Dementia and Pressure Ulcers: Is There a Close Pathophysiological Interrelation?

Adults living with dementia and chronic wounds, wound types, care challenges, and impact across dementia stages: A scoping review protocol

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this scoping review is to map the existing evidence on the epidemiology, care challenges, and impacts of various wound types among individuals living with dementia across different stages of the disease.

INTRODUCTION

Dementia is a growing global health concern, projected to rise significantly as the population ages. This condition not only affects cognitive function but also increases the risk of chronic wounds in part due to impairments in mobility, self-care, and communication. Current wound care guidelines inadequately address the specific needs of individuals with dementia. This scoping review seeks to fill this gap by comprehensively exploring the intersection between dementia and wound care.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

This review will include studies involving adults aged 18 and older diagnosed with dementia or cognitive impairment who are experiencing alterations in skin integrity, such as pressure injuries, venous and arterial ulcers, and diabetic ulcers. Both qualitative and quantitative studies will be considered, as well as studies focusing on the challenges faced by caregivers in managing wounds in this population. Excluded are studies such as editorials and opinion articles.

METHODS

A comprehensive search strategy will be employed across multiple electronic databases, including MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and PubMed, as well as grey literature sources like ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global and OpenGrey. The search will include studies published in English and French without date restrictions. Data will be extracted using a pilot-tested tool and presented in graphical, diagrammatic, and tabular formats. A narrative summary will accompany these visuals, providing context and insights into the data in relation to the review's objectives.

Nutritional Aspects of Wound Care

Malnutrition is a collective term that includes both undernutrition and malnutrition. Malnutrition presents with and without inflammation, is reported in underweight, normal weight, and overweight individuals, and is associated with undesirable alterations in body composition, and diminished functional status. Older adults commonly experience dwindling nutritional status as evidenced by insidious weight loss, insufficient dietary intake, loss of muscle mass, quality, and strength, declining functional status, and other physical and emotional decline indicators. Sustained pressure, acute trauma, malnutrition, and inflammatory-driven chronic conditions increase the risk for skin integrity issues.

Mechanical Ventilation in Older Adults With Dementia: Opportunities to Promote Goal-Concordant Care

CONTEXT

Recent studies show increasing use of mechanical ventilation among people living with dementia. There are concerns that this trend may not be driven by patient preferences.

OBJECTIVES

To better understand decision-making regarding mechanical ventilation in people living with dementia.

METHODS

This was an electronic health record-based retrospective cohort study of older adults with dementia (n = 295) hospitalized at one of two teaching hospitals between 2015 and 2019 who were supported with mechanical ventilation (n = 191) or died without mechanical ventilation (n = 104). Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations between patient characteristics and mechanical ventilation use.

RESULTS

The median age was 78 years (IQR 71-86), 41% were female, 28% resided in a nursing home, and 58% had clinical markers of advanced dementia (dehydration, weight loss, mobility limitations, or pressure ulcers). Among patients supported with mechanical ventilation, 70% were intubated within 24 hours of presentation, including 31% intubated before hospital arrival. Younger age, higher illness acuity, and absence of a treatment-limiting Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment document were associated with mechanical ventilation use; nursing home residence and clinical markers of advanced dementia were not. Most patients (89%) had a documented goals of care discussion (GOCD) during hospitalization.

CONCLUSION

Future efforts to promote goal-concordant care surrounding mechanical ventilation use for people living with dementia should involve identifying barriers to goal-concordant care in pre-hospital settings, assessing the timeliness of in-hospital GOCD, and developing strategies for in-the-moment crisis communication across settings.

Factors Associated with Costly Hospital Care among Patients with Dementia and Acute Respiratory Failure

