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Unuvar BS, Yilmaz K, Celik F. The acute effects of brace use on lower extremity performance in individuals with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Ir J Med Sci 2024; 193:1313-1319. [PMID: 38133839 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-023-03588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Braces have been a popular treatment option for scoliosis among healthcare professionals for many years. However, the effect of braces on scoliosis treatment remains a subject of ongoing debate and research. AIMS Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of wearing a spinal brace on vertical jump, postural control, reach distance, and fall risk in patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). METHODS We included 33 patients with AIS aged between 10 to 18 years old in our cross-sectional study. Patients were randomly subjected to vertical jump test, standing long jump test, timed up and go test, postural control, and forward reach test, while wearing and not wearing the scoliosis brace, respectively. RESULTS Our findings revealed that patients wearing scoliosis braces had significantly lower vertical jumps (p = .001), standing long jumps (p < .001), and forward reach distances with their dominant (p = .002) and non-dominant limbs (p = .007) compared to those who did not wear the brace. However, there was no significant difference in postural control and timed up and go test between the two groups (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that wearing a scoliosis brace may negatively affect an individual's vertical and standing long jumps, and forward reach distances. However, wearing or not wearing the brace had no significant effect on postural control and timed stand-up test. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to evaluate the overall effectiveness of scoliosis braces in treating AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayram Sonmez Unuvar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Audiology, KTO Karatay University, Karatay, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Kamil Yilmaz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, KTO Karatay University, Karatay, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fatih Celik
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Institute of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Yoshimoto M, Kawabata M, Miyata T, Sato Y, Naoi D, Ashihara M, Suzuki N, Ikoma C, Tatsuki H, Kuratsubo R, Watanabe H, Kusaba Y, Watanabe D. Association of Head-Neck Rotation With History of Pitching-Related Elbow Pain in Youth Baseball Players. Orthop J Sports Med 2024; 12:23259671241229079. [PMID: 38405009 PMCID: PMC10894543 DOI: 10.1177/23259671241229079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Prevention of pitching-related elbow pain in youth baseball players is important. Overhead pitching involves a whole-body motion, including head-neck rotation. A limited range of motion of head-neck rotation may cause inefficient pitching motion; however, this association is unclear. Purpose To determine whether the range of motion of head-neck rotation is associated with the history of pitching-related elbow pain in youth baseball players. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods A total of 311 youth baseball players were selected and asked to complete a questionnaire survey about their age, weight, height, sex, baseball experience, main position, pitching side, and previous/current elbow pain during pitching. The range of motion of the upper and lower limb joints, head-neck rotation, and thoracic kyphosis angle were measured. Binomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with the history of elbow pain related to pitching. Results There were 101 players with a history of pitching-related elbow pain (history group) and 142 players with no pitching-related elbow pain (no-history group). The history group had significantly lower values than the no-history group regarding the range of motion of head-neck rotation on the nondominant side (74.9°± 9° vs 77.7°± 9.6°; P = .02) and overall head-neck rotation (150.6°± 14.7° vs 154.9°± 18.4°; P = .04). Binomial logistic regression analysis identified head-neck rotation on the nondominant side (odds ratio [OR], 0.97 [95% CI, 0.94-1.00]), shoulder horizontal adduction on the dominant side (OR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.96-1.00]), height (OR, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.00-1.08]), and playing position (pitcher) (OR, 0.40 [95% CI, 0.21-0.76]) as factors associated with a history of pitching-related elbow pain. Conclusion Our cross-sectional analysis demonstrated that youth baseball players with a history of pitching-related elbow pain had limited head-neck rotation range of motion on the nondominant side, and this was a significant factor associated with the history of pitching-related elbow pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Yoshimoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Kawabata
- Investigation performed at the Department of Rehabilitation, Sagamihara Kyodo Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Toru Miyata
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sagamihara Kyodo Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sato
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sagamihara Kyodo Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Daichi Naoi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sagamihara Kyodo Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ashihara
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sagamihara Kyodo Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sagamihara Kyodo Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ikoma
