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Hank M, Miratsky P, Ford KR, Clarup C, Imal O, Verbruggen FF, Zahalka F, Maly T. Exploring the interplay of trunk and shoulder rotation strength: a cross-sport analysis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1371134. [PMID: 38737828 PMCID: PMC11082744 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1371134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Trunk and shoulder strength are consistently shown to be involved in performance limitations, as well as contributing to stability, power output, and reducing the risk of injury. Although their biomechanical interaction is a critical aspect for athletes, there is limited research on the relationship between trunk and shoulder strength in sports where upper body mechanics are critical for optimal performance. Purpose: This study examined the differences and relationships between trunk rotational strength and shoulder rotational strength among athletes participating in mixed martial arts (MMA), tennis, swimming, and baseball. Methods: Maximal voluntary contraction tests were performed to evaluate strength of 39 professional adult male athletes from disciplines of MMA (n = 6), tennis (n = 11), swimming (n = 11) and baseball (n = 11). Peak force data were used in sports comparison and relationship analysis between trunk and shoulder rotation strength parameters. Results: The findings revealed a complex and significant relationship between trunk and shoulder strength, with unique patterns for each athletic discipline. Tennis players exhibited a strong correlation between trunk bilateral differences and internal shoulder rotation, while other disciplines demonstrated a more balanced use of trunk asymmetry. Swimmers displayed the best interactions between trunk and shoulder overall, emphasizing the aquatic environment's biomechanical demands. In MMA, the strongest correlation was between shoulder internal and external rotation with the trunk, mainly due to the number of defensive movements in addition to offensive ones. Baseball pitchers showed a significant correlation between internal/external shoulder rotation strength ratio and trunk asymmetry. Conclusion: While no differences in peak force variables were found, unique relationships between trunk and shoulder rotational performance were discovered. The results suggest a long-term sport-specific adaptation of the trunk-shoulder interaction in sports that require upper limb power movements. It seems, that the relationship between the various parameters of trunk and shoulder was influenced by the movement stereotype of each sport. Therefore, recognition of sport-specific interactions is critical to the development of effective training programs that enhance performance and potentially reduce injury risk in different sports. Researchers and practitioners should focus on longitudinally monitoring fluctuations in TRS and SRS relationships throughout each sport season and examining potential associations with injury incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikulas Hank
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Miratsky
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kevin R. Ford
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, United States
| | | | - Osman Imal
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ferdia Fallon Verbruggen
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Frantisek Zahalka
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Maly
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Slomka G, Schleip R, Frei P, Kurpiers N, Krämer M, Bauermeister K, Bauermeister W. The Influence of Mobility Training on the Myofascial Structures of the Back and Extremities. J Clin Med 2024; 13:329. [PMID: 38256463 PMCID: PMC10816048 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The subject of the study was the effect of a multicomponent program (Mobility Routine) on muscular and fascial stiffness, flexibility, subjective well-being, and body perception. METHODS The assumption was that high physical stress affects myofascial structures and joint range of motion. The assessment of myofascial stiffness employed a Shear Wave Elastography. The joint flexibility, pressure pain threshold, and subjective experiences with regard to tension, pain, and general discomfort were documented. RESULTS In the CT group, a greater increase in stiffness was measured in fewer measurement areas compared to the MR group. MR demonstrated superior gains in flexibility compared to CT. Both groups experienced significant reductions in pain, tension, and discomfort. In conclusion, repetitive motion patterns akin to CT lead to increased myofascial stiffness, whereas MR yields more balanced stiffness development, compensates for asymmetries, and improves body awareness. CONCLUSIONS Hence, this study highlights the advantages of mobility training over Crosstrainer exercises and provides valuable insights for the recommendation of training regimens aiming at the enhancement of musculoskeletal functionality and overall well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunda Slomka
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, Universitätsplatz 1, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany; (G.S.); (P.F.); (N.K.)
| | - Robert Schleip
- Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, Department Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Campus D, Georg-Bauchle-Ring 60/62, 80992 München, Germany;
- Department of Medical Professions, Diploma Hochschule, 37242 Bad Sooden-Allen, Germany
| | - Peter Frei
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, Universitätsplatz 1, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany; (G.S.); (P.F.); (N.K.)
| | - Nicolas Kurpiers
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, Universitätsplatz 1, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany; (G.S.); (P.F.); (N.K.)
