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Favaloro F, DeLeo AM, Delgado AC, Doetsch F. miR-17∼92 exerts stage-specific effects in adult V-SVZ neural stem cell lineages. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111773. [PMID: 36476846 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) generate neurons and glia throughout life. MicroRNAs are important post-transcriptional regulators frequently acting in a context-dependent manner. Here, microRNA profiling defines cohorts of miRNAs in quiescent and activated NSCs, with miR-17∼92 highly upregulated in activated NSCs and transit amplifying cells (TACs) versus quiescent NSCs. Conditional miR-17∼92 deletion in the adult V-SVZ results in stage-specific effects. In NSCs, it reduces proliferation in vitro and in vivo, whereas in TACs, it selectively shifts neurogenic OLIG2- DLX2+ toward oligodendrogenic OLIG2+ DLX2- TACs, due to de-repression of an oligodendrogenic program, leading to increased oligodendrogenesis in vivo. This differential regulation of TAC subpopulations highlights the importance of TAC heterogeneity. Finally, in the NSC lineage for intraventricular oligodendrocyte progenitors, miR-17∼92 deletion decreases proliferation and maturation. Together, these findings reveal multiple stage-specific functions of the miR-17∼92 cluster within different adult V-SVZ lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annina M DeLeo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ana C Delgado
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Doetsch
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Muraoka S, DeLeo AM, Yang Z, Tatebe H, Yukawa-Takamatsu K, Ikezu S, Tokuda T, Issadore D, Stern RA, Ikezu T. Proteomic Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles Separated from Plasma of Former National Football League Players at Risk for Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1363-1375. [PMID: 34527415 PMCID: PMC8407879 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a tauopathy that affects individuals with a history of exposure to repetitive head impacts, including National Football League (NFL) players. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known to carry tau in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. We examined protein profiles of EVs separated from the plasma of former NFL players at risk for CTE. EVs were separated from the plasma from former NFL players and age-matched controls using size-exclusion chromatography. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis identified 675 proteins in plasma EVs, and 17 proteins were significantly differentially expressed between former NFL players and controls. Total tau (t-tau) and tau phosphorylated at threonie181 (p-tau181) in plasma-derived EVs were measured by ultrasensitive immunoassay. Level of t-tau and p-tau181 in EVs were significantly different, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of t-tau and p-tau181 showed 0.736 and 0.715, respectively. Machine learning analysis indicated that a combination of collagen type VI alpha 3 and 1 chain (COL6A3 and COL6A1) and reelin (RELN) can distinguish former NFL players from controls with 85% accuracy (AUC = 0.85). Based on the plasma EV proteomics, these data provide protein profiling of plasma EVs for CTE, and indicate combination of COL6A3, RELN and COL6A1 in plasma EVs may serve as the potential diagnostic biomarkers for CTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Muraoka
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Annina M DeLeo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Zijian Yang
- Deprtment of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Harutsugu Tatebe
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, JAPAN.
| | - Kayo Yukawa-Takamatsu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Seiko Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Takahiko Tokuda
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, JAPAN.
