Ahemad N, Aliazis K, Khairat JE, Lee TC, Abdul Ahmad SA, Adnan NAA, Macha NO, Hassan SS. The Putative Roles and Functions of Indel, Repetition and Duplication Events in Alphavirus Non-Structural Protein 3 Hypervariable Domain (nsP3 HVD) in Evolution, Viability and Re-Emergence. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061021. [PMID: 34071712 PMCID: PMC8228767 DOI: 10.3390/v13061021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphavirus non-structural proteins 1–4 (nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4) are known to be crucial for alphavirus RNA replication and translation. To date, nsP3 has been demonstrated to mediate many virus–host protein–protein interactions in several fundamental alphavirus mechanisms, particularly during the early stages of replication. However, the molecular pathways and proteins networks underlying these mechanisms remain poorly described. This is due to the low genetic sequence homology of the nsP3 protein among the alphavirus species, especially at its 3′ C-terminal domain, the hypervariable domain (HVD). Moreover, the nsP3 HVD is almost or completely intrinsically disordered and has a poor ability to form secondary structures. Evolution in the nsP3 HVD region allows the alphavirus to adapt to vertebrate and insect hosts. This review focuses on the putative roles and functions of indel, repetition, and duplication events that have occurred in the alphavirus nsP3 HVD, including characterization of the differences and their implications for specificity in the context of virus–host interactions in fundamental alphavirus mechanisms, which have thus directly facilitated the evolution, adaptation, viability, and re-emergence of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshariza Abdullah
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.); (N.A.A.A.); (N.O.M.)
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Infectious Diseases and Health Cluster, Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Konstantinos Aliazis
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Jasmine Elanie Khairat
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Thong Chuan Lee
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia;
| | - Siti Aisyah Abdul Ahmad
- Immunogenetic Unit, Allergy and Immunology Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Amelia Azreen Adnan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.); (N.A.A.A.); (N.O.M.)
| | - Nur Omar Macha
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.); (N.A.A.A.); (N.O.M.)
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.); (N.A.A.A.); (N.O.M.)
- Infectious Diseases and Health Cluster, Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-5514-6340
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Suchowiecki K, Reid SP, Simon GL, Firestein GS, Chang A. Persistent Joint Pain Following Arthropod Virus Infections. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23:26. [PMID: 33847834 PMCID: PMC8042844 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-00987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Persistent joint pain is a common manifestation of arthropod-borne viral infections and can cause long-term disability. We review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of arthritogenic alphavirus infection. RECENT FINDINGS The global re-emergence of alphaviral outbreaks has led to an increase in virus-induced arthralgia and arthritis. Alphaviruses, including Chikungunya, O'nyong'nyong, Sindbis, Barmah Forest, Ross River, and Mayaro viruses, are associated with acute and/or chronic rheumatic symptoms. Identification of Mxra8 as a viral entry receptor in the alphaviral replication pathway creates opportunities for treatment and prevention. Recent evidence suggesting virus does not persist in synovial fluid during chronic chikungunya infection indicates that immunomodulators may be given safely. The etiology of persistent joint pain after alphavirus infection is still poorly understood. New diagnostic tools along and evidence-based treatment could significantly improve morbidity and long-term disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Suchowiecki
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Ave Suite 5-416, Washington, DC 20037 USA
| | - St. Patrick Reid
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900 USA
| | - Gary L. Simon
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Ave Suite 5-416, Washington, DC 20037 USA
| | - Gary S. Firestein
- UC San Diego Health Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive #0602, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Aileen Chang
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Ave Suite 5-416, Washington, DC 20037 USA
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Genome Sequence Analysis of First Ross River Virus Isolate from Papua New Guinea Indicates Long-Term, Local Evolution. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030482. [PMID: 33804215 PMCID: PMC8000771 DOI: 10.3390/v13030482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ross River virus (RRV) is the most medically significant mosquito-borne virus of Australia, in terms of human morbidity. RRV cases, characterised by febrile illness and potentially persistent arthralgia, have been reported from all Australian states and territories. RRV was the cause of a large-scale epidemic of multiple Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs) from 1979 to 1980, involving at least 50,000 cases. Historical evidence of RRV seropositivity beyond Australia, in populations of Papua New Guinea (PNG), Indonesia and the Solomon Islands, has been documented. We describe the genomic characterisation and timescale analysis of the first isolate of RRV to be sampled from PNG to date. Our analysis indicates that RRV has evolved locally within PNG, independent of Australian lineages, over an approximate 40 year period. The mean time to most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of the unique PNG clade coincides with the initiation of the PICTs epidemic in mid-1979. This may indicate that an ancestral variant of the PNG clade was seeded into the region during the epidemic, a period of high RRV transmission. Further epidemiological and molecular-based surveillance is required in PNG to better understand the molecular epidemiology of RRV in the general Australasian region.
