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Banerjee C, Tripathy D, Kumar D, Chakraborty J. Monoamine oxidase and neurodegeneration: Mechanisms, inhibitors and natural compounds for therapeutic intervention. Neurochem Int 2024; 179:105831. [PMID: 39128624 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian flavoenzyme Monoamine oxidase (MAO) resides on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and it is involved in the metabolism of different monoamine neurotransmitters in brain. During MAO mediated oxidative deamination of relevant substrates, H2O2 is released as a catalytic by-product, thus serving as a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under normal conditions, MAO mediated ROS is reported to propel the functioning of mitochondrial electron transport chain and phasic dopamine release. However, due to its localization onto mitochondria, sudden elevation in its enzymatic activity could directly impact the form and function of the organelle. For instance, in the case of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients who are on l-dopa therapy, the enzyme could be a concurrent source of extensive ROS production in the presence of uncontrolled substrate (dopamine) availability, thus further impacting the health of surviving neurons. It is worth mentioning that the expression of the enzyme in different brain compartments increases with age. Moreover, the involvement of MAO in the progression of neurological disorders such as PD, Alzheimer's disease and depression has been extensively studied in recent times. Although the usage of available synthetic MAO inhibitors has been instrumental in managing these conditions, the associated complications have raised significant concerns lately. Natural products have served as a major source of lead molecules in modern-day drug discovery; however, there is still no FDA-approved MAO inhibitor which is derived from natural sources. In this review, we have provided a comprehensive overview of MAO and how the enzyme system is involved in the pathogenesis of different age-associated neuropathologic conditions. We further discussed the applications and drawbacks of the long-term usage of presently available synthetic MAO inhibitors. Additionally, we have highlighted the prospect and worth of natural product derived molecules in addressing MAO associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayan Banerjee
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, 700032, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Debasmita Tripathy
- Department of Zoology, Netaji Nagar College for Women, Kolkata, 700092, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Joy Chakraborty
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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2
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Dammavalam V, Rupert D, Lanio M, Jin Z, Nadkarni N, Tsirka SE, Bergese SD. Dementia after Ischemic Stroke, from Molecular Biomarkers to Therapeutic Options. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7772. [PMID: 39063013 PMCID: PMC11276729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide. While much of post-stroke recovery is focused on physical rehabilitation, post-stroke dementia (PSD) is also a significant contributor to poor functional outcomes. Predictive tools to identify stroke survivors at risk for the development of PSD are limited to brief screening cognitive tests. Emerging biochemical, genetic, and neuroimaging biomarkers are being investigated in an effort to unveil better indicators of PSD. Additionally, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, dopamine receptor agonists, antidepressants, and cognitive rehabilitation are current therapeutic options for PSD. Focusing on the chronic sequelae of stroke that impair neuroplasticity highlights the need for continued investigative trials to better assess functional outcomes in treatments targeted for PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikalpa Dammavalam
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (V.D.); (M.L.); (N.N.)
| | - Deborah Rupert
- Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Marcos Lanio
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (V.D.); (M.L.); (N.N.)
| | - Zhaosheng Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Neil Nadkarni
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (V.D.); (M.L.); (N.N.)
| | - Stella E. Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Sergio D. Bergese
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (V.D.); (M.L.); (N.N.)
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Jaisa-Aad M, Muñoz-Castro C, Healey MA, Hyman BT, Serrano-Pozo A. Characterization of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) as a biomarker of reactive astrogliosis in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:66. [PMID: 38568475 PMCID: PMC10991006 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis accompanies the two neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles-and parallels neurodegeneration in AD and AD-related dementias (ADRD). Thus, there is growing interest in developing imaging and fluid biomarkers of reactive astrogliosis for AD/ADRD diagnosis and prognostication. Monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) is emerging as a target for PET imaging radiotracers of reactive astrogliosis. However, a thorough characterization of MAO-B expression in postmortem control and AD/ADRD brains is lacking. We sought to: (1) identify the primary cell type(s) expressing MAO-B in control and AD brains; (2) quantify MAO-B immunoreactivity in multiple brain regions of control and AD donors as a proxy for PET radiotracer uptake; (3) correlate MAO-B level with local AD neuropathological changes, reactive glia, and cortical atrophy; (4) determine whether the MAOB rs1799836 SNP genotype impacts MAO-B expression level; (5) compare MAO-B immunoreactivity across AD/ADRD, including Lewy body diseases (LBD) and frontotemporal lobar degenerations with tau (FTLD-Tau) and TDP-43 (FTLD-TDP). We found that MAO-B is mainly expressed by subpial and perivascular cortical astrocytes as well as by fibrous white matter astrocytes in control brains, whereas in AD brains, MAO-B is significantly upregulated by both cortical reactive astrocytes and white matter astrocytes across temporal, frontal, and occipital lobes. By contrast, MAO-B expression level was unchanged and lowest in cerebellum. Cortical MAO-B expression was independently associated with cortical atrophy and local measures of reactive astrocytes and microglia, and significantly increased in reactive astrocytes surrounding Thioflavin-S+ dense-core Aβ plaques. MAO-B expression was not affected by the MAOB rs1799836 SNP genotype. MAO-B expression was also significantly increased in the frontal cortex and white matter of donors with corticobasal degeneration, Pick's disease, and FTLD-TDP, but not in LBD or progressive supranuclear palsy. These findings support ongoing efforts to develop MAO-B-based PET radiotracers to image reactive astrogliosis in AD/ADRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Methasit Jaisa-Aad
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 114 16th St., Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Clara Muñoz-Castro
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 114 16th St., Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Molly A Healey
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 114 16th St., Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 114 16th St., Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, 114 16th St., Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Akıncıoğlu A. Design, synthesis, in silico, and in vitro evaluation of novel benzyloxybenzene substituted (S)-α-amino amide derivatives as cholinesterases and monoaminoxidases inhibitor. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22161. [PMID: 38445811 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a series of novel benzyloxybenzene substituted (S)-α-amino acid methyl esters and their amide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory actions against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). The synthetic strategy was based on starting from benzyl bromide (5) and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (6). The reaction of 5 and 6 in the presence of K2 CO3 gave benzyloxybenzaldehyde 7. Benzyloxybenzene substituted (S)-α-amino acid methyl esters 11, 12, 13, (±)-19, and (±)-20 were obtained from the reaction of L-amino acid methyl esters with benzyloxybenzaldehyde (7) followed by in situ reduction with NaBH4 . The reaction of (S)-11, (S)-12, 13, (±)-19, and (±)-20 with excess ammonia gave amides (S)-14, (S)-15, 16, (±)-21, and (±)-22. The in vitro inhibitory activities of compounds against MAO-A, MAO-B, AChE, and BChE were investigated. Within the α-amino acid methyl ester series, 13 (21.32 ± 0.338 µM) showed selectivity by inhibiting the MAO-B better than MAO-A. 13 emerged as the most active member of this series, exhibiting a 12-fold selectivity for MAO-B. 14 (4.501 ± 0.295 µM) demonstrated a pronounced selectivity for MAO-A over MAO-B, with a selectivity ratio of 110-fold. In addition, it was determined that compound 15 (95.65 ± 3.09 µM) had high selectivity for BChE inhibition. 21 was demonstrated the most potent inhibition (18.36 ± 1.36 µM) against AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akın Akıncıoğlu
- Central Researching Laboratory, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
- Vocational School, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
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Mummery CJ, Börjesson-Hanson A, Blackburn DJ, Vijverberg EGB, De Deyn PP, Ducharme S, Jonsson M, Schneider A, Rinne JO, Ludolph AC, Bodenschatz R, Kordasiewicz H, Swayze EE, Fitzsimmons B, Mignon L, Moore KM, Yun C, Baumann T, Li D, Norris DA, Crean R, Graham DL, Huang E, Ratti E, Bennett CF, Junge C, Lane RM. Tau-targeting antisense oligonucleotide MAPT Rx in mild Alzheimer's disease: a phase 1b, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nat Med 2023; 29:1437-1447. [PMID: 37095250 PMCID: PMC10287562 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Tau plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology, and accumulating evidence suggests that lowering tau may reduce this pathology. We sought to inhibit MAPT expression with a tau-targeting antisense oligonucleotide (MAPTRx) and reduce tau levels in patients with mild AD. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-ascending dose phase 1b trial evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics and target engagement of MAPTRx. Four ascending dose cohorts were enrolled sequentially and randomized 3:1 to intrathecal bolus administrations of MAPTRx or placebo every 4 or 12 weeks during the 13-week treatment period, followed by a 23 week post-treatment period. The primary endpoint was safety. The secondary endpoint was MAPTRx pharmacokinetics in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The prespecified key exploratory outcome was CSF total-tau protein concentration. Forty-six patients enrolled in the trial, of whom 34 were randomized to MAPTRx and 12 to placebo. Adverse events were reported in 94% of MAPTRx-treated patients and 75% of placebo-treated patients; all were mild or moderate. No serious adverse events were reported in MAPTRx-treated patients. Dose-dependent reduction in the CSF total-tau concentration was observed with greater than 50% mean reduction from baseline at 24 weeks post-last dose in the 60 mg (four doses) and 115 mg (two doses) MAPTRx groups. Clinicaltrials.gov registration number: NCT03186989 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Mummery