| | - David Issadore
- Deprtment of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Robert A Stern
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Departments of Anatomy & Neurobiology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Muraoka S, Jedrychowski MP, Yang Z, Tatebe H, DeLeo AM, Yukawa K, Ko J, Wang K, Ikezu S, Gygi S, Issadore D, Tokuda T, Stern RA, Ikezu T. Evaluation of extracellular vesicles isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma from former National Football League players at risk for chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.042233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zijian Yang
- University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | | | | | - Kayo Yukawa
- Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Jina Ko
- University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | | | - Seiko Ikezu
- Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
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4
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Muraoka S, DeLeo AM, Sethi MK, Yukawa‐Takamatsu K, Yang Z, Ko J, Hogan JD, Ruan Z, You Y, Wang Y, Medalla M, Ikezu S, Chen M, Xia W, Gorantla S, Gendelman HE, Issadore D, Zaia J, Ikezu T. Proteomic and biological profiling of extracellular vesicles from Alzheimer's disease human brain tissues. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:896-907. [PMID: 32301581 PMCID: PMC7293582 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from human Alzheimer's disease (AD) biospecimens contain amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and tau. While AD EVs are known to affect brain disease pathobiology, their biochemical and molecular characterizations remain ill defined. Methods EVs were isolated from the cortical gray matter of 20 AD and 18 control brains. Tau and Aβ levels were measured by immunoassay. Differentially expressed EV proteins were assessed by quantitative proteomics and machine learning. Results Levels of pS396 tau and Aβ1–42 were significantly elevated in AD EVs. High levels of neuron‐ and glia‐specific factors are detected in control and AD EVs, respectively. Machine learning identified ANXA5, VGF, GPM6A, and ACTZ in AD EV compared to controls. They distinguished AD EVs from controls in the test sets with 88% accuracy. Discussion In addition to Aβ and tau, ANXA5, VGF, GPM6A, and ACTZ are new signature proteins in AD EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Muraoka
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Annina M. DeLeo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Manveen K. Sethi
- Department of BiochemistryBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Kayo Yukawa‐Takamatsu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Zijian Yang
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jina Ko
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - John D. Hogan
- Program in BioinformaticsBoston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Zhi Ruan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Yang You
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Yuzhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Seiko Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Mei Chen
- Geriatric ResearchEducation and Clinical CenterEdith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital Bedford Massachusetts USA
| | - Weiming Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- Geriatric ResearchEducation and Clinical CenterEdith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital Bedford Massachusetts USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental NeurosciencesUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental NeurosciencesUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA
| | - David Issadore
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of BiochemistryBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceBoston University Boston Massachusetts USA
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Muraoka S, Jedrychowski MP, Tatebe H, DeLeo AM, Ikezu S, Tokuda T, Gygi SP, Stern RA, Ikezu T. Proteomic Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated From Cerebrospinal Fluid of Former National Football League Players at Risk for Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1059. [PMID: 31649498 PMCID: PMC6794346 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a tauopathy that affects individuals with a history of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury, such as American football players. Initial neuropathologic changes in CTE include perivascular deposition of phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau (p-tau) neurofibrillary tangles and other aggregates in neurons, astrocytes and cell processes in an irregular pattern often at the depths of the cortical sulci. In later stages, the p-tau depositions become widespread and is associated with neurodegeneration. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known to carry neuropathogenic molecules, most notably p-tau. We therefore examined the protein composition of EVs isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of former National Football League (NFL) players with cognitive and neuropsychiatric dysfunction, and an age-matched control group (CTRL) with no history of contact sports or traumatic brain injury. EVs were isolated from the CSF samples using an affinity purification kit. Total tau (t-tau) and tau phosphorylated on threonine181 (p-tau181) in CSF-derived EVs from former NFL players and CTRL participants were measured by ultrasensitive immunoassay. The t-tau and p-tau181 levels of CSF-derived EV were positively correlated with the t-tau and p-tau181 levels of total CSF in former NFL players, respectively, but not in the CTRL group. 429 unique proteins were identified from CSF-derived EVs and quantified by TMT-10 plex method. The identified protein molecules were significantly enriched for the extracellular exosome molecules, Alzheimer's disease pathway and Age/Telomere Length ontology as determined by DAVID Gene Ontology analysis. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the differentially expressed EV proteins revealed enrichment of canonical liver/retinoid X receptor activation pathway. Upstream effect analysis predicted MAPT (tau) as an upstream regulator in former NFL players. These data will be useful for understanding the EV-mediated disease spread and development of novel EV biomarkers for CTE and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Muraoka
