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Zhuang ZJ, Li FJ, Lv D, Duan HQ, Chen LY, Chen P, Shen ZQ, He B. Regulation of Autophagy Signaling Pathways by Ginseng Saponins: A Review. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400934. [PMID: 38898600 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Ginseng saponins (ginsenosides), bioactive compounds derived from ginseng, are widely used natural products with potent therapeutic properties in the management of various ailments, particularly tumors, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and immune system disorders. Autophagy, a highly regulated and multistep process involving the breakdown of impaired organelles and macromolecules by autophagolysosomes and autophagy-related genes (ATGs), has gained increasing attention as a potential target for ginsenoside-mediated disease treatment. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research advances in the understanding of autophagy-related signaling pathways and the role of ginsenoside-mediated autophagy regulation. By delving into the intricate autophagy signaling pathways underpinning the pharmacological properties of ginsenosides, we highlight their therapeutic potential in addressing various conditions. Our findings serve as a comprehensive reference for further investigation into the medicinal properties of ginseng or ginseng-related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Jun Zhuang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products/College of Modern Biomedical Industry, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Fa-Jing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products/College of Modern Biomedical Industry, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
- The First People's Hospital of Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan, 615000, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products/College of Modern Biomedical Industry, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng-Qian Duan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products/College of Modern Biomedical Industry, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Yi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products/College of Modern Biomedical Industry, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products/College of Modern Biomedical Industry, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products/College of Modern Biomedical Industry, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products/College of Modern Biomedical Industry, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
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Yang C, Liu G, Zeng X, Xiang Y, Chen X, Le W. Therapeutic effects of long-term HBOT on Alzheimer's disease neuropathologies and cognitive impairment in APP swe/PS1 dE9 mice. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103006. [PMID: 38241837 PMCID: PMC10831255 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.103006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with the pathological hallmarks of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. Although there is a hope that anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies may emerge as a new therapy for AD, the high cost and side effect is a big concern. Non-drug therapy is attracting more attention and may provide a better resolution for the treatment of AD. Given the fact that hypoxia contributes to the pathogenesis of AD, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) may be an effective intervention that can alleviate hypoxia and improve AD. However, it remains unclear whether long-term HBOT intervention in the early stage of AD can slow AD progression and ultimately prevent cognitive impairment in this disease. In this study we applied consecutive 3-month HBOT interventions on 3-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 AD mice which represent the early stage of AD. When the APPswe/PS1dE9 mice at 9-month-old which represent the disease stage we measured cognitive function, 24-h blood oxygen saturation, Aβ and tau pathologies, vascular structure and function, and neuroinflammation in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Our results showed that long-term HBOT can attenuate the impairments in cognitive function observed in 9-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Most importantly, HBOT effectively reduced the progression of Aβ plaques deposition, hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregation, and neuronal and synaptic degeneration in the AD mice. Further, long-term HBOT was able to enhance blood oxygen saturation level. Besides, long-term HBOT can improve vascular structure and function, and reduce neuroinflammation in AD mice. This study is the first to demonstrate that long-term HBOT intervention in the early stage of AD can attenuate cognitive impairment and AD-like pathologies. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of long-term HBOT as a disease-modifying approach for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Yang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Guangdong Liu
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xianrong Zeng
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
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Wang X, Cui L, Ji X. Cognitive impairment caused by hypoxia: from clinical evidences to molecular mechanisms. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:51-66. [PMID: 34618295 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a state of reduced oxygen supply and excessive oxygen consumption. According to the duration of hypoxic period, it can be classified as acute and chronic hypoxia. Both acute and chronic hypoxia could induce abundant neurological deficits. Although there have been significant advances in the pathophysiological injuries, few studies have focused on the cognitive dysfunction. In this review, we focused on the clinical evidences and molecular mechanisms of cognitive impairment under acute and chronic hypoxia. Hypoxia can impair several cognitive domains such as attention, learning and memory, procession speed and executive function, which are similar in acute and chronic hypoxia. The severity of cognitive deficit correlates with the duration and degree of hypoxia. Recovery can be achieved after acute hypoxia, while sequelae or even dementia can be observed after chronic hypoxia, perhaps due to the different molecular mechanisms. Cardiopulmonary compensatory response, glycolysis, oxidative stress, calcium overload, adenosine, mitochondrial disruption, inflammation and excitotoxicity contribute to the molecular mechanisms of cognitive deficit after acute hypoxia. During the chronic stage of hypoxia, different adaptive responses, impaired neurovascular coupling, apoptosis, transcription factors-mediated inflammation, as well as Aβ accumulation and tau phosphorylation account for the neurocognitive deficit. Moreover, brain structural changes with hippocampus and cortex atrophy, ventricle enlargement, senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle deposition can be observed under chronic hypoxia rather than acute hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, No 45, Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, Xicheng District, China.
