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Vazquez-Sanchez S, Tilkin B, Gasset-Rosa F, Zhang S, Piol D, McAlonis-Downes M, Artates J, Govea-Perez N, Verresen Y, Guo L, Cleveland DW, Shorter J, Da Cruz S. Frontotemporal dementia-like disease progression elicited by seeded aggregation and spread of FUS. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:46. [PMID: 38862967 PMCID: PMC11165889 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00737-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA binding proteins have emerged as central players in the mechanisms of many neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, a proteinopathy of fused in sarcoma (FUS) is present in some instances of familial Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and about 10% of sporadic Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Here we establish that focal injection of sonicated human FUS fibrils into brains of mice in which ALS-linked mutant or wild-type human FUS replaces endogenous mouse FUS is sufficient to induce focal cytoplasmic mislocalization and aggregation of mutant and wild-type FUS which with time spreads to distal regions of the brain. Human FUS fibril-induced FUS aggregation in the mouse brain of humanized FUS mice is accelerated by an ALS-causing FUS mutant relative to wild-type human FUS. Injection of sonicated human FUS fibrils does not induce FUS aggregation and subsequent spreading after injection into naïve mouse brains containing only mouse FUS, indicating a species barrier to human FUS aggregation and its prion-like spread. Fibril-induced human FUS aggregates recapitulate pathological features of FTLD including increased detergent insolubility of FUS and TAF15 and amyloid-like, cytoplasmic deposits of FUS that accumulate ubiquitin and p62, but not TDP-43. Finally, injection of sonicated FUS fibrils is shown to exacerbate age-dependent cognitive and behavioral deficits from mutant human FUS expression. Thus, focal seeded aggregation of FUS and further propagation through prion-like spread elicits FUS-proteinopathy and FTLD-like disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Vazquez-Sanchez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Britt Tilkin
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research and Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Fatima Gasset-Rosa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Present Address: Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Dr, San Diego, 92121, USA
| | - Sitao Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Diana Piol
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research and Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Melissa McAlonis-Downes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan Artates
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Noe Govea-Perez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yana Verresen
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research and Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6059, USA
| | - Sandrine Da Cruz
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research and Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
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Flavin WP, Hosseini H, Ruberti JW, Kavehpour HP, Giza CC, Prins ML. Traumatic brain injury and the pathways to cerebral tau accumulation. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1239653. [PMID: 37638180 PMCID: PMC10450935 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1239653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau is a protein that has received national mainstream recognition for its potential negative impact to the brain. This review succinctly provides information on the structure of tau and its normal physiological functions, including in hibernation and changes throughout the estrus cycle. There are many pathways involved in phosphorylating tau including diabetes, stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), brain injury, aging, and drug use. The common mechanisms for these processes are put into context with changes observed in mild and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). The phosphorylation of tau is a part of the progression to pathology, but the ability for tau to aggregate and propagate is also addressed. Summarizing both the functional and dysfunctional roles of tau can help advance our understanding of this complex protein, improve our care for individuals with a history of TBI, and lead to development of therapeutic interventions to prevent or reverse tau-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P. Flavin
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Department of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Helia Hosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Ruberti
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - H. Pirouz Kavehpour
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christopher C. Giza
- Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Department of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mayumi L. Prins
- Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Department of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Chen J, Fan A, Li S, Xiao Y, Fu Y, Chen JS, Zi D, Zeng LH, Tan J. APP mediates tau uptake and its overexpression leads to the exacerbated tau pathology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:123. [PMID: 37071198 PMCID: PMC11071805 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as the most common type of dementia, has two pathological hallmarks, extracellular senile plaques composed of β-amyloid peptides and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles containing phosphorylated-tau protein. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau each play central roles in AD, although how APP and tau interact and synergize in the disease process is largely unknown. Here, we showed that soluble tau interacts with the N-terminal of APP in vitro in cell-free and cell culture systems, which can be further confirmed in vivo in the brain of 3XTg-AD mouse. In addition, APP is involved in the cellular uptake of tau through endocytosis. APP knockdown or N-terminal APP-specific antagonist 6KApoEp can prevent tau uptake in vitro, resulting in an extracellular tau accumulation in cultured neuronal cells. Interestingly, in APP/PS1 transgenic mouse brain, the overexpression of APP exacerbated tau propagation. Moreover, in the human tau transgenic mouse brain, overexpression of APP promotes tau phosphorylation, which is significantly remediated by 6KapoEp. All these results demonstrate the important role of APP in the tauopathy of AD. Targeting the pathological interaction of N-terminal APP with tau may provide an important therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Anran Fan
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Song Li
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanlin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Jun-Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Dan Zi
- Department of Gynecology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Ling-Hui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Liu A, Hefley B, Escandon P, Nicholas SE, Karamichos D. Salivary Exosomes in Health and Disease: Future Prospects in the Eye. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076363. [PMID: 37047335 PMCID: PMC10094317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a group of vesicles that package and transport DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids to recipient cells. They can be derived from blood, saliva, urine, and/or other biological tissues. Their impact on several diseases, such as neurodegenerative, autoimmune, and ocular diseases, have been reported, but not fully unraveled. The exosomes that are derived from saliva are less studied, but offer significant advantages over exosomes from other sources, due to their accessibility and ease of collection. Thus, their role in the pathophysiology of diseases is largely unknown. In the context of ocular diseases, salivary exosomes have been under-utilized, thus creating an enormous gap in the literature. The current review discusses the state of exosomes research on systemic and ocular diseases and highlights the role and potential of salivary exosomes as future ocular therapeutic vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Liu
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Brenna Hefley
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Paulina Escandon
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Sarah E. Nicholas
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3430 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-817-735-2101
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5
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Dual action of exosomes derived from in vitro Aβ toxicity model: The role of age for pathological response. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 106:104874. [PMID: 36470179 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes released from different cell types of the central nervous system play an essential role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we aimed to create an animal model by injecting exosomes that carry AD markers into the brain to shed light on the mechanism behind Alzheimer's pathology. Exosomes obtained from mouse Neuro2A, to which Aβ toxicity model applied, were used as a mediator to build an AD phenotype. For this purpose, exosomes were administered into hippocampal CA3 region of mice with different ages. Firstly, the possible role of exosomes on brain volume was analyzed. Then, neurons and astrocytes were evaluated for survival. In addition, the progenitor cells' differentiation capacity was investigated via BrdU staining. AKT signaling pathway components were examined to detect the molecular mechanisms behind the exosomal function. We found different responses in different age groups. Expression of APP upregulated only in young animals upon delivery of Aβ-exosomes. Interestingly, young animals represented increased numbers of neurons in the hippocampus, and neurogenesis was found to be restricted after Aβ-Ex injections. However, in relation to exosome administration, the glial intensity increased in aged animals. Lastly, phosphorylation of survival kinase AKT was downregulated due to the presence of Aβ in both young and old animals. The findings reveal that the exosomes from an in vitro Aβ toxicity model may induce different responses in an age-dependent manner. This study is the first to report the relationship between exosomal function and aging by evaluating the key molecules.