- Dementia Research Centre, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Daniel J Blackburn
- Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Sheffield Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Everard G B Vijverberg
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- University Medical Center Groningen / RUG, Alzheimer Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre of the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Jonsson
- Memory Clinic, Psychiatry - Cognition and Geriatric Psychiatry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg/Molndal, Sweden
| | - Anja Schneider
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, and Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Juha O Rinne
- CRST Oy; Turku PET Centre University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- Department of Neurology University of Ulm and DZNE, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ralf Bodenschatz
- Pharmakologisches Studienzentrum Chemnitz GmbH Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chris Yun
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | | | - Dan Li
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA
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Conti Filho CE, Loss LB, Marcolongo-Pereira C, Rossoni Junior JV, Barcelos RM, Chiarelli-Neto O, da Silva BS, Passamani Ambrosio R, Castro FCDAQ, Teixeira SF, Mezzomo NJ. Advances in Alzheimer's disease's pharmacological treatment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1101452. [PMID: 36817126 PMCID: PMC9933512 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in the elderly. Several hypotheses emerged from AD pathophysiological mechanisms. However, no neuronal protective or regenerative drug is available nowadays. Researchers still work in drug development and are finding new molecular targets to treat AD. Therefore, this study aimed to summarize main advances in AD pharmacological therapy. Clinical trials registered in the National Library of Medicine database were selected and analyzed accordingly to molecular targets, therapeutic effects, and safety profile. The most common outcome was the lack of efficacy. Only seven trials concluded that tested drugs were safe and induced any kind of therapeutic improvement. Three works showed therapeutic effects followed by toxicity. In addition to aducanumab recent FDA approval, antibodies against amyloid-β (Aβ) showed no noteworthy results. 5-HT6 antagonists, tau inhibitors and nicotinic agonists' data were discouraging. However, anti-Aβ vaccine, BACE inhibitor and anti-neuroinflammation drugs showed promising results.
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Dudal S, Bissantz C, Caruso A, David-Pierson P, Driessen W, Koller E, Krippendorff BF, Lechmann M, Olivares-Morales A, Paehler A, Rynn C, Türck D, Van De Vyver A, Wang K, Winther L. Translating pharmacology models effectively to predict therapeutic benefit. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1604-1621. [PMID: 35304340 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many in vitro and in vivo models are used in pharmacological research to evaluate the role of targeted proteins in a disease. Understanding the translational relevance and limitation of these models for analyzing the disposition, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) profile, mechanism, and efficacy of a drug, is essential when selecting the most appropriate model of the disease of interest and predicting clinically efficacious doses of the investigational drug. Here, we review selected animal models used in ophthalmology, infectious diseases, oncology, autoimmune diseases, and neuroscience. Each area has specific challenges around translatability and determination of an efficacious dose: new patient-specific dosing methods could help overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ken Wang
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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Azhar L, Kusumo RW, Marotta G, Lanctôt KL, Herrmann N. Pharmacological Management of Apathy in Dementia. CNS Drugs 2022; 36:143-165. [PMID: 35006557 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-021-00883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apathy is a highly prevalent symptom of dementia. Despite its association with faster cognitive and functional decline, decreased quality of life and increased mortality, no therapies are currently approved to treat apathy. The objective of this review was to summarize the drugs that have been studied for apathy treatment in patients with dementia (specifically Alzheimer's disease [AD], Huntington's disease [HD] and Parkinson's disease [PD] dementia; dementia with Lewy bodies [DLB]; vascular dementia [VaD]; and frontotemporal dementia [FTD]) based on their putative mechanisms of action. A search for relevant studies was performed using ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials that were available in English and included at least one drug intervention and an apathy measure scale. A total of 52 studies that included patients with AD (n = 33 studies), PD (n = 5), HD (n = 1), DLB (n = 1), FTD (n = 3), VaD (n = 1), VaD and AD (n = 4), VaD and mixed dementia (n = 1), and AD, VaD and mixed dementia (n = 3) were eligible for inclusion. These studies showed that methylphenidate, olanzapine, cholinesterase inhibitors, choline alphoscerate, citalopram, memantine, and mibampator are the only beneficial drugs in AD-related apathy. For PD-related apathy, only methylphenidate, rotigotine and rivastigmine showed benefits. Regarding FTD- and DLB-related apathy, initial studies with agomelatine and rivastigmine showed benefits, respectively. As for HD- and only-VaD-related apathy, no drugs demonstrated benefits. With regards to mixed populations, memantine, galantamine and gingko biloba showed effects on apathy in the AD plus VaD populations and nimodipine in the VaD plus mixed dementia populations. Of the drugs with positive results, some are already prescribed to patients with dementia to target other symptoms, some have characteristics-such as medical contraindications (e.g., cardiovascular) and adverse effects (e.g., gastrointestinal disturbances)-that limit their clinical use and some require further study. Future studies should investigate apathy as a primary outcome, making use of appropriate sample sizes and study durations to ensure durability of results. There should also be a consensus on using scales with high test/retest and interrater reliabilities to limit the inconsistencies between clinical trials. In conclusion, there are currently no US FDA-approved drugs that target apathy in dementia, so there is an ongoing need for the development of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiba Azhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raphael W Kusumo
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giovanni Marotta
- Geriatric Medicine Division, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Krista L Lanctôt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Elkamhawy A, Kim HJ, Elsherbeny MH, Paik S, Park JH, Gotina L, Abdellattif MH, Gouda NA, Cho J, Lee K, Nim Pae A, Park KD, Roh EJ. Discovery of 3,4-dichloro-N-(1H-indol-5-yl)benzamide: A highly potent, selective, and competitive hMAO-B inhibitor with high BBB permeability profile and neuroprotective action. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105352. [PMID: 34562673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Since there is no disease-modifying treatment discovered yet for Parkinson's disease (PD), there is still a vital need to develop novel selective monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors as promising therapeutically active candidates for PD patients. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and full characterization of new twenty-six indole derivatives as potential human MAO-B (hMAO-B) selective inhibitors. Six compounds (2i, 3b-e, and 5) exhibited low micromolar to nanomolar inhibitory activities over hMAO-B; compared to our recently reported N-substituted indole-based lead compound VIII (hMAO-B IC50 = 777 nM), compound 5 (3,4-dichloro-N-(1H-indol-5-yl)benzamide) exhibited 18-fold increase in potency (IC50 = 42 nM). A selectivity study over hMAO-A revealed an excellent selectivity index of compound 5 (SI > 2375) with a 47-fold increase compared to rasagiline (II, a well-known MAO-B inhibitor, SI > 50). A further kinetic evaluation of compound 5 over hMAO-B showed a reversible and competitive mode of inhibition with Ki value of 7 nM. Highly effective permeability and high CNS bioavailability of compound 5 with Pe = 54.49 × 10-6 cm/s were demonstrated. Compound 5 also exhibited a low cytotoxicity profile and a promising neuroprotective effect against the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal cell damage in PC12 cells, which was more effective than that of rasagiline. Docking simulations on both hMAO-B and hMAO-A supported the in vitro data and served as further molecular evidence. Accordingly, we report the discovery of compound 5 as one of the most potent indole-based MAO-B inhibitors to date which is noteworthy to be further evaluated as a promising agent for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohamed H Elsherbeny
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza 12566, Egypt
| | - Sora Paik
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Lizaveta Gotina
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Magda H Abdellattif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha A Gouda
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Roh