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Correia SC, Moreira PI. Oxygen Sensing and Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease: A Breathtaking Story! Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:3-21. [PMID: 34510330 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen sensing and homeostasis is indispensable for the maintenance of brain structural and functional integrity. Under low-oxygen tension, the non-diseased brain has the ability to cope with hypoxia by triggering a homeostatic response governed by the highly conserved hypoxia-inducible family (HIF) of transcription factors. With the advent of advanced neuroimaging tools, it is now recognized that cerebral hypoperfusion, and consequently hypoxia, is a consistent feature along the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum. Of note, the reduction in cerebral blood flow and tissue oxygenation detected during the prodromal phases of AD, drastically aggravates as disease progresses. Within this scenario a fundamental question arises: How HIF-driven homeostatic brain response to hypoxia "behaves" during the AD continuum? In this sense, the present review is aimed to critically discuss and summarize the current knowledge regarding the involvement of hypoxia and HIF signaling in the onset and progression of AD pathology. Importantly, the promises and challenges of non-pharmacological and pharmacological strategies aimed to target hypoxia will be discussed as a new "hope" to prevent and/or postpone the neurodegenerative events that occur in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia C Correia
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Polo I, 1st Floor, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Polo I, 1st Floor, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
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Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia characterized by the progressive cognitive and social decline. Clinical drug targets have heavily focused on the amyloid hypothesis, with amyloid beta (Aβ), and tau proteins as key pathophysiologic markers of AD. However, no effective treatment has been developed so far, which prompts researchers to focus on other aspects of AD beyond Aβ, and tau proteins. Additionally, there is a mounting epidemiologic evidence that various environmental factors influence the development of dementia and that dementia etiology is likely heterogenous. In the past decades, new risk factors or potential etiologies have been widely studied. Here, we review several novel epidemiologic and clinical research developments that focus on sleep, hypoxia, diet, gut microbiota, and hearing impairment and their links to AD published in recent years. At the frontiers of AD research, these findings and updates could be worthy of further attention.
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Perluigi M, Di Domenico F, Barone E, Butterfield DA. mTOR in Alzheimer disease and its earlier stages: Links to oxidative damage in the progression of this dementing disorder. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 169:382-396. [PMID: 33933601 PMCID: PMC8145782 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the elderly population and has worldwide impact. The etiology of the disease is complex and results from the confluence of multiple mechanisms ultimately leading to neuronal loss and cognitive decline. Among risk factors, aging is the most relevant and accounts for several pathogenic events that contribute to disease-specific toxic mechanisms. Accumulating evidence linked the alterations of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine protein kinase playing a key role in the regulation of protein synthesis and degradation, to age-dependent cognitive decline and pathogenesis of AD. To date, growing studies demonstrated that aberrant mTOR signaling in the brain affects several pathways involved in energy metabolism, cell growth, mitochondrial function and proteostasis. Recent advances associated alterations of the mTOR pathway with the increased oxidative stress. Disruption of all these events strongly contribute to age-related cognitive decline including AD. The current review discusses the main regulatory roles of mTOR signaling network in the brain, focusing on its role in autophagy, oxidative stress and energy metabolism. Collectively, experimental data suggest that targeting mTOR in the CNS can be a valuable strategy to prevent/slow the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - F Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - E Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - D A Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy; Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0055, USA.