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Jacopo M. Unconventional protein secretion (UPS): role in important diseases. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:2. [PMID: 36622461 PMCID: PMC9827022 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) is the new secretion process discovered in liquid form over three decades ago. More recently, UPS has been shown to operate also in solid forms generated from four types of organelles: fractions of lysosomes and autophagy (APh) undergoing exocytosis; exosomes and ectosomes, with their extracellular vesicles (EVs). Recently many mechanisms and proteins of these solid forms have been shown to depend on UPS. An additional function of UPS is the regulation of diseases, often investigated separately from each other. In the present review, upon short presentation of UPS in healthy cells and organs, interest is focused on the mechanisms and development of diseases. The first reported are neurodegenerations, characterized by distinct properties. Additional diseases, including inflammasomes, inflammatory responses, glial effects and other diseases of various origin, are governed by proteins generated, directly or alternatively, by UPS. The diseases most intensely affected by UPS are various types of cancer, activated in most important processes: growth, proliferation and invasion, relapse, metastatic colonization, vascular leakiness, immunomodulation, chemoresistence. The therapy role of UPS diseases depends largely on exosomes. In addition to affecting neurodegenerative diseases, its special aim is the increased protection against cancer. Its immense relevance is due to intrinsic features, including low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, stability, and crossing of biological barriers. Exosomes, loaded with factors for pharmacological actions and target cell sensitivity, induce protection against various specific cancers. Further expansion of disease therapies is expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meldolesi Jacopo
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884San Raffaele Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy ,CNR Institute of Neuroscience at the Milano-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
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7
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Noori L, Filip K, Nazmara Z, Mahakizadeh S, Hassanzadeh G, Caruso Bavisotto C, Bucchieri F, Marino Gammazza A, Cappello F, Wnuk M, Scalia F. Contribution of Extracellular Vesicles and Molecular Chaperones in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders of the CNS. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:927. [PMID: 36674442 PMCID: PMC9861359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the abnormal aggregation of misfolded proteins that form amyloid deposits which possess prion-like behavior such as self-replication, intercellular transmission, and consequent induction of native forms of the same protein in surrounding cells. The distribution of the accumulated proteins and their correlated toxicity seem to be involved in the progression of nervous system degeneration. Molecular chaperones are known to maintain proteostasis, contribute to protein refolding to protect their function, and eliminate fatally misfolded proteins, prohibiting harmful effects. However, chaperone network efficiency declines during aging, prompting the onset and the development of neurological disorders. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny membranous structures produced by a wide range of cells under physiological and pathological conditions, suggesting their significant role in fundamental processes particularly in cellular communication. They modulate the behavior of nearby and distant cells through their biological cargo. In the pathological context, EVs transport disease-causing entities, including prions, α-syn, and tau, helping to spread damage to non-affected areas and accelerating the progression of neurodegeneration. However, EVs are considered effective for delivering therapeutic factors to the nervous system, since they are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and are involved in the transportation of a variety of cellular entities. Here, we review the neurodegeneration process caused mainly by the inefficiency of chaperone systems as well as EV performance in neuropathies, their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and a promising EV-based therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Noori
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Kamila Filip
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Zohreh Nazmara
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Simin Mahakizadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 3149779453, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Bucchieri
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Federica Scalia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
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8
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Research Progress on Exosomes and MicroRNAs in the Microenvironment of Postoperative Neurocognitive Disorders. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3583-3597. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Joseph J, Rahmani B, Cole Y, Puttagunta N, Lin E, Khan ZK, Jain P. Can Soluble Immune Checkpoint Molecules on Exosomes Mediate Inflammation? J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:381-397. [PMID: 34697721 PMCID: PMC10128092 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints (ICPs) are major co-signaling pathways that trigger effector functions in immune cells, with isoforms that are either membrane bound, engaging in direct cell to cell activation locally, or soluble, acting at distant sites by circulating freely or potentially via extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes are small EVs secreted by a variety of cells carrying various proteins and nucleic acids. They are distributed extensively through biological fluids and have major impacts on infectious diseases, cancer, and neuroinflammation. Similarly, ICPs play key roles in a variety of disease conditions and have been extensively utilized as a prognostic tool for various cancers. Herein, we explored if the association between exosomes and ICPs could be a significant contributor of inflammation, particularly in the setting of cancer, neuroinflammation and viral infections, wherein the up regulation in both exosomal proteins and ICPs correlate with immunosuppressive effects. The detailed literature review of existing data highlights the significance and complexity of these two important pathways in mediating cancer and potentiating neuroinflammation via modulating overall immune response. Cells increasingly secret exosomes in response to intracellular signals from invading pathogens or cancerous transformations. These exosomes can carry a variety of cargo including proteins, nucleic acids, cytokines, and receptors/ligands that have functional consequences on recipient cells. Illustration generated using BioRender software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Joseph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Benjamin Rahmani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Yonesha Cole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Neha Puttagunta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Edward Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Zafar K Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.
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Cazzaro S, Fang C, Khan H, Witas R, Kee TR, Woo JAA, Kang DE. Slingshot homolog-1 mediates the secretion of small extracellular vesicles containing misfolded proteins by regulating autophagy cargo receptors and actin dynamics. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:933979. [PMID: 36092812 PMCID: PMC9452914 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.933979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the accumulation misfolded proteins in Alzheimer's disease (AD) arises from clearance defects in the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Misfolded proteins such as Aβ and tau are secreted in small extracellular vesicles (i.e., exosomes) and are propagated from cell to cell in part through secreted small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). Recent studies suggest that autophagic activity and exosome secretion are coregulated events, and multiple autophagy-related proteins are found in sEVs, including the cargo receptors Sqstm1/p62 and optineurin. However, whether and how autophagy cargo receptors per se regulate the secretion of sEVs is unknown. Moreover, despite the prominent role of actin dynamics in secretory vesicle release, its role in EV secretion is unknown. In this study, we leveraged the dual axes of Slingshot Homolog-1 (SSH1), which inhibits Sqstm1/p62-mediated autophagy and activates cofilin-mediated actin dynamics, to study the regulation of sEV secretion. Here we show that cargo receptors Sqstm1/p62 and optineurin inhibit sEV secretion, an activity that requires their ability to bind ubiquitinated cargo. Conversely, SSH1 increases sEV secretion by dephosphorylating Sqstm1/p62 at pSer403, the phospho-residue that allows Sqstm1/p62 to bind ubiquitinated cargo. In addition, increasing actin dynamics through the SSH1-cofilin activation pathway also increases sEV secretion, which is mimicked by latrunculin B treatment. Finally, Aβ42 oligomers and mutant tau increase sEV secretion and are physically associated with secreted sEVs. These findings suggest that increasing cargo receptor engagement with autophagic cargo and reducing actin dynamics (i.e., SSH1 inhibition) represents an attractive strategy to promote misfolded protein degradation while reducing sEV-mediated cell to cell spread of pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cazzaro
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Cenxiao Fang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Hirah Khan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Richard Witas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Teresa R. Kee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jung-A. A. Woo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - David E. Kang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Jackson NA, Guerrero-Muñoz MJ, Castillo-Carranza DL. The prion-like transmission of tau oligomers via exosomes. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:974414. [PMID: 36062141 PMCID: PMC9434014 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.974414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion and transmission of misfolded proteins established the basis for the prion concept. Neurodegenerative diseases are considered “prion-like” disorders that lack infectivity. Among them, tauopathies are characterized by the conversion of native tau protein into an abnormally folded aggregate. During the progression of the disease, misfolded tau polymerizes into oligomers and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). While the toxicity of NFTs is an ongoing debate, the contribution of tau oligomers to early onset neurodegenerative pathogenesis is accepted. Tau oligomers are readily transferred from neuron to neuron propagating through the brain inducing neurodegeneration. Recently, transmission of tau oligomers via exosomes is now proposed. There is still too much to uncover about tau misfolding and propagation. Here we summarize novel findings of tau oligomers transmission and propagation via exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel A. Jackson
- School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Diana L. Castillo-Carranza
- School of Medicine, University of Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Diana L. Castillo-Carranza,
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12
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Xu X, Wang H, Bennett DA, Zhang QY, Wang G, Zhang HY. Systems Genetic Identification of Mitochondrion-Associated Alzheimer's Disease Genes and Implications for Disease Risk Prediction. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1782. [PMID: 35892682 PMCID: PMC9330299 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence has revealed the association between mitochondrial dysfunction and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Because the number of mitochondrial genes is very limited, the mitochondrial pathogenesis of AD must involve certain nuclear genes. In this study, we employed systems genetic methods to identify mitochondrion-associated nuclear genes that may participate in the pathogenesis of AD. First, we performed a mitochondrial genome-wide association study (MiWAS, n = 809) to identify mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms (MT-SNPs) associated with AD. Then, epistasis analysis was performed to examine interacting SNPs between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to transcriptomic data from the same sample (n = 743) to identify AD-related gene modules, which were further enriched by mitochondrion-associated genes. Using hub genes derived from these modules, random forest models were constructed to predict AD risk in four independent datasets (n = 743, n = 542, n = 161, and n = 540). In total, 9 potentially significant MT-SNPs and 14,340 nominally significant MT-nuclear interactive SNPs were identified for AD, which were validated by functional analysis. A total of 6 mitochondrion-related modules involved in AD pathogenesis were found by WGCNA, from which 91 hub genes were screened and used to build AD risk prediction models. For the four independent datasets, these models perform better than those derived from AD genes identified by genome-wide association studies (GWASs) or differential expression analysis (DeLong’s test, p < 0.05). Overall, through systems genetics analyses, mitochondrion-associated SNPs/genes with potential roles in AD pathogenesis were identified and preliminarily validated, illustrating the power of mitochondrial genetics in AD pathogenesis elucidation and risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformaics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (Q.-Y.Z.)
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Qing-Ye Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformaics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (Q.-Y.Z.)
| | - Gang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Tumor and Intervention, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformaics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (Q.-Y.Z.)