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Babić Leko M, Nikolac Perković M, Nedić Erjavec G, Klepac N, Švob Štrac DK, Borovečki F, Pivac N, Hof PR, Šimić G. Association of the MAOB rs1799836 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and APOE ɛ4 Allele in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:585-594. [PMID: 34533445 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210917162843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dopaminergic system is functionally compromised in Alzheimer's dis-ease (AD). The activity of monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), the enzyme involved in the degradation of dopamine, is increased during AD. Also, increased expression of MAOB occurs in the post-mortem hippocampus and neocortex of patients with AD. The MAOB rs1799836 polymorphism modulates MAOB transcription, consequently influencing protein translation and MAOB activity. We recently showed that cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid β1-42 are decreased in patients carry- ing the A allele in MAOB rs1799836 polymorphism. OBJECTIVE The present study compares MAOB rs1799836 polymorphism and APOE, the only con- firmed genetic risk factor for sporadic AD. METHOD We included 253 participants, 127 of whom had AD, 57 had mild cognitive impairment, 11 were healthy controls, and 58 suffered from other primary causes of dementia. MAOB and APOE polymorphisms were determined using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays. RESULTS We observed that the frequency of APOE ɛ4/ɛ4 homozygotes and APOE ɛ4 carriers is sig- nificantly increased among patients carrying the AA MAOB rs1799836 genotype. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the MAOB rs1799836 polymorphism is a potential genetic biomarker of AD and a potential target for the treatment of decreased dopaminergic transmission and cognitive deterioration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Nataša Klepac
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Fran Borovečki
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute Ruđer Bošković, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
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11
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Martinkova J, Quevenco FC, Karcher H, Ferrari A, Sandset EC, Szoeke C, Hort J, Schmidt R, Chadha AS, Ferretti MT. Proportion of Women and Reporting of Outcomes by Sex in Clinical Trials for Alzheimer Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2124124. [PMID: 34515784 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.24124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Women represent two-thirds of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), and sex differences might affect results of randomized clinical trials (RCTs). However, little information exists on differences in sex as reported in RCTs for AD. OBJECTIVE To assess the ratio of females to males and the reporting of sex-stratified data in large pharmaceutical RCTs for AD. DATA SOURCES A search for pharmaceutical RCTs for AD was conducted on September 4, 2019, using ClinicalTrials.gov with the key word Alzheimer disease, and articles related to those trials were identified using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Searches were conducted between September 4 and October 31, 2019, and between April 15 and May 31, 2020. STUDY SELECTION Controlled RCTs that had more than 100 participants and tested the efficacy of drugs or herbal extracts were included. Of 1047 RCTs identified, 409 were published and therefore screened. A total of 77 articles were included in the final analysis, including 56 primary articles on AD, 13 secondary articles on AD, and 8 articles on mild cognitive impairment. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS The location and date of publication; number, sex, and age of patients enrolled; disease severity; experimental or approved status of the drug; and whether the study included a sex-stratified analysis in the protocol, methods, or results were extracted by 1 reviewer for each article, and the meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects model. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The mean proportion of women enrolled in the trials and the associations between prespecified variables were analyzed. The proportion of articles that included sex-stratified results and the temporal trends in the reporting of these results were also studied. RESULTS In this review of 56 RCTs for AD involving 39 575 participants, 23 348 women (59.0%) were included. The mean (SD) proportion of women in RCTs of approved drugs was 67.3% (6.9%), and in RCTs of experimental drugs was 57.9% (5.9%). The proportion of women in RCTs of experimental drugs was significantly lower than the proportion of women in the general population with AD in the US (62.1%; difference, -4.56% [95% CI, -6.29% to -2.87%]; P < .001) and Europe (68.2%; difference, -10.67% [95% CI, -12.39% to -8.97%]; P < .001). Trials of approved drugs had a higher probability of including women than trials of experimental drugs (odds ratio [OR], 1.26; 95% CI, 1.05-1.52; P = .02). Both the severity of AD at baseline and the trial location were associated with the probability of women being enrolled in trials (severity: OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97-1.00; P = .02; location in Europe: OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.05-1.52; P = .01; location in North America: OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71-0.93; P = .002). Only 7 articles (12.5%) reported sex-stratified results, with an increasing temporal trend (R, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.05-0.59; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the proportion of women in RCTs for AD, although higher than the proportion of men, was significantly lower than that in the general population. Only a small proportion of trials reported sex-stratified results. These findings support strategies to improve diversity in enrollment and data reporting in RCTs for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Martinkova
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Women's Brain Project, Guntershausen, Switzerland
| | - Frances-Catherine Quevenco
- Women's Brain Project, Guntershausen, Switzerland
- Roche Diagnostics International Ltd, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Cassandra Szoeke
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jakub Hort
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurogeriatrics, University Clinic of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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12
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Elkamhawy A, Paik S, Park JH, Kim HJ, Hassan AHE, Lee K, Park KD, Roh EJ. Discovery of novel and potent safinamide-based derivatives as highly selective hMAO-B inhibitors for treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD): Design, synthesis, in vitro, in vivo and in silico biological studies. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105233. [PMID: 34390968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Up to date, the current clinical practice employs only symptomatic treatments for management of Parkinson's disease (PD) but unable to stop disease progression. The discovery of new chemical entities endowed with potent and selective human monoamine oxidase B (hMAO-B) inhibitory activity is a clinically relevant subject. Herein, a structural optimization strategy for safinamide (a well-known second generation hMAO-B inhibitor) afforded a series of thirty-six safinamide-derived new analogs (4aa-bj). Most compounds showed promising inhibitory activities against hMAO-B (>70% inhibition at a single dose concentration of 10 µM), with no apparent effect on hMAO-A at 100 μM. Moreover, while six compounds (4ak, 4as, 4az, 4be, 4bg, and 4bi) exhibited potent double-digit nanomolar activities over hMAO-B with IC50 values of 29.5, 42.2, 22.3, 18.8, 42.2, and 33.9 nM, respectively, three derivatives (4aq, 4at, and 4bf), possessing the same carboxamide moiety (2-pyrazinyl), showed the most potent single-digit nanomolar activities (IC50 = 9.7, 5.1, and 3.9 nM, respectively). Compound 4bf revealed an excellent selectivity index (SI > 25641) with a 29-fold increase compared to safinamide (SI > 892). A structure activity relationship along with molecular docking simulations provided insights into enzyme - inhibitor interactions and a rational for the observed activity. In an in vivo MPTP-induced mouse model of PD, oral administration of compound 4bf significantly protected nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons as revealed by tyrosine hydroxylase staining and prevented MPTP-induced Parkinsonism as revealed by motor behavioral assays. Accordingly, we present compound 4bf as a novel, highly potent, and selective hMAO-B inhibitor with an effective therapeutic profile for relieving PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Sora Paik
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed H E Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Joo Roh
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Besada P, Viña D, Costas T, Costas-Lago MC, Vila N, Torres-Terán I, Sturlese M, Moro S, Terán C. Pyridazinones containing dithiocarbamoyl moieties as a new class of selective MAO-B inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105203. [PMID: 34371375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of potential MAO-B inhibitors was designed and synthesized in good yield by combining the pyridazinone moiety with the dithiocarbamate framework, two relevant pharmacophores for drug discovery. The biological results obtained for the different pyridazinone/dithiocarbamate hybrids (compounds 8-14) indicated that most of them reversibly and selectively inhibit the hMAO-B in vitro with IC50 values in the µM range and exhibit not significant cellular toxicity. The analogues 9a1, 11a1, 12a2, 12b1 and 12b2, which present the dithiocarbamate fragment derivatized with a piperidin-1-yl or pyrrolidin-1-yl group and placed at C3 or C4 of the diazine ring, were the most attractive compounds of these series. Molecular modeling studies were performed to analyze the binding mode to the enzyme and the structure activity relationships of the titled compounds, as well as to predict their drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Besada
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Química Orgánica, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Dolores Viña
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tamara Costas
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Química Orgánica, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - María Carmen Costas-Lago
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Química Orgánica, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Noemí Vila