Rationale: Understanding contributors to costly and potentially burdensome care for patients with dementia is of interest to healthcare systems and may facilitate efforts to promote goal-concordant care. Objective: To identify risk factors, in particular whether an early goals-of-care discussion (GOCD) took place, for high-cost hospitalization among patients with dementia and acute respiratory failure. Methods: We conducted an electronic health record-based retrospective cohort study of 298 adults with dementia hospitalized with respiratory failure (receiving ⩾48 h of mechanical ventilation) within an academic healthcare system. We collected demographic and clinical characteristics, including clinical markers of advanced dementia (weight loss, pressure ulcers, hypernatremia, mobility limitations) and intensive care unit (ICU) service (medical, surgical, neurologic). We ascertained whether a GOCD was documented within 48 hours of ICU admission. We used logistic regression to identify patient characteristics associated with high-cost hospitalization measured using the hospital system accounting database and defined as total cost in the top third of the sample (⩾$145,000). We examined a path model that included hospital length of stay as a final mediator between exposure variables and high-cost hospitalization. Results: Patients in the sample had a median age of 71 (IQR, 62-79) years. Approximately half (49%) were admitted to a medical ICU, 29% to a surgical ICU, and 22% to a neurologic ICU. More than half (59%) had a clinical indicator of advanced dementia. A minority (31%) had a GOCD documented within 48 hours of ICU admission; those who did had a 50% lower risk of a high-cost hospitalization (risk ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.8). Older age, limited English proficiency, and nursing home residence were associated with a lower likelihood of high-cost hospitalization, whereas greater comorbidity burden and admission to a surgical or neurologic ICU compared with a medical ICU were associated with a higher likelihood of high-cost hospitalization. Conclusions: Early GOCDs for patients with dementia and respiratory failure may promote high-value care by ensuring aggressive and costly life support interventions are aligned with patients' goals. Future work should focus on increasing early palliative care delivery for patients with dementia and respiratory failure, in particular in surgical and neurologic ICU settings.

Sacral Ulcer Development Risk Among Older Adult Patients in North Texas Rehabilitation Hospitals: Role of Comorbidities, Lifestyle, and Personal Factors

PURPOSE

Sacral ulcers are a serious mortality risk for older adults; thus, we aimed to determine sacral ulcer risk factors among older adults who were recently admitted to rehabilitation hospitals.

METHOD

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Texas Inpatient Discharge database (2021). The study included 1,290 rehabilitation hospital patients aged ≥60 years diagnosed with sacral ulcers. The control group comprised 37,626 rehabilitation hospital patients aged ≥60 years without sacral ulcers. Binary logistic regression was used to identify risks for sacral ulcer development adjusting for patient demographics, insurance type, and lifestyle.

RESULTS

Comorbidities of dementia, Parkinson's disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiac dysrhythmias were significantly associated with increased risk of sacral ulcers. Longer length of stay, Medicare, and Medicare HMO were also associated with sacral ulcers. Demographically, older age, male sex, identifying as African American, and having malnutrition all had a 50% increased prevalence of sacral ulcers.

CONCLUSION

Findings indicate a need to proactively treat chronic comorbidities in vulnerable populations to reduce their possible risk for hospital-acquired infections and excess mortality from sacral ulcers. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 50(2), 32-41.].

Socio-economic and environmental factors associated with community-acquired pressure injuries: A mixed method study

AIMS

To: (1) report on the prevalence of community-acquired pressure injuries (CAPIs) in patients admitted into the acute care setting; (2) examine the socio-economic and home environment associated with CAPIs; and (3) understand the challenges of caring for patients with CAPIs at home.

METHODS

This mixed-method study recruited patients admitted with CAPIs in the acute care hospital between March 2021 to June 2022. The hospital's pressure injury (PI) database was used to screen patients admitted with CAPIs. A purposive sample of CAPI patients and their caregivers participated in this study. A cross-sectional survey study was first performed to examine the prevalence of CAPIs and the socio-economic and home environment factors. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to understand the caregivers' challenges in caring for patients with CAPIs at home.

RESULTS

The CAPI prevalence was reported at 1.1 % during the study period (1039 had CAPIs out of 97 912 patients admitted to the hospital). A total of 70 caregivers and patients consented to participate in the study. The mean age of patients was 84.2 (SD = 10.4) years old; 68.6 % (n = 48) were females. Majority presented with a deep tissue injury (DTI) (37.1 %; n = 26) or unstageable PI (31.4 %; n = 22). More than half of the patients had alternating air mattresses at home (54.3 %; n = 38), and only 10 % (n = 7) had positioning wedges and used a sliding sheet for turning. The mean age of the caregivers was 43.4 years old (SD = 13.1), and 84.3 % (n = 59) were female. Continuous data were summarised using means and standard deviations, and categorical data were summarised using frequencies and percentages. Logistic regression found no significant socio-demographic and clinical predictors of patients having PI stages 2, 3, and 4 compared to patients with DTI and unstageable PI. Challenges to caring for PI at home included high financial burden, physical limitations, and personal challenges in CAPIs management.

