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Read ML, Berry SC, Graham KS, Voets NL, Zhang J, Aggleton JP, Lawrence AD, Hodgetts CJ. Scene-selectivity in CA1/subicular complex: Multivoxel pattern analysis at 7T. Neuropsychologia 2024; 194:108783. [PMID: 38161052 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Prior univariate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in humans suggest that the anteromedial subicular complex of the hippocampus is a hub for scene-based cognition. However, it is possible that univariate approaches were not sufficiently sensitive to detect scene-related activity in other subfields that have been implicated in spatial processing (e.g., CA1). Further, as connectivity-based functional gradients in the hippocampus do not respect classical subfield boundary definitions, category selectivity may be distributed across anatomical subfields. Region-of-interest approaches, therefore, may limit our ability to observe category selectivity across discrete subfield boundaries. To address these issues, we applied searchlight multivariate pattern analysis to 7T fMRI data of healthy adults who undertook a simultaneous visual odd-one-out discrimination task for scene and non-scene (including face) visual stimuli, hypothesising that scene classification would be possible in multiple hippocampal regions within, but not constrained to, anteromedial subicular complex and CA1. Indeed, we found that the scene-selective searchlight map overlapped not only with anteromedial subicular complex (distal subiculum, pre/para subiculum), but also inferior CA1, alongside posteromedial (including retrosplenial) and parahippocampal cortices. Probabilistic overlap maps revealed gradients of scene category selectivity, with the strongest overlap located in the medial hippocampus, converging with searchlight findings. This was contrasted with gradients of face category selectivity, which had stronger overlap in more lateral hippocampus, supporting ideas of parallel processing streams for these two categories. Our work helps to map the scene, in contrast to, face processing networks within, and connected to, the human hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lucie Read
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Samuel C Berry
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK; Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Kim S Graham
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, Dugald Stewart Building, University of Edinburgh, 3 Charles Street, Edinburgh, EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Natalie L Voets
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Building, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU2, UK
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK; School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8DD, UK
| | - John P Aggleton
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK; School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, Dugald Stewart Building, University of Edinburgh, 3 Charles Street, Edinburgh, EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Carl J Hodgetts
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK; Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
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2
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Sayer AP, Llavero-Pasquina M, Geisler K, Holzer A, Bunbury F, Mendoza-Ochoa GI, Lawrence AD, Warren MJ, Mehrshahi P, Smith AG. Conserved cobalamin acquisition protein 1 is essential for vitamin B12 uptake in both Chlamydomonas and Phaeodactylum. Plant Physiol 2024; 194:698-714. [PMID: 37864825 PMCID: PMC10828217 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae play an essential role in global net primary productivity and global biogeochemical cycling. Despite their phototrophic lifestyle, over half of algal species depend for growth on acquiring an external supply of the corrinoid vitamin B12 (cobalamin), a micronutrient produced only by a subset of prokaryotic organisms. Previous studies have identified protein components involved in vitamin B12 uptake in bacterial species and humans. However, little is known about its uptake in algae. Here, we demonstrate the essential role of a protein, cobalamin acquisition protein 1 (CBA1), in B12 uptake in Phaeodactylum tricornutum using CRISPR-Cas9 to generate targeted knockouts and in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by insertional mutagenesis. In both cases, CBA1 knockout lines could not take up exogenous vitamin B12. Complementation of the C. reinhardtii mutants with the wild-type CBA1 gene restored B12 uptake, and regulation of CBA1 expression via a riboswitch element enabled control of the phenotype. When visualized by confocal microscopy, a YFP-fusion with C. reinhardtii CBA1 showed association with membranes. Bioinformatics analysis found that CBA1-like sequences are present in all major eukaryotic phyla. In algal taxa, the majority that encoded CBA1 also had genes for B12-dependent enzymes, suggesting CBA1 plays a conserved role. Our results thus provide insight into the molecular basis of algal B12 acquisition, a process that likely underpins many interactions in aquatic microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Sayer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Marcel Llavero-Pasquina
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Katrin Geisler
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Andre Holzer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Freddy Bunbury
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Gonzalo I Mendoza-Ochoa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Martin J Warren