| | - Michael Krämer
- Institute for Materials Technology, Technical University Darmstadt, Grafenstrasse 2, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Katharina Bauermeister
- Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, Department Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Campus D, Georg-Bauchle-Ring 60/62, 80992 München, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Bauermeister
- Department of Sports, Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, 4 Nauky Avenue, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine;
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Krajcigr M, Bahenský P, Vobr R, Marko D, Grosicki GJ. Relationship between body composition and anaerobic power with inter-limb difference dependence in Czech elite ice hockey players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1043-1050. [PMID: 37428100 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.14959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ice hockey includes symmetrical as well as asymmetrical movements. As such, possible difference in mass and strength, as well as performance variables, may be observed between limbs. METHODS We examined the relation between body composition and lower extremity anaerobic power in Czech elite ice hockey players with the inter-limb difference dependence. In total, 168 ice hockey players (age = 20.81, Q1 = 18.24, Q3 = 28.75) underwent body composition measurement and Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). The dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) leg was established. A Wilcoxon Signed Rank was used. The difference between the dominant and non-dominant lower extremities was evaluated using the dimensionless analysis and by setting the value for the dominant leg at 100%. RESULTS The difference in muscle mass (MM), fat mass (FM), and WAnT outcome variables (MP, RAP, MP5sP) between the right and left leg was greater than the difference between D and ND leg. Less total body fat mass (TBFM) and more total body muscle mass (TBMM) and lower extremities muscle mass (LEMM) were associated with higher WAnT outcome values. The dimensionless analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between almost all variables. CONCLUSIONS More TBMF and LEMM and less TBFM was better for WAnT. The difference between the right and left leg was greater than the difference between D and ND leg. If there is a difference between MM and FM of lower limbs than there could be difference between the power of lower limbs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Krajcigr
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic -
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic -
| | - Petr Bahenský
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Vobr
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Marko
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Sports Motor Skills Laboratory, Faculty of Sports, Physical Training and Education, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gregory J Grosicki
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University, Savannah, GA, USA
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Reichert L, Müller T, Wieland B, Fleddermann MT, Zentgraf K. Upper-body isometric horizontal strength in game sport athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1213957. [PMID: 37398557 PMCID: PMC10312092 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1213957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Imagine blocking the opposing defense linemen in American football to protect your quarterback or creating gaps in the opponents' defense by setting blocks as a pivot player in handball. Such movements require a pushing action away from the body with the arms and stabilizing the whole body in different postural positions. Upper-body strength obviously plays an important role during American football and handball as well as in other game sports with opponent contact such as basketball. Yet, the availability of appropriate tests to measure upper-body strength serving sport-specific requirements seems limited. Therefore, a whole-body setup to measure isometric horizontal strength in game sport athletes was developed. The purpose of the study was to verify validity and reliability of this setup and present empirical data from game sport athletes. In 119 athletes, isometric horizontal strength was measured in three game-like standing positions (upright, slightly leaning forward and clearly leaning forward), each in three weight-shift conditions (80% of body weight on the left leg, 50/50% on both legs, 80% on the right leg). Also, handgrip strength on both sides was measured in all athletes using a dynamometer. Linear regression indicated that handgrip strength is a significant predictor of upper-body horizontal strength in female (β = 0.70, p = 0.043) but not in male athletes (β = 0.31, p = 0.117). As an expertise-related factor, linear regression indicated that the number of years played at the top level is a predictor of the upper-body horizontal relative strength measure (β = 0.05, p = 0.03). Reliability analyses showed high levels of within-test reliability (ICC > 0.90) as well as test-retest reliability between two separate measurements (r > 0.77). The results indicate that the setup used in this study could be a valid tool for measuring performance-relevant upper-body horizontal strength in different game-like positions in professional game sport athletes.