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13
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Wei W, Pan Y, Yang X, Chen Z, Heng Y, Yang B, Pu M, Zuo J, Lai Z, Tang Y, Xin W. The Emerging Role of the Interaction of Extracellular Vesicle and Autophagy-Novel Insights into Neurological Disorders. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3395-3407. [PMID: 35706531 PMCID: PMC9191200 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s362865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells release different types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, apoptotic bodies and microvesicles. EVs carry proteins, lipids and nucleic acids specific to cells and cell states. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process, which, along with EVs, can significantly affect the development and progression of neurological diseases and, therefore, has been the hotspot. Generally, EVs and autophagy are closely associated. EVs and autophagy can interact with each other. On the one hand, the level of autophagy in target cells is closely related to the secretion and transport of EVs. In another, the application of EVs provides a great opportunity for adjuvant treatment of neurological disorders, for which autophagy is an excellent target. EVs can release their cargos into target cells, which, in turn, regulate the autophagic level of target cells through autophagy-related proteins directly and the non-coding RNA, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) 1-B, etc. signaling pathways indirectly, thus regulating the development of related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Yongli Pan
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhonglun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Heng
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bufan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingjun Pu
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiacai Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuhong Lai
- Department of Cardiology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Tang
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Vásquez X, Sánchez-Gómez P, Palma V. Netrin-1 in Glioblastoma Neovascularization: The New Partner in Crime? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8248. [PMID: 34361013 PMCID: PMC8348949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and common primary tumor of the central nervous system. It is characterized by having an infiltrating growth and by the presence of an excessive and aberrant vasculature. Some of the mechanisms that promote this neovascularization are angiogenesis and the transdifferentiation of tumor cells into endothelial cells or pericytes. In all these processes, the release of extracellular microvesicles by tumor cells plays an important role. Tumor cell-derived extracellular microvesicles contain pro-angiogenic molecules such as VEGF, which promote the formation of blood vessels and the recruitment of pericytes that reinforce these structures. The present study summarizes and discusses recent data from different investigations suggesting that Netrin-1, a highly versatile protein recently postulated as a non-canonical angiogenic ligand, could participate in the promotion of neovascularization processes in GBM. The relevance of determining the angiogenic signaling pathways associated with the interaction of Netrin-1 with its receptors is posed. Furthermore, we speculate that this molecule could form part of the microvesicles that favor abnormal tumor vasculature. Based on the studies presented, this review proposes Netrin-1 as a novel biomarker for GBM progression and vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Vásquez
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | - Pilar Sánchez-Gómez
- Neurooncology Unit, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Palma
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
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15
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Extracellular Vesicles under Oxidative Stress Conditions: Biological Properties and Physiological Roles. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071763. [PMID: 34359933 PMCID: PMC8306565 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physio-pathological conditions, cells release membrane-surrounded structures named Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), which convey their molecular cargo to neighboring or distant cells influencing their metabolism. Besides their involvement in the intercellular communication, EVs might represent a tool used by cells to eliminate unnecessary/toxic material. Here, we revised the literature exploring the link between EVs and redox biology. The first proof of this link derives from evidence demonstrating that EVs from healthy cells protect target cells from oxidative insults through the transfer of antioxidants. Oxidative stress conditions influence the release and the molecular cargo of EVs that, in turn, modulate the redox status of target cells. Oxidative stress-related EVs exert both beneficial or harmful effects, as they can carry antioxidants or ROS-generating enzymes and oxidized molecules. As mediators of cell-to-cell communication, EVs are also implicated in the pathophysiology of oxidative stress-related diseases. The review found evidence that numerous studies speculated on the role of EVs in redox signaling and oxidative stress-related pathologies, but few of them unraveled molecular mechanisms behind this complex link. Thus, the purpose of this review is to report and discuss this evidence, highlighting that the analysis of the molecular content of oxidative stress-released EVs (reminiscent of the redox status of originating cells), is a starting point for the use of EVs as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in oxidative stress-related diseases.
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16
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Sun R, Wang H, Shi Y, Sun Z, Jiang H, Zhang J. Changes in the Morphology, Number, and Pathological Protein Levels of Plasma Exosomes May Help Diagnose Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:909-917. [PMID: 31884461 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that are secreted by cells and usually found in body fluids. Since they freely cross the blood-brain barrier, neuronal exosomes respond directly to changes in the brain's environment. Recent studies have shown that exosomes contain both amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau proteins and have a controversial role in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) process. In this study, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of P-S396-tau and Aβ1-42 in plasma exosomes. We found that levels of P-S396-tau and Aβ1-42 in plasma exosomes of AD patients were significantly higher compared to those in matched healthy controls. The difference between plasma exosomes of AD patients and those of matched healthy controls was determined using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Exosomes from AD patients were smaller and lower in quantity. These data together may provide a basis for early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Sun
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huayuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhikun Sun
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haisong Jiang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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17
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Chambraud B, Daguinot C, Guillemeau K, Genet M, Dounane O, Meduri G, Poüs C, Baulieu EE, Giustiniani J. Decrease of neuronal FKBP4/FKBP52 modulates perinuclear lysosomal positioning and MAPT/Tau behavior during MAPT/Tau-induced proteotoxic stress. Autophagy 2021; 17:3491-3510. [PMID: 33459145 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1875611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects of autophagy-lysosomal protein degradation are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, and the accumulation of aggregation prone proteins such as MAPT/Tau in Alzheimer disease (AD). We previously showed the localization of the immunophilin FKBP4/FKBP52 in the lysosomal system of healthy human neurons suggesting its possible role in lysosome function. We also showed that decreased FKBP4 levels in AD brain neurons correlate with abnormal MAPT accumulation and aggregation. In this study, we demonstrate that FKBP4 decrease in a human neuronal cell line (SH-SY5Y) and in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from human MAPTP301S transgenic mice affected the function of the autophagy-lysosomal system under MAPT induced proteotoxic stress conditions. We show that acute MAPT accumulation in SH-SY5Y cells induced perinuclear clustering of lysosomes, triggered FKBP4 localization around the clusters and its colocalization with MAPT and MAP1LC3/LC3-positive autophagic vesicles; a similar FKBP4 localization was detected in some AD brain neurons. We demonstrate that FKBP4 decrease altered lysosomal clustering along with MAPT and MAP1LC3 secretion increase. Although ectopic FKBP4 expression could not induce autophagy under our experimental conditions, it prevented MAPT secretion after MAPT accumulation in SH-SY5Y cells implying a regulatory role of FKBP4 on MAPT secretion. Finally, we observe that FKBP4 deficiency decreased MAP1LC3-II expression and provoked MAPT accumulation during long-term stress in mouse DRG neurons. We hypothesize that the abnormal FKBP4 decrease observed in AD brain neurons might hinder autophagy efficiency and contribute to the progression of the tauopathy by modulating MAPT secretion and accumulation during MAPT pathogenesis.Abbreviations: AD: Alzheimer disease; AKT/protein kinase B: AKT serine/threonine kinase; ALP: Autophagy-lysosomal pathway; ATG: autophagy-related; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CQ: chloroquine; CTSD: cathepsin D; DIV: days in vitro; DRG: dorsal root ganglion neurons; Dox: doxycycline; DNAJC5: DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C5; EL: empty lentiviral vectors; ENO2/NSE: enolase 2, gamma neuronal; FKBP4/FKBP52: FKBP prolyl isomerase 4; FTLD-Tau: frontotemporal lobar degeneration with Tau pathology; GFP: green fluorescent protein; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPT/Tau: microtubule associated protein tau; MTT: tetrazolium salt; NFTs: neurofibrillary tangles; RPE-1: retinal pigment epithelial cells; shRNA: small-hairpin ribonucleic acid; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SD: standard deviation; SEM: standard error of the mean; SH-SY5Y: human neuroblastoma cells; Sh1 or Sh2: Lentiviral shRNA vectors inducing FKBP4 decrease; SH-52GFP: MAPT/Tau-inducible SH-SY5Y cell line constitutively expressing FKBP4-GFP; TUBB3/βIII tubulin: tubulin beta 3 class III; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Melanie Genet
- INSERM U1195, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Omar Dounane
- INSERM U1195, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Geri Meduri
- INSERM U1195, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Christian Poüs
- INSERM UMR-S-1193, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Biochimie-Hormonologie , AP-HP Université Paris-Saclay, Site Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France
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18
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Gu X, Zhu J. Roles of Exosomes and Exosomal MicroRNAs in Postoperative Sleep Disturbance. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:1363-1375. [PMID: 34354381 PMCID: PMC8331078 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s310351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative sleep disturbance (PSD) often occurs in elderly patients after major surgery and exerts harmful effects on postoperative recovery. PSD may increase the incidence of postoperative fatigue, severe anxiety and depression, pain sensitivity, and cognitive dysfunction, which can cause or aggravate neurodegenerative diseases via amyloid aggregation and tau accumulation. Exosomes are important carriers that mediate the transfer of active substances and genetic information among cells. Recent evidence has shown that exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of end-organ morbidity caused by sleep disorders via increasing amyloid plaque formation, transmitting tau protein, regulating neuroinflammation, and increasing blood-brain barrier permeability. Additionally, exosomes may be useful for delivering therapeutic genetic materials, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins, to exert neuroprotective effects and reduce cognitive impairment. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain to be fully elucidated. This review focuses on exosome-related pathways and the modulatory role of exosomal miRNAs on the pathogenesis of sleep disturbance and neurodegeneration. Moreover, we discuss the advantages of reducing neurotoxic proteins via exosomal intervention and miRNA regulation. Future research in exosome administration may offer new insights into PSD-related pathomechanisms and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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19