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sagamihara Kyodo Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tatsuki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sagamihara Kyodo Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Ryota Kuratsubo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yohei Kusaba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sagamihara Kyodo Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daiki Watanabe
- Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Yokohama Minami Kyosai Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Almansoof HS, Nuhmani S, Muaidi Q. Role of kinetic chain in sports performance and injury risk: a narrative review. J Med Life 2023; 16:1591-1596. [PMID: 38406779 PMCID: PMC10893580 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The kinetic chain refers to the body's intricate coordination of various segments to perform a specific activity involving precise positioning, timing, and speed. This process is based on task-oriented and activity-specific pre-programmed muscle activation patterns enhanced by repeated practice. It demands muscular eccentric strength, joint flexibility, and musculotendinous elastic energy storage. The body core (lumbopelvic-hip complex) forms the kinetic chains' central point of activities in most sports because it facilitates load transfers to and from the limbs. The kinetic chain relationship with fascia, peripheral nerves, and tensegrity is fundamental to holistic human body movements. The kinetic chain function demands neuromuscular, sensorimotor, and neurocognitive control. Any blockage or defect in the kinetic chain can develop compensatory patterns, high demands on distal parts, and overuse and overload injuries. Taking a holistic approach and evaluating the integrity of the kinetic chain in athletes can significantly enhance efforts to improve sports performance and mitigate injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Saleh Almansoof
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shibili Nuhmani
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Qassim Muaidi
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Luo S, Soh KG, Zhang L, Zhai X, Sunardi J, Gao Y, Sun H. Effect of core training on skill-related physical fitness performance among soccer players: A systematic review. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1046456. [PMID: 36684974 PMCID: PMC9850239 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1046456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims This study aims to present an in-depth review of the available literature on the effect of core training on skill-related physical fitness performance among soccer players, as well as to offer suggestions for researchers and coaches. Methods The data in this study were presented based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Using scientific databases and web search engines including Scopus, Ebscohost, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar, researchers collected studies from the published literature. Only 26 of the 84 articles satisfied all the inclusion criteria and were thus included in the systematic review. The quality of each study was determined using the PEDro scale. The scores for 26 studies range between three and six. Results Core training can improve soccer players' skill-related physical fitness, including their power, speed, balance, and agility. Conclusion The core is the anatomic and functional center of the body as well as its "engine." All movements emanate from the center of the body and are transmitted to the extremities. The core muscles differ from the limb muscles because they frequently cocontract, thus making the torso hard to the point whereby all the muscles work together to become synergists. Theoretically, a strong core permits the passage of force from the lower body to the upper body with minimal energy loss in the torso. Based on the 26 studies, this review suggests that core training should be incorporated into the daily training sessions of soccer players, with a minimum frequency and length of 15 min per training session, twice per week, for 4 weeks. Systematic review registration https://inplasy.com, identifier INPLASY202290045.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyao Luo
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Kim Geok Soh
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Football Teaching, Faculty of Football College, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Lingling Zhang ✉
| | - Xiuwen Zhai
- Department of Language and Humanities Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Jaka Sunardi
- Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yongqi Gao
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - He Sun
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
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Kato K, Otoshi KI, Tominaga R, Kaga T, Igari T, Sato R, Konno SI. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of sacroiliac joint dysfunction in adolescent baseball players. J Orthop Sci 2022; 27:335-341. [PMID: 33750607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) dysfunction is a potential source of low back pain (LBP) in baseball players, who are more likely to be affected by loading of the SIJ in the throwing motion. However, the prevalence and characteristics of this condition have not been studied thoroughly. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of SIJ dysfunction among high school baseball players. METHODS Participants comprised 891 high school baseball players who had undergone annual medical evaluations (a self-completed questionnaire and physical examination). The prevalence of SIJ dysfunction and associations with the measurements of the flexibility of the spine and lower extremities such as finger-floor-distance, straight-leg-raising angle, heel-buttock-distance, Thomas test, and passive range of motion of the hip were investigated. RESULTS Twenty-two of 891 subjects (2.5%) met our criteria for SIJ dysfunction. Twelve subjects (55%) exhibited throwing arm side symptoms more commonly than in the non-throwing arm side (n = 3, 15%) or bilateral side (n = 7, 32%). Previous episodes of LBP were experienced significantly more frequently among subjects with SIJ dysfunction (n = 19, 86.4%) than among those without (n = 501, 57.7%; P = 0.015). The prevalence of present LBP that interfered with play was significantly higher among subjects with SIJ dysfunction (n = 9, 42.9%) than among those without (n = 118, 21.2%; P = 0.038). The prevalence of SIJ dysfunction as a source of LBP was estimated at 7.1% (9 of 127 subjects). After adjustment for associated factors using a logistic regression model, we observed a significant association between a limitation in hip internal rotation on the throwing arm side and SIJ dysfunction (odds ratio 3.11 [1.30-7.71]; P = 0.0109). CONCLUSIONS According to our criteria, the estimated prevalence of SIJ dysfunction among high school baseball players is 2.5%. There was a significant association between a limitation in hip internal rotation on the throwing arm side and SIJ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinshi Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Otoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Sports Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Koriyama City, Japan
| | - Ryoji Tominaga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kaga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Sports Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Koriyama City, Japan
| | - Takahiro Igari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ryohei Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Konno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
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Nagamoto H, Abe M, Konashi Y, Kimura R, Takahashi M, Oizumi A. Rotation-related sports players demonstrate rotation-type lumbar spondylolysis fracture angle and decreased hip internal rotation range of motion. J Orthop 2021; 28:101-106. [PMID: 34898928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Relationship between sports and spondylolysis fracture angle (SFA), and hip internal rotation range of motion (IR ROM) between the sports groups among athletes with spondylolysis were investigated. Sports requiring repeated rotation of the trunk and hips during most aspects of the activity was defined as rotation-related sports (RRS). The SFA was defined as rotation-type or horizontal-type by using the axial view of the CT scan. Percentage of rotation type and SFA of the non-dominant side for RRS group was significantly greater than those of non-RRS group. Hip IR ROM of RRS group was significantly smaller than that of non-RRS group. Level of evidence Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nagamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kurihara Centeral Hospital, Japan
| | - Masaya Abe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yu Konashi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kurihara Central Hospital, Japan
| | - Rei Kimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kurihara Centeral Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Akira Oizumi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kurihara Centeral Hospital, Japan
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Nakase K, Shitara H, Tajika T, Kuboi T, Ichinose T, Sasaki T, Hamano N, Endo F, Kamiyama M, Miyamoto R, Yamamoto A, Kobayashi T, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. The Relationship Between Dynamic Balance Ability and Shoulder Pain in High School Baseball Pitchers. Sports Health 2021; 14:397-403. [PMID: 34100673 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211019682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic balance is essential for pitching motion because pitching kinematics requires whole body coordination. The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and the Y balance test (YBT) evaluate dynamic balance quantitatively. There are some reports that investigated the relationship between SEBT/YBT and pain in upper and lower extremities, but there is no study among high school baseball pitchers. HYPOTHESIS Dynamic balance deficiency is associated with shoulder pain among high school baseball pitchers. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS A total of 259 male high school pitchers who participated in the preseason medical checkups were included in the study. YBT was used to measure their dynamic balance. The participants completed a questionnaire which asked if they were currently experiencing shoulder pain. RESULTS Twenty-two pitchers had shoulder pain during the preseason medical checkups. In the YBT, the posterolateral balance while standing with the axis leg as well as the posteromedial and posterolateral balance while standing with the step leg were significantly lower in the pain group than in the nonpain group (P = 0.05, 0.04, and 0.001, respectively). A logistic regression analysis showed that posterolateral balance when standing with the step leg was an independent risk factor for current shoulder pain (P = 0.04, odds ratio 0.942, 95% CI 0.892-0.996). CONCLUSION The dynamic balance of high school baseball pitchers with shoulder pain was lower than that of participants without shoulder pain. In particular, posterolateral direction with the step leg standing was significantly related to shoulder pain. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Among high school baseball pitchers, decreased dynamic balance was related to current shoulder pain. YBT maybe recommended in preseason medical checkups for high school baseball pitchers.