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Bonavolontà V, Gallotta MC, Zimatore G, Curzi D, Ferrari D, Vinciguerra MG, Guidetti L, Baldari C. Chronic Effects of Asymmetric and Symmetric Sport Load in Varsity Athletes across a Six Month Sport Season. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2186. [PMID: 36767552 PMCID: PMC9916379 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The relation between specific sport practice and possible spine modifications is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different sports on the spine in adult varsity athletes across a six month sports season. Forty-four athletes (24.5 ± 3 years) were divided into two groups according to the typology of the sport practiced: the symmetric sports group (S, 22 athletes: track and field running, n = 14; cycling, n = 8), and the asymmetric sports group (A, 22 athletes: tennis, n = 22). The participants' spines were evaluated with Formetric® 4D rasterstereographic analysis at the beginning (BL), in the middle (INT), and at the end (FIN) of the season. Twenty-five parameters were measured in an average 4D modality. The results showed that the intervention factor (BL vs. FIN) had a significant effect on dimple distance (p < 0.05) and on left lateral deviation (BL vs. FIN and INT vs. FIN, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). Statistical differences were found for the sport typology factor for pelvic antero-retroversion and right lateral deviation. For left lateral deviation, no modulation was found for the sport typology. Asymmetric versus symmetric sport loads showed small statistical differences in a non-professional sample of adult athletes. The practice of asymmetric sports should also be encouraged without exceeding the total number of hours per week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Bonavolontà
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Gallotta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zimatore
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
| | - Davide Curzi
- Department Unicusano, University Niccolò Cusano, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Dafne Ferrari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
- Department Unicusano, University Niccolò Cusano, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Vinciguerra
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Laura Guidetti
- Department Unicusano, University Niccolò Cusano, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
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Choi CW, Koo JW, Jeong YG. An electromyographical comparison of torso muscle activity and ratio during modified side bridge exercises. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2023; 36:1355-1363. [PMID: 37458024 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-220380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individualized exercise programs based on personal impairment could lead to successful rehabilitation. An effective way to train spine stability is to find exercises that take advantage of the synergistic relation between local and global stabilization systems. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate synergistic relationship between the muscles of the local and global systems during three modified side bridge exercises compared with traditional side bridge (TSB). METHODS Twenty healthy participants performed TSB, both leg lift while side-lying (BLLS), torso lift on a 45∘ bench while side-lying (TLBS), and pelvic lift on side-lying (PLS) in random order. Surface electromyography data were analyzed. RESULTS The results indicate that PLS was effective as TSB on trunk muscle activity. However, BLLS and TLBS demonstrated significantly less rectus abdominal (RA) muscle activity compared to TSB (p< .001). Additionally, BLLS and TLBS had a higher internal oblique (IO)/RA muscle activity ratio than TSB (p< .001). CONCLUSIONS PLS could be a suitable alternative exercise for individuals who are unable to perform TSB, as it can effectively activate trunk muscles. BLLS and TLBS may be appropriate for training the local stability system, while limiting activation of the RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Whan Choi
- Rehabilitation Sciences PhD Program, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jung-Wan Koo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Gyu Jeong
- Department of Physical Therapy, Yeoju Institute of Technology, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Wang H. INFLUENCE OF ATHLETICS ON MUSCLE COMPOSITION AND BALANCE OF STUDENTS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction The physical quality of college students decreases annually, a problem that physical education teachers should consider. Athletics can exercise the body’s musculature integrally and improve young college students’ physical and psychological abilities. Objective Analyze the influence of athletics on the muscle composition and hemodynamic balance of students. Methods In a given university 70 volunteers were randomly selected and divided into experimental and control classes, with 35 students each. The experimental class chose a gymnastics course, while the control class performed athletic activities represented by running. Results Under continuously increasing exercise duration and intensity, the athletes gradually shifted from aerobic to anaerobic exercise, so that muscle oxygen saturation gradually decreased. The dynamic balance ability of the students in the experimental class was greatly improved compared to the control class, reaching a balanced state. Conclusion The athletic program proposed in this paper can promote the adjustment of athletes’ blood oxygen saturation, increase muscle oxygen delivery capacity, and exercise endurance, and fully promote fitness progress in the students. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Zhang Z. SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION OF A TRAINING MODEL ON ATHLETE’S CORE STRENGTH. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228062022_0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction The muscular structure that makes up the core is responsible for the central stabilization of the human body and controlling the movement of the body’s center of gravity. Core training is indispensable for improving physical performance in competitive sports. Objective To analyze the concepts, methods, and results of core strengthening in athletes. Methods Controlled research among several athletes for three months. The experimental group was approached with a training model for core strengthening of 30 minutes four times a week. The relationship between core strength and traditional strength training was confronted with the literature, logical analysis, and comparative analysis methods. Results After the core strength training, the athletes’ sports quality was improved, especially the abdominal strength and the strength of the dorsal muscle groups. The stability of deep core muscles, motor coordination, and core balance capacity was improved (P<0.05). Conclusion The presented model for strengthening running in athletes showed a high value of applicability and dissemination. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies – Investigating the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China