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Liu W, Kizu JR, Matley DR, Grant R, McCallum FJ, Moller CG, Carthew TL, Hang J, Gubala AJ, Aaskov JG. Circulation of 2 Barmah Forest Virus Lineages in Military Training Areas, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:3061-3065. [PMID: 33219791 PMCID: PMC7706964 DOI: 10.3201/eid2612.191747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2017–2018, Barmah Forest virus was recovered from mosquitoes trapped in military training areas in Australia and from a soldier infected at 1 of these areas. Phylogenies of the nucleotide sequences of the envelope glycoprotein gene E2 and the 3′ untranslated region suggest that 2 lineages are circulating in eastern Australia.
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Zaid A, Burt FJ, Liu X, Poo YS, Zandi K, Suhrbier A, Weaver SC, Texeira MM, Mahalingam S. Arthritogenic alphaviruses: epidemiological and clinical perspective on emerging arboviruses. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 21:e123-e133. [PMID: 33160445 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viruses, or arboviruses, have been part of the infectious disease landscape for centuries, and are often, but not exclusively, endemic to equatorial and subtropical regions of the world. The past two decades saw the re-emergence of arthritogenic alphaviruses, a genus of arboviruses that includes several members that cause severe arthritic disease. Recent outbreaks further highlight the substantial public health burden caused by these viruses. Arthritogenic alphaviruses are often reported in the context of focused outbreaks in specific regions (eg, Caribbean, southeast Asia, and Indian Ocean) and cause debilitating acute disease that can extend to chronic manifestations for years after infection. These viruses are classified among several antigenic complexes, span a range of hosts and mosquito vectors, and can be distributed along specific geographical locations. In this Review, we highlight key features of alphaviruses that are known to cause arthritic disease in humans and outline the present findings pertaining to classification, immunogenicity, pathogenesis, and experimental approaches aimed at limiting disease manifestations. Although the most prominent alphavirus outbreaks in the past 15 years featured chikungunya virus, and a large body of work has been dedicated to understanding chikungunya disease mechanisms, this Review will instead focus on other arthritogenic alphaviruses that have been identified globally and provide a comprehensive appraisal of present and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zaid
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation, and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Felicity J Burt
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Services, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Xiang Liu
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation, and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Yee Suan Poo
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation, and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Keivan Zandi
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mauro M Texeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation, and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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Michie A, Ernst T, Chua ILJ, Lindsay MDA, Neville PJ, Nicholson J, Jardine A, Mackenzie JS, Smith DW, Imrie A. Phylogenetic and Timescale Analysis of Barmah Forest Virus as Inferred from Genome Sequence Analysis. Viruses 2020; 12:E732. [PMID: 32640629 PMCID: PMC7412159 DOI: 10.3390/v12070732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Barmah Forest virus (BFV) is a medically important mosquito-borne alphavirus endemic to Australia. Symptomatic disease can be a major cause of morbidity, associated with fever, rash, and debilitating arthralgia. BFV disease is similar to that caused by Ross River virus (RRV), the other major Australian alphavirus. Currently, just four BFV whole-genome sequences are available with no genome-scale phylogeny in existence to robustly characterise genetic diversity. Thirty novel genome sequences were derived for this study, for a final 34-taxon dataset sampled over a 44 year period. Three distinct BFV genotypes were characterised (G1-3) that have circulated in Australia and Papua New Guinea (PNG). Evidence of spatio-temporal co-circulation of G2 and G3 within regions of Australia was noted, including in the South West region of Western Australia (WA) during the first reported disease outbreaks in the state's history. Compared with RRV, the BFV population appeared more stable with less frequent emergence of novel lineages. Preliminary in vitro assessment of RRV and BFV replication kinetics found that RRV replicates at a significantly faster rate and to a higher, more persistent titre compared with BFV, perhaps indicating mosquitoes may be infectious with RRV for longer than with BFV. This investigation resolved a greater diversity of BFV, and a greater understanding of the evolutionary dynamics and history was attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Michie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (A.M.); (T.E.)
| | - Timo Ernst
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (A.M.); (T.E.)
| | - I-Ly Joanna Chua
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; (I-L.J.C.); (J.S.M.); (D.W.S.)
| | - Michael D. A. Lindsay
- Environmental Health Hazards, Department of Health, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; (M.D.A.L.); (P.J.N.); (J.N.); (A.J.)
| | - Peter J. Neville
- Environmental Health Hazards, Department of Health, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; (M.D.A.L.); (P.J.N.); (J.N.); (A.J.)
| | - Jay Nicholson
- Environmental Health Hazards, Department of Health, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; (M.D.A.L.); (P.J.N.); (J.N.); (A.J.)
| | - Andrew Jardine
- Environmental Health Hazards, Department of Health, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; (M.D.A.L.); (P.J.N.); (J.N.); (A.J.)
| | - John S. Mackenzie
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; (I-L.J.C.); (J.S.M.); (D.W.S.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley WA 6102, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4067, Australia
| | - David W. Smith
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; (I-L.J.C.); (J.S.M.); (D.W.S.)
| | - Allison Imrie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (A.M.); (T.E.)
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