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Nakase K, Shitara H, Tajika T, Kuboi T, Ichinose T, Sasaki T, Hamano N, Endo F, Kamiyama M, Miyamoto R, Yamamoto A, Kobayashi T, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. An analysis of pre-season risk factors for low back injury in high-school baseball pitchers: a prospective study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11415. [PMID: 34075129 PMCID: PMC8169826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pitching motion requires whole-body coordination; therefore, poor control of the lower extremities, pelvis and trunk may cause shoulder and elbow injuries. However, few studies have described the relationship between the shoulder joint function and low back injury in high-school baseball pitchers. A total of 128 healthy high school pitchers underwent pre-season medical checkups, where their shoulder range of motion and shoulder strength were measured. The participants completed a self-recorded daily questionnaire regarding the presence of low back pain. Pitchers were divided into injured and non-injured groups. Low back injury was observed in 13 participants (13.4%). In the injured group, horizontal adduction on the dominant shoulder was significantly less than in the non-injured group. A logistic regression analysis showed that horizontal adduction on the dominant side was a significant independent risk factor for low back injury during the season. It is important to recognize that restriction of the shoulder function not only causes shoulder and elbow injuries but can also risk low back injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurumi Nakase
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shitara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajika
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takuro Kuboi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ichinose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hamano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masataka Kamiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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Cole WW, Savoie FH, O'Brien MJ. Assessment of Motion Loss in the Thrower's Shoulder. OPER TECHN SPORT MED 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otsm.2021.150804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Baseball pitching biomechanics in relation to pain, injury, and surgery: A systematic review. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:13-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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THE RELATIONSHIP OF RANGE OF MOTION, HIP SHOULDER SEPARATION, AND PITCHING KINEMATICS. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2020; 15:1119-1128. [PMID: 33344029 DOI: 10.26603/ijspt20201119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background When pitching a baseball, pelvic and trunk pitching kinematics play an integral role in momentum transfer from the lower extremity to the upper extremity. However, it is unknown how hip and trunk ROM and hip shoulder separation interplay with pelvic and trunk pitching kinematics. Hypothesis/Purpose To determine the relationship between clinical trunk and hip range of motion (ROM) and pitching biomechanical pelvis and trunk kinematics, and kinematic sequencing. Study Design Controlled biomechanical study. Methods High school pitchers were assessed for trunk rotation via motion capture and hip ROM via a goniometer prior to pitching. Trunk rotation was designated as dominant and non-dominant sides, and hips as stance and lead limbs. Pitchers threw four fastballs during three dimensional biomechanical assessment. Spearman's Rho correlations were performed between trunk and hip ROM, and trunk and hip biomechanical kinematics, and kinematic pitching sequence. Results Thirty-two pitchers (mean age: 16.3 ± 1.2 years, height = 184.0 ± 6.9 cm, mass = 76.8 ± 20.8 kg) were included in this study. Their mean pitch velocity was 34.7 ± 2.3 m/s, peak pelvis rotation velocity: 669.1 ± 95.5 deg/s, and peak trunk rotation velocity: 1084.7 ± 93.0 deg/s. There were no differences between dominant and non-dominant side trunk rotation, or between stance and lead hip ROM. There were no significant relationships between trunk or hip ROM and pitching kinematics. There was a significant relationship between hip shoulder separation and peak trunk rotation velocity (r = 0.390, p=0.027). There was a significant relationship between pitch velocity and peak trunk rotation velocity (r = 0.478, p = 0.006). There were no other significant relationships between pitching kinematics or kinematic sequencing. Conclusion Hip shoulder separation is related to trunk rotation velocity, and ultimately pitch velocity. These ROM measurements can be used as normative values for hip shoulder separation in high school pitchers. Level of Evidence 3.