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Liu X. METHODS OF CORE STRENGTH TRAINING IN COLLEGE TENNIS PLAYERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228062022_0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Core strength training is essential for maintaining postural stability and explosive movement support, typical of tennis players. It has been proven that core strength training improves the motor coordination of the athlete’s whole body. Therefore, it is essential to develop specific approaches to strengthen the core in tennis players. Objective Analyze the effect of core strength training in college tennis players. Methods Twenty college tennis players were selected and randomly divided into two groups: core strength training and general training. Comparative results of the experiment were statistically processed for analysis on the effect of core strength training versus general strength training. Results There is a big difference in the level of fitness indicators before and after 14 weeks of core strength training (P < 0.05). The average gain in training speed of the athletes in the experimental group was 8.24% versus 1.05% in the control group. Conclusion Core strength training can improve the physical fitness of tennis players. Complementary core strengthening training can favor performance in matches and competition results. Evidence level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Wuchang Institute of Technology, China
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Jia C, Teng Y, Li J. PHYSICAL TRAINING SYSTEM ASSOCIATED WITH STRENGTHENING OF THE CORE IN YOUNG SWIMMERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228052022_0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: CORE fitness training in athletes is intimately related to their performance in competitive sports. However, few academic studies are dedicated to investigating this relationship in young swimmers. Objective: Verify the association between supplementary physical training focused on the CORE in young swimmers and their athletic performance. Methods: Randomized controlled study with 20 swimmers (12 males) born post-2000 was made in aquatic training three times a week for six months. The experimental group received a specific exercise protocol with emphasis on the CORE. The physiological comparison of the data considered the total time to complete the 400 and 800-meter freestyle swim. Results: After six months, the control group obtained a reduction of 2.6s versus 3.2s of the experimental group in the 400-meter freestyle swim; performance in the 800 meters revealed a reduction of 1s for the control group versus 4.5s of the experimental group, compared to the initial measurement. Conclusion: Supplemental fitness training focused on the CORE in young swimmers is positively associated with improvements in their athletic performance. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies – Investigating the results.
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Zemková E. Strength and Power-Related Measures in Assessing Core Muscle Performance in Sport and Rehabilitation. Front Physiol 2022; 13:861582. [PMID: 35586718 PMCID: PMC9108269 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.861582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While force-velocity-power characteristics of resistance exercises, such as bench presses and squats, have been well documented, little attention has been paid to load, force, and power-velocity relationships in exercises engaging core muscles. Given that power produced during lifting tasks or trunk rotations plays an important role in most sport-specific and daily life activities, its measurement should represent an important part of the test battery in both athletes and the general population. The aim of this scoping review was 1) to map the literature related to testing methods assessing core muscle strength and stability in sport and rehabilitation, chiefly studies with particular focus on force-velocity-power characteristics of exercises involving the use of core muscles, 2) and to identify gaps in existing studies and suggest further research in this field. The literature search was conducted on Cochrane Library databases, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and MEDLINE, which was completed by SpringerLink, Google Scholar and Elsevier. The inclusion criteria were met in 37 articles. Results revealed that among a variety of studies investigating the core stability and core strength in sport and rehabilitation, only few of them analyzed force-velocity-power characteristics of exercises involving the use of core muscles. Most of them evaluated maximal isometric strength of the core and its endurance. However, there are some studies that assessed muscle power during lifting tasks at different loads performed either with free weights or using the Smith machine. Similarly, power and velocity were assessed during trunk rotations performed with different weights when standing or sitting. Nevertheless, there is still scant research investigating the power-velocity and force-velocity relationship during exercises engaging core muscles in able-bodied and para athletes with different demands on stability and strength of the core. Therefore, more research is needed to address this gap in the literature and aim research at assessing strength and power-related measures within cross-sectional and intervention studies. A better understanding of the power-force-velocity profiles during exercises with high demands on the core musculature has implications for designing sport training and rehabilitation programs for enhancement of athletes' performance and/or decrease their risk of back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Sport Activity Load and Skeletomuscular Robustness in Elite Youth Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095083. [PMID: 35564478 PMCID: PMC9104919 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In an earlier report, bone mineral reference values for young athletes were developed. This study addressed variations in bone mineral parameters of young athletes participating in sports with different mechanical loads. The bone mineral status of 1793 male and female athletes, 11 to 20 years of age, in several sports was measured with DEXA. Specific bone mineral parameters were converted to z-scores relative to age- and sex-specific reference values specified by the DEXA software. Z-score profiles and principal components analyses were used to identify body structural components in the young athletes and to evaluate the associations between the identified component and type of sport defined by mechanical load. A unique skeletomuscular robusticity of male wrestlers, pentathletes, and cyclists was noted: wrestlers had significantly more developed skeletomuscular robusticity and bone mineral density compared to the age-group average among elite athletes, while pentathletes and cyclists had lower bone mineral parameters than the age-group references among elite athletes. Among female athletes, bone mineral parameters of both the trunk and extremities of rhythmic gymnasts and pentathletes were significantly lower compared to the age-group means for elite athletes. The bone mineral development of elite young athletes varies with the impact forces associated with their respective sports. The skeletal development of cyclists, pentathletes, and rhythmic gymnasts should be monitored regularly as their bone development lags behind that of their athlete peers and the reference for the general population.