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Química Orgánica, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Iria Torres-Terán
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Carmen Terán
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Química Orgánica, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain.
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14
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Mannan A, Singh TG, Singh V, Garg N, Kaur A, Singh M. Insights into the Mechanism of the Therapeutic Potential of Herbal Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Neurological Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:286-310. [PMID: 34238153 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210707120256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of monoamines and other proteins. MAO's hyperactivation results in the massive generation of reactive oxygen species, which leads to a variety of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and depression-like disorders. Although synthetic MAO inhibitors are clinically available, they are associated with side effects such as hepatotoxicity, cheese reaction, hypertensive crisis, and so on, necessitating the investigation of alternative MAO inhibitors from a natural source with a safe profile. Herbal medications have a significant impact on the prevention of many diseases; additionally, they have fewer side effects and serve as a precursor for drug development. This review discusses the potential of herbal MAO inhibitors as well as their associated mechanism of action, with an aim to foster future research on herbal MAO inhibitors as potential treatment for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Varinder Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Nikhil Garg
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Manjinder Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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15
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Al Mamun A, Uddin MS. KDS2010: A Potent Highly Selective and Reversible MAO-B Inhibitor for Alzheimer's Disease. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 23:836-841. [PMID: 31957612 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200117103144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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16
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Pirolla NFF, Batista VS, Dias Viegas FP, Gontijo VS, McCarthy CR, Viegas C, Nascimento-Júnior NM. Alzheimer's Disease: Related Targets, Synthesis of Available Drugs, Bioactive Compounds Under Development and Promising Results Obtained from Multi-target Approaches. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:505-538. [PMID: 32814524 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121999200819144544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein the therapeutic targets involved in Alzheimer's disease as well as the available drugs and their synthetic routes. Bioactive compounds under development are also exploited to illustrate some recent research advances on the medicinal chemistry of Alzheimer's disease, including structure-activity relationships for some targets. The importance of multi-target approaches, including some examples from our research projects, guides new perspectives in search of more effective drug candidates. This review comprises the period between 2001 and early 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália F F Pirolla
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Synthesis, and Molecular Modelling (LaQMedSOMM), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Jardim Quitandinha, 14800-060, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Victor S Batista
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Synthesis, and Molecular Modelling (LaQMedSOMM), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Jardim Quitandinha, 14800-060, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia Pereira Dias Viegas
- Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry (PeQuiM), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas-MG, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Silva Gontijo
- Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry (PeQuiM), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas-MG, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Caitlin R McCarthy
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Synthesis, and Molecular Modelling (LaQMedSOMM), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Jardim Quitandinha, 14800-060, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio Viegas
- Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry (PeQuiM), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas-MG, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Nailton M Nascimento-Júnior
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Synthesis, and Molecular Modelling (LaQMedSOMM), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Jardim Quitandinha, 14800-060, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
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17
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Elkamhawy A, Paik S, Kim HJ, Park JH, Londhe AM, Lee K, Pae AN, Park KD, Roh EJ. Discovery of N-(1-(3-fluorobenzoyl)-1 H-indol-5-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide: a novel, selective, and competitive indole-based lead inhibitor for human monoamine oxidase B. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 35:1568-1580. [PMID: 32752896 PMCID: PMC7470070 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1800666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, two new series of N-substituted indole-based analogues were rationally designed, synthesized via microwave heating technology, and evaluated as noteworthy MAO-B potential inhibitors. Compared to the reported indazole-based hits VI and VII, compounds 4b and 4e exhibited higher inhibitory activities over MAO-B with IC50 values of 1.65 and 0.78 µM, respectively. When compared to the modest selectivity index of rasagiline (II, a well-known MAO-B inhibitor, SI > 50), both 4b and 4e also showed better selectivity indices (SI > 60 and 120, respectively). A further kinetic evaluation of the most potent derivative (4e) displayed a competitive mode of inhibition (inhibition constant (Ki)/MAO-B = 94.52 nM). Reasonable explanations of the elicited biological activities were presented via SAR study and molecular docking simulation. Accordingly, the remarkable MAO-B inhibitory activity of 4e (N-(1-(3-fluorobenzoyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide), with its selectivity and competitive inhibition, advocates its potential role as a promising lead worthy of further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sora Paik
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashwini M Londhe
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Roh
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Matthews DC, Ritter A, Thomas RG, Andrews RD, Lukic AS, Revta C, Kinney JW, Tousi B, Leverenz JB, Fillit H, Zhong K, Feldman HH, Cummings J. Rasagiline effects on glucose metabolism, cognition, and tau in Alzheimer's dementia. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2021; 7:e12106. [PMID: 33614888 PMCID: PMC7882538 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Phase II proof of concept (POC) randomized clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of rasagiline, a monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor approved for Parkinson disease, in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). The primary objective was to determine if 1 mg of rasagiline daily for 24 weeks is associated with improved regional brain metabolism (fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography [FDG-PET]) compared to placebo. Secondary objectives included measurement of effects on tau PET and evaluation of directional consistency of clinical end points. METHODS This was a double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled, community-based, three-site trial of 50 participants randomized 1:1 to receive oral rasagiline or placebo (NCT02359552). FDG-PET was analyzed for the presence of an AD-like pattern as an inclusion criterion and as a longitudinal outcome using prespecified regions of interest and voxel-based analyses. Tau PET was evaluated at baseline and longitudinally. Clinical outcomes were analyzed using an intention-to-treat (ITT) model. RESULTS Fifty patients were randomized and 43 completed treatment. The study met its primary end point, demonstrating favorable change in FDG-PET differences in rasagiline versus placebo in middle frontal (P < 0.025), anterior cingulate (P < 0.041), and striatal (P < 0.023) regions. Clinical measures showed benefit in quality of life (P < 0.04). Digit Span, verbal fluency, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) showed non-significant directional favoring of rasagiline; no effects were observed in Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog) or activities of daily living. Rasagiline was generally well tolerated with low rates of adverse events and notably fewer neuropsychiatric symptoms in the active treatment group. DISCUSSION These outcomes illustrate the potential benefits of rasagiline on clinical and neuroimaging measures in patients with mild to moderate AD. Rasagiline appears to affect neuronal activity in frontostriatal pathways, with associated clinical benefit potential warranting a more fully powered trial. This study illustrated the potential benefit of therapeutic repurposing and an experimental medicine proof-of-concept design with biomarkers to characterize patient and detect treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Ritter
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain HealthLas VegasNevadaUSA
| | - Ronald G. Thomas
- Department of Family Medicine and Public HealthUCSDLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Carolyn Revta
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative StudyUniversity of California San Diego School of MedicineLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Babak Tousi
- Neurologic InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | | | - Howard Fillit
- Alzheimer's Drug Discovery FoundationNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Howard H. Feldman
- Department of NeurosciencesAlzheimer's Disease Cooperative StudySan DiegoUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain HealthLas VegasNevadaUSA
- Department of Brain HealthChambers‐Grundy Center for Transformative NeuroscienceSchool of Integrated Health SciencesUniversity of Nevada Las VegasNevadaUSA
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19