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Yabe Y, Hagiwara Y, Sekiguchi T, Momma H, Tsuchiya M, Kanazawa K, Itaya N, Yoshida S, Sogi Y, Yano T, Onoki T, Itoi E, Nagatomi R. High prevalence of low back pain among young basketball players with lower extremity pain: a cross-sectional study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2020; 12:40. [PMID: 32655870 PMCID: PMC7339456 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-020-00189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Low back pain (LBP) is a common problem among young basketball players in addition to lower extremity injuries. However, studies that focus on LBP with lower extremity pain are limited. From the perspective of the kinematic chain, disrupted lower extremity function can lead to LBP. The association between these two symptoms in basketball players, however, has not been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the association between lower extremity pain and LBP among young basketball players. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on school-aged basketball players (n = 592). Information regarding their sporting activities was collected using a self-reported questionnaire. Musculoskeletal pain such as low back, knee, and ankle pain was assessed. The sports players with knee and/or ankle pain were defined as having lower extremity pain. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between lower extremity pain and LBP. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. The associations of knee or ankle pain with LBP were similarly assessed. Results School-aged basketball players had a point prevalence of 12.8% for LBP. Compared with the players without lower extremity pain, the players with lower extremity pain had higher rates of LBP, with an adjusted OR (95% CI) of 6.21 (3.57-10.80). There was also a significant association of knee and ankle pain with LBP. Compared with the players without knee or ankle pain, the adjusted ORs (95% CI) for LBP were 4.25 (2.55-7.07) in the players with knee pain and 3.79 (2.26-6.36) in the players with ankle pain. Conclusions Lower extremity pain was associated with LBP among school-aged basketball players. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanism of this association, which will provide useful information for prevention and treatment of LBP among young basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hagiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Japan.,Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
| | - Takuya Sekiguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Japan
| | - Haruki Momma
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Tohoku Fukushi University, 1-8-1 Kunimi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8522 Japan
| | - Kenji Kanazawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Itaya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Japan
| | - Shinichirou Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Japan
| | - Yasuhito Sogi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Japan
| | - Toshihisa Yano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Japan
| | - Takahiro Onoki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Japan
| | - Eiji Itoi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574 Japan
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan.,Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
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Devaney LL, Denegar CR, Thigpen CA, Lepley AS, Edgar C, DiStefano LJ. Preseason Neck Mobility Is Associated With Throwing-Related Shoulder and Elbow Injuries, Pain, and Disability in College Baseball Pitchers. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120920556. [PMID: 32523967 PMCID: PMC7235677 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120920556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shoulder and elbow injuries in baseball pitchers, which can lead to significant pain and disability, have been on the rise at all levels of play for 3 decades. Despite anatomic and neurophysiological relationships, neck mobility has not been explored as a contributor to shoulder and elbow injuries in baseball pitchers. Hypothesis Impaired neck mobility will increase the risk of shoulder and elbow injuries in college baseball pitchers. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Posture, neck mobility, and shoulder passive range of motion were measured in healthy college baseball pitchers during the 2018 preseason. Time loss (days lost because of shoulder or elbow injuries) and patient-reported disability via Functional Arm Scale for Throwers (FAST) scores were used to dichotomize pitchers into injured and uninjured groups. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated, and accuracy values and risk ratios (RRs) were calculated to assess the diagnostic utility of the physical measures. Time-to-injury analysis was conducted to assess the timing of injuries. Results A total of 49 pitchers (mean age, 19.92 ± 1.48 years; mean height, 187.04 ± 6.02 cm; mean weight, 89.14 ± 12.08 kg) completed the study. There were 10 pitchers (20.4%) who sustained a time-loss injury >7 days because of a shoulder or elbow injury. A Cervical Flexion-Rotation Test (CFRT) finding on the dominant side of ≤39° resulted in over 9 times the increased risk of time-loss injuries (RR, 9.38 [95% CI, 1.28-68.49]). Time-to-injury analysis demonstrated differences between the 2 groups (χ2 = 7.667; P = .01). Pitchers with a >39.25° finding on the CFRT played a mean 109.4 of 112 days (95% CI, 105-114) before the injury, while pitchers with ≤39.25° only played 83.6 of 112 days (95% CI, 68-99). A CFRT finding of ≤38° (RR, 3.91 [95% CI, 1.23-12.39]), cervical flexion range of motion of ≤64° (RR, 10.56 [95% CI, 1.50-74.34]), and weight of >86.9 kg (RR, 10.42 [95% CI, 1.14-213.70]) were also associated with an increased risk of patient-reported pain and disability on the FAST pitcher module. Conclusion College baseball pitchers with less neck mobility during the preseason had an increased risk of time loss and shoulder and elbow disability during the season. The predictive value of these measures as part of a risk screening profile should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Lee Devaney
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Craig R Denegar
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Adam S Lepley