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Payam Mehrshahi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Alison G Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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Read ML, Umla-Runge K, Lawrence AD, Costigan AG, Hsieh LT, Chamberland M, Ranganath C, Graham KS. A role for the fornix in temporal sequence memory. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:1141-1160. [PMID: 36808163 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Converging evidence from studies of human and nonhuman animals suggests that the hippocampus contributes to sequence learning by using temporal context to bind sequentially occurring items. The fornix is a white matter pathway containing the major input and output pathways of the hippocampus, including projections from medial septum and to diencephalon, striatum, lateral septum and prefrontal cortex. If the fornix meaningfully contributes to hippocampal function, then individual differences in fornix microstructure might predict sequence memory. Here, we tested this prediction by performing tractography in 51 healthy adults who had undertaken a sequence memory task. Microstructure properties of the fornix were compared with those of tracts connecting medial temporal lobe regions but not predominantly the hippocampus: the Parahippocampal Cingulum bundle (PHC) (conveying retrosplenial projections to parahippocampal cortex) and the Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus (ILF) (conveying occipital projections to perirhinal cortex). Using principal components analysis, we combined Free-Water Elimination Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging measures obtained from multi-shell diffusion MRI into two informative indices: the first (PC1) capturing axonal packing/myelin and the second (PC2) capturing microstructural complexity. We found a significant correlation between fornix PC2 and implicit reaction-time indices of sequence memory, indicating that greater fornix microstructural complexity is associated with better sequence memory. No such relationship was found with measures from the PHC and ILF. This study highlights the importance of the fornix in aiding memory for objects within a temporal context, potentially reflecting a role in mediating inter-regional communication within an extended hippocampal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lucie Read
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alison G Costigan
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Liang-Tien Hsieh
- Helen Willis Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Maxime Chamberland
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kim S Graham
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Kieninger C, Deery E, Lawrence AD, Warren MJ, Krautler B. Hydrogenobinamide and nibinamide - Metal-free ligand and Ni(II)-analogue of the vitamin B 12 precursor cobinamide. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2023. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424623500463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lissaman R, Lancaster TM, Parker GD, Graham KS, Lawrence AD, Hodgetts CJ. Tract-specific differences in white matter microstructure between young adult APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers: A replication and extension study. Neuroimage Rep 2022; 2:None. [PMID: 36507069 PMCID: PMC9726682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynirp.2022.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The parahippocampal cingulum bundle (PHCB) interconnects regions known to be vulnerable to early Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, including posteromedial cortex and medial temporal lobe. While AD-related pathology has been robustly associated with alterations in PHCB microstructure, specifically lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher mean diffusivity (MD), emerging evidence indicates that the reverse pattern is evident in younger adults at increased risk of AD. In one such study, Hodgetts et al. (2019) reported that healthy young adult carriers of the apolipoprotein-E (APOE) ε4 allele - the strongest common genetic risk factor for AD - showed higher FA and lower MD in the PHCB but not the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). These results are consistent with proposals claiming that heightened neural activity and intrinsic connectivity play a significant role in increasing posteromedial cortex vulnerability to amyloid-β and tau spread beyond the medial temporal lobe. Given the implications for understanding AD risk, here we sought to replicate Hodgetts et al.'s finding in a larger sample (N = 128; 40 APOE ε4 carriers, 88 APOE ε4 non-carriers) of young adults (age range = 19-33). Extending this work, we also conducted an exploratory analysis using a more advanced measure of white matter microstructure: hindrance modulated orientational anisotropy (HMOA). Contrary to the original study, we did not observe higher FA or lower MD in the PHCB of APOE ε4 carriers relative to non-carriers. Bayes factors (BFs) further revealed moderate-to-strong evidence in support of these null findings. In addition, we observed no APOE ε4-related differences in PHCB HMOA. Our findings indicate that young adult APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers do not differ in PHCB microstructure, casting some doubt on the notion that early-life variation in PHCB tract microstructure might enhance vulnerability to amyloid-β accumulation and/or tau spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki Lissaman
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom,Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas M. Lancaster
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom,School of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, England, United Kingdom
| | - Greg D. Parker
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Kim S. Graham
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Carl J. Hodgetts
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom,Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, England, United Kingdom,Corresponding author. Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, England, United Kingdom.