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Cummings J. New approaches to symptomatic treatments for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:2. [PMID: 33441154 PMCID: PMC7805095 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful development of agents that improve cognition and behavior in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is critical to improving the lives of patients manifesting the symptoms of this progressive disorder. DISCUSSION There have been no recent approvals of cognitive enhancing agents for AD. There are currently 6 cognitive enhancers in Phase 2 trials and 4 in phase 3. They represent a variety of novel mechanisms. There has been progress in developing new treatments for neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD with advances in treatment of insomnia, psychosis, apathy, and agitation in AD. There are currently 4 AD-related psychotropic agents in Phase 2 trials and 7 in Phase 3 trials. Many novel mechanisms are being explored for the treatment of cognitive and behavioral targets. Progress in trial designs, outcomes measures, and population definitions are improving trial conduct for symptomatic treatment of AD. CONCLUSIONS Advances in developing new agents for cognitive and behavioral symptoms of AD combined with enhanced trial methods promise to address the unmet needs of patients with AD for improved cognition and amelioration of neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Cummings
- Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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20
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Delogu GL, Kumar A, Gatto G, Bustelo F, Saavedra LM, Rodríguez-Franco MI, Laguna R, Viña D. Synthesis and in vitro study of nitro- and methoxy-2-phenylbenzofurans as human monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 107:104616. [PMID: 33444985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 2-phenylbenzofuran derivatives were designed and synthesized to determine relevant structural features for the MAO inhibitory activity and selectivity. Methoxy substituents were introduced in the 2-phenyl ring, whereas the benzofuran moiety was not substituted or substituted at the positions 5 or 7 with a nitro group. Substitution patterns on both the phenyl ring and the benzofuran moiety determine the affinity for MAO-A or MAO-B. The 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-5-nitrobenzofuran 9 was the most potent MAO-B inhibitor (IC50 = 0.024 µM) identified in this series, whereas 7-nitro-2-phenylbenzofuran 7 was the most potent MAO-A inhibitor (IC50 = 0.168 µM), both acting as reversible inhibitors. The number and position of the methoxyl groups on the 2-phenyl ring, have an important influence on the inhibitory activity. Molecular docking studies confirmed the experimental results and highlighted the importance of key residues in enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna L Delogu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gianluca Gatto
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fernando Bustelo
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lucía M Saavedra
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Rodríguez-Franco
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Reyes Laguna
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Dolores Viña
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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21
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Duarte P, Cuadrado A, León R. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: From Classic to New Clinical Approaches. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 264:229-259. [PMID: 32852645 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are involved in the oxidative deamination of different amines and neurotransmitters. This pointed them as potential targets for several disorders and along the last 70 years a wide variety of MAO inhibitors have been developed as successful drugs for the treatment of complex diseases, being the first drugs approved for depression in the late 1950s. The discovery of two MAO isozymes (MAO-A and B) with different substrate selectivity and tissue expression patterns led to novel therapeutic approaches and to the development of new classes of inhibitors, such as selective irreversible and reversible MAO-B inhibitors and reversible MAO-A inhibitors. Significantly, MAO-B inhibitors constitute a widely studied group of compounds, some of them approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Further applications are under development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases, among others. This review summarizes the most important aspects regarding the development and clinical use of MAO inhibitors, going through mechanistic and structural details, new indications, and future perspectives. Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of different amines and neurotransmitters. The two different isozymes, MAO-A and MAO-B, are located at the outer mitochondrial membrane in different tissues. The enzymatic reaction involves formation of the corresponding aldehyde and releasing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ammonia or a substituted amine depending on the substrate. MAO's role in neurotransmitter metabolism made them targets for major depression and Parkinson's disease, among other neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, these compounds are being studied for other diseases such as cardiovascular ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Duarte
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientÚficas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Moezzi SMI, Mozafari N, Fazel-Hoseini SM, Nadimi-Parashkoohi S, Abbasi H, Ashrafi H, Azadi A. Apolipoprotein J in Alzheimer's Disease: Shedding Light on Its Role with Cell Signaling Pathway Perspective and Possible Therapeutic Approaches. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:4060-4072. [PMID: 33251792 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ), or clusterin, is one of the main apolipoproteins in the brain. It is synthesized and released from astrocytes in a healthy brain, and its expression increases in neurodegenerative disorders. Genetic evidence has suggested an association between ApoJ polymorphism and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-it is now considered the third main genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. However, the role of ApoJ overexpression in the state of disorder, toxicity, or protection is not yet clear. Since ApoJ plays different roles in AD, we review the function of ApoJ using different cell signaling pathways in AD and outline its paradoxical roles in AD. ApoJ helps in amyloid-beta (Aβ) clearance. Vice versa, ApoJ gene knock-out causes fibrillary Aβ reduction and prevents Aβ-induced neuron cell death. Understanding ApoJ, through various cellular signaling pathways, creates a new perspective on AD's cellular principles. The overall message is that ApoJ can be a valuable tool in controlling AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Negin Mozafari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Sadra Nadimi-Parashkoohi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hosein Abbasi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hajar Ashrafi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Azadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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23
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Elmaleh DR, Farlow MR, Conti PS, Tompkins RG, Kundakovic L, Tanzi RE. Developing Effective Alzheimer's Disease Therapies: Clinical Experience and Future Directions. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:715-732. [PMID: 31476157 PMCID: PMC6839593 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials, focused on disease modifying drugs and conducted in patients with mild to moderate AD, as well as prodromal (early) AD, have failed to reach efficacy endpoints in improving cognitive function in most cases to date or have been terminated due to adverse events. Drugs that have reached clinical stage were reviewed using web resources (such as clinicaltrials.gov, alzforum.org, company press releases, and peer reviewed literature) to identify late stage (Phase II and Phase III) efficacy clinical trials and summarize reasons for their failure. For each drug, only the latest clinical trials and ongoing trials that aimed at improving cognitive function were included in the analysis. Here we highlight the potential reasons that have hindered clinical success, including clinical trial design and choice of outcome measures, heterogeneity of patient populations, difficulties in diagnosing and staging the disease, drug design, mechanism of action, and toxicity related to the long-term use. We review and suggest approaches for AD clinical trial design aimed at improving our ability to identify novel therapies for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Elmaleh
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,AZTherapies Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin R Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Peter S Conti
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ronald G Tompkins
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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24
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Rodríguez-Enríquez F, Costas-Lago MC, Besada P, Alonso-Pena M, Torres-Terán I, Viña D, Fontenla JÁ, Sturlese M, Moro S, Quezada E, Terán C. Novel coumarin-pyridazine hybrids as selective MAO-B inhibitors for the Parkinson's disease therapy. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104203. [PMID: 32932120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 3-pyridazinylcoumarin scaffold was previously reported as an efficient core for the discovery of reversible and selective inhibitors of MAO-B, a validated drug target for PD therapy which also plays an important role in the AD progress. Looking for its structural optimization, novel compounds of hybrid structure coumarin-pyridazine, differing in polarizability and lipophilicity properties, were synthesized and tested against the two MAO isoforms, MAO-A and MAO-B (compounds 17a-f and 18a-f). All the designed compounds selectively inhibited the MAO-B isoenzyme, exhibiting many of them IC50 values ranging from sub-micromolar to nanomolar grade and lacking neuronal toxicity. The 7-bromo-3-(6-bromopyridazin-3-yl)coumarin (18c), the most potent compound of these series (IC50 = 60 nM), was subjected to further in vivo studies in a reserpine-induced mouse PD model. The obtained results suggest a promising potential for 18c as antiparkinsonian agent. Molecular modeling studies also provided valuable information about the enzyme-drug interactions and the potential pharmacokinetic profile of the novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Carmen Costas-Lago