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Cao C, Wang B, Tang J, Zhao J, Guo J, Guo Q, Yue X, Zhang Z, Liu G, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhang J. Circulating exosomes repair endothelial cell damage by delivering miR-193a-5p. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:2176-2189. [PMID: 33354912 PMCID: PMC7882992 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating exosomes delivering microRNAs are involved in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. How are the circulating exosomes involved in the repair of endothelial injury in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) convalescence (3-7 days) was still not clear. In this study, circulating exosomes from AMI patients (AMI-Exo) and healthy controls (Normal-Exo) were extracted. In vitro and in vivo, our study showed that circulating exosomes protected endothelial cells (HUVECs) from oxidative stress damage; meanwhile, Normal-Exo showed better protective effects. Through the application of related inhibitors, we found that circulating exosomes shuttled between HUVECs via dynamin. Microarry analysis and qRT-PCR of circulating exosomes showed higher expression of miR-193a-5p in Normal-Exo. Our study showed that miR-193a-5p was the key factor on protecting endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Bioinformatics analyses found that activin A receptor type I (ACVR1) was the potential downstream target of miR-193a-5p, which was confirmed by ACVR1 expression and dual-luciferase report. Inhibitor of ACVR1 showed similar protective effects as miR-193a-5p. While overexpression of ACVR1 could attenuate protective effects of miR-193a-5p. To sum up, these findings suggest that circulating exosomes could shuttle between cells through dynamin and deliver miR-193a-5p to protect endothelial cells from oxidative stress damage via ACVR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Cao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junnan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jimin Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiacheng Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoting Yue
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zenglei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gangqiong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yunzhe Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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20
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Yu Z, Ling Z, Lu L, Zhao J, Chen X, Xu P, Zou X. Regulatory Roles of Bone in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:610581. [PMID: 33408628 PMCID: PMC7779400 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.610581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases are two kinds of common disorders of the elderly, which often co-occur. Previous studies have shown the skeletal and central nervous systems are closely related to pathophysiology. As the main structural scaffold of the body, the bone is also a reservoir for stem cells, a primary lymphoid organ, and an important endocrine organ. It can interact with the brain through various bone-derived cells, mostly the mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The bone marrow is also a place for generating immune cells, which could greatly influence brain functions. Finally, the proteins secreted by bones (osteokines) also play important roles in the growth and function of the brain. This article reviews the latest research studying the impact of bone-derived cells, bone-controlled immune system, and bone-secreted proteins on the brain, and evaluates how these factors are implicated in the progress of neurodegenerative diseases and their potential use in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengran Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Orthopaedic Research Institute/Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zemin Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Orthopaedic Research Institute/Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuenong Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Orthopaedic Research Institute/Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Raymont V, Thayanandan T. What do we know about the risks of developing dementia after traumatic brain injury? Minerva Med 2020; 112:288-297. [PMID: 33164474 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.20.07084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for the later development of dementia, but although the evidence dates back to the early 20th century, the nature of any association and its mechanistic pathways remain unclear. There has been greater focus on this subject over recent years, in part because of increasing reports around sports related TBIs, especially in the USA. Differences in research methods and clinical sampling remain the primary reason for the variable findings, although there is clearly increased prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders in general. Duration of follow up, definition of both TBI and dementia, and differences in the extent to which other dementia risk factors are controlled, as well as concerns about medical record accuracy are all issues yet to be resolved in TBI research, as is an absence pathological evidence. In addition, TBI has been reported to initiate a cascade of pathological processes related to several neurodegenerative disorders, and as such, it is likely that the risks vary between individuals. Given the evidence that dementia risk may increase with injury severity and frequency, a detailed account of age and type of injury, as well as lifetime TBI exposure is essential to document in future studies, and further longitudinal research with biomarker assessments are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Raymont
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK -
| | - Tony Thayanandan
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Beeraka NM, Doreswamy SH, Sadhu SP, Srinivasan A, Pragada RR, Madhunapantula SV, Aliev G. The Role of Exosomes in Stemness and Neurodegenerative Diseases-Chemoresistant-Cancer Therapeutics and Phytochemicals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186818. [PMID: 32957534 PMCID: PMC7555629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes exhibit a wide range of biological properties and functions in the living organisms. They are nanometric vehicles and used for delivering drugs, as they are biocompatible and minimally immunogenic. Exosomal secretions derived from cancer cells contribute to metastasis, immortality, angiogenesis, tissue invasion, stemness and chemo/radio-resistance. Exosome-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lnc RNAs) are involved in the pathophysiology of cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. For instance, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells, astrocytes, macrophages, and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells are involved in the cancer progression and stemness as they induce chemotherapeutic drug resistance in several cancer cells. This review covered the recent research advances in understanding the role of exosomes in cancer progression, metastasis, angiogenesis, stemness and drug resistance by illustrating the modulatory effects of exosomal cargo (ex. miRNA, lncRNAs, etc.) on cell signaling pathways involved in cancer progression and cancer stem cell growth and development. Recent reports have implicated exosomes even in the treatment of several cancers. For instance, exosomes-loaded with novel anti-cancer drugs such as phytochemicals, tumor-targeting proteins, anticancer peptides, nucleic acids are known to interfere with drug resistance pathways in several cancer cell lines. In addition, this review depicted the need to develop exosome-based novel diagnostic biomarkers for early detection of cancers and neurodegenerative disease. Furthermore, the role of exosomes in stroke and oxidative stress-mediated neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD) is also discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M. Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology (CERM), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (N.M.B.); (S.H.D.)
| | - Shalini H. Doreswamy
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology (CERM), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (N.M.B.); (S.H.D.)
| | - Surya P. Sadhu
- AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India; (S.P.S.); (R.R.P.)
| | - Asha Srinivasan
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology (CERM), Division of Nanoscience and Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India;
| | - Rajeswara Rao Pragada
- AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India; (S.P.S.); (R.R.P.)
| | - SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
- Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (SIG-CBCSC), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: (S.V.M.); or (G.A.); Tel.: +1-440-263-7461 or +7-964-493-1515 (G.A.)
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Correspondence: (S.V.M.); or (G.A.); Tel.: +1-440-263-7461 or +7-964-493-1515 (G.A.)
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Gu D, Liu F, Meng M, Zhang L, Gordon ML, Wang Y, Cai L, Zhang N. Elevated matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels in neuronal extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:1681-1691. [PMID: 32790155 PMCID: PMC7480907 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate plasma neuronally derived extracellular vesicle (NDEV) levels of core pathological markers [amyloid-β (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau] and inflammatory biomarkers, including interleukin 6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Thirty-one patients with AD and 15 cognitively normal controls (NCs) were recruited. The diagnosis of AD was supported by fluorodeoxyglucose and Pittsburgh Compound-B PET scans. Plasma extracellular vesicles were extracted, precipitated, and enriched for neuronal source by anti-L1CAM antibody absorption. Levels of Aβ42, P-T181-tau, P-S396-tau, IL-6, and MMP-9 in plasma NDEVs were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Aβ42, P-T181-tau, and MMP-9 levels in plasma NDEVs were significantly higher in patients with AD than NCs. However, P-S396-tau and IL-6 levels in plasma NDEVs did not differ between AD patients and NCs. Moreover, there was no correlation between any of these biomarker levels and cognitive function as measured with Mini-Mental State Examination in patients with AD. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide further support that levels of core pathological markers, including Aβ42 and P-T181-tau, are elevated in plasma NDEVs of patients with AD. Furthermore, MMP-9 might play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD, and is a promising inflammatory biomarker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Meng
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Liling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Heji Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Marc L Gordon
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, New York.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, New York
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of PET-CT Diagnostic, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Cai
- Department of PET-CT Diagnostic, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, China
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24
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Soares Martins T, Trindade D, Vaz M, Campelo I, Almeida M, Trigo G, da Cruz E Silva OAB, Henriques AG. Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2020; 156:162-181. [PMID: 32618370 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by almost all cell types in physiological and pathological conditions. The exosomal potential to unravel disease mechanisms, or to be used as a source of biomarkers, is being explored, in particularly in the field of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the world and exosomes appear to have a relevant role in disease pathogenesis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on exosome contributions to AD as well as their use as disease biomarker resources or therapeutic targets. The most recent findings with respect to both protein and miRNA biomarker candidates for AD, herein described, highlight the state of the art in this field and encourage the use of exosomes derived from biofluids in clinical practice in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Soares Martins
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dário Trindade
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Vaz
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inês Campelo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Martim Almeida
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Trigo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Odete A B da Cruz E Silva
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,The Discovery CTR, University of Aveiro Campus, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Gabriela Henriques
- Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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25
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Guedes VA, Devoto C, Leete J, Sass D, Acott JD, Mithani S, Gill JM. Extracellular Vesicle Proteins and MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:663. [PMID: 32765398 PMCID: PMC7378746 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a heterogeneous condition, associated with diverse etiologies, clinical presentations and degrees of severity, and may result in chronic neurobehavioral sequelae. The field of TBI biomarkers is rapidly evolving to address the many facets of TBI pathology and improve its clinical management. Recent years have witnessed a marked increase in the number of publications and interest in the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include exosomes, cell signaling, immune responses, and as biomarkers in a number of pathologies. Exosomes have a well-defined lipid bilayer with surface markers that reflect the cell of origin and an aqueous core that contains a variety of biological material including proteins (e.g., cytokines and growth factors) and nucleic acids (e.g., microRNAs). The presence of proteins associated with neurodegenerative changes such as amyloid-β, α-synuclein and phosphorylated tau in exosomes suggests a role in the initiation and propagation of neurological diseases. However, mechanisms of cell communication involving exosomes in the brain and their role in TBI pathology are poorly understood. Exosomes are promising TBI biomarkers as they can cross the blood-brain barrier and can be isolated from peripheral fluids, including serum, saliva, sweat, and urine. Exosomal content is protected from enzymatic degradation by exosome membranes and reflects the internal environment of their cell of origin, offering insights into tissue-specific pathological processes. Challenges in the clinical use of exosomal cargo as biomarkers include difficulty in isolating pure exosomes, variable yields of the isolation processes, quantification of vesicles, and lack of specificity of exosomal markers. Moreover, there is no consensus regarding nomenclature and characteristics of EV subtypes. In this review, we discuss current technical limitations and challenges of using exosomes and other EVs as blood-based biomarkers, highlighting their potential as diagnostic and prognostic tools in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian A Guedes