CONCLUSION

CAPIs are prevalent among older patients admitted to the acute care setting. Understanding the influence of socio-economic factors is crucial for developing comprehensive strategies to mitigate the occurrence and impact of PIs. Ongoing support and education to the caregivers in the community is essential to address the reported challenges in PI care.

Survival analysis of older adults with dementia: predicting factors after unplanned hospitalization in Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital

BACKGROUND

Hospitalization in individuals with dementia can be associated with negative and unintended outcomes. Research indicates that people with dementia experience more hospital admissions in comparison to individuals without dementia. This study aims to assess the survival time of individuals with dementia who experience unplanned hospitalization and examine the factors that are associated with mortality in this population.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from older adults with dementia who survived unplanned hospitalizations at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2016. The association between factors and mortality were analyzed using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS

One hundred and eighty-one cases were included. The mean age of the study population was 80.07 (SD 7.49) years, and the majority were female (56.91%). The median survival time of the studied cohort was 3.06 years (95% CI 3.14-3.60). The multivariable analysis revealed that older age (aHR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.00-1.05), a diagnosis of mixed-type dementia (aHR = 3.45, 95% CI 1.17-10.14), higher Charlson comorbidity index score (aHR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.04-1.36), higher serum creatinine level (aHR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.10-1.66), insertion of endotracheal tube (aHR = 1.95, 95% CI 1.07-3.54), and readmission within 30 days (aHR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.18-2.98) were associated with an increased risk of mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified several notable predictors of mortality. Healthcare providers can use the findings of this study to identify patients who may be at higher risk of mortality and develop targeted interventions which may improve patient outcomes.

The association between acupuncture therapy and the risk of reduced pressure ulcers in dementia patients: A retrospective matched cohort study

Background

The pressure ulcer is a complication developed from dementia. The aim of this study is to study the association between the development of pressure ulcers and the use of acupuncture therapy in patients with dementia.

Methods

We performed a retrospective 1:1 propensity score-matched cohort study to investigate the association between acupuncture therapy and the risk of pressure ulcers in patients with dementia.

Results

A total of 8,994 patients were identified, 237 patients in the acupuncture cohort and 362 patients in the no-acupuncture cohort developed pressure ulcers. A reduced cumulative incidence of pressure ulcers was observed in the acupuncture cohort (P<0.001). The association between acupuncture and reducing the incidence of pressure ulcers was not affected by sex, age, residence, income, or comorbidities. The variables of etiologies to cause dementia did not change the final result. In the subgroups analyses, the patients without medication for dementia control had a significantly lower rate of pressure ulcers development when they had accepted acupuncture therapy (log-rank test, P<0.001).

Conclusion

Our results revealed the association between acupuncture therapy and a reduced incidence of pressure ulcer development in patients with dementia. This finding offers important ideas for further research.

Biomarkers and clinical features associated with pressure injury among geriatric patients

<b>Purpose:</b> The study aims to identify biomarkers and clinical features associated with pressure injury (PI) among geriatric patients.<br /> <b>Methods:</b> A cross-sectional study including 191 patients aged ≥60 years. Patients were classified into those with and without PI. Assessing the risk of PI was performed on admission by applying the Braden scale (BS) for predicting pressure sore risk. Clinical history, baseline hematology, and biochemistry results were obtained. C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR) and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed.<br /> <b>Results: </b>43 (22.5%) patients had PI. PI was significantly associated with higher CCI, total leukocyte count, and CAR, besides lower BS scores, serum albumin, and total proteins. Significant comorbidities were diabetes mellitus, stroke/transient ischemic attack, dementia, incontinence, and chronic kidney disease. The optimal cut-offs for PI occurrence were ≤14, ≤3.1 g/dl and &gt;1.27 for BS, albumin, and CAR, respectively.

Development and Validation of a Risk Nomogram Model for Predicting Community-Acquired Pressure Injury Among the Older Adults in China: A Case-Control Study

Purpose

A predictive model of community-acquired pressure injury (CAPI) was established and validated to allow the early identification of the risk of pressure injuries by family caregivers and community workers.