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pedro Besada
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Miguel Alonso-Pena
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Iria Torres-Terán
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Dolores Viña
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Ángel Fontenla
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elias Quezada
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Terán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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25
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Bi D, Wen L, Wu Z, Shen Y. GABAergic dysfunction in excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) imbalance drives the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1312-1329. [PMID: 32543726 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To propose a new hypothesis that GABAergic dysfunction in excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) imbalance drives the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). BACKGROUND Synaptic dysfunction and E/I imbalance emerge decades before the appearance of cognitive decline in AD patients, which contribute to neurodegeneration. Initially, E/I imbalance was thought to occur first, due to dysfunction of the glutamatergic and cholinergic systems. However, new evidence has demonstrated that the GABAergic system, the counterpart of E/I balance and the major inhibitory neurotransmitter system in the central nervous system, is altered enormously and that this contributes to E/I imbalance and further AD pathogenesis. NEW HYPOTHESIS Alterations to the GABAergic system, induced by multiple AD pathogenic or risk factors, contribute to E/I imbalance and AD pathogenesis. MAJOR CHALLENGES FOR THE HYPOTHESIS This GABAergic hypothesis accounts for many critical questions and common challenges confronting a new hypothesis of AD pathogenesis. More specifically, it explains why amyloid beta (Aβ), β-secretase (BACE1), apolipoprotein E4 gene (APOE ε4), hyperactive glia cells, contributes to AD pathogenesis and why age and sex are the risk factors of AD. GABAergic dysfunction promotes the spread of Aβ pathology throughout the AD brain and associated cognitive impairments, and the induction of dysfunction induced by these varied risk factors shares this common neurobiology leading to E/I imbalance. In turn, some of these factors exacerbate GABAergic dysfunction and E/I imbalance. Moreover, the GABAergic system modulates various brain functions and thus, the GABAergic hypothesis accounts for nonamnestic manifestations. Furthermore, corrections of E/I balance through manipulation of GABAergic functions have shown positive outcomes in preclinical and clinical studies, suggesting the potential of the GABAergic system as a therapeutic target in AD. LINKAGE TO OTHER MAJOR THEORIES Dysfunction of the GABAergic system is induced by multiple critical signaling pathways, which include the existing major theories of AD pathogenesis, such as the Aβ and neuroinflammation hypotheses. In a new perspective, this GABAergic hypothesis accounts for the E/I imbalance and related excitotoxicity, which contribute to cognitive decline and AD pathogenesis. Therefore, the GABAergic system could be a key target to restore, at least partially, the E/I balance and cognitive function in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Bi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lang Wen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zujun Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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26
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Bae HJ, Sowndhararajan K, Park HB, Kim SY, Kim S, Kim DH, Choi JW, Jang DS, Ryu JH, Park SJ. Danshensu attenuates scopolamine and amyloid-β-induced cognitive impairments through the activation of PKA-CREB signaling in mice. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104537. [PMID: 31425745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an important chronic neurodegenerative disorder and is mainly associated with cognitive dysfunction. At present, bioactive compounds from traditional medicinal plants have received much attention for the enhancement of cognitive function. Danshensu, a phenolic acid isolated from herbal medicines, has various pharmacological activities in the central nervous system, including anxiolytic-like and neuroprotective properties. The present study aimed to investigate the ameliorating effects of danshensu on scopolamine- and amyloid-β (Aβ) protein-induced cognitive impairments in mice. Danshensu (3 and 10 mg/kg, p.o.) effectively ameliorated scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice, as measured in passive avoidance and Y-maze tasks. In a mechanistic study, danshensu inhibited monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) activity but not MAO-B. Additionally, danshensu treatment increased the dopamine level and the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), in the cortex of the brain. Furthermore, the ameliorating effect of danshensu against scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment was fully blocked by H89, a PKA inhibitor. Finally, danshensu also ameliorated Aβ-induced cognitive impairments in an animal model of AD. The results revealed that danshensu treatment significantly improved scopolamine and Aβ-induced cognitive impairments in mice by facilitation of dopamine signaling cascade such as PKA and CREB due to MAO-A inhibition. Thus, danshensu could be used as a promising therapeutic agent for preventing and treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jung Bae
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Botany, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Hyeon-Bae Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - So-Yeon Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Songmun Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences and Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Thiyagarajah MT, Herrmann N, Ruthirakuhan M, Li A, Lanctôt KL. Novel Pharmacologic Strategies for Treating Behavioral Disturbances in Alzheimer’s Disease. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-019-00181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Tabrizi SJ, Leavitt BR, Landwehrmeyer GB, Wild EJ, Saft C, Barker RA, Blair NF, Craufurd D, Priller J, Rickards H, Rosser A, Kordasiewicz HB, Czech C, Swayze EE, Norris DA, Baumann T, Gerlach I, Schobel SA, Paz E, Smith AV, Bennett CF, Lane RM. Targeting Huntingtin Expression in Patients with Huntington's Disease. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:2307-2316. [PMID: 31059641 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1900907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in HTT, resulting in a mutant huntingtin protein. IONIS-HTTRx (hereafter, HTTRx) is an antisense oligonucleotide designed to inhibit HTT messenger RNA and thereby reduce concentrations of mutant huntingtin. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, multiple-ascending-dose, phase 1-2a trial involving adults with early Huntington's disease. Patients were randomly assigned in a 3:1 ratio to receive HTTRx or placebo as a bolus intrathecal administration every 4 weeks for four doses. Dose selection was guided by a preclinical model in mice and nonhuman primates that related dose level to reduction in the concentration of huntingtin. The primary end point was safety. The secondary end point was HTTRx pharmacokinetics in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Prespecified exploratory end points included the concentration of mutant huntingtin in CSF. RESULTS Of the 46 patients who were enrolled in the trial, 34 were randomly assigned to receive HTTRx (at ascending dose levels of 10 to 120 mg) and 12 were randomly assigned to receive placebo. Each patient received all four doses and completed the trial. Adverse events, all of grade 1 or 2, were reported in 98% of the patients. No serious adverse events were seen in HTTRx-treated patients. There were no clinically relevant adverse changes in laboratory variables. Predose (trough) concentrations of HTTRx in CSF showed dose dependence up to doses of 60 mg. HTTRx treatment resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the concentration of mutant huntingtin in CSF (mean percentage change from baseline, 10% in the placebo group and -20%, -25%, -28%, -42%, and -38% in the HTTRx 10-mg, 30-mg, 60-mg, 90-mg, and 120-mg dose groups, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Intrathecal administration of HTTRx to patients with early Huntington's disease was not accompanied by serious adverse events. We observed dose-dependent reductions in concentrations of mutant huntingtin. (Funded by Ionis Pharmaceuticals and F. Hoffmann-La Roche; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02519036.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Tabrizi
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - G Bernhard Landwehrmeyer
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Edward J Wild
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Carsten Saft
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Roger A Barker
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Nick F Blair
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - David Craufurd
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Josef Priller
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Hugh Rickards
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Anne Rosser
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Holly B Kordasiewicz
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Christian Czech
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Eric E Swayze
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Daniel A Norris
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Tiffany Baumann
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Irene Gerlach
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Scott A Schobel
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Erika Paz
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Anne V Smith
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - C Frank Bennett
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
| | - Roger M Lane