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cory Edgar
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lindsay J DiStefano
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Panhan AC, Gonçalves M, Eltz GD, Villalba MM, Cardozo AC, Bérzin F. Electromyographic evaluation of trunk core muscles during Pilates exercise on different supporting bases. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2019; 23:855-859. [PMID: 31733772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the rectus abdominis (RA) and internal oblique (IO) muscles during Pilates exercise on different trunk supporting bases. METHODS Sixteen female Pilates practitioners participated in the study. EMG of the RA and OI muscles was evaluated during the double leg stretch (DLS) exercise on three different supporting bases - mat, long box, and short box. Trunk stability varies according to the size and type of the base. To normalize the data, the RMS value (EMG) obtained during the DLS exercise was divided by the RMS value from the torque test - the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) - and multiplied by 100 (%MVIC). One-way repeated-measured analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni tests were used to compare data concerning the supporting bases and Student t-test regarding the muscles (p < 0.05). RESULTS The comparison among the bases involving each muscle - RA or IO (p < 0.05) - showed significant difference (%MVIC) between the mat and the short box. No significant difference was observed between the muscles concerning the exercise on the mat (p = 0.9266), on the long box (p = 0.5113) and on the short box (p = 0.2972). CONCLUSION The short box increased the activity of the rectus abdominis and internal oblique muscles during exercise. The DLS exercise was able to challenge the stability of the trunk and thus recruit its stabilizer and mobilizer muscles at the same intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Panhan
- Department of Morphology (Anatomy), Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mauro Gonçalves
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana D Eltz
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina M Villalba
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adalgiso C Cardozo
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fausto Bérzin
- Department of Morphology (Anatomy), Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Plomp K, Viðarsdóttir US, Dobney K, Weston D, Collard M. Potential adaptations for bipedalism in the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae of Homo sapiens: A 3D comparative analysis. J Hum Evol 2019; 137:102693. [PMID: 31711026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A number of putative adaptations for bipedalism have been identified in the hominin spine. However, it is possible that some have been overlooked because only a few studies have used 3D and these studies have focused on cervical vertebrae. With this in mind, we used geometric morphometric techniques to compare the 3D shapes of three thoracic and two lumbar vertebrae of Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, and Pongo pygmaeus. The study had two goals. One was to confirm the existence of traits previously reported to distinguish the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae of H. sapiens from those of the great apes. The other was to, if possible, identify hitherto undescribed traits that differentiate H. sapiens thoracic and lumbar vertebrae from those of the great apes. Both goals were accomplished. Our analyses not only substantiated a number of traits that have previously been discussed in the literature but also identified four traits that have not been described before: (1) dorsoventrally shorter pedicles in the upper thoracic vertebrae; (2) dorsoventrally longer laminae in all five of the vertebrae examined; (3) longer transverse processes in the upper thoracic vertebrae; and (4) craniocaudally 'pinched' spinous process tips in all of the vertebrae examined. A review of the biomechanical literature suggests that most of the traits highlighted in our analyses can be plausibly linked to bipedalism, including three of the four new ones. As such, the present study not only sheds further light on the differences between the spines of H. sapiens and great apes but also enhances our understanding of how the shift to bipedalism affected the hominin vertebral column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Plomp
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, 14 Abercromby Square, Liverpool, L69 7WZ, UK.
| | - Una Strand Viðarsdóttir
- Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Læknagarður, Vatnsmýrarvegi 16, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Keith Dobney
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, 14 Abercromby Square, Liverpool, L69 7WZ, UK
| | - Darlene Weston
- Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, 6303 NW Marine Drive, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Mark Collard
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Bullock GS, Schmitt AC, Chasse PM, Little BA, Diehl LH, Butler RJ. The Relationship Between Trunk Rotation, Upper Quarter Dynamic Stability, and Pitch Velocity. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:261-266. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The overhead pitching motion is a coordinated sequence of movements that subjects the shoulder to extreme forces. The ultimate goal of this complex, dynamic activity is to generate high ball velocity and accuracy. In doing so, repetitive throwing can cause adaptive and pathologic changes in the thrower's shoulder. This article reviews the relevant shoulder anatomy, the kinetic chain, and throwing mechanics, as well as common shoulder injuries and surgical options for the treating orthopedic surgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Mlynarek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, 2912 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5328, USA
| | - Simon Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, 2912 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5328, USA
| | - Asheesh Bedi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shoulder and Sports Medicine, University of Michigan, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Lobby A, Suite 1000, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA.