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Karahan E, Tait L, Si R, Özkan A, Szul MJ, Graham KS, Lawrence AD, Zhang J. The interindividual variability of multimodal brain connectivity maintains spatial heterogeneity and relates to tissue microstructure. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1007. [PMID: 36151363 PMCID: PMC9508245 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03974-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans differ from each other in a wide range of biometrics, but to what extent brain connectivity varies between individuals remains largely unknown. By combining diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), this study characterizes the inter-subject variability (ISV) of multimodal brain connectivity. Structural connectivity is characterized by higher ISV in association cortices including the core multiple-demand network and lower ISV in the sensorimotor cortex. MEG ISV exhibits frequency-dependent signatures, and the extent of MEG ISV is consistent with that of structural connectivity ISV in selective macroscopic cortical clusters. Across the cortex, the ISVs of structural connectivity and beta-band MEG functional connectivity are negatively associated with cortical myelin content indexed by the quantitative T1 relaxation rate measured by high-resolution 7 T MRI. Furthermore, MEG ISV from alpha to gamma bands relates to the hindrance and restriction of the white-matter tissue estimated by DWI microstructural models. Our findings depict the inter-relationship between the ISV of brain connectivity from multiple modalities, and highlight the role of tissue microstructure underpinning the ISV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esin Karahan
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Tait
- Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ruoguang Si
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ayşegül Özkan
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Maciek J Szul
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Bron, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Kim S Graham
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom. .,Department of Computer Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.
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Berry SC, Lawrence AD, Lancaster TM, Casella C, Aggleton JP, Postans M. Subiculum - BNST Structural Connectivity in Humans and Macaques. Neuroimage 2022; 253:119096. [PMID: 35304264 PMCID: PMC9227740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive tract-tracing studies in rodents implicate a direct connection between the subiculum and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) as a key component of neural pathways mediating hippocampal regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. A clear characterisation of the connections linking the subiculum and BNST in humans and non-human primates is lacking. To address this, we first delineated the projections from the subiculum to the BNST using anterograde tracers injected into macaque monkeys, revealing evidence for a monosynaptic subiculum-BNST projection involving the fornix. Second, we used in vivo diffusion MRI tractography in macaques and humans to demonstrate substantial subiculum complex connectivity to the BNST in both species. This connection was primarily carried by the fornix, with additional connectivity via the amygdala, consistent with rodent anatomy. Third, utilising the twin-based nature of our human sample, we found that microstructural properties of these tracts were moderately heritable (h2 ∼ 0.5). In a final analysis, we found no evidence of any significant association between subiculum complex-BNST tract microstructure and indices of perceived stress/dispositional negativity and alcohol use, derived from principal component analysis decomposition of self-report data. Our findings address a key translational gap in our knowledge of the neurocircuitry regulating stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Berry
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Chiara Casella
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - John P Aggleton
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark Postans
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Wiseman C, Lawrence AD, Bisson JI, Hotham J, Karl A, Zammit S. Study development and protocol for a cohort study examining the impact of baseline social cognition on response to treatment for people living with post-traumatic stress disorder. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2093036. [PMID: 35849639 PMCID: PMC9278429 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2022.2093036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Social cognitive impairments, specifically in facial emotion processing and mental state attribution, are common in post-traumatic stress disorder. However few studies so far have examined whether social cognitive ability impacts on PTSD recovery. Objective: To examine whether baseline social cognitive abilities are associated with treatment outcomes following trauma-focused therapy for PTSD. Method: This is a cohort study that will relate treatment outcomes post-discharge to baseline measures of social cognition (five tasks: Emotion Odd-One-Out Task (Oddity), Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task (RMET), Social