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Gomez LM, Mitchell BL, McAloney K, Adsett J, Garden N, Wood M, Diaz-Torres S, Garcia-Marin LM, Breakspear M, Martin NG, Lupton MK. The Effect of Genetic Predisposition to Alzheimer's Disease and Related Traits on Recruitment Bias in a Study of Cognitive Aging. Twin Res Hum Genet 2023; 26:209-214. [PMID: 37476981 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2023.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The recruitment of participants for research studies may be subject to bias. The Prospective Imaging Study of Ageing (PISA) aims to characterize the phenotype and natural history of healthy adult Australians at high future risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Participants approached to take part in PISA were selected from existing cohort studies with available genomewide genetic data for both successfully and unsuccessfully recruited participants, allowing us to investigate the genetic contribution to voluntary recruitment, including the genetic predisposition to AD. We use a polygenic risk score (PRS) approach to test to what extent the genetic risk for AD, and related risk factors predict participation in PISA. We did not identify a significant association of genetic risk for AD with study participation, but we did identify significant associations with PRS for key causal risk factors for AD, IQ, household income and years of education. We also found that older and female participants were more likely to take part in the study. Our findings highlight the importance of considering bias in key risk factors for AD in the recruitment of individuals for cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Gomez
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Kerrie McAloney
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Adsett
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Natalie Garden
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Madeline Wood
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Santiago Diaz-Torres
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luis M Garcia-Marin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Breakspear
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle K Lupton
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Lissaman R, Lancaster TM, Parker GD, Graham KS, Lawrence AD, Hodgetts CJ. Tract-specific differences in white matter microstructure between young adult APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers: A replication and extension study. NEUROIMAGE. REPORTS 2022; 2:None. [PMID: 36507069 PMCID: PMC9726682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynirp.2022.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The parahippocampal cingulum bundle (PHCB) interconnects regions known to be vulnerable to early Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, including posteromedial cortex and medial temporal lobe. While AD-related pathology has been robustly associated with alterations in PHCB microstructure, specifically lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher mean diffusivity (MD), emerging evidence indicates that the reverse pattern is evident in younger adults at increased risk of AD. In one such study, Hodgetts et al. (2019) reported that healthy young adult carriers of the apolipoprotein-E (APOE) ε4 allele - the strongest common genetic risk factor for AD - showed higher FA and lower MD in the PHCB but not the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). These results are consistent with proposals claiming that heightened neural activity and intrinsic connectivity play a significant role in increasing posteromedial cortex vulnerability to amyloid-β and tau spread beyond the medial temporal lobe. Given the implications for understanding AD risk, here we sought to replicate Hodgetts et al.'s finding in a larger sample (N = 128; 40 APOE ε4 carriers, 88 APOE ε4 non-carriers) of young adults (age range = 19-33). Extending this work, we also conducted an exploratory analysis using a more advanced measure of white matter microstructure: hindrance modulated orientational anisotropy (HMOA). Contrary to the original study, we did not observe higher FA or lower MD in the PHCB of APOE ε4 carriers relative to non-carriers. Bayes factors (BFs) further revealed moderate-to-strong evidence in support of these null findings. In addition, we observed no APOE ε4-related differences in PHCB HMOA. Our findings indicate that young adult APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers do not differ in PHCB microstructure, casting some doubt on the notion that early-life variation in PHCB tract microstructure might enhance vulnerability to amyloid-β accumulation and/or tau spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki Lissaman
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas M. Lancaster
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, England, United Kingdom
| | - Greg D. Parker
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Kim S. Graham
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Carl J. Hodgetts
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, England, United Kingdom
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Lupton MK, Robinson GA, Adam RJ, Rose S, Byrne GJ, Salvado O, Pachana NA, Almeida OP, McAloney K, Gordon SD, Raniga P, Fazlollahi A, Xia Y, Ceslis A, Sonkusare S, Zhang Q, Kholghi M, Karunanithi M, Mosley PE, Lv J, Borne L, Adsett J, Garden N, Fripp J, Martin NG, Guo CC, Breakspear M. A prospective cohort study of prodromal Alzheimer's disease: Prospective Imaging Study of Ageing: Genes, Brain and Behaviour (PISA). NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 29:102527. [PMID: 33341723 PMCID: PMC7750170 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This prospective cohort study, "Prospective Imaging Study of Ageing: Genes, Brain and Behaviour" (PISA) seeks to characterise the phenotype and natural history of healthy adult Australians at high future risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, we are recruiting midlife and older Australians with high and low genetic risk of dementia to discover biological markers of early neuropathology, identify modifiable risk factors, and establish the very earliest phenotypic and neuronal signs of disease onset. PISA utilises genetic prediction to recruit and enrich a prospective cohort and follow them longitudinally. Online surveys and cognitive testing are used to characterise an Australia-wide sample currently totalling over 3800 participants. Participants from a defined at-risk cohort and positive controls (clinical cohort of patients with mild cognitive impairment or early AD) are invited for onsite visits for detailed functional, structural and molecular neuroimaging, lifestyle monitoring, detailed neurocognitive testing, plus blood sample donation. This paper describes recruitment of the PISA cohort, study methodology and baseline demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gail A Robinson
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert J Adam
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Mental Health Services, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen Rose
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gerard J Byrne
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Mental Health Services, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Olivier Salvado
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nancy A Pachana
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Osvaldo P Almeida
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; WA Centre for Health and Ageing of the University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kerrie McAloney
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Scott D Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Parnesh Raniga
