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Singh CK, Sodhi KK. The emerging significance of nanomedicine-based approaches to fighting COVID-19 variants of concern: A perspective on the nanotechnology’s role in COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.1084033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, one of the worst-hit pandemics, has quickly spread like fire across nations with very high mortality rates. Researchers all around the globe are making consistent efforts to address the main challenges faced due to COVID-19 infection including prompt diagnosis and therapeutics to reduce mortality. Conventional medical technology does not effectively contain the havoc caused by deadly COVID-19. This signals a crucial mandate for innovative and novel interventions in diagnostics and therapeutics to combat this ongoing pandemic and counter its successor or disease if it were ever to arise. The expeditious solutions can spring from promising areas such as nanomedicine and nanotechnology. Nanomedicine is a dominant tool that has a huge potential to alleviate the disease burden by providing nanoparticle-based vaccines and carriers. Nanotechnology encompasses multidisciplinary aspects including artificial intelligence, chemistry, biology, material science, physical science, and medicine. Nanoparticles offer many advantages compared to larger particles, including better magnetic properties and a multiplied surface-to-volume ratio. Given this, the present review focuses on promising nanomedicine-based solutions to combat COVID-19 and their utility to control a broad range of pathogens and viruses, along with understanding their role in the therapy, diagnosis, and prevention of COVID-19. Various studies, reports, and recent research and development from the nanotechnology perspective are discussed in this article.
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Ingle RG, Zeng S, Jiang H, Fang WJ. Current development of bioanalytical sample preparation techniques in pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:517-529. [PMID: 36105159 PMCID: PMC9463481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sample preparation is considered as the bottleneck step in bioanalysis because each biological matrix has its own unique challenges and complexity. Competent sample preparation to extract the desired analytes and remove redundant components is a crucial step in each bioanalytical approach. The matrix effect is a key hurdle in bioanalytical sample preparation, which has gained extensive consideration. Novel sample preparation techniques have advantages over classical techniques in terms of accuracy, automation, ease of sample preparation, storage, and shipment and have become increasingly popular over the past decade. Our objective is to provide a broad outline of current developments in various bioanalytical sample preparation techniques in chromatographic and spectroscopic examinations. In addition, how these techniques have gained considerable attention over the past decade in bioanalytical research is mentioned with preferred examples. Modern trends in bioanalytical sample preparation techniques, including sorbent-based microextraction techniques, are primarily emphasized. Bioanalytical sampling techniques are described with suitable applications in pharmaceuticals. The pros and cons of each bioanalytical sampling techniques are described. Relevant biological matrices are outlined.
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Banc-Prandi G, Evensen NR, Barshis DJ, Perna G, Moussa Omar Y, Fine M. Assessment of temperature optimum signatures of corals at both latitudinal extremes of the Red Sea. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac002. [PMID: 35492414 PMCID: PMC9040280 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rising ocean temperatures are pushing reef-building corals beyond their temperature optima (Topt ), resulting in reduced physiological performances and increased risk of bleaching. Identifying refugia with thermally resistant corals and understanding their thermal adaptation strategy is therefore urgent to guide conservation actions. The Gulf of Aqaba (GoA, northern Red Sea) is considered a climate refuge, hosting corals that may originate from populations selected for thermal resistance in the warmer waters of the Gulf of Tadjoura (GoT, entrance to the Red Sea and 2000 km south of the GoA). To better understand the thermal adaptation strategy of GoA corals, we compared the temperature optima (Topt ) of six common reef-building coral species from the GoA and the GoT by measuring oxygen production and consumption rates as well as photophysiological performance (i.e. chlorophyll fluorescence) in response to a short heat stress. Most species displayed similar Topt between the two locations, highlighting an exceptional continuity in their respective physiological performances across such a large latitudinal range, supporting the GoA refuge theory. Stylophora pistillata showed a significantly lower Topt in the GoA, which may suggest an ongoing population-level selection (i.e. adaptation) to the cooler waters of the GoA and subsequent loss of thermal resistance. Interestingly, all Topt were significantly above the local maximum monthly mean seawater temperatures in the GoA (27.1°C) and close or below in the GoT (30.9°C), indicating that GoA corals, unlike those in the GoT, may survive ocean warming in the next few decades. Finally, Acropora muricata and Porites lobata displayed higher photophysiological performance than most species, which may translate to dominance in local reef communities under future thermal scenarios. Overall, this study is the first to compare the Topt of common reef-building coral species over such a latitudinal range and provides insights into their thermal adaptation in the Red Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Banc-Prandi
- Corresponding author: The Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel. Tel: +33 7 86 94 72 76.