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Johansson F, Gabbett T, Svedmark P, Skillgate E. External Training Load and the Association With Back Pain in Competitive Adolescent Tennis Players: Results From the SMASH Cohort Study. Sports Health 2021; 14:111-118. [PMID: 34693813 PMCID: PMC8655482 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211051636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In young tennis players, high loads on the spine and high training volumes in relation to age are associated with a high lifetime prevalence of back pain. The primary aim of this study was to investigate if accumulated external workload “spikes” in the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) of tennis training, match play, and fitness training, and if high or low workload/age ratio were associated with back pain events in competitive adolescent tennis players. Additional aims were to report the incidence of back pain stratified by sex and level of play and to describe the characteristics of players with back pain. Hypothesis: Rapid increases in external workload are associated with the incidence of back pain. Study Design: Cohort study of 198 competitive tennis players, 13 to 19 years, with a weekly follow-up for 52 consecutive weeks. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Accumulated external workload spikes (uncoupled ACWR >1.3), and the workload/age ratio, were time-varying exposures in Cox regression analyses with the outcome back pain (pain intensity ≥2/10 in the lower back and/or in the upper back/neck with a pain-related disability). Results: For each additional workload spike in tennis training/match play, the hazard rate ratio (HRR) was 1.17 (95% CI, 1.06-1.28) for back pain. The corresponding HRR for fitness training was 1.13 (95% CI, 1.05-1.22). Training workload/age ratio was not related to back pain. Conclusion: Accumulated external workload spikes of tennis training, match play, and/or fitness training are associated with a higher rate of back pain events in competitive adolescent tennis players. Clinical Relevance: Back pain is a troublesome clinical problem that may affect the performance of talented young tennis players. Structuring the training schedule to minimize rapid increases (ie, spikes) of training load on a weekly basis may enhance performance and reduce back pain in adolescent tennis players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Johansson
- Tennis Research and Performance Group, MUSIC, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Naprapathögskolan-Scandinavian College of Naprapathic Manual Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research for Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Clayfield, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
| | - Per Svedmark
- Center for Spine Surgery, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Skillgate
- Tennis Research and Performance Group, MUSIC, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research for Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Okada T, Iwai K, Hakkaku T, Nakazato K. The association of lower trunk muscle strength with low back pain in elite lightweight judokas is dependent on lumber spine abnormalities. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-210193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lumbar radiological abnormalities (LRA) and trunk muscle weakness are major causes of the low back pain (LBP). We reported that the prevalence of LRA was approximately 90% in middle- and heavyweight-judokas, independent to the occurrence of LBP. However, the trunk muscle weakness, especially the rotators, plays a key role in occurrence of LBP in heavyweight judokas. OBJECTIVE: To examine the trunk muscle strength (TMS) and LRA impact on LBP occurrence in lightweight judokas. METHOD: The strength of the trunk extensors, flexors, and rotators was measured in 32 lightweight male judokas. LBP and LRA were identified using a questionnaire, X-ray, and MRI. RESULTS: The occurrence rate of LBP and LRA were 40.6% and 62.5%, respectively, without any significant correlation. Among judokas without LRA, TMS of those with LBP were significantly lower than those without LBP (P< 0.05, the extensor; 60∘/s: ES [d] = 1.38, 90∘/s: ES [d] = 0.78, and 120∘/s: ES [d] = 0.37, flexor; 60∘/s: ES [d] = 1.48, dominant rotator; 60∘/s: ES [d] = 1.66, and 90∘/s: ES [d] = 1.87, non-dominant rotator; 90∘/s: ES [d] = 0.17, and dominant/non-dominant rotator ratio; 90∘/s: ES [d] = 1.55). Moreover, there were significant negative correlations between LBP severity and TMS (P< 0.05, the extensor; 90∘/s: r=-0.63, dominant rotator; 90∘/s: r=-0.648, and dominant/non-dominant rotator ratio; 90∘/s: r=-0.621) in judokas without LRA. RESULTS: The occurrence rate of LBP and LRA were 40.6% and 62.5%, respectively, without any significant correlation. Among judokas without LRA, the extensor (60, 90, and 120∘/s), flexor (60∘/s), dominant rotator (60 and 90∘/s), non-dominant rotator (90∘/s), and dominant/non-dominant rotator ratio (90∘/s) of judokas with LBP were significantly lower than those of the judokas without LBP. Moreover, there were significant negative correlations (P< 0.05) between LBP severity and the extensor (90∘/s; r=-0.63) and dominant rotator (90∘/s; r=-0.648) strength, and dominant/non-dominant rotator ratio (90∘/s; r=-0.621) in judokas without LRA. CONCLUSION: Weak trunk musculature may be a co-factor in the occurrence of LBP in lightweight judokas without LRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Okada