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Wasser JG, Zaremski JL, Herman DC, Vincent HK. Prevalence and proposed mechanisms of chronic low back pain in baseball: part i. Res Sports Med 2017; 25:219-230. [PMID: 28128007 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2017.1282361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of low back pain (LBP) among active baseball players ranges between 3 and 15%. The execution of baseball-specific manoeuvres, such as pitching or batting, may be related to the onset of LBP. These baseball motions are complex and require appropriate activation of the core musculature to produce a well-timed motion with forces minimized at the extremities. The spine, core and back musculature are involved with acceleration and deceleration of rotational motions. This narrative review synopsizes the available evidence of the prevalence of and mechanical factors underlying LBP in the baseball population. Possible mechanical mechanisms linking baseball play to LBP include aberrant motion, improper timing, high lumbar stress due to mechanical loading and lumbopelvic strength deficits. Potential clinical implications relating to these possible mechanical mechanisms will also be highlighted. The state of the evidence suggests that there are deficits in understanding the role of baseball motion and playing history in the development of spine conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Wasser
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Research; Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , United States of America
| | - Jason L Zaremski
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Research; Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , United States of America
| | - Daniel C Herman
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Research; Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , United States of America
| | - Heather K Vincent
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Research; Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , United States of America
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Spencer S, Wolf A, Rushton A. Spinal-Exercise Prescription in Sport: Classifying Physical Training and Rehabilitation by Intention and Outcome. J Athl Train 2016; 51:613-628. [PMID: 27661792 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.10.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Identification of strategies to prevent spinal injury, optimize rehabilitation, and enhance performance is a priority for practitioners. Different exercises produce different effects on neuromuscular performance. Clarity of the purpose of a prescribed exercise is central to a successful outcome. Spinal exercises need to be classified according to the objective of the exercise and planned physical outcome. OBJECTIVE To define the modifiable spinal abilities that underpin optimal function during skilled athletic performance, clarify the effect of spinal pain and pathologic conditions, and classify spinal exercises according to the objective of the exercise and intended physical outcomes to inform training and rehabilitation. DESIGN Qualitative study. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We conducted a qualitative consensus method of 4 iterative phases. An exploratory panel carried out an extended review of the English-language literature using CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PubMed to identify key themes and subthemes to inform the definitions of exercise categories, physical abilities, and physical outcomes. An expert project group reviewed panel findings. A draft classification was discussed with physiotherapists (n = 49) and international experts. Lead physiotherapy and strength and conditioning teams (n = 17) reviewed a revised classification. Consensus was defined as unanimous agreement. RESULTS After the literature review and subsequent analysis, we defined spinal abilities in 4 categories: mobility, motor control, work capacity, and strength. Exercises were subclassified by functionality as nonfunctional or functional and by spinal displacement as either static (neutral spinal posture with no segmental displacement) or dynamic (dynamic segmental movement). The proposed terminology and classification support commonality of language for practitioners. CONCLUSIONS The spinal-exercise classification will support clinical reasoning through a framework of spinal-exercise objectives that clearly define the nature of the exercise prescription required to deliver intended physical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Spencer
- The English Institute of Sport, The Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Wolf
- The English Institute of Sport, The Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, Charing Cross Hospital, United Kingdom
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Liao CF, Liaw LJ, Wang RY, Su FC, Hsu AT. Relationship between trunk stability during voluntary limb and trunk movements and clinical measurements of patients with chronic stroke. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:2201-6. [PMID: 26311954 PMCID: PMC4540849 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purposes of this study were to investigate differences between patients
with chronic stroke and age matched healthy controls in trunk stability, by assessing the
kinematics of the center of mass and moving body segments during voluntary limb and trunk
movement, and the relationship between trunk stability and clinical measurements.