| | - Nicolas R Evensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Daniel J Barshis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Gabriela Perna
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Youssouf Moussa Omar
- Center for Studies and Scientific Research of Djibouti, Route de l’Aéroport, BP 1000, Djibouti
| | - Maoz Fine
- The Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, 88103, Israel
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Tharayil A, Rajakumari R, Chirayil CJ, Thomas S, Kalarikkal N. A short review on nanotechnology interventions against COVID-19. EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 4:131-141. [PMID: 33554045 PMCID: PMC7856851 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 has affected all major aspects of the society in a global perspective. The role of nanotechnology is much sought after in fighting this pandemic. Advanced materials based on nanotechnology are the basis of several technologies starting from masks and personal protection equipment to specific diagnostic tools that could diminish the impact of COVID-19. Development of nanotechnology-based products is therefore an absolute necessity for fight against COVID-19. We examine the fundamental concepts related to virology, histopathologic findings and how nanotechnology can help in fighting the disease. In this review we discuss the state of the art and ongoing nanotechnology-based strategies like antiviral coatings, 3D printing and therapeutics to fight against this deadly disease. The importance of using nanoparticles in point of care tests and biosensors is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu Tharayil
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560 India
| | - R. Rajakumari
- International and Inter-University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560 India
| | | | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560 India
- International and Inter-University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560 India
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560 India
| | - Nandakumar Kalarikkal
- International and Inter-University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560 India
- School of Pure and Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560 India
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Monteleone A, Brandau L, Schary W, Wenzel F. Using autofluorescence for microplastic detection – Heat treatment increases the autofluorescence of microplastics1. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 76:473-493. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-209223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: More and more researchers are studying the effects of microplastics on the environment and the organisms living in it. Existing detection methods still require a heavy workload, complex sample preparation and high costs. In this study, autofluorescence of plastic was used as a new method for microplastic detection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Particles of common plastics were incubated at various temperatures (21–230 °C) for different time periods to investigate the influence of these conditions on their autofluorescence using methods like fluorescence microscopy, and measurement of absorption and emission. To give an example of an autofluorescence application, ImageJ was used to determine the contamination of microplastic in sea salt samples. RESULTS: After treatment at 140 °C for 12 h the plastics ABS, PVC and PA showed a distinct increase in their fluorescence intensity. For PET higher temperatures were necessary to achieve higher fluorescence intensities. Using ImageJ, the particle contamination in sea salt samples was determined as 4903±2522 (aluminium membrane) / 5053±2167 (silicone membrane) particles in 10 g salt, which is a much higher number than counted in other publications. DISCUSSION: Probably the increase in fluorescence intensity is due to the movement of atomic bonds caused by the thermic energy during the heat treatment. The high number of counted particles by using ImageJ is most likely based on the smaller pore size of the used filter membranes and other contaminations like dust and fibers, which could be avoided by alternative sample treatment. CONCLUSION: Considering the outcomes of this study, heat treatment is a useful tool to make microplastic particles more visible in microscopic applications without readable destruction of their composition. The heat treatment of plastics for defined incubation times and temperatures can lead to a distinct increase in autofluorescence intensity of the plastics and therefore serve as an easy and cost-effective applicable method for microplastic detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Monteleone
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Hochschule Furtwangen, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Lena Brandau
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Hochschule Furtwangen, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Weronika Schary
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Hochschule Furtwangen, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Folker Wenzel
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Hochschule Furtwangen, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