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Harutsugu Tatebe
- Department of Medical Innovation and Translational Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Annina M. DeLeo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Seiko Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Takahiko Tokuda
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology of Brain Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert A. Stern
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer’s Disease Center, CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer’s Disease Center, CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Muraoka S, DeLeo AM, Sethi MK, Hogan JD, Yang Z, Ruan Z, You Y, Yukawa K, Kalava SV, Ikezu S, Ko J, Zaia J, Issadore D, Gorantla S, Gendelman HE, Ikezu T. O1‐01‐04: IDENTIFICATION AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLE PROTEINS FOR PROPAGATION AND SPREAD OF TAU. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.4520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John D. Hogan
- Program in Bioinformatics Boston University Boston MA USA
| | - Zijian Yang
- University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Zhi Ruan
- Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Yang You
- Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Kayo Yukawa
- Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | | | - Seiko Ikezu
- Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Jina Ko
- University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
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7
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are physiological vesicles secreted from most eukaryotes and contain cargos of their cell of origin. EVs, and particularly a subset of EV known as exosomes, are emerging as key mediators of cell to cell communication and waste management for cells both during normal organismal function and in disease. In this review, we investigate the rapidly growing field of exosome biology, their biogenesis, cargo loading, and uptake by other cells. We particularly consider the role of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease, both as a pathogenic agent and as a disease biomarker. We also explore the emerging role of exosomes in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Finally, we highlight open questions in these fields and the possible use of exosomes as therapeutic targets and agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina M DeLeo
- Laboratory of Molecular NeuroTherapeutics, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Laboratory of Molecular NeuroTherapeutics, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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8
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DeLeo AM, Sethi M, Muraoka S, Ruan Z, Ikezu S, Golantla S, Gendelman HE, Zaia J, Ikezu T. O2‐01‐02: CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE BRAIN‐DERIVED EXOSOMES. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhi Ruan
- Boston University School of MedicineBostonMAUSA
| | - Seiko Ikezu
- Boston University School of MedicineBostonMAUSA
| | | | | | - Joseph Zaia
- Boston University School of MedicineBostonMAUSA
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DeLeo AM, Muraoka S, Stern RA, Ikezu T. P3‐086: PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF EXOSOMES DERIVED FROM PLASMA SAMPLES OF FORMER NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE PLAYERS. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Ikezu T, Chen C, DeLeo AM, Zeldich E, Fallin MD, Kanaan NM, Lunetta KL, Abraham CR, Logue MW, Farrer LA. Tau Phosphorylation is Impacted by Rare AKAP9 Mutations Associated with Alzheimer Disease in African Americans. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29516269 PMCID: PMC5928172 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of two rare mutations (rs144662445 and rs149979685) in the A-kinase anchoring protein 9 (AKAP9) gene, previously associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) in African Americans (AA), on post-translational modifications of AD-related pathogenic molecules, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and microtubule-associated protein Tau using lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from 11 AA subjects with at least one AKAP9 mutation and 17 AA subjects lacking these mutations. LCLs were transduced by viral vectors expressing causative AD mutations in APP or human full-length wild type Tau. Cell lysates were analyzed for total APP, Aβ40, and total and T181 phospho-Tau (pTau). AKAP9 mutations had no effect on Aβ40/APP, but significantly increased pTau/Tau ratio in LCLs treated with phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor rolipram, which activates protein kinase A. Proteomic analysis of Tau interactome revealed enrichment of RNA binding proteins and decrease of proteasomal molecules in rolipram-treated cells with AKAP9 mutations. This study shows the impact of rare functional AKAP9 mutations on Tau, a central mechanism of AD pathogenesis, in LCLs derived from AD and control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Cidi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Annina M DeLeo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Ella Zeldich
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - M Daniele Fallin
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Carmela R Abraham
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, E200, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,The National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. .,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. .,Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, E200, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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DeLeo AM, Sethi M, Ikezu S, Zaia J, Ikezu T. [O3–04–04]: COMPREHENSIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN ALZHEIMER's DISEASE BRAIN‐DERIVED EXOSOMES. Alzheimers Dement 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.07.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seiko Ikezu
- Boston University School of MedicineBostonMAUSA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Boston University School of MedicineBostonMAUSA
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