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amir Fazlollahi
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ying Xia
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amelia Ceslis
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Qing Zhang
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mahnoosh Kholghi
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mohan Karunanithi
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip E Mosley
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia; Neurosciences Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jinglei Lv
- Sydney Imaging & School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Léonie Borne
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jessica Adsett
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Natalie Garden
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jurgen Fripp
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Christine C Guo
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Breakspear
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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Blue EE, Cheng A, Chen S, Yu CE. Association of Uncommon, Noncoding Variants in the APOE Region With Risk of Alzheimer Disease in Adults of European Ancestry. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2017666. [PMID: 33090224 PMCID: PMC7582128 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The ε2 and ε4 alleles of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) risk. Although nearby genetic variants have also been shown to be associated with AD, including rs2075650 in the TOMM40 gene and rs4420638 near the APOC1 gene, it is unknown whether these associations are independent of the ε2 and ε4 alleles. OBJECTIVE To assess whether variants near APOE are associated with AD independently of the ε2/ε3/ε4 genotype. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this genetic association study of the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium imputed genotype at data, 14 415 variants near APOE (±500 kilobase) for 18 795 individuals with European ancestry were tested for association with AD using 4 logistic mixed models adjusting for sex, cohort, population structure, and relatedness. Model 1 had no APOE adjustment, and model 2 adjusted for the count of ε2 and ε4 alleles. Model 3 was restricted to ε3 homozygotes, and model 4 was restricted to ε4 homozygotes. Data were downloaded from May 31, 2018, to June 3, 2018, and analyzed from November 1, 2018, to June 24, 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Alzheimer disease affectation status was defined by clinicians using standard National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria. Association was evaluated using Score tests; results with P < .05 divided by the number of independent tests per model were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Among the 18 795 individuals in the study, 9704 were affected by AD and 9066 were control individuals; the median age at onset/evaluation was 76 (interquartile range, 70-82) years; and 11 167 were female (59.4%). Associations with AD were found for rs2075650 (odds ratio [OR], 2.59; 95% CI, 2.45-2.75; P = 3.19 × 10-228) and rs4420638 (OR, 2.77; 95% CI, 2.62-2.94; P = 2.99 × 10-254) without APOE adjustment. Although rs2075650 was nominally associated with AD among the ε4 homozygotes (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.00-1.77; P = .047), the association between rs4420638 and AD was eliminated by APOE adjustment (model 2 OR, 1.06 [95% CI, 0.96-1.18; P = .24]; model 3 OR, 1.13 [95% CI, 0.95-1.34; P = .18]; model 4 OR, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.56-1.45; P = .66]). There was a significant association between rs192879175 and AD among ε3 homozygotes (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.37-0.68; P = 8.30 × 10-6). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results of this genetic association study suggest that ε2/ε3/ε4 alleles are not the only variants in the APOE region that are associated with AD risk. Additional work with independent data is needed to replicate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E. Blue
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Anqi Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Sunny Chen
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
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Mitchell BL, Thorp JG, Evans DM, Nyholt DR, Martin NG, Lupton MK. Exploring the genetic relationship between hearing impairment and Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 12:e12108. [PMID: 33005726 PMCID: PMC7517507 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hearing loss has been identified as the potentially largest modifiable risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), estimated to account for a similar increase in AD risk as the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene. METHODS We investigated the genetic relationship between hearing loss and AD, and sought evidence for a causal relationship. RESULTS We found a significant genetic overlap between hearing impairment and AD and a polygenic risk score for AD was able to significantly predict hearing loss in an independent cohort. Additionally, regions of the genome involved in inflammation were identified to be shared between hearing difficulty and AD. However, causality tests found no significant evidence of a causal relationship between these traits in either direction. DISCUSSION Overall, these results show that the relationship between hearing difficulty and AD may, in part, be due to shared genes and immune response pathways between the traits. However, currently available data do not support a causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L. Mitchell
- School of Biomedical Science and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of HealthQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Department of Genetics and Computational BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jackson G. Thorp
- Department of Genetics and Computational BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - David M. Evans
- The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Dale R. Nyholt
- School of Biomedical Science and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of HealthQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- School of Biomedical Science and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of HealthQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Department of Genetics and Computational BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Michelle K. Lupton
- School of Biomedical Science and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of HealthQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Department of Genetics and Computational BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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Vuoksimaa E, Palviainen T, Lindgren N, Rinne JO, Kaprio J. Accuracy of Imputation for Apolipoprotein E ε Alleles in Genome-Wide Genotyping Data. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e1919960. [PMID: 31977056 PMCID: PMC6991323 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.19960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This diagnostic study evaluates the association of reference panels with imputation quality for 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms located on the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Vuoksimaa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Palviainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Juha O. Rinne
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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