- From University College London (UCL) Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London (S.J.T., E.J.W.), the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (R.A.B., N.F.B.), Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, and the Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (D.C.), the University of Edinburgh and the U.K. Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh (J.P.), the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham (H.R.), and the Cardiff University Brain Repair Group, Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff (A.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Centre for Huntington's Disease, Department of Medical Genetics, and the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, and the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada (B.R.L.); the Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Huntington's Disease Centre, Ulm (G.B.L.), the Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum (C.S.), and the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin (J.P.) - all in Germany; Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (H.B.K., E.E.S., D.A.N., T.B., E.P., A.V.S., C.F.B., R.M.L.); and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (C.C., I.G., S.A.S.)
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29
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Moriguchi S, Wilson AA, Miler L, Rusjan PM, Vasdev N, Kish SJ, Rajkowska G, Wang J, Bagby M, Mizrahi R, Varughese B, Houle S, Meyer JH. Monoamine Oxidase B Total Distribution Volume in the Prefrontal Cortex of Major Depressive Disorder: An [11C]SL25.1188 Positron Emission Tomography Study. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:634-641. [PMID: 30840042 PMCID: PMC6551845 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) is an important, high-density enzyme in the brain that generates oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide production, alters mitochondrial function, and metabolizes nonserotonergic monoamines. Recent advances in positron emission tomography radioligand development for MAO-B in humans enable highly quantitative measurement of MAO-B distribution volume (MAO-B VT), an index of MAO-B density. To date, this is the first investigation of MAO-B in the brain of major depressive disorder that evaluates regions beyond the raphe and amygdala. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether MAO-B VT is elevated in the prefrontal cortex in major depressive episodes (MDEs) of major depressive disorder. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case-control study was performed at a tertiary care psychiatric hospital from April 1, 2014, to August 30, 2018. Twenty patients with MDEs without current psychiatric comorbidities and 20 age-matched controls underwent carbon 11-labeled [11C]SL25.1188 positron emission tomography scanning to measure MAO-B VT. All participants were drug and medication free, nonsmoking, and otherwise healthy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The MAO-B VT in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The second main outcome was to evaluate the association between MAO-B VT in the PFC and duration of major depressive disorder illness. RESULTS Twenty patients with MDEs (mean [SD] age, 34.2 [13.2] years; 11 women) and 20 healthy controls (mean [SD] age, 33.7 [13.1] years; 10 women) were recruited. Patients with MDEs had significantly greater MAO-B VT in the PFC (mean, 26%; analysis of variance, F1,38 = 19.6, P < .001). In individuals with MDEs, duration of illness covaried positively with MAO-B VT in the PFC (analysis of covariance, F1,18 = 15.2, P = .001), as well as most other cortex regions and the thalamus. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Fifty percent (10 of 20) of patients with MDEs had MAO-B VT values in the PFC exceeding those of healthy controls. Greater MAO-B VT is an index of MAO-B overexpression, which may contribute to pathologies of mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated synthesis of neurotoxic products, and increased metabolism of nonserotonergic monoamines. Hence, this study identifies a common pathological marker associated with downstream consequences poorly targeted by the common selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatments. It is also recommended that the highly selective MAO-B inhibitor medications that are compatible for use with other antidepressants and have low risk for hypertensive crisis should be developed or repurposed as adjunctive treatment for MDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Moriguchi
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan A. Wilson
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Miler
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pablo M. Rusjan
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Kish
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grazyna Rajkowska
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Junming Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Michael Bagby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ben Varughese
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvain Houle
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey H. Meyer
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Park JH, Ju YH, Choi JW, Song HJ, Jang BK, Woo J, Chun H, Kim HJ, Shin SJ, Yarishkin O, Jo S, Park M, Yeon SK, Kim S, Kim J, Nam MH, Londhe AM, Kim J, Cho SJ, Cho S, Lee C, Hwang SY, Kim SW, Oh SJ, Cho J, Pae AN, Lee CJ, Park KD. Newly developed reversible MAO-B inhibitor circumvents the shortcomings of irreversible inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav0316. [PMID: 30906861 PMCID: PMC6426469 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) has recently emerged as a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD) because of its association with aberrant γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production in reactive astrocytes. Although short-term treatment with irreversible MAO-B inhibitors, such as selegiline, improves cognitive deficits in AD patients, long-term treatments have shown disappointing results. We show that prolonged treatment with selegiline fails to reduce aberrant astrocytic GABA levels and rescue memory impairment in APP/PS1 mice, an animal model of AD, because of increased activity in compensatory genes for a GABA-synthesizing enzyme, diamine oxidase (DAO). We have developed a potent, highly selective, and reversible MAO-B inhibitor, KDS2010 (IC50 = 7.6 nM; 12,500-fold selectivity over MAO-A), which overcomes the disadvantages of the irreversible MAO-B inhibitor. Long-term treatment with KDS2010 does not induce compensatory mechanisms, thereby significantly attenuating increased astrocytic GABA levels and astrogliosis, enhancing synaptic transmission, and rescuing learning and memory impairments in APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyun Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ha Ju
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Choi
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Song
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ko Jang
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsung Woo
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejung Chun
- Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jeong Shin
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Oleg Yarishkin
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonmi Jo
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijeong Park
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University and International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Ki Yeon
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Siwon Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyeon Kim
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Nam
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashwini M. Londhe
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Cho
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Suengmok Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Changho Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeoun Hwang
- KEMIMEDI & MEGABIOWOOD, 5F Hanil Bldg, Nonhyeon-ro 652, Seoul 06106, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wook Kim
- KEMIMEDI & MEGABIOWOOD, 5F Hanil Bldg, Nonhyeon-ro 652, Seoul 06106, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Oh
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeiwon Cho
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University and International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - C. Justin Lee
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Zabegalov KN, Kolesnikova TO, Khatsko SL, Volgin AD, Yakovlev OA, Amstislavskaya TG, Alekseeva PA, Meshalkina DA, Friend AJ, Bao W, Demin KA, Gainetdinov RR, Kalueff AV. Understanding antidepressant discontinuation syndrome (ADS) through preclinical experimental models. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 829:129-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Szökő É, Tábi T, Riederer P, Vécsei L, Magyar K. Pharmacological aspects of the neuroprotective effects of irreversible MAO-B inhibitors, selegiline and rasagiline, in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1735-1749. [PMID: 29417334 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The era of MAO-B inhibitors dates back more than 50 years. It began with Kálmán Magyar's outstanding discovery of the selective inhibitor, selegiline. This compound is still regarded as the gold standard of MAO-B inhibition, although newer drugs have also been introduced to the field. It was revealed early on that selective, even irreversible inhibition of MAO-B is free from the severe side effect of the non-selective MAO inhibitors, the potentiation of tyramine, resulting in the so-called 'cheese effect'. Since MAO-B is involved mainly in the degradation of dopamine, the inhibitors lack any antidepressant effect; however, they became first-line medications for the therapy of Parkinson's disease based on their dopamine-sparing activity. Extensive studies with selegiline indicated its complex pharmacological activity profile with MAO-B-independent mechanisms involved. Some of these beneficial effects, such as neuroprotective and antiapoptotic properties, were connected to its propargylamine structure. The second MAO-B inhibitor approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, rasagiline also possesses this structural element and shows similar pharmacological characteristics. The preclinical studies performed with selegiline and rasagiline are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Szökő
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tábi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Peter Riederer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Magarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, 6725, Hungary. .,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, 6725, Hungary.