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Li S, Ren C, Stone C, Chandra A, Xu J, Li N, Han C, Ding Y, Ji X, Shao G. Hamartin: An Endogenous Neuroprotective Molecule Induced by Hypoxic Preconditioning. Front Genet 2020; 11:582368. [PMID: 33193709 PMCID: PMC7556298 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.582368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic/ischemic preconditioning (HPC/IPC) is an innate neuroprotective mechanism in which a number of endogenous molecules are known to be involved. Tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1), also known as hamartin, is thought to be one such molecule. It is also known that hamartin is involved as a target in the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which functions to integrate a variety of environmental triggers in order to exert control over cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Understanding the role of hamartin in ischemic/hypoxic neuroprotection will provide a novel target for the treatment of hypoxic-ischemic disease. Therefore, the proposed molecular mechanisms of this neuroprotective role and its preconditions are reviewed in this paper, with emphases on the mTOR pathway and the relationship between the expression of hamartin and DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Changhong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Christopher Stone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ankush Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jiali Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China.,Public Health Department, Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College, Baotou, China.,Baotou Medical College of Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
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Phenolic Acids-Rich Fractions from Agaricus bitorguis (Quél.) Sacc. Chaidam ZJU-CDMA-12 Mycelia Modulate Hypoxic Stress on Hypoxia-Damaged PC12 Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204845. [PMID: 33096616 PMCID: PMC7587959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common pathological process in various clinical diseases. However, there is still a lack of effective anti-hypoxia active substances. Agaricus bitorguis (Quél.) Sacc Chaidam (ABSC) is a rare wild edible macrofungus that grows underground at high altitudes. Herein, intracellular phenolic acids-rich fractions (IPA) were extracted from ABSC ZJU-CDMA-12, and the structural characterization and anti-hypoxia activity of IPA on PC12 cells were elucidated as well. The results of HPLC-Q-TOF-MS illustrated that five kinds of IPA were isolated from ABSC, including (−)-epicatechin gallate, arabelline, yunnaneic acid D, 2′-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl-6′-O-trans-caffeoylgardoside,4′-O-methylgallocatechin-(4->8)-4′-O-methylepigallocatechin. IPA extracted from ABSC proved to show anti-hypoxia activity on hypoxia-damaged PC12 cells. Hypoxia enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in PC12 cells, resulting in the inhibition of survival and induction of apoptosis in PC12 cells. Measurements of 100 μg/mL and 250 μg/mL IPA could significantly reduce hypoxia-induced damage in PC12 cells by decreasing overproduced intracellular ROS, improving ΔΨm, and reducing cell apoptosis rate. Our findings indicated that the IPA from ABSC potentially could be used as novel bioactive components applied to anti-hypoxia functional foods or medicines.
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Chen J, Zhang F, Zhao L, Cheng C, Zhong R, Dong C, Le W. Hyperbaric oxygen ameliorates cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2020; 6:e12030. [PMID: 32548235 PMCID: PMC7293997 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been reported that environmental factors such as hypoxia could contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therapeutics like hyperbaric oxygen treatment, which improves tissue oxygen supply and ameliorates hypoxic conditions in the brain, may be an alternative therapy for AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). The present work aims to investigate the potential therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment for AD and aMCI. METHODS We recruited 42 AD, 11 aMCI, and 30 control AD patients in this study. AD and aMCI patients were treated with 40 minutes of hyperbaric oxygen once a day for 20 days and assessed by neuropsychiatric assessments including Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale before and at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up after treatment. Control AD patients who were not given hyperbaric oxygen treatment had similar clinical profile as hyperbaric oxygen treated AD. We examined 10 of the AD/aMCI patients with fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. RESULTS In self-comparison study, one course of hyperbaric oxygen treatment significantly improved the cognitive function assessed by MMSE and MoCA in AD patients after 1-month follow-up; such treatment also significantly improved MMSE score at 3-month follow-up and MoCA score at 1- and 3-month follow-up in aMCI patients. The ADL scale was significantly improved in AD patients after 1- and 3-month follow-up. Compared to the control AD patients, the MMSE and MoCA in hyperbaric oxygen treated AD patients were significantly improved after 1-month follow-up. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment also ameliorated the reduced brain glucose metabolism in some of the AD and aMCI patients. CONCLUSION Based on previous studies and our recent findings, we propose that hyperbaric oxygen treatment may be a promising alternative therapy for AD and aMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Chen
- Department of Neurologythe First Affiliated HospitalDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Feng Zhang
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseasesthe First Affiliated HospitalDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseasesthe First Affiliated HospitalDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Neurologythe First Affiliated HospitalDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseasesthe First Affiliated HospitalDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseasesthe First Affiliated HospitalDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Rujia Zhong
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseasesthe First Affiliated HospitalDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseasesthe First Affiliated HospitalDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Chunbo Dong
- Department of Neurologythe First Affiliated HospitalDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Weidong Le
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseasesthe First Affiliated HospitalDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseasesthe First Affiliated HospitalDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