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Abstract
The immune system is composed of heterogeneous populations of immune cells that regulate physiological processes and protect organisms against diseases. Single cell technologies have been used to assess immune cell responses at the single cell level, which are crucial for identifying the causes of diseases and elucidating underlying biological mechanisms to facilitate medical therapy. In the present review we first discuss the most recent advances in the development of single cell technologies to investigate cell signaling, cell-cell interactions and cell migration. Each technology's advantages and limitations and its applications in immunology are subsequently reviewed. The latest progress toward commercialization, the remaining challenges and future perspectives for single cell technologies in immunology are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Ru Choi
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Celik HK, Kose O, Ulmeanu ME, Rennie AEW, Abram TN, Akinci I. Design and Additive Manufacturing of Medical Face Shield for Healthcare Workers Battling Coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Bioprint 2020; 6:286. [PMID: 33088997 PMCID: PMC7557567 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v6i4.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic, the demand for specific medical equipment such as personal protective equipment has rapidly exceeded the available supply around the world. Specifically, simple medical equipment such as medical gloves, aprons, goggles, surgery masks, and medical face shields have become highly in demand in the health-care sector in the face of this rapidly developing pandemic. This difficult period strengthens the social solidarity to an extent parallel to the escalation of this pandemic. Education and government institutions, commercial and noncommercial organizations and individual homemakers have produced specific medical equipment by means of additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which is the fastest way to create a product, providing their support for urgent demands within the health-care services. Medical face shields have become a popular item to produce, and many design variations and prototypes have been forthcoming. Although AM technology can be used to produce several types of noncommercial equipment, this rapid manufacturing approach is limited by its longer production time as compared to conventional serial/mass production and the high demand. However, most of the individual designer/maker-based face shields are designed with little appreciation of clinical needs and nonergonomic. They also lack of professional product design and are not designed according to AM (Design for AM [DfAM]) principles. Consequently, the production time of up to 4 – 5 h for some products of these designs is needed. Therefore, a lighter, more ergonomic, single frame medical face shield without extra components to assemble would be useful, especially for individual designers/makers and noncommercial producers to increase productivity in a shorter timeframe. In this study, a medical face shield that is competitively lighter, relatively more ergonomic, easy to use, and can be assembled without extra components (such as elastic bands, softening materials, and clips) was designed. The face shield was produced by AM with a relatively shorter production time. Subsequently, finite element analysis-based structural design verification was performed, and a three-dimensional (3D) prototype was produced by an original equipment manufacturer 3D printer (Fused Deposition Modeling). This study demonstrated that an original face shield design with <10 g material usage per single frame was produced in under 45 min of fabrication time. This research also provides a useful product DfAM of simple medical equipment such as face shields through advanced engineering design, simulation, and AM applications as an essential approach to battling coronavirus-like viral pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kursat Celik
- Department of Agricultural Machinery and Technology Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ozkan Kose
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mihaela-Elena Ulmeanu
- Department of Manufacturing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Allan E W Rennie
- Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas N Abram
- Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Akinci