| | - Kálmán Magyar
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
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Yeon SK, Choi JW, Park JH, Lee YR, Kim HJ, Shin SJ, Jang BK, Kim S, Bahn YS, Han G, Lee YS, Pae AN, Park KD. Synthesis and evaluation of biaryl derivatives for structural characterization of selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitors toward Parkinson’s disease therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:232-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Borroni E, Bohrmann B, Grueninger F, Prinssen E, Nave S, Loetscher H, Chinta SJ, Rajagopalan S, Rane A, Siddiqui A, Ellenbroek B, Messer J, Pähler A, Andersen JK, Wyler R, Cesura AM. Sembragiline: A Novel, Selective Monoamine Oxidase Type B Inhibitor for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017. [PMID: 28642233 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.241653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Increased MAO-B expression in astroglia has been observed adjacent to amyloid plaques in AD patient brains. This phenomenon is hypothesized to lead to increased production of hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby contributing to AD pathology. Therefore, reduction of ROS-induced oxidative stress via inhibition of MAO-B activity may delay the progression of the disease. In the present study we report the pharmacological properties of sembragiline, a novel selective MAO-B inhibitor specifically developed for the treatment of AD, and on its effect on ROS-mediated neuronal injury and astrogliosis in MAO-B transgenic animals. Sembragiline showed potent and long-lasting MAO-B-selective inhibition and did not inhibit MAO-A at doses where full inhibition of MAO-B was observed. Such selectivity should translate into a favorable clinical safety profile. Indeed, sembragiline neither induced the serotonin syndrome when administered together with the serotonin precursor l-5-hydroxytryptophan in combination with antidepressants such as fluoxetine, nor potentiated the pressor effect of tyramine. Additionally, in experiments using a transgenic animal model conditionally overexpressing MAO-B in astroglia, sembragiline protected against neuronal loss and reduced both ROS formation and reactive astrogliosis. Taken together, these findings warrant further investigation of the potential therapeutic benefit of MAO-B inhibitors in patients with AD and other neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilio Borroni
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (E.B., B.B., F.G., E.P., S.N., H.L., J.M., A.P., and R.W.); Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California (S.C., S.R., A.R., A.S., and J.A.); and Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (A.M.C. and B.E.)
| | - Bernd Bohrmann
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (E.B., B.B., F.G., E.P., S.N., H.L., J.M., A.P., and R.W.); Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California (S.C., S.R., A.R., A.S., and J.A.); and Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (A.M.C. and B.E.)
| | - Fiona Grueninger
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (E.B., B.B., F.G., E.P., S.N., H.L., J.M., A.P., and R.W.); Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California (S.C., S.R., A.R., A.S., and J.A.); and Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (A.M.C. and B.E.)
| | - Eric Prinssen
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (E.B., B.B., F.G., E.P., S.N., H.L., J.M., A.P., and R.W.); Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California (S.C., S.R., A.R., A.S., and J.A.); and Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (A.M.C. and B.E.)
| | - Stephane Nave
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (E.B., B.B., F.G., E.P., S.N., H.L., J.M., A.P., and R.W.); Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California (S.C., S.R., A.R., A.S., and J.A.); and Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (A.M.C. and B.E.)
| | - Hansruedi Loetscher
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (E.B., B.B., F.G., E.P., S.N., H.L., J.M., A.P., and R.W.); Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California (S.C., S.R., A.R., A.S., and J.A.); and Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (A.M.C. and B.E.)
| | - Shankar J Chinta
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (E.B., B.B., F.G., E.P., S.N., H.L., J.M., A.P., and R.W.); Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California (S.C., S.R., A.R., A.S., and J.A.); and Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (A.M.C. and B.E.)
| | - Subramanian Rajagopalan
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (E.B., B.B., F.G., E.P., S.N., H.L., J.M., A.P., and R.W.); Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California (S.C., S.R., A.R., A.S., and J.A.); and Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (A.M.C. and B.E.)
| | - Anand Rane
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (E.B., B.B., F.G., E.P., S.N., H.L., J.M., A.P., and R.W.); Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California (S.C., S.R., A.R., A.S., and J.A.); and Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (A.M.C. and B.E.)
| | - Almas Siddiqui
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (E.B., B.B., F.G., E.P., S.N., H.L., J.M., A.P., and R.W.); Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California (S.C., S.R., A.R., A.S., and J.A.); and Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (A.M.C. and B.E.)
| | - Bart Ellenbroek
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (E.B., B.B., F.G., E.P., S.N., H.L., J.M., A.P., and R.W.); Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California (S.C., S.R., A.R., A.S., and J.A.); and Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (A.M.C. and B.E.)
| | - Juerg Messer
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (E.B., B.B., F.G., E.P., S.N., H.L., J.M., A.P., and R.W.); Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California (S.C., S.R., A.R., A.S., and J.A.); and Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (A.M.C. and B.E.)
| | - Axel Pähler
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (E.B., B.B., F.G., E.P., S.N., H.L., J.M., A.P., and R.W.); Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California (S.C., S.R., A.R., A.S., and J.A.); and Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (A.M.C. and B.E.)
| | - Julie K Andersen
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (E.B., B.B., F.G., E.P., S.N., H.L., J.M., A.P., and R.W.); Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California (S.C., S.R., A.R., A.S., and J.A.); and Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (A.M.C. and B.E.)
| | - Rene Wyler
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (E.B., B.B., F.G., E.P., S.N., H.L., J.M., A.P., and R.W.); Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California (S.C., S.R., A.R., A.S., and J.A.); and Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (A.M.C. and B.E.)
| | - Andrea M Cesura
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (E.B., B.B., F.G., E.P., S.N., H.L., J.M., A.P., and R.W.); Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California (S.C., S.R., A.R., A.S., and J.A.); and Evotec International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany (A.M.C. and B.E.)
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