Patients and Methods

The participants were hospitalized patients 65 years and older from two branches of a tertiary hospital in China, one for model training set and the other for validation set. This study was a case-control study based on hospital electronic medical records. According to the presence of pressure injury at admission, patients were divided into a case group and a control group. In the model training set, LASSO regression was used to select the best predictors, and then logistic regression was used to construct a nomogram. The performance of the model was evaluated by drawing the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and calculating the area under the curve (AUC), calibration analysis, and decision curve analysis. The model used a 10-fold crossover for internal and external validation.

Results

The study included a total of 20,235 subjects, including 11,567 in the training set and 8668 in the validation set. The prevalence of CAPI in the training and validation sets was 2.5% and 1.8%, respectively. A nomogram was constructed including eight variables: age ≥ 80, malnutrition status, cerebrovascular accidents, hypoproteinemia, respiratory failure, malignant tumor, paraplegia/hemiplegia, and dementia. The AUC of the prediction model in the original model, internal validation, and external validation were 0.868 (95% CI: 0.847, 0.890), mean 0.867, and 0.840 (95% CI: 0.807,03.873), respectively. The nomogram showed acceptable calibration and clinical benefit.

Conclusion

We constructed a nomogram to predict CAPI from the perspective of comorbidity that is suitable for use by non-specialists. This nomogram will help family caregivers and community workers with the early identification of PI risks.

Pressure Injury on Poststroke Admission Assessment to Skilled Nursing Facilities: Risk Factors, Management, and Impact on Rehabilitation

OBJECTIVE

To describe pressure injury (PrI) prevalence, comorbidities, and rehabilitation utilization among older adults with stroke at skilled nursing facilities' (SNFs') admission assessment.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Older Medicare beneficiaries (>65 years old) with stroke admitted to SNFs.

METHODS

We extracted data between 2013 and 2014 using the Master Beneficiary Summary, Medicare Provider Analysis and Review, and Minimum Data Set 3.0. PI data were assessed during admission assessment.

RESULTS

Of the 65,330 older adults poststroke admitted to SNFs, 11% had at least 1 PrI present on admission assessment. Individuals who were non-Hispanic Black, with a longer hospital stay, from lower socioeconomic status, with higher proportions of comorbidities (eg, underweight, urinary and bowel incontinence, diabetes, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, and infections), and higher functional impairments were likely to present with a PrI at SNF admission assessment. Compared with individuals with superficial PrI, individuals with deep PrI were more likely to be young-old (<75 years), non-Hispanic Black, from lower socioeconomic status, present with a shorter hospital stay, an intensive care unit stay, with higher functional impairments, skin integrity issues, system failure, and infections. Compared to those without PrI or superficial PrI, individuals with any-stage PrI or deep PrI were more likely to be cotreated by physical and occupational therapist and less likely to receive individual therapy. Those with PrI poststroke had low documented turning and repositioning rates than those without PrI.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Identifying modifiable risk factors to prevent PrIs poststroke in SNFs will facilitate targeted preventative interventions and improve wound care efficacy and rehabilitation utilization for optimized patient outcomes. Identifying residents with a higher risk of PrI during acute care discharge and providing early preventive care during post-acute care would possibly decrease costs and improve outcome quality.

Nutraceutical and Probiotic Approaches to Examine Molecular Interactions of the Amyloid Precursor Protein APP in Drosophila Models of Alzheimer's Disease

Studies using animal models have shed light into the molecular and cellular basis for the neuropathology observed in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In particular, the role of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a crucial role in the formation of senile plaques and aging-dependent degeneration. Here, we focus our review on recent findings using the Drosophila AD model to expand our understanding of APP molecular function and interactions, including insights gained from the fly homolog APP-like (APPL). Finally, as there is still no cure for AD, we review some approaches that have shown promising results in ameliorating AD-associated phenotypes, with special attention on the use of nutraceuticals and their molecular effects, as well as interactions with the gut microbiome. Overall, the phenomena described here are of fundamental significance for understanding network development and degeneration. Given the highly conserved nature of fundamental signaling pathways, the insight gained from animal models such as Drosophila melanogaster will likely advance the understanding of the mammalian brain, and thus be relevant to human health.