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Mechanisms of Electroacupuncture on Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of Animal Studies. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 26:473-480. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-020-3092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhou R, Sun X, Li Y, Huang Q, Qu Y, Mu D, Li X. Low-dose Dexamethasone Increases Autophagy in Cerebral Cortical Neurons of Juvenile Rats with Sepsis Associated Encephalopathy. Neuroscience 2019; 419:83-99. [PMID: 31682824 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that a certain dose of dexamethasone can improve the survival rate of patients with sepsis, and in sepsis associated encephalopathy (SAE), autophagy plays a regulatory role in brain function. Here, we proved for the first time that small-dose dexamethasone (SdDex) can regulate the autophagy of cerebral cortex neurons in SAE rats and plays a protective role. Cortical neurons were cultured in vitro in a septic microenvironment and a sepsis rat model was established. The small-dose dexamethasone (SdDex) or high-dose dexamethasone (HdDex) was used to intervene in neurons or SAE rats. Through fluorescence microscopy and western blot analysis, the expressions of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), p62/sequestosome1 (p62/SQSTM1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway related proteins, and apoptosis-related proteins were detected. Theresultsshowthat compared with those in SAE rats, the cortical pathological changes in SAE rats treated with SdDex were improved, and damaged substances were encapsulated and degraded by autophagosomes in neurons. Additionally, similar to neurons in vitro, cortical autophagy was further activated and the mTOR signaling pathway was inhibited. After HdDex treatment, the mTOR signaling pathway in cortex is inhibited, but further activation of autophagy is not obvious, the cortical pathological changes were further worsened and the ultrastructure of neurons was disturbed. Furthermore, the HdDex group exhibited the most obvious apoptosis. SdDex can regulate autophagy of cortical neurons by inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway and plays a protective role. Brain damage induced by HdDex may be related to the activation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixi Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuyao Li
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qun Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xihong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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12
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Ma RD, Zhou GJ, Qu M, Yi JH, Tang YL, Yang XY, Nie YX, Gu HF. Corticosterone induces neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via disrupting autophagy flux mediated by AMPK/mTOR signaling. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:167-176. [PMID: 31423743 PMCID: PMC6978254 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Our previous study indicated that chronic stress caused autophagy impairment and subsequent neuron apoptosis in hippocampus. However, the mechanism underlying the stress‐induced damage to neurons is unclear. In present work, we investigated whether stress‐level glucocorticoids (GCs) GCs promoted PC12 cell damage via AMPK/mTOR signaling‐mediated autophagy. Methods Chronic stress‐induced PC12 cell injury model was built by treatment with high level corticosterone (CORT). Cell injury was evaluated by flow cytometry assay and transmission electron microscopy observation. Results Autophagy flux was measured based on the changes in LC3‐II and P62 protein expressions, and the color alteration of mCherry‐GFP‐LC3‐II transfection. Our results showed that CORT not only increased cell injury and apoptosis, but also dysregulated AMPK/mTOR signaling‐mediated autophagy flux, as indicated by the upregulated expression of LC3‐II and P62 proteins, and the lowered ration of autolysosomes to autophagosomes. Mechanistically, our results demonstrated that autophagy activation by AMPK activator metformin or mTOR inhibitor rapamycin obviously promotes cell survival and autophagy flux, improved mitochondrial ultrastructure, and reduced expression of Cyt‐C and caspase‐3 in CORT‐induced PC12 cells. Conclusion These results indicate that high CORT triggers PC12 cell damage through disrupting AMPK/mTOR‐mediated autophagy flux. Targeting this signaling may be a promising approach to protect against high CORT and chronic stress‐induced neuronal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Dong Ma
- Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Gui-Juan Zhou
- Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Miao Qu
- Department of Physiology & Institute of Neuroscience, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ji-Hong Yi
- Institute of Neuroscience of the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- Department of Physiology & Institute of Neuroscience, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiang-Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Nie
- Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong-Feng Gu
- Department of Physiology & Institute of Neuroscience, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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13
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Zhang F, Niu L, Li S, Le W. Pathological Impacts of Chronic Hypoxia on Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:902-909. [PMID: 30412668 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia is considered as one of the important environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many chronic hypoxia-causing comorbidities, such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have been reported to be closely associated with AD. Increasing evidence has documented that chronic hypoxia may affect many pathological aspects of AD including amyloid β (Aβ) metabolism, tau phosphorylation, autophagy, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction, which may collectively result in neurodegeneration in the brain. In this Review, we briefly summarize the effects of chronic hypoxia on AD pathogenesis and discuss the underlying mechanisms. Since chronic hypoxia is common in the elderly and may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD, prospective prevention and treatment targeting hypoxia may be helpful to delay or alleviate AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Long Niu
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Song Li
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
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14
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Zeng Q, Siu W, Li L, Jin Y, Liang S, Cao M, Ma M, Wu Z. Autophagy in Alzheimer's disease and promising modulatory effects of herbal medicine. Exp Gerontol 2019; 119:100-110. [PMID: 30710681 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and unremitting neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment. It affects the quality of life of victims severely. The prevalence of AD has been increasing in recent years. Therefore, it is of great importance to elucidate the pathogenesis of AD and find out effective therapeutic approaches. Autophagy, a primary intracellular way of degrading aggregated proteins and damaged organelles, has been discovered to be involved in the pathological changes of AD. In the last few years, much progress has been made in finding autophagy regulators from natural products, providing new insights to develop treatment strategy for AD by targeting autophagy. In the present review, we provided an overview of the recent research progress regarding the function role of autophagy in AD, the regulation mechanisms of autophagy-lysosomal pathway as well as therapeutic potential of herbal medicine on AD by targeting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zeng
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine postdoctoral research station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen 518020, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Wingsum Siu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Limin Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Yu Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Shaoyu Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Meiqun Cao
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen 518020, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Min Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhengzhi Wu
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine postdoctoral research station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen 518020, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China.