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christina Devoto
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jacqueline Leete
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Delia Sass
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jedidiah D Acott
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sara Mithani
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jessica M Gill
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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26
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Song Z, Xu Y, Deng W, Zhang L, Zhu H, Yu P, Qu Y, Zhao W, Han Y, Qin C. Brain Derived Exosomes Are a Double-Edged Sword in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:79. [PMID: 32547364 PMCID: PMC7274346 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain derived exosomes (BDEs) are extracellular nanovesicles that are collectively released by all cell lineages of the central nervous system and contain cargo from their original cells. They are emerging as key mediators of communication and waste management among neurons, glial cells and connective tissue during both physiological and pathological conditions in the brain. We review the rapidly growing frontier of BDEs biology in recent years including the involvement of exosomes in neuronal development, maintenance and communication through their multiple signaling functions. Particularly, we highlight the important role of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), both as a pathogenic agent and as a disease biomarker. Our understanding of such unique nanovesicles may offer not only answers about the (patho) physiological course in AD and associated neurodegenerative diseases but also ideal methods to develop these vesicles as vehicles for drug delivery or as tools to monitor brain diseases in a non-invasive manner because crossing the blood brain barrier is an inherent capability of exosomes. BDEs have potential as biomarkers and as therapeutic tools for AD and related brain disorders in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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27
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Sun R, Wang H, Shi Y, Gao D, Sun Z, Chen Z, Jiang H, Zhang J. A Pilot Study of Urinary Exosomes in Alzheimer's Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2020; 19:184-191. [PMID: 32375155 DOI: 10.1159/000505851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by most cell types and abundantly present in body fluids, including blood, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and breast milk. Exosomes can spread toxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau between cells, contributing to neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To explore changes in the morphology, number, and pathological protein levels of urinary exosomes in AD patients compared with age-matched healthy subjects. METHODS In this study, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of Aβ1-42 and P-S396-tau (normalized by CD63) in urinary exosomes of AD patients and matched healthy subjects. We used transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis to observe the exosomes. RESULTS We found that the levels of Aβ1-42 and P-S396-tau in the urinary exosomes of AD patients were higher than those of matched healthy controls. Exosomes taken from AD patients were more numerous. CONCLUSION The differences in levels of Aβ1-42 and P-S396-tau and the quantity of urinary exosomes between AD patients and healthy controls may provide a basis for early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Sun
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huayuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dandan Gao
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhikun Sun
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhongcan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haisong Jiang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,
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28
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Muraoka S, DeLeo AM, Sethi MK, Yukawa‐Takamatsu K, Yang Z, Ko J, Hogan JD, Ruan Z, You Y, Wang Y, Medalla M, Ikezu S, Chen M, Xia W, Gorantla S, Gendelman HE, Issadore D, Zaia J, Ikezu T. Proteomic and biological profiling of extracellular vesicles from Alzheimer's disease human brain tissues. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:896-907. [PMID: 32301581 PMCID: PMC7293582 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from human Alzheimer's disease (AD) biospecimens contain amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and tau. While AD EVs are known to affect brain disease pathobiology, their biochemical and molecular characterizations remain ill defined. Methods EVs were isolated from the cortical gray matter of 20 AD and 18 control brains. Tau and Aβ levels were measured by immunoassay. Differentially expressed EV proteins were assessed by quantitative proteomics and machine learning. Results Levels of pS396 tau and Aβ1–42 were significantly elevated in AD EVs. High levels of neuron‐ and glia‐specific factors are detected in control and AD EVs, respectively. Machine learning identified ANXA5, VGF, GPM6A, and ACTZ in AD EV compared to controls. They distinguished AD EVs from controls in the test sets with 88% accuracy. Discussion In addition to Aβ and tau, ANXA5, VGF, GPM6A, and ACTZ are new signature proteins in AD EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Muraoka
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Annina M. DeLeo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Manveen K. Sethi
- Department of BiochemistryBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Kayo Yukawa‐Takamatsu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Zijian Yang
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jina Ko
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - John D. Hogan
- Program in BioinformaticsBoston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Zhi Ruan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Yang You
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Yuzhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Seiko Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Mei Chen
- Geriatric ResearchEducation and Clinical CenterEdith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital Bedford Massachusetts USA
| | - Weiming Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- Geriatric ResearchEducation and Clinical CenterEdith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital Bedford Massachusetts USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental NeurosciencesUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental NeurosciencesUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA
| | - David Issadore
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of BiochemistryBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceBoston University Boston Massachusetts USA
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29
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Yin Q, Ji X, Lv R, Pei JJ, Du Y, Shen C, Hou X. Targetting Exosomes as a New Biomarker and Therapeutic Approach for Alzheimer's Disease. Clin Interv Aging 2020; 15:195-205. [PMID: 32103922 PMCID: PMC7025655 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s240400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that mainly occurs in old age and involves progressive cognitive impairment. AD has become a major global issue for public health, with approximately 24 million people currently affected by the disease. Estimates indicted that this number will quadruple by 2050. Because of the high incidence of AD, there is an urgent need to develop new strategies to diagnose and treat AD. Many recent studies have indicated the multiple, yet somewhat controversial, roles of exosomes in AD. Although the underlying mechanisms by which exosomes play a role in AD are still unknown, current evidence suggests that exosomes can carry and spread toxic amyloid-beta, and hyperphosphorylated tau, between cells, and then induce apoptosis, thus contributing to the loss of neurons. In addition, exosomes appear to possess the ability to reduce brain amyloid-beta, and tau hyperphosphorylation, and transfer neuroprotective substances between neural cells. The accumulating data brings hope that the application of exosomes may be helpful for early diagnostics and the identification of new therapeutic targets for AD. Here, we summarized the various roles of exosomes, and how they might relate to the pathogenesis of AD. We also highlight the potential application of exosomes as a therapeutic option in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Ji
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjun Lv
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Jing Pei
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Shen
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunyao Hou
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
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30
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Ozansoy M, Ozansoy MB, Yulug B, Cankaya S, Kilic E, Goktekin S, Kilic U. Melatonin affects the release of exosomes and tau-content in in vitro amyloid-beta toxicity model. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 73:237-244. [PMID: 32061493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have been revealed that oxidative damage is the main cause of aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Melatonin is secreted from the pineal gland and its secretion has been found to be altered in AD. In the last decade the role of exosomes in spreading toxic proteins and inducing the propagation of diseases like AD has been discussed. However, it is not known how melatonin affects the amount of exosomes released from the cells and the content of the exosomes. OBJECTIVE Herein, we investigated the possible role of melatonin treatment in the releasing of exosomes and exosomal tau content in an in vitro Aβ toxicity model. METHOD SH-SY5Y cell line was used. The optimum concentration of Aβ was determined by cell viability and cell proliferation tests. Melatonin (100 µM) was applied before and after Aβ application. Total exosomes isolated from cell culture media were immunoprecipitated. The amount of released exosomes and their tau content were analyzed by Western blots. RESULTS Our data demonstrated for the first time that melatonin treatment clearly affected the amount of released exosomes. It would decrease the amyloid beta load and toxicity by inhibiting exosome release. We also demonstated that melatonin also affected the level of tau carried by exosomes depending on whether melatonin was applied before or after Aβ application. CONCLUSION It is considered that the effect of melatonin in the release of exosomes and exosomal tau content would contribute the development of therapeutic strategies in AD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ozansoy
- T.C. Istanbul Bahcesehir University, School of Medicine, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey; T.C. Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Beyza Ozansoy
- T.C. Istanbul Aydin University, School of Medicine, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey; T.C. Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Yulug
- Alaaddin Keykubat University, The Faculty of Medicine, Dept. of Neurology, Alanya, Turkey; T.C. Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyda Cankaya
- Alaaddin Keykubat University, The Faculty of Medicine, Dept. of Neurology, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- T.C. Istanbul Medipol University, School of Medicine, Dept. of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey; T.C. Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sule Goktekin
- T.C. Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ulkan Kilic
- University of Health Sciences, Medical School, Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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31
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Guix FX. The interplay between aging‐associated loss of protein homeostasis and extracellular vesicles in neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:262-283. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Emerging Role of Genetic Alterations Affecting Exosome Biology in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174113. [PMID: 31450727 PMCID: PMC6747137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal deposition of proteins in brain tissue is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) often accompanied by the spread of mutated proteins, causing neuronal toxicity. Exosomes play a fundamental role on their releasing in extracellular space after endosomal pathway activation, allowing to remove protein aggregates by lysosomal degradation or their inclusion into multivesicular bodies (MVBs), besides promoting cellular cross-talk. The emerging evidence of pathogenic mutations associated to ND susceptibility, leading to impairment of exosome production and secretion, opens a new perspective on the mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration. Recent findings suggest to investigate the genetic mechanisms regulating the different exosome functions in central nervous system (CNS), to understand their role in the pathogenesis of NDs, addressing the identification of diagnostic and pharmacological targets. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms underlying exosome biogenesis, their molecular composition and functions in CNS, with a specific focus on the recent findings invoking a defective exosome biogenesis as a common biological feature of the major NDs, caused by genetic alterations. Further definition of the consequences of specific genetic mutations on exosome biogenesis and release will improve diagnostic and pharmacological studies in NDs.