Exploring prevalence of wound infections and related patient characteristics in homecare using natural language processing

We aimed to create and validate a natural language processing algorithm to extract wound infection-related information from nursing notes. We also estimated wound infection prevalence in homecare settings and described related patient characteristics. In this retrospective cohort study, a natural language processing algorithm was developed and validated against a gold standard testing set. Cases with wound infection were identified using the algorithm and linked to Outcome and Assessment Information Set data to identify related patient characteristics. The final version of the natural language processing vocabulary contained 3914 terms and expressions related to the presence of wound infection. The natural language processing algorithm achieved overall good performance (F-measure = 0.88). The presence of wound infection was documented for 1.03% (n = 602) of patients without wounds, for 5.95% (n = 3232) of patients with wounds, and 19.19% (n = 152) of patients with wound-related hospitalisation or emergency department visits. Diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, and skin ulcer were significantly associated with wound infection among homecare patients. Our findings suggest that nurses frequently document wound infection-related information. The use of natural language processing demonstrated that valuable information can be extracted from nursing notes which can be used to improve our understanding of the care needs of people receiving homecare. By linking findings from clinical nursing notes with additional structured data, we can analyse related patients' characteristics and use them to develop a tailored intervention that may potentially lead to reduced wound infection-related hospitalizations.

Advanced Dementia: Brain-State Characteristics and Clinical Indicators of Early Mortality

There is an urgent need in advanced dementia for evidence-based clinical prognostic predictors that could positively influence ethical decisions allowing health provider and family preparation for early mortality. Accordingly, the authors review and discuss the prognostic utility of clinical assessments and objective measures of pathological brain states in advanced dementia patients associated with accelerated mortality. Overall, due to the paucity of brain-activity and clinical-comorbidity predictors of survival in advanced dementia, authors outline the potential prognostic value of brain-state electroencephalography (EEG) measures and reliable clinical indicators for forecasting early mortality in advanced dementia patients. In conclusion, two consistent risk-factors for predicting accelerated mortality in terminal-stage patients with advanced dementia were identified: pressure ulcers and paroxysmal slow-wave EEG parameters associated with cognitive impairment severity and organic disease progression. In parallel, immobility, malnutrition, and co-morbid systemic diseases are highly associated with the risk for early mortality in advanced dementia patients. Importantly, the authors' conclusions suggest utilizing reliable quantitative-parameters of disease progression for estimating accelerated mortality in dementia patients entering the terminal disease-stages characterized by severe intellectual deficits and functional disability.

Incidence of hospital-acquired pressure injury: A cohort study of adults admitted to public and private hospitals in Sao Paulo, Brazil

This study aimed to estimate the incidence of hospital-acquired pressure injury (PI) and its risk factors in inpatient and intensive care units of five hospitals (two public and three private) in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. A 6-month follow-up prospective cohort study (n = 1937) was conducted from April to September 2013. Baseline and follow-up measurements included demographic and care information, as well as risk assessments for both undernutrition (NRS-2002) and PI (Braden scale). Poisson regression with robust variance was used for data analysis. A total of 633 patients (32.60%) showed risk for PI. The incidence rate of PI was of 5.9% (9.9% in public hospitals vs 4.1% in private hospitals) and was higher in intensive care units, compared to inpatient care units (10% vs 5.7%, respectively). Risk for PI increased with age (RR = 1.05; 95% CI 1.04-1.07); was higher in in public hospitals, compared to private hospitals (RR = 4.39; 95% CI 2.92-6.61); in patients admitted for non-surgical reasons compared to those admitted for surgical reasons (RR = 1.91; 95% CI 1.12-3.27); in patients with longer hospital stays (RR = 1.04; 95% CI 1.03-1.06); high blood pressure (RR = 1.76; 95% CI 1.17-2.64); or had a risk for undernutrition (RR = 3.51; 95% CI 1.71-7.24). Higher scores in the Braden scale was associated with a decreased risk of PI (RR = 0.79; 95% CI 0.75-0.83). The results of our study indicate that 5.9% of all patients developed PI and that the most important factors that nurses should consider are: patient age, care setting, length of hospitalization, comorbidities, reason for admission and nutrition when planning and implementing PI-preventative actions.