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Iwai
- Department of Athletics (Wrestling), Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takayoshi Hakkaku
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Bampouras TM, Wilson AJ, Papadopoulos K. Upper limb muscle strength and knee frontal plane projection angle asymmetries in female water-polo players. Sports Biomech 2021:1-12. [PMID: 34346848 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1956577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Water-polo players frequently perform overhead throws that could result in shoulder imbalances. For overhead throws, execution of the 'eggbeater kick' (cyclical movement of the legs) is required to lift the body out of the water. Although a symmetrical action, inter-limb differences in task execution could lead to knee frontal plane projection (FPPA) differences. The present study examined imbalances shoulder and knee FPPA in female players. Eighteen competitive female field players (24.1 ± 5.5 years, 1.68 ± 0.06 m, 72.9 ± 13.3 kg) had their shoulder strength assessed in a shot-mimicking position with a portable dynamometer, standing and seated (isolating the shoulder contribution). Anterior: posterior and shooting: non-shooting shoulder comparison were made. Additionally, players performed a drop jump. Knee FPPA was recorded from digitising and comparing the frames just before landing and at stance phase. During standing, players exhibited higher shooting: non-shooting asymmetry (p = 0.032) in the anterior contraction direction, while during seated the shooting shoulder anterior: posterior asymmetry was higher (p = 0.032). Interlimb knee FPPA asymmetry was higher in the stance phase (p = 0.02). Despite the overhead throwing and egg-beater demands impacting differently on each limb, considerable asymmetries do not develop, suggesting the overall training requirements (e.g. swimming, resistance training) were sufficient to maintain the asymmetry within desirable limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros M Bampouras
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Zemková E, Zapletalová L. Back Problems: Pros and Cons of Core Strengthening Exercises as a Part of Athlete Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5400. [PMID: 34070164 PMCID: PMC8158512 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While competitive training is usually associated with the prevalence of back pain and injuries in athletes, little attention is being paid to the positive effects of sport-specific exercises on core musculature in the prevention of back problems. This scoping review aims (i) to map the literature that addresses the effects on reduction of back problems following athlete training with differing demands on the core musculature and (ii) to identify gaps in the existing literature and propose future research on this topic. The main literature search was conducted on the MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases and was completed on Elsevier, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. A total of 21 research articles met the inclusion criteria. The findings of 17 studies identified that core strengthening and core stabilization exercises, alone or in combination with athlete training, contribute to the reduction of back pain in athletes, whereas only four studies revealed no significant association of core muscle strength and/or endurance with back problems. Nevertheless, more research is warranted to elucidate the pros and cons of purely sport-specific training with differing demands on the core musculature on back health in athletes. This could help us to design prevention strategies specifically tailored to individual athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, 812 19 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ludmila Zapletalová
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia;
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17
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Rausch AK, Baltisberger P, Meichtry A, Topalidis B, Ciurea A, Vliet Vlieland TPM, Niedermann K. Reliability of an adapted core strength endurance test battery in individuals with axial spondylarthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:1353-1360. [PMID: 32959189 PMCID: PMC7943491 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To adapt the core strength endurance test battery (aCSE), previously used for testing athletes, to a target group of patients with axial spondylarthritis (axSpA), to evaluate its intra-tester reliability and its associations with disease-specific factors. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at axSpA exercise therapy groups, including both axSpA patients and the physiotherapist group leaders (PTs). The aCSE was used to measure the isometric strength endurance of the ventral, lateral, and dorsal core muscle chains (measured in seconds), as well as to assess the disease-specific factors of functional status, self-reported pain, and perceived strength performance. The aCSE was repeated after 7-14 days to measure intra-tester reliability for the same rater (PT group leader). Reliability was calculated as an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) using a nested design. The associations between ventral, lateral, and dorsal strength endurance and the disease-specific factors were calculated using Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS Study participants were 13 PT group leaders and 62 axSpA patients. The latter were all capable of performing the aCSE, with the exception of one individual. A moderate to substantial intra-rater reliability (ICCs (95%CI)) was found for the ventral (0.54 (0.35, 0.74)), lateral (0.52 (0.33, 0.70)), and dorsal (0.71 (0.58, 0.86)) core muscle chains. None of the aCSE measures correlated with the disease-specific factors. CONCLUSION The aCSE was found to be a reliable test battery for assessing core strength endurance in axSpA patients. Interestingly, aCSE performance was not associated with any disease-specific factors. Key Points • The adapted core strength endurance test battery measures the isometric strength of the ventral, lateral and dorsal core muscle chains. • The adapted core strength endurance test battery showed a moderate to substantial intra-rater reliability for all three muscle chains tested in axSpA patients. • No correlations were found between the adapted core strength endurance test battery and the disease-specific factors of self-reported pain, functional status and perceived strength performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Rausch
- School of Health Professions, Institute of Physiotherapy, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Philipp Baltisberger
- School of Health Professions, Institute of Physiotherapy, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - André Meichtry
- School of Health Professions, Institute of Physiotherapy, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Topalidis
- Ankylosing Spondylitis Association of Switzerland, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Ciurea
- Department of Rheumatology, Zurich University Hospital, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theodora P M Vliet Vlieland
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Karin Niedermann
- School of Health Professions, Institute of Physiotherapy, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland
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18
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Zemková E, Kováčiková Z, Zapletalová L. Is There a Relationship Between Workload and Occurrence of Back Pain and Back Injuries in Athletes? Front Physiol 2020; 11:894. [PMID: 32792989 PMCID: PMC7394240 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The back is subjected to a great deal of strain in many sports. Up to 20% of all sports injuries involve an injury to the lower back or neck. Repetitive or high impact loads (e.g., running, gymnastics, skiing) and weight loading (e.g., weightlifting) affect the lower back. Rotation of the torso (e.g., golf, tennis) causes damage to both, the lumbar and thoracic spine. The cervical spine is most commonly injured in contact sports (e.g., boxing, football). One of the factors that increases the odds of injuries in athletes is excessive and rapid increases in training loads. In spite of currently emerging evidence on this issue, little is known about the balance between physiological loading on the spine and athletic performance, versus overloading and back pain and/or injury in athletes. This scoping review aims (i) to map the literature that addresses the association between the training load and the occurrence of back pain and/or injury, especially between the Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR) and back problems in athletes of individual and team sports, and (ii) to identify gaps in existing literature and propose future research on this topic. A literature search of six electronic databases (i.e., MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, SportDiscus, and CINAHL) was conducted. A total of 48 research articles met the inclusion criteria. Findings identified that fatigue of the trunk muscles induced by excessive loading of the spine is one of the sources of back problems in athletes. In particular, high training volume and repetitive motions are responsible for the high prevalence rates. The most influential are biomechanical and physiological variations underlying the spine, though stress-related psychological factors should also be considered. However, limited evidence exists on the relationship between the ACWR and back pain or non-contact back injuries in athletes from individual and team sports. This may be due to insufficiently specified the acute and chronic time window that varies according to sport-specific schedule of competition and training. More research is therefore warranted to elucidate whether ACWR, among other factors, is able to identify workloads that could increase the risk of back problems in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Sports Technology Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Medical Rehabilitation, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kováčiková
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ludmila Zapletalová
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Medical Rehabilitation, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
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