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Gámez-Valero A, Beyer K, Borràs FE. Extracellular vesicles, new actors in the search for biomarkers of dementias. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 74:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Moquin A, Ji J, Neibert K, Winnik F, Maysinger D. Encapsulation and Delivery of Neutrophic Proteins and Hydrophobic Agents Using PMOXA-PDMS-PMOXA Triblock Polymersomes. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13882-13893. [PMID: 30411053 PMCID: PMC6217674 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymersomes are attractive nanocarriers for hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs; they are more stable than liposomes, tunable, and relatively easy to prepare. The copolymer composition and molar mass are critical features that determine the physicochemical properties of the polymersomes including the rate of drug release. We used the triblock-copolymer, poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)-block-poly-(dimethysiloxane)-block-poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMOXA-PDMS-PMOXA), to form amphipathic polymersomes capable of loading proteins and small hydrophobic agents. The selected agents were unstable neurotrophins (nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor), a large protein CD109, and the fluorescent drug curcumin. We prepared, characterized, and tested polymersomes loaded with selected agents in 2D and 3D biological models. Curcumin-loaded and rhodamine-bound PMOXA-PDMS-PMOXA polymersomes were used to visualize them inside cells. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) agonists and antagonists were also covalently attached to the surface of polymersomes for targeting neurons. Labeled and unlabeled polymersomes with or without loaded agents were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-vis fluorescence spectroscopy, and asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4). Polymersomes were imaged and tested for biological activity in human and murine fibroblasts, murine macrophages, primary murine dorsal root ganglia, and murine hippocampal cultures. Polymersomes were rapidly internalized and there was a clear intracellular co-localization of the fluorescent drug (curcumin) with the fluorescent rhodamine-labeled polymersomes. Polymersomes containing CD109, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein, promoted cell migration in the model of wound healing. Nerve growth factor-loaded polymersomes effectively enhanced neurite outgrowth in dissociated and explanted dorsal root ganglia. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor increased dendritic spine density in serum-deprived hippocampal slice cultures. NMDAR agonist- and antagonist-functionalized polymersomes targeted selectively neurons over glial cells in mixed cultures. Collectively, the study reveals the successful incorporation into polymersomes of biologically active trophic factors and small hydrophilic agents that retain their biological activity in vitro, as demonstrated in selected central and peripheral tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Moquin
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, H3G
1Y6 Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jeff Ji
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, H3G
1Y6 Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kevin Neibert
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, H3G
1Y6 Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Françoise
M. Winnik
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, H3C 3J7 Montréal, Québec, Canada
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, 305-0044 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, H3G
1Y6 Montreal, Québec, Canada
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35
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Reza-Zaldivar EE, Hernández-Sapiéns MA, Minjarez B, Gutiérrez-Mercado YK, Márquez-Aguirre AL, Canales-Aguirre AA. Potential Effects of MSC-Derived Exosomes in Neuroplasticity in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:317. [PMID: 30319358 PMCID: PMC6165870 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia affecting regions of the central nervous system that exhibit synaptic plasticity and are involved in higher brain functions such as learning and memory. AD is characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction, memory loss and behavioral disturbances of synaptic plasticity and energy metabolism. Cell therapy has emerged as an alternative treatment of AD. The use of adult stem cells, such as neural stem cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) from bone marrow and adipose tissue, have the potential to decrease cognitive deficits, possibly by reducing neuronal loss through blocking apoptosis, increasing neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and angiogenesis. These processes are mediated primarily by the secretion of many growth factors, anti-inflammatory proteins, membrane receptors, microRNAs (miRNA) and exosomes. Exosomes encapsulate and transfer several functional molecules like proteins, lipids and regulatory RNA which can modify cell metabolism. In the proteomic characterization of the content of MSC-derived exosomes, more than 730 proteins have been identified, some of which are specific cell type markers and others are involved in the regulation of binding and fusion of exosomes with adjacent cells. Furthermore, some factors were found that promote the recruitment, proliferation and differentiation of other cells like neural stem cells. Moreover, within exosomal cargo, a wide range of miRNAs were found, which can control functions related to neural remodeling as well as angiogenic and neurogenic processes. Taking this into consideration, the use of exosomes could be part of a strategy to promote neuroplasticity, improve cognitive impairment and neural replacement in AD. In this review, we describe how exosomes are involved in AD pathology and discuss the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived exosomes mediated by miRNA and protein cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin E Reza-Zaldivar
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Mercedes A Hernández-Sapiéns
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Benito Minjarez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Yanet K Gutiérrez-Mercado
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ana L Márquez-Aguirre
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Alejandro A Canales-Aguirre
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico.,Profesor del programa de Maestría en Ciencias de la Salud Ambiental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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DeLeo AM, Ikezu T. Extracellular Vesicle Biology in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Tauopathy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:292-308. [PMID: 29185187 PMCID: PMC5972041 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are physiological vesicles secreted from most eukaryotes and contain cargos of their cell of origin. EVs, and particularly a subset of EV known as exosomes, are emerging as key mediators of cell to cell communication and waste management for cells both during normal organismal function and in disease. In this review, we investigate the rapidly growing field of exosome biology, their biogenesis, cargo loading, and uptake by other cells. We particularly consider the role of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease, both as a pathogenic agent and as a disease biomarker. We also explore the emerging role of exosomes in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Finally, we highlight open questions in these fields and the possible use of exosomes as therapeutic targets and agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina M DeLeo
- Laboratory of Molecular NeuroTherapeutics, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Laboratory of Molecular NeuroTherapeutics, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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Gill J, Mustapic M, Diaz-Arrastia R, Lange R, Gulyani S, Diehl T, Motamedi V, Osier N, Stern RA, Kapogiannis D. Higher exosomal tau, amyloid-beta 42 and IL-10 are associated with mild TBIs and chronic symptoms in military personnel. Brain Inj 2018; 32:1277-1284. [PMID: 29913077 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1471738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identify biomarkers in peripheral blood that relate to chronic post-concussive and behavioural symptoms following traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) to ultimately improve clinical management. RESEARCH DESIGN We compared military personnel with mild TBIs (mTBIs) (n = 42) to those without TBIs (n = 22) in concentrations of tau, amyloid-beta (Aβ42) and cytokines (tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα, interleukin (IL)-6 and -10) in neuronal-derived exosomes from the peripheral blood. We utilized nanosight technology coupled with ultra-sensitivity immunoassay methods. We also examined the impact of post-concussive and behavioural symptoms including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on these neuronal-derived markers. RESULTS We report that concentrations of exosomal tau (F1, 62 = 10.50), Aβ42 (F1, 61 = 5.32) and IL-10 (F1, 59 = 4.32) were elevated in the mTBI group compared to the controls. Within the mTBI group, regression models show that post-concussive symptoms were most related to exosomal tau elevations, whereas exosomal IL-10 levels were related to PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that chronic post-concussive symptoms following an mTBI relate to altered exosomal activity, and that greater tau pathology may underlie chronic post-concussive symptoms that develop following mTBIs. It also suggests that central inflammatory activity contributes to PTSD symptoms following an mTBI, providing necessary insights into the role of inflammation in chronic PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gill
- a Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research , Bethesda , MD , United States
| | - Maja Mustapic
- b Aging, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Aging , Baltimore , MD , United States
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- c Department of Neurology, School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , United States
| | - Rael Lange
- d Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center , Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , Bethesda , MD , United States
| | - Seema Gulyani
- b Aging, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Aging , Baltimore , MD , United States
| | - Tom Diehl
- b Aging, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Aging , Baltimore , MD , United States
| | - Vida Motamedi
- a Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research , Bethesda , MD , United States
| | - Nicole Osier
- a Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research , Bethesda , MD , United States
| | - Robert A Stern
- e Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology , Boston University, Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center , Boston , MA , United States
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- b Aging, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Aging , Baltimore , MD , United States