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15
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Zheng C, Xu R. The Alzheimer's comorbidity phenome: mining from a large patient database and phenome-driven genetics prediction. JAMIA Open 2018; 2:131-138. [PMID: 30944912 PMCID: PMC6434979 DOI: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder and has become a global public health problem. Intensive research has been conducted for AD. But the pathophysiology of AD is still not elucidated. Disease comorbidity often associates diseases with overlapping patterns of genetic markers. This may inform a common etiology and suggest essential protein targets. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) collects large-scale postmarketing surveillance data that provide a unique opportunity to investigate disease co-occurrence pattern. We aim to construct a heterogeneous network that integrates disease comorbidity network (DCN) from FAERS with protein–protein interaction (PPI) to prioritize the AD risk genes using network-based ranking algorithm. Materials and Methods We built a DCN based on indication data from FAERS using association rule mining. DCN was further integrated with PPI network. We used random walk with restart ranking algorithm to prioritize AD risk genes. Results We evaluated the performance of our approach using AD risk genes curated from genetic association studies. Our approach achieved an area under a receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.770. Top 500 ranked genes achieved 5.53-fold enrichment for known AD risk genes as compared to random expectation. Pathway enrichment analysis using top-ranked genes revealed that two novel pathways, ERBB and coagulation pathways, might be involved in AD pathogenesis. Conclusion We innovatively leveraged FAERS, a comprehensive data resource for FDA postmarket drug safety surveillance, for large-scale AD comorbidity mining. This exploratory study demonstrated the potential of disease-comorbidities mining from FAERS in AD genetics discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Zheng
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Institute of Computational Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Institute of Computational Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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16
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Zhang F, Zhong R, Qi H, Li S, Cheng C, Liu X, Liu Y, Le W. Impacts of Acute Hypoxia on Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathologies in APP swe/PS1 dE9 Mice and Their Wild Type Littermates. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:314. [PMID: 29867325 PMCID: PMC5954115 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and pathologically featured by β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque deposition and hyper-phosphorylated tau aggregation in the brain. Environmental factors are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of AD. In the present study, we investigated the impacts of acute hypoxia on Aβ and tau pathologies, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial function, and autophagy in APPswe/PS1dE9 AD mouse model. Male APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (Tg) mice and their age-matched wild type (Wt) littermates were exposed to one single acute hypoxic episode (oxygen 7%) for 24 h. We found that acute hypoxia exposure increased the expressions of amyloid precursor protein (APP), anterior pharynx-defective 1 (APH1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), and promoted tau phosphorylation at T181 and T231 residues in both Tg and Wt mice. In addition, acute hypoxia also induced autophagy through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, elicited abnormal mitochondrial function and neuroinflammation in both Tg and Wt mice. In summary, all these findings suggest that acute hypoxia could induce the AD-like pathological damages in the brain of APPswe/PS1dE9 mice and Wt mice to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Rujia Zhong
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongqian Qi
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Song Li
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyao Liu
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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17
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Yang X, Yin H, Zhang Y, Li X, Tong H, Zeng Y, Wang Q, He W. Hypoxia-induced autophagy promotes gemcitabine resistance in human bladder cancer cells through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α activation. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:215-224. [PMID: 29693166 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming the chemoresistance of bladder cancer is a pivotal obstacle in clinical treatments. Hypoxia widely exists in solid tumors and has been demonstrated to contribute to chemoresistance through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF‑1α)-mediated autophagy in several types of cancer. However, it is unclear whether HIF‑1α-mediated autophagy and chemoresistance occur in bladder cancer. The present study demonstrated that HIF‑1α was overexpressed in 20 bladder cancer tissues compared with matched paracarcinoma tissues. Gemcitabine-induced apoptosis during hypoxia was significantly reduced compared with that observed under normoxic conditions. In addition, hypoxia activated autophagy and enhanced gemcitabine-induced autophagy. Combined treatment using gemcitabine and an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine) under hypoxia significantly increased gemcitabine cytotoxicity. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that hypoxia-activated autophagy depended on the HIF‑1α/BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3)/Beclin1 signaling pathway. Suppressing HIF‑1α inhibited autophagy, BNIP3 and Beclin1, as well as enhanced gemcitabine-induced apoptosis in bladder cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. Consequently, the results of the present study demonstrated that hypoxia-induced cytoprotective autophagy counteracted gemcitabine-induced apoptosis through increasing HIF‑1α expression. Therefore, targeting HIF‑1α-associated pathways or autophagy in bladder cancer may be a successful strategy to enhance the sensitivity of bladder cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hubin Yin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yunzhi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hang Tong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yizhou Zeng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Quan Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Weiyang He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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18