Characteristics and Outcomes of Dementia Patients Who Receive Inpatient Palliative Care Consultation

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Acute hospitalization may be an ideal opportunity to introduce palliative care to dementia patients, who may benefit from symptom management and goals of care discussions. We know little about patients who receive inpatient palliative care consultations (IPCCs).

DESIGN

Retrospective analysis using electronic medical record.

SETTING

Tertiary academic medical center and affiliated community hospital.

PARTICIPANTS

Patients with dementia by International Classification of Diseases diagnosis, 65 years or older, hospitalized between July 1, 2015, and December 31, 2015.

MEASUREMENTS

We used χ² and t-test/Mann-Whitney U test to compare characteristics (living arrangement, advanced dementia markers, diagnoses of delirium and dementia with behavior disturbance, and admitting diagnosis) and outcomes (change in code status, length of stay [LOS], discharge disposition, and discharge medications for symptom management) of patients who did and did not receive IPCC. Patients were matched on sex, age, and race.

RESULTS

Among 927 hospitalized patients with dementia, 17% received IPCC (N = 157). Patients who received IPCC were more likely to be admitted from a nursing facility (35.7% vs 12.7%; P < .0001), experience delirium (71.3% vs 57.3%; P = .01), have behavior disturbance (23.6% vs 13.4%; P = .02), have a pressure ulcer at admission (26.1% vs 11.5%; P = .001), have hypernatremia (12.7% vs 3.2%; P = .002), and be bedbound (20.4% vs 3.2%; P < .000). Patients who received IPCC had a longer LOS (median = 5.9 vs 4.3 days; P = .004) and were more likely to be discharged to hospice (56% vs 3.1%; P < .0001). Patients with IPCC were more likely to have a discharge code status of do not attempt resuscitation (89% vs 46%). There was no significant difference in comfort medications at discharge between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who received IPCC had evidence of more advanced dementia. These patients were more likely to change their code status and enroll in hospice. IPCC may be useful to prioritize patient-centered care and discuss what matters most to patients and families.

Spasticity and dementia increase the risk of pressure ulcers

The aim of this study was to identify and characterise the association between the prevalence of pressure ulcers, spasticity levels, and advanced dementia in disable elderly patients. Data were obtained from the patient medical files. Patients were hospitalised in the geriatric skilled nursing department. A total of 40 frail elderly patients, bedbound and suffering from advanced chronic diseases, advanced dementia, and high-grade pressure ulcers, were examined. Pressure ulcer grades and spasticity in advanced dementia versus non-dementia patients were evaluated. Logistic regression indicated that only advanced dementia and spasticity were significantly associated with the development of pressure ulcers versus those without dementia or without spasticity. Patients with advanced dementia displayed a significantly higher prevalence of severe spasticity. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, spasticity was significantly associated with pressure ulcers. The strong association of spasticity with the onset of pressure ulcers in advanced dementia should encourage clinicians to implement preventative measures to delay the onset of pressure ulcers.

An overview of co-morbidities and the development of pressure ulcers among older adults

Background

The prevalence of pressure ulcers particularly in the frail older adult population continues to be high and very costly especially in those suffering from chronic diseases and has brought a higher awareness to comprehensive, preventive and therapeutic measures for treatment of pressure ulcers. Internal risk factors highlighted by comorbidities play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of pressure ulcers.

Main body

Focusing on the impact of common chronic diseases (comorbidities) in aging on pressure ulcers (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic pulmonary diseases, renal diseases and neurodegenerative disorders) and the significant complicating conditions e.g., anemia, infectious diseases, malnutrition, hospitalization, incontinence and polypharmacy, frailty and disability becomes important in developing a more complete, inclusive and multidisciplinary approach to prevention of PU in older patients.

Objective

To describe chronic and acute conditions which are risk factors in elderly patients for developing PU.

Methods

We present an overview of comorbidities seen with PU in three diverse patient locations.

The inclusion criteria are sites (community, acute hospital and long term facilities), older patients, chronic diseases and pressure ulcers grade 2 and over.

Using a recently developed conceptual framework accepted by European and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panels, we examined chronic diseases to identify the risk factors of chronic conditions and complicating conditions which potentially influence risk for PU development.

Conclusion

Multiple chronic diseases and complicating factors which associated with immobility, tissue ischemia, and undernutrition are caused to PU in community settings, hospitals, and nursing facilities.