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Kolarova M, Sengupta U, Bartos A, Ricny J, Kayed R. Tau Oligomers in Sera of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Aged Controls. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:471-478. [PMID: 28453485 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although tau protein was long regarded as an intracellular protein with several functions inside the cell, new evidence has shown tau secretion into the extracellular space. The active secretion of tau could be a physiological response of neurons to increased intracellular amounts of tau during the progression of tau pathology. We looked for potential differences in the serum levels of toxic tau oligomers in regards to cognitive impairment of subjects. We detected tau oligomers in the serum of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, but they were also present to some extent in the serum of healthy older subjects where the levels positively correlated with aging (Spearman r = 0.26, p = 0.016). On the contrary, we found lower levels of tau oligomers in the serum of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (p = 0.033) and MCI-AD (p = 0.006) patients. These results could suggest that clearance of extracellular tau proteins takes place, in part, in the periphery. In the case of MCI patients, the lower levels of tau oligomers could be the result of impaired clearance of tau protein from interstitium to blood and consequent accumulation of tau aggregates in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michala Kolarova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Urmi Sengupta
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, and Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ales Bartos
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ricny
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, and Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Abstract
Extracellular exosomes are formed inside the cytoplasm of cells in compartments known as multivesicular bodies. Thus, exosomes contain cytoplasmic content. Multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane and release exosomes into the extracellular environment. Comprehensive research suggests that exosomes act as both inflammatory intermediaries and critical inducers of oxidative stress to drive progression of Alzheimer's disease. An important role of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease includes the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid production, clearance, and accumulation. In addition, exosomes are involved in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which both act as triggers for beta-amyloid pathogenesis and tau hyperphosphorylation. Further, it has been shown that exosomes are strongly associated with beta-amyloid clearance. Thus, effective measures for regulating exosome metabolism may be novel drug targets for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-You Cai
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sohel H Quazi
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Texas A & M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Zun-Yu Ke
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
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40
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Lee JY, Kim HS. Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Double-Edged Sword. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:667-678. [PMID: 30603519 PMCID: PMC6171665 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogenous group of membrane-bound particles, are virtually secreted by all cells and play important roles in cell-cell communication. Loaded with proteins, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs and membrane lipids from their donor cells, these vesicles participate in normal physiological and pathogenic processes. In addition, these sub-cellular vesicles are implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that intercellular communication via EVs is responsible for the propagation of key pathogenic proteins involved in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's diseases, Alzheimer's diseases and other neurodegenerative disorders. For therapeutic perspective, EVs present advantage over other synthetic drug delivery systems or cell therapy; ability to cross biological barriers including blood brain barrier (BBB), ability to modulate inflammation and immune responses, stability and longer biodistribution with lack of tumorigenicity. In this review, we summarized the current state of EV research in central nervous system in terms of their values in diagnosis, disease pathology and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic Kwandong University, 24 Beomil-ro, 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25601 Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, 24 Beomil-ro 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25601 Republic of Korea
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41
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Ciregia F, Urbani A, Palmisano G. Extracellular Vesicles in Brain Tumors and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:276. [PMID: 28912682 PMCID: PMC5583211 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be classified into apoptotic bodies, microvesicles (MVs), and exosomes, based on their origin or size. Exosomes are the smallest and best characterized vesicles which derived from the endosomal system. These vesicles are released from many different cell types including neuronal cells and their functions in the nervous system are investigated. They have been proposed as novel means for intercellular communication, which takes part not only to the normal neuronal physiology but also to the transmission of pathogenic proteins. Indeed, exosomes are fundamental to assemble and transport proteins during development, but they can also transfer neurotoxic misfolded proteins in pathogenesis. The present review will focus on their roles in neurological diseases, specifically brain tumors, such as glioblastoma (GBM), neuroblastoma (NB), medulloblastoma (MB), and metastatic brain tumors and chronic neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington, and Prion diseseases highlighting their involvement in spreading neurotoxicity, in therapeutics, and in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ciregia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of PisaPisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, SOD Endocrinology and Metabolism of Organ and Cell Transplants, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università CattolicaRome, Italy.,Proteomics and Metabonomics Unit, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa LuciaRome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Proteomics and Metabonomics Unit, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa LuciaRome, Italy.,GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao PauloSao Paulo, Brazil
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42
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Ponomarenko P, Chadaeva I, Rasskazov DA, Sharypova E, Kashina EV, Drachkova I, Zhechev D, Ponomarenko MP, Savinkova LK, Kolchanov N. Candidate SNP Markers of Familial and Sporadic Alzheimer's Diseases Are Predicted by a Significant Change in the Affinity of TATA-Binding Protein for Human Gene Promoters. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:231. [PMID: 28775688 PMCID: PMC5517495 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While year after year, conditions, quality, and duration of human lives have been improving due to the progress in science, technology, education, and medicine, only eight diseases have been increasing in prevalence and shortening human lives because of premature deaths according to the retrospective official review on the state of US health, 1990-2010. These diseases are kidney cancer, chronic kidney diseases, liver cancer, diabetes, drug addiction, poisoning cases, consequences of falls, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) as one of the leading pathologies. There are familial AD of hereditary nature (~4% of cases) and sporadic AD of unclear etiology (remaining ~96% of cases; i.e., non-familial AD). Therefore, sporadic AD is no longer a purely medical problem, but rather a social challenge when someone asks oneself: “What can I do in my own adulthood to reduce the risk of sporadic AD at my old age to save the years of my lifespan from the destruction caused by it?” Here, we combine two computational approaches for regulatory SNPs: Web service SNP_TATA_Comparator for sequence analysis and a PubMed-based keyword search for articles on the biochemical markers of diseases. Our purpose was to try to find answers to the question: “What can be done in adulthood to reduce the risk of sporadic AD in old age to prevent the lifespan reduction caused by it?” As a result, we found 89 candidate SNP markers of familial and sporadic AD (e.g., rs562962093 is associated with sporadic AD in the elderly as a complication of stroke in adulthood, where natural marine diets can reduce risks of both diseases in case of the minor allele of this SNP). In addition, rs768454929, and rs761695685 correlate with sporadic AD as a comorbidity of short stature, where maximizing stature in childhood and adolescence as an integral indicator of health can minimize (or even eliminate) the risk of sporadic AD in the elderly. After validation by clinical protocols, these candidate SNP markers may become interesting to the general population [may help to choose a lifestyle (in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood) that can reduce the risks of sporadic AD, its comorbidities, and complications in the elderly].
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ponomarenko
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Irina Chadaeva
- Division for System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirsk, Russia.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Rasskazov
- Division for System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Sharypova
- Division for System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena V Kashina
- Division for System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina Drachkova
- Division for System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry Zhechev
- Division for System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail P Ponomarenko
- Division for System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirsk, Russia.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ludmila K Savinkova
- Division for System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay Kolchanov
- Division for System Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirsk, Russia.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirsk, Russia
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Diehl T, Mullins R, Kapogiannis D. Insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease. Transl Res 2017; 183:26-40. [PMID: 28034760 PMCID: PMC5393926 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The links between systemic insulin resistance (IR), brain-specific IR, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been an extremely productive area of current research. This review will cover the fundamentals and pathways leading to IR, its connection to AD via cellular mechanisms, the most prominent methods and models used to examine it, an introduction to the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a source of biomarkers for IR and AD, and an overview of modern clinical studies on the subject. To provide additional context, we also present a novel analysis of the spatial correlation of gene expression in the brain with the aid of Allen Human Brain Atlas data. Ultimately, examining the relation between IR and AD can be seen as a means of advancing the understanding of both disease states, with IR being a promising target for therapeutic strategies in AD treatment. In conclusion, we highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting brain IR in AD and the main strategies to pursue this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Diehl
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH), Baltimore, MD
| | - Roger Mullins
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH), Baltimore, MD
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH), Baltimore, MD.