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Braidy N, Essa MM, Poljak A, Selvaraju S, Al-Adawi S, Manivasagm T, Thenmozhi AJ, Ooi L, Sachdev P, Guillemin GJ. Consumption of pomegranates improves synaptic function in a transgenic mice model of Alzheimer's disease. Oncotarget 2018; 7:64589-64604. [PMID: 27486879 PMCID: PMC5323101 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular plaques containing abnormal Amyloid Beta (Aβ) aggregates, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein, microglia-dominated neuroinflammation, and impairments in synaptic plasticity underlying cognitive deficits. Therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD are currently limited. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of 4% pomegranate extract to a standard chow diet on neuroinflammation, and synaptic plasticity in APPsw/Tg2576 mice brain. Treatment with a custom mixed diet (pellets) containing 4% pomegranate for 15 months ameliorated the loss of synaptic structure proteins, namely PSD-95, Munc18-1, and SNAP25, synaptophysin, phosphorylation of Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase IIα (p-CaMKIIα/ CaMKIIα), and phosphorylation of Cyclic AMP-Response Element Binding Protein (pCREB/CREB), inhibited neuroinflammatory activity, and enhanced autophagy, and activation of the phophoinositide-3-kinase-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. These neuroprotective effects were associated with reduced β-site cleavage of Amyloid Precursor Protein in APPsw/Tg2576 mice. Therefore, long-term supplementation with pomegranates can attenuate AD pathology by reducing inflammation, and altering APP-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman.,Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman
| | - Anne Poljak
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman
| | - Subash Selvaraju
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman.,Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman
| | - Samir Al-Adawi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman
| | | | | | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, MND and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
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19
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Song Y, Du Y, Zou W, Luo Y, Zhang X, Fu J. Involvement of impaired autophagy and mitophagy in Neuro-2a cell damage under hypoxic and/or high-glucose conditions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3301. [PMID: 29459731 PMCID: PMC5818622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) plays an insidious role in the development of cognitive impairment. Considerable evidence suggests that Diabetes Mellitus (DM) as a vascular risk factor may exacerbate CCH and is closely related to cognitive decline. Dysregulation of autophagy is known to be associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. To elucidate the role of autophagy in CCH- and/or DM-related pathogenesis, mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells were exposed to hypoxia and/or high glucose for 48 h, mimicking CCH complicated with DM pathologies. Chronic hypoxia reduced cell proliferation and increased levels of cleaved caspase-3, whereas high glucose had no obvious synergistic toxic effect. Accumulation of autophagic vacuoles under hypoxia may be due to both autophagy impairment and induction, with the former accounting for Neuro-2a cell death. Additionally, aberrant accumulation of mitochondria in Neuro-2a cells may be attributed to insufficient BNIP3-mediated mitophagy due to poor interaction between BNIP3 and LC3-II. Despite the lack of a significant cytotoxic effect of high glucose under our experimental conditions, our data indicated for the first time that impaired autophagy degradation and inefficient BNIP3-mediated mitophagy may constitute mechanisms underlying neuronal cell damage during chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Song
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Wenying Zou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Jianliang Fu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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20
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Liu W, Zhuo P, Li L, Jin H, Lin B, Zhang Y, Liang S, Wu J, Huang J, Wang Z, Lin R, Chen L, Tao J. Activation of brain glucose metabolism ameliorating cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice by electroacupuncture. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:174-190. [PMID: 28756309 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An essential feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is implicated in brain energy metabolic impairment that is considered underlying pathogenesis of cognitive impairment. Therefore, therapeutic interventions to allay cognitive deficits that target energy metabolism may be an efficacy strategy in AD. In this study, we found that electroacupuncture (EA) at the DU20 acupoint obviously increased glucose metabolism in specific brain regions such as cortex, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, basal forebrain septum, brain stem, and cerebellum in APP/PS1 transgenic mice by animal 18F-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-Glucose (18F-FDG)/positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, accompanied by cognitive improvements in the spatial reference learning and memory and memory flexibility and novel object recognition performances. Further evidence shown energy metabolism occurred in neurons or non-neuronal cells of the cortex and hippocampus in terms of the co-location of GLUT3/NeuN and GLUT1/GFAP. Simultaneously, metabolic homeostatic factors were critical for glucose metabolism, including phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AKT serine/threonine kinase. Furthermore, EA-induced phosphorylated AMPK and AKT inhibited the phosphorylation level of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to decrease the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the cortex and hippocampus. These findings are concluded that EA is a potential therapeutic target for delaying memory decline and Aβ deposition of AD. The AMPK and AKT are implicated in the EA-induced cortical and hippocampal energy metabolism, which served as a contributor to improving cognitive function and Aβ deposition in a transgenic mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Liu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Peiyuan Zhuo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Long Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Hao Jin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Bingbing Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yingzheng Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Shengxiang Liang
- Division of Nuclear Technology and Applications, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Jia Huang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Zhifu Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Ruhui Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Lidian Chen
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
| | - Jing Tao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
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21
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Zhang F, Zhong R, Li S, Fu Z, Cheng C, Cai H, Le W. Acute Hypoxia Induced an Imbalanced M1/M2 Activation of Microglia through NF-κB Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease Mice and Wild-Type Littermates. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:282. [PMID: 28890695 PMCID: PMC5574879 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease mainly caused by abnormal tau phosphorylation, amyloid β (Aβ) deposition and neuroinflammation. As an important environmental factor, hypoxia has been reported to aggravate AD via exacerbating Aβ and tau pathologies. However, the link between hypoxia and neuroinflammation, especially the changes of pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammation M2 microglia phenotypes in AD, is still far from being clearly investigated. Here, we evaluated the activation of microglia in the brains of APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (Tg) mice and their wild type (Wt) littermates, after a single episode of acute hypoxia (24 h) exposure. We found that acute hypoxia activated M1 microglia in both Tg and Wt mice as evidenced by the elevated M1 markers including cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and CCL3. In addition, the markers of M2 microglia phenotype (arginase-1 (Arg-1), CD206, IL-4 and IL-10) were decreased after acute hypoxia exposure, suggesting an attenuated M2 phenotype of microglia. Moreover, the activation of microglia and the release of cytokines and chemokines were associated with Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) induction through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In summary, our findings revealed that acute hypoxia modulated microglia M1/M2 subgroup profile, indicating the pathological role of hypoxia in the neuroinflammation of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Rujia Zhong
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Song Li
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Zhenfa Fu
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, United States
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
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22
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Shen L, Zhang P, Zhang S, Xie L, Yao L, Lang W, Lian J, Qin W, Zhang M, Ji L. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 promotes endothelial cell homing via the Akt-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway to accelerate healing of ischemic and hypoxic skin ulcers. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:3021-3031. [PMID: 28587375 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL-8) promotes cell homing and angiogenesis. However, under hypoxic conditions, the role of CXCL-8 in the homing of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and its effect on the healing of skin ulcers caused by ischemia and hypoxia remain unknown. In the current study, assays measuring cell proliferation, in vitro angiogenesis and cell migration were performed to evaluate alterations in the proliferation, angiogenic capacity and chemotaxis of HUVECs treated with CXCL-8 protein and/or an Akt inhibitor (AZD5363 group) under hypoxic conditions. Changes in the levels of Akt, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total-superoxide dismutase (total-SOD) were also detected by western blotting and ELISA. In addition, in vivo experiments were performed using a skin ulcer model in mice. Ischemic and hypoxic skin ulcers were created on the thighs of C57BL/6J mice, and the effects of CXCL-8 and HUVEC transplantation on the healing capacity of skin ulcers was determined by injecting mice with HUVECs and/or CXCL-8 recombinant protein (CXCL-8, HUVEC and HUVEC + CXCL-8 groups). Vascular endothelial cell homing, changes in vascular density and the expression of VEGF, SOD, EGF and MDA within the ulcer tissue were subsequently measured. In vitro experiments demonstrated that HUVEC proliferation, migration and tube forming capacity were significantly increased by CXCL-8 under hypoxic conditions. Additionally, levels of VEGF, MDA and SOD were significantly higher in the CXCL-8 group, though were significantly decreased by the Akt and STAT3 inhibitors. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the expression of VEGF, total-SOD and EGF proteins were higher in the skin ulcer tissue of mice treated with CXCL-8 + HUVEC, relative to mice treated with HUVECs alone. Furthermore, vascular endothelial cell homing and vascular density were significantly increased in the CXCL-8 + HUVEC group, indicating that combined use of HUVECs and CXCL-8 may promote the healing of ischemic skin ulcers. The present results demonstrate that CXCL-8 may stimulate vascular endothelial cells to secrete VEGF, SOD and other cytokines via the Akt-STAT3 pathway, which in turn serves a key regulatory role in the recruitment of vascular endothelial cells, reduction of hypoxia-related injury and promotion of tissue repair following hypoxic/ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shen
- Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Shanqiang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Liping Xie
- Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Lijie Yao
- Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Weiya Lang
- Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Jie Lian
- Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Liang Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
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23
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Zhang F, Zhong R, Li S, Chang RCC, Le W. The missing link between sleep disorders and age-related dementia: recent evidence and plausible mechanisms. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:559-568. [PMID: 28188439 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are among the most common clinical problems and possess a significant concern for the geriatric population. More importantly, while around 40% of elderly adults have sleep-related complaints, sleep disorders are more frequently associated with co-morbidities including age-related neurodegenerative diseases and mild cognitive impairment. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that disturbed sleep may not only serve as the consequence of brain atrophy, but also contribute to the pathogenesis of dementia and, therefore, significantly increase dementia risk. Since the current therapeutic interventions lack efficacies to prevent, delay or reverse the pathological progress of dementia, a better understanding of underlying mechanisms by which sleep disorders interact with the pathogenesis of dementia will provide possible targets for the prevention and treatment of dementia. In this review, we briefly describe the physiological roles of sleep in learning/memory, and specifically update the recent research evidence demonstrating the association between sleep disorders and dementia. Plausible mechanisms are further discussed. Moreover, we also evaluate the possibility of sleep therapy as a potential intervention for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Rujia Zhong
- Liaoning Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Song Li
- Liaoning Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China. .,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China.
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24
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Feng J, Chen X, Shen J. Reactive nitrogen species as therapeutic targets for autophagy: implication for ischemic stroke. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:305-317. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1281250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingmiao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
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25
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Dong F, Yao R, Yu H, Liu Y. Neuroprotection of Ro25-6981 Against Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Brain Injury via Inhibition of Autophagy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:743-752. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Bu XL, Jiao SS, Lian Y, Wang YJ. Perspectives on the Tertiary Prevention Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2016; 13:307-16. [PMID: 26667888 PMCID: PMC4997925 DOI: 10.2174/1567205013666151215110114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) plays a pivotal role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, and is the most promising disease-modifying target for AD. A succession of failures in Aβ-targeting clinical trials, however, has prompted questions on whether Aβ is the true cause of AD and a valid therapeutic target. Therefore, current therapeutic targets and intervention strategies must be reconsidered. In addition to Aβ, multiple pathological events such as tau hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are involved in the disease pathogenesis and cause cross-talk between these pathological pathways, which synergistically drive disease progression. Increasing evidence also reveals that the pathogenesis varies at different stages of the disease. Therefore, targeting Aβ alone at all stages of the disease would not be sufficient to halt or reverse disease progression. In the light of the pathophysiologic similarities between the development of ischemic stroke and AD, we can formulate management strategies for AD from the successful practice of ischemic stroke management, namely the tertiary prevention strategy. These new perspectives of tertiary prevention target both Aβ and different pathological pathways of AD pathogenesis at different stages of the disease, and may represent a promising avenue for the effective prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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