[Subjects and Methods] Fifteen stroke patients and 15 age- and gender-matched healthy
subjects participated. Each subject performed flexion of the hip and shoulder of the
non-paretic or matched side as fast as possible, as well as trunk flexion and extension at
a self-selected speed. A Qualisys motion system was employed to track the kinematics of
the trunk and limbs. [Results] Patients presented larger mediolateral displacement of the
center of mass during all limb and trunk movements, and larger velocity of center of mass
during hip flexion movement. Healthy subjects showed greater movement velocity during
shoulder flexion, trunk flexion and extension. Patients’ clinical measurements only
correlated with movement characteristics during voluntary trunk motions. [Conclusion]
Trunk stability in patients with chronic stroke was compromised during voluntary trunk as
well as non-paretic limb movements, and the voluntary trunk movements reflected the trunk
deficits measured using clinical measurements. Rehabilitation of patients with chronic
stroke should include programs to improve trunk stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Fen Liao
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Jiun Liaw
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan ; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Yau Wang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Chin Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan ; Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Ar-Tyan Hsu
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan ; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
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Granacher U, Schellbach J, Klein K, Prieske O, Baeyens JP, Muehlbauer T. Effects of core strength training using stable versus unstable surfaces on physical fitness in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2014; 6:40. [PMID: 25584193 PMCID: PMC4290805 DOI: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background It has been demonstrated that core strength training is an effective means to enhance trunk muscle strength (TMS) and proxies of physical fitness in youth. Of note, cross-sectional studies revealed that the inclusion of unstable elements in core strengthening exercises produced increases in trunk muscle activity and thus provide potential extra training stimuli for performance enhancement. Thus, utilizing unstable surfaces during core strength training may even produce larger performance gains. However, the effects of core strength training using unstable surfaces are unresolved in youth. This randomized controlled study specifically investigated the effects of core strength training performed on stable surfaces (CSTS) compared to unstable surfaces (CSTU) on physical fitness in school-aged children. Methods Twenty-seven (14 girls, 13 boys) healthy subjects (mean age: 14 ± 1 years, age range: 13–15 years) were randomly assigned to a CSTS (n = 13) or a CSTU (n = 14) group. Both training programs lasted 6 weeks (2 sessions/week) and included frontal, dorsal, and lateral core exercises. During CSTU, these exercises were conducted on unstable surfaces (e.g., TOGU© DYNAIR CUSSIONS, THERA-BAND© STABILITY TRAINER). Results Significant main effects of Time (pre vs. post) were observed for the TMS tests (8-22%, f = 0.47-0.76), the jumping sideways test (4-5%, f = 1.07), and the Y balance test (2-3%, f = 0.46-0.49). Trends towards significance were found for the standing long jump test (1-3%, f = 0.39) and the stand-and-reach test (0-2%, f = 0.39). We could not detect any significant main effects of Group. Significant Time x Group interactions were detected for the stand-and-reach test in favour of the CSTU group (2%, f = 0.54). Conclusions Core strength training resulted in significant increases in proxies of physical fitness in adolescents. However, CSTU as compared to CSTS had only limited additional effects (i.e., stand-and-reach test). Consequently, if the goal of training is to enhance physical fitness, then CSTU has limited advantages over CSTS. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02290457 Registered 13 November 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jörg Schellbach
- University College Physiotherapy Thim van der Laan, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Katja Klein
- University College Physiotherapy Thim van der Laan, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Baeyens
- University College Physiotherapy Thim van der Laan, Landquart, Switzerland ; Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Muehlbauer
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
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Abstract
The importance of function of the central core of the body for stabilisation and force generation in all sports activities is being increasingly recognised. 'Core stability' is seen as being pivotal for efficient biomechanical function to maximise force generation and minimise joint loads in all types of activities ranging from running to throwing. However, there is less clarity about what exactly constitutes 'the core', either anatomically or physiologically, and physical evaluation of core function is also variable. 'Core stability' is defined as the ability to control the position and motion of the trunk over the pelvis to allow optimum production, transfer and control of force and motion to the terminal segment in integrated athletic activities. Core muscle activity is best understood as the pre-programmed integration of local, single-joint muscles and multi-joint muscles to provide stability and produce motion. This results in proximal stability for distal mobility, a proximal to distal patterning of generation of force, and the creation of interactive moments that move and protect distal joints. Evaluation of the core should be dynamic, and include evaluation of the specific functions (trunk control over the planted leg) and directions of motions (three-planar activity). Rehabilitation should include the restoring of the core itself, but also include the core as the base for extremity function.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ben Kibler
- Lexington Clinic Sports Medicine Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40504, USA
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