- Department of Agricultural Machinery and Technology Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Behrmann O, Hügle M, Eckardt F, Bachmann I, Heller C, Schramm M, Turner C, Hufert FT, Dame G. 3D Printed Monolithic Microreactors for Real-Time Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae and the Resistance Gene blaNDM-1 by Recombinase Polymerase Amplification. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11060595. [PMID: 32560308 PMCID: PMC7344889 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the compatibility of three 3D printing materials towards real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (rtRPA). Both the general ability of the rtRPA reaction to occur while in contact with the cured 3D printing materials as well as the residual autofluorescence and fluorescence drift in dependence on post curing of the materials is characterized. We 3D printed monolithic rtRPA microreactors and subjected the devices to different post curing protocols. Residual autofluorescence and drift, as well as rtRPA kinetics, were then measured in a custom-made mobile temperature-controlled fluorescence reader (mTFR). Furthermore, we investigated the effects of storage on the devices over a 30-day period. Finally, we present the single- and duplex rtRPA detection of both the organism-specific Klebsiella haemolysin (khe) gene and the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1 (blaNDM-1) gene from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Results: No combination of 3D printing resin and post curing protocol completely inhibited the rtRPA reaction. The autofluorescence and fluorescence drift measured were found to be highly dependent on printing material and wavelength. Storage had the effect of decreasing the autofluorescence of the investigated materials. Both khe and blaNDM-1 were successfully detected by single- and duplex-rtRPA inside monolithic rtRPA microreactors printed from NextDent Ortho Clear (NXOC). The reaction kinetics were found to be close to those observed for rtRPA performed in a microcentrifuge tube without the need for mixing during amplification. Singleplex assays for both khe and blaNDM-1 achieved a limit of detection of 2.5 × 101 DNA copies while the duplex assay achieved 2.5 × 101 DNA copies for khe and 2.5 × 102 DNA copies for blaNDM-1. Impact: We expand on the state of the art by demonstrating a technology that can manufacture monolithic microfluidic devices that are readily suitable for rtRPA. The devices exhibit very low autofluorescence and fluorescence drift and are compatible with RPA chemistry without the need for any surface pre-treatment such as blocking with, e.g., BSA or PEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Behrmann
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany; (O.B.); (M.H.); (F.E.); (I.B.); (C.H.); (M.S.); (F.T.H.)
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hügle
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany; (O.B.); (M.H.); (F.E.); (I.B.); (C.H.); (M.S.); (F.T.H.)
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franz Eckardt
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany; (O.B.); (M.H.); (F.E.); (I.B.); (C.H.); (M.S.); (F.T.H.)
| | - Iris Bachmann
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany; (O.B.); (M.H.); (F.E.); (I.B.); (C.H.); (M.S.); (F.T.H.)
| | - Cecilia Heller
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany; (O.B.); (M.H.); (F.E.); (I.B.); (C.H.); (M.S.); (F.T.H.)
| | - Marina Schramm
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany; (O.B.); (M.H.); (F.E.); (I.B.); (C.H.); (M.S.); (F.T.H.)
| | - Carrie Turner
- National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down SP4 0JG, UK;
| | - Frank T. Hufert
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany; (O.B.); (M.H.); (F.E.); (I.B.); (C.H.); (M.S.); (F.T.H.)
| | - Gregory Dame
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany; (O.B.); (M.H.); (F.E.); (I.B.); (C.H.); (M.S.); (F.T.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Clifton W, Damon A, Martin AK. Considerations and Cautions for Three-Dimensional-Printed Personal Protective Equipment in the COVID-19 Crisis. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2020; 7:97-99. [PMID: 36655195 PMCID: PMC9586227 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2020.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent decline in available personal protective equipment (PPE) due to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has given rise to a host of three-dimensional (3D) printed prototypes for facemask and respirator units. Many of these models have been made open access and publicly available for printing and use, and have been promoted by various media outlets. Although these desktop 3D printing measures have provided a possible venue for success in providing homemade and cost-effective PPE to health care workers, the rapid dissemination of these prototypes has been performed without reproducible methods of standardization and vetted safety in use. Although these methods have not been sanctioned by authoritative organizations as viable production approaches to address the PPE shortage, a concerted effort within the 3D printing community to adhere to scientific methodology and organized research efforts has the potential to provide a solution to this critical issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Clifton
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Biotechnology Research and Innovation Neuroscience (B.R.A.I.N.) Additive Manufacturing Laboratory, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Address correspondence to: William Clifton, Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Aaron Damon
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Biotechnology Research and Innovation Neuroscience (B.R.A.I.N.) Additive Manufacturing Laboratory, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Archer K. Martin
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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