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44
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Dinkins MB, Wang G, Bieberich E. Sphingolipid-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles and Alzheimer's Disease: A Decade of Research. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:757-768. [PMID: 27662306 PMCID: PMC5360538 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, have emerged in the last 10 years as a new player in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with high potential for being useful as a diagnostic and treatment tool. Exosomes and other EVs are enriched with the sphingolipid ceramide as well as other more complex glycosphingolipids such as gangliosides. At least a subpopulation of exosomes requires neutral sphingomyelinase activity for their biogenesis and secretion. As ceramide is often elevated in AD, exosome secretion may be affected as well. Here, we review the available data showing that exosomes regulate the aggregation and clearance of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and discuss the differences in data from laboratories regarding Aβ binding, induction of aggregation, and glial clearance. We also summarize available data on the role of exosomes in extracellular tau propagation, AD-related exosomal mRNA/miRNA cargo, and the use of exosomes as biomarker and gene therapy vehicles for diagnosis and potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Dinkins
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Guanghu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
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45
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is an urgent need for effective therapies to restore neurologic function and decrease disability following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, emerging findings on the mechanisms of post-TBI neural repair and regeneration, as well as therapeutic implications, are selectively reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Recent discoveries include the characterization of the inhibitory signaling systems within the injury site, postinjury stem cell niche activation, the role of serotonin signaling in repair, and environment enrichment. A potentially transformative finding has been the identification of exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles which have key roles in cell signaling, and might serve as novel biomarkers and as vehicles for targeted delivery of repair-inducing molecules. SUMMARY In the experimental setting, post-TBI repair can be promoted by modulation of inhibitory signaling, neurotrophic factor administration, and amplified serotonin signaling; additional strategies include mobilization of endogenous stem cell populations, exogenous cell-based therapies, and environmental enhancement. Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of these approaches need further investigation in humans. Studies are also needed to evaluate biomarkers based on molecular traces of neural repair and regeneration, which could transform prognostic and predictive modeling of post-TBI recovery trajectories.
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Exosomes in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2016; 97:193-9. [PMID: 27131734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by most cell types, are found everywhere in the body. The role of exosomes in cellular functions has in the past years developed from being considered little more than cellular trashcans, to being proven important intercellular messengers and notable contributors to both health and in disease. A vast number of studies have revealed the multiple, and somewhat controversial role of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease, the most common neurodegenerative disease. Exosomes have been shown to spread toxic amyloid-beta and hyperphosphorylated tau between cells, and they have been suspected of inducing apoptosis and thereby contributing to neuronal loss. On the other hand, exosomes seem to possess the ability to reduce brain amyloid-beta through microglial uptake, and they are known to transfer neuroprotective substances between cells. These features, among many others, make exosomes extremely interesting from the point of view of developing novel therapeutic approaches. The fact that exosomes derived from the central nervous system can be found in bodily fluids also makes them an appealing target for biomarker development, which is not limited only to Alzheimer's disease.
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Qi ZP, Wang GX, Xia P, Hou TT, Zhou HL, Wang TJ, Yang XY. Effects of microtubule-associated protein tau expression on neural stem cell migration after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:332-7. [PMID: 27073389 PMCID: PMC4811000 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.177744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our preliminary proteomics analysis suggested that expression of microtubule-associated protein tau is elevated in the spinal cord after injury. Therefore, the first aim of the present study was to examine tau expression in the injured spinal cord. The second aim was to determine whether tau can regulate neural stem cell migration, a critical factor in the successful treatment of spinal cord injury. We established rat models of spinal cord injury and injected them with mouse hippocampal neural stem cells through the tail vein. We used immunohistochemistry to show that the expression of tau protein and the number of migrated neural stem cells were markedly increased in the injured spinal cord. Furthermore, using a Transwell assay, we showed that neural stem cell migration was not affected by an elevated tau concentration in the outer chamber, but it was decreased by changes in intracellular tau phosphorylation state. These results demonstrate that neural stem cells have targeted migration capability at the site of injury, and that although tau is not a chemokine for targeted migration of neural stem cells, intracellular tau phosphorylation/dephosphorylation can inhibit cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ping Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guo-Xiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Hou
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong-Li Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Tie-Jun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Zhang X, Abels ER, Redzic JS, Margulis J, Finkbeiner S, Breakefield XO. Potential Transfer of Polyglutamine and CAG-Repeat RNA in Extracellular Vesicles in Huntington's Disease: Background and Evaluation in Cell Culture. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:459-70. [PMID: 26951563 PMCID: PMC5844350 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In Huntington's disease (HD) the imperfect expanded CAG repeat in the first exon of the HTT gene leads to the generation of a polyglutamine (polyQ) protein, which has some neuronal toxicity, potentially mollified by formation of aggregates. Accumulated research, reviewed here, implicates both the polyQ protein and the expanded repeat RNA in causing toxicity leading to neurodegeneration in HD. Different theories have emerged as to how the neurodegeneration spreads throughout the brain, with one possibility being the transport of toxic protein and RNA in extracellular vesicles (EVs). Most cell types in the brain release EVs and these have been shown to contain neurodegenerative proteins in the case of prion protein and amyloid-beta peptide. In this study, we used a model culture system with an overexpression of HTT-exon 1 polyQ-GFP constructs in human 293T cells and found that the EVs did incorporate both the polyQ-GFP protein and expanded repeat RNA. Striatal mouse neural cells were able to take up these EVs with a consequent increase in the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and polyQ-GFP RNAs, but with no evidence of uptake of polyQ-GFP protein or any apparent toxicity, at least over a relatively short period of exposure. A differentiated striatal cell line expressing endogenous levels of Hdh mRNA containing the expanded repeat incorporated more of this mRNA into EVs as compared to similar cells expressing this mRNA with a normal repeat length. These findings support the potential of EVs to deliver toxic expanded trinucleotide repeat RNAs from one cell to another, but further work will be needed to evaluate potential EV and cell-type specificity of transfer and effects of long-term exposure. It seems likely that expanded HD-associated repeat RNA may appear in biofluids and may have use as biomarkers of disease state and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, 13th Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for NeuroDiscovery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erik R Abels
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, 13th Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for NeuroDiscovery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jasmina S Redzic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Julia Margulis
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease and the Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steve Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease and the Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, 13th Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for NeuroDiscovery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zappulli V, Friis KP, Fitzpatrick Z, Maguire CA, Breakefield XO. Extracellular vesicles and intercellular communication within the nervous system. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1198-207. [PMID: 27035811 DOI: 10.1172/jci81134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs, including exosomes) are implicated in many aspects of nervous system development and function, including regulation of synaptic communication, synaptic strength, and nerve regeneration. They mediate the transfer of packets of information in the form of nonsecreted proteins and DNA/RNA protected within a membrane compartment. EVs are essential for the packaging and transport of many cell-fate proteins during development as well as many neurotoxic misfolded proteins during pathogenesis. This form of communication provides another dimension of cellular crosstalk, with the ability to assemble a "kit" of directional instructions made up of different molecular entities and address it to specific recipient cells. This multidimensional form of communication has special significance in the nervous system. How EVs help to orchestrate the wiring of the brain while allowing for plasticity associated with learning and memory and contribute to regeneration and degeneration are all under investigation. Because they carry specific disease-related RNAs and proteins, practical applications of EVs include potential uses as biomarkers and therapeutics. This Review describes our current understanding of EVs and serves as a springboard for future advances, which may reveal new important mechanisms by which EVs in coordinate brain and body function and dysfunction.
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Turner RC, Lucke-Wold BP, Robson MJ, Lee JM, Bailes JE. Alzheimer's disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Distinct but possibly overlapping disease entities. Brain Inj 2016; 30:1279-1292. [PMID: 27715315 PMCID: PMC5303562 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2016.1193631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) have long been recognized as sharing some similar neuropathological features, mainly the presence of neurofibrilary tangles and hyperphosphorylated tau, but have generally been described as distinct entities. Evidence indicates that neurotrauma increases the risk of developing dementia and accelerates the progression of disease. Findings are emerging that CTE and AD may be present in the same patients. CLINICAL PRESENTATION This study presents a series of previously unpublished cases, with one case demonstrating possible neurotrauma-related AD, one pure CTE, and an example of a case exhibiting features of both AD and CTE. The future significance of this work lies not only in the confirmation of AD-CTE co-existence, but, more importantly, ways of generating a hypothesis about the possibility that CTE may accelerate AD development. Understanding the relationship between neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disease will help elucidate how distinct disease entities can co-exist in the same patient. It will ultimately require the use of pre-clinical animal models and repeat injury paradigms to investigate clinically relevant injury mechanisms. These models should produce a CTE-like phenotype that must be both neuropathologically and behaviourally similar to human disease. CONCLUSION This case series and review of the literature presents a discussion of AD and CTE in the context of neurotrauma. It highlights recent work from repetitive neurotrauma models with an emphasis on those exhibiting a CTE-like phenotype. Potential mechanisms of interest shared amongst AD and CTE are briefly addressed and future experiments are advocated for to enhance understanding of CTE pathophysiology and the relationship between CTE and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
- Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Brandon P. Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
- Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Matthew J. Robson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - John M. Lee
- NorthShore Neurological Institute, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201
| | - Julian E. Bailes
- NorthShore Neurological Institute, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201
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