Shapes Test (SST), Spontaneous Theory of Mind Protocol (STOMP), and Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8)) in people starting a course of psychological therapy for PTSD (target N = 60). The primary outcome will be pre- to post-treatment change in PTSD symptom severity (assessed using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5). Secondary outcomes include functional impairment (assessed using the Work and Social Adjustment Scale), drop-out rate, and analyses differentiating participants with DSM-5 PTSD and ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD. Regression models will be used to examine associations between baseline social cognitive performance and outcome measures while adjusting for potential confounders. Two pilot studies informed the development of our study protocol. The first involved qualitative analysis of interviews with nine participants with lived experience of mental health problems to inform our research questions and study protocol. The second involved trialling social cognitive tasks on 20 non-clinical participants to refine our test battery. Discussion: This study will address a gap in the literature about whether abilities in social cognition in people living with PTSD are associated with treatment-related recovery. HIGHLIGHTS Impairments in social cognition are recognised in people with PTSD.Few studies have examined whether social cognitive ability is associated with recovery from PTSD.We present a study protocol, developed after pilot testing, to address this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle Wiseman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Oakfield House, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jonathan I Bisson
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James Hotham
- Avon and Wiltshire Partnership Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Anke Karl
- Clinical Psychology and Affective Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences (CLES), Psychology, Washington Singer Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Stan Zammit
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Oakfield House, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Petrican R, Miles S, Rudd L, Wasiewska W, Graham KS, Lawrence AD. Pubertal timing and functional neurodevelopmental alterations independently mediate the effect of family conflict on adolescent psychopathology. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 52:101032. [PMID: 34781251 PMCID: PMC10436252 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that early life adversity (ELA) heightens psychopathology risk by concurrently altering pubertal and neurodevelopmental timing, and associated gene transcription signatures. Analyses focused on threat- (family conflict/neighbourhood crime) and deprivation-related ELAs (parental inattentiveness/unmet material needs), using longitudinal data from 1514 biologically unrelated youths in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Typical developmental changes in white matter microstructure corresponded to widespread BOLD signal variability (BOLDsv) increases (linked to cell communication and biosynthesis genes) and region-specific task-related BOLDsv increases/decreases (linked to signal transduction, immune and external environmental response genes). Increasing resting-state (RS), but decreasing task-related BOLDsv predicted normative functional network segregation. Family conflict was the strongest concurrent and prospective contributor to psychopathology, while material deprivation constituted an additive risk factor. ELA-linked psychopathology was predicted by higher Time 1 threat-evoked BOLDSV (associated with axonal development, myelination, cell differentiation and signal transduction genes), reduced Time 2 RS BOLDsv (associated with cell metabolism and attention genes) and greater Time 1 to Time 2 control/attention network segregation. Earlier pubertal timing and neurodevelopmental alterations independently mediated ELA effects on psychopathology. Our results underscore the differential roles of the immediate and wider external environment(s) in concurrent and longer-term ELA consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Petrican
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Sian Miles
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lily Rudd
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Wiktoria Wasiewska
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kim S Graham
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
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Scott AF, Deery E, Lawrence AD, Warren MJ. Plasmodium falciparum hydroxymethylbilane synthase does not house any cosynthase activity within the haem biosynthetic pathway. Microbiology (Reading) 2021; 167. [PMID: 34661520 PMCID: PMC8698207 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Uroporphyrinogen III, the universal progenitor of macrocyclic, modified tetrapyrroles, is produced from aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) by a conserved pathway involving three enzymes: porphobilinogen synthase (PBGS), hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HmbS) and uroporphyrinogen III synthase (UroS). The gene encoding uroporphyrinogen III synthase has not yet been identified in Plasmodium falciparum, but it has been suggested that this activity is housed inside a bifunctional hybroxymethylbilane synthase (HmbS). Additionally, an unknown protein encoded by PF3D7_1247600 has also been predicted to possess UroS activity. In this study it is demonstrated that neither of these proteins possess UroS activity and the real UroS remains to be identified. This was demonstrated by the failure of codon-optimized genes to complement a defined Escherichia coli hemD− mutant (SASZ31) deficient in UroS activity. Furthermore, HPLC analysis of the oxidized reaction product from recombinant, purified P. falciparum HmbS showed that only uroporphyrin I could be detected (corresponding to hydroxymethylbilane production). No uroporphyrin III was detected, showing that P. falciparum HmbS does not have UroS activity and can only catalyze the formation of hydroxymethylbilane from porphobilinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan F. Scott
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
- Present address: School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
- *Correspondence: Alan F. Scott,
| | - Evelyne Deery
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Andrew D. Lawrence
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Martin J. Warren
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
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Petrican R, Graham KS, Lawrence AD. Brain-environment alignment during movie watching predicts fluid intelligence and affective function in adulthood. Neuroimage 2021; 238:118177. [PMID: 34020016 PMCID: PMC8350144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional brain connectivity (FC) patterns vary with changes in the environment. Adult FC variability is linked to age-specific network communication profiles. Across adulthood, the younger network interaction profile predicts higher fluid IQ. Yoked FC-concrete environmental changes predict poorer fluid IQ and anxiety. Brain areas linked to episodic memory underpin FC changes at multiple timescales.
BOLD fMRI studies have provided compelling evidence that the human brain demonstrates substantial moment-to-moment fluctuations in both activity and functional connectivity (FC) patterns. While the role of brain signal variability in fostering cognitive adaptation to ongoing environmental demands is well-documented, the relevance of moment-to-moment changes in FC patterns is still debated. Here, we adopt a graph theoretical approach in order to shed light on the cognitive-affective implications of FC variability and associated profiles of functional network communication in adulthood. Our goal is to identify brain communication pathways underlying FC reconfiguration at multiple timescales, thereby improving understanding of how faster perceptually bound versus slower conceptual processes shape neural tuning to the dynamics of the external world and, thus, indirectly, mold affective and cognitive responding to the environment. To this end, we used neuroimaging and behavioural data collected during movie watching by the Cambridge Center for Ageing and Neuroscience (N = 642, 326 women) and the Human Connectome Project (N = 176, 106 women). FC variability evoked by changes to both the concrete perceptual and the more abstract conceptual representation of an ongoing situation increased from young to older adulthood. However, coupling between variability in FC patterns and concrete environmental features was stronger at younger ages. FC variability (both moment-to-moment/concrete featural and abstract conceptual boundary-evoked) was associated with age-distinct profiles of network communication, specifically, greater functional integration of the default mode network in older adulthood, but greater informational flow across neural networks implicated in environmentally driven attention and control (cingulo-opercular, salience, ventral attention) in younger adulthood. Whole-brain communication pathways anchored in default mode regions relevant to episodic and semantic context creation (i.e., angular and middle temporal gyri) supported FC reconfiguration in response to changes in the conceptual representation of an ongoing situation (i.e., narrative event boundaries), as well as stronger coupling between moment-to-moment fluctuations in FC and concrete environmental features. Fluid intelligence/abstract reasoning was directly linked to levels of brain-environment alignment, but only indirectly associated with levels of FC variability. Specifically, stronger coupling between moment-to-moment FC variability and concrete environmental features predicted poorer fluid intelligence and greater affectively driven environmental vigilance. Complementarily, across the adult lifespan, higher fluid (but not crystallised) intelligence was related to stronger expression of the network communication profile underlying momentary and event boundary-based FC variability during youth. Our results indicate that the adaptiveness of dynamic FC reconfiguration during naturalistic information processing changes across the lifespan due to the associated network communication profiles. Moreover, our findings on brain-environment alignment complement the existing literature on the beneficial consequences of modulating brain signal variability in response to environmental complexity. Specifically, they imply that coupling between moment-to-moment FC variability and concrete environmental features may index a bias towards perceptually-bound, rather than conceptual processing, which hinders affective functioning and strategic cognitive engagement with the external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Petrican
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Kim S Graham
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
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12
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Berry SC, Wise RG, Lawrence AD, Lancaster TM. Extended-amygdala intrinsic functional connectivity networks: A population study. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1594-1616. [PMID: 33314443 PMCID: PMC7978137 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical and human neuroimaging research implicates the extended-amygdala (ExtA) (including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis [BST] and central nucleus of the amygdala [CeA]) in networks mediating negative emotional states associated with stress and substance-use behaviours. The extent to which individual ExtA structures form a functionally integrated unit is controversial. We utilised a large sample (n > 1,000 healthy young adult humans) to compare the intrinsic functional connectivity networks (ICNs) of the BST and CeA using task-free functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from the Human Connectome Project. We assessed whether inter-individual differences within these ICNs were related to two principal components representing negative disposition and alcohol use. Building on recent primate evidence, we tested whether within BST-CeA intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) was heritable and further examined co-heritability with our principal components. We demonstrate the BST and CeA to have discrete, but largely overlapping ICNs similar to previous findings. We found no evidence that within BST-CeA iFC was heritable; however, post hoc analyses found significant BST iFC heritability with the broader superficial and centromedial amygdala regions. There were no significant correlations or co-heritability associations with our principal components either across the ICNs or for specific BST-Amygdala iFC. Possible differences in phenotype associations across task-free, task-based, and clinical fMRI are discussed, along with suggestions for more causal investigative paradigms that make use of the now well-established ExtA ICNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Berry
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of PsychologyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Richard G. Wise
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences"G. D'Annunzio University" of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Andrew D. Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of PsychologyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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13
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Berry SC, Wise RG, Lawrence AD, Lancaster TM. Cover Image. Hum Brain Mapp 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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14
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Kräutler B, Widner FJ, Kieninger C, Wurst K, Deery E, Lawrence AD, Warren MJ. Synthesis, Spectral Characterization and Crystal Structure of Chlororhodibalamin: A Synthesis Platform for Rhodium Analogues of Vitamin B12 and for Rh-Based Antivitamins B12. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChlororhodibalamin (ClRhbl), a rhodium analogue of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), was prepared in 84% yield by metalation of the metal-free B12 ligand hydrogenobalamin using the RhI-complex [Rh(CO)2Cl]2. ClRhbl was identified and characterized by UV/Vis, circular dichroism, high-resolution mass and heteronuclear NMR spectra. The RhIII-corrin ClRhbl features the ‘base-on’ architecture of vitamin B12. X-ray analysis of single crystals of ClRhbl have revealed its detailed 3D-geometry and close structural similarity to the CoIII-analogue chlorocobalamin (ClCbl). ClRhbl is a versatile starting material for the preparation of other rhodibalamins, among them the organometallic derivatives adenosylrhodibalamin and methylrhodibalamin, the Rh analogues of the important coenzyme and cofactor forms of B12, adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck
| | - Florian J. Widner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck
| | - Christoph Kieninger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck
| | | | | | - Martin J. Warren
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent
- Quadram Institute Bioscience
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15
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Kieninger C, Wurst K, Podewitz M, Stanley M, Deery E, Lawrence AD, Liedl KR, Warren MJ, Kräutler B. Replacement of the Cobalt Center of Vitamin B
12
by Nickel: Nibalamin and Nibyric Acid Prepared from Metal‐Free B
12
Ligands Hydrogenobalamin and Hydrogenobyric Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kieninger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI) University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI) University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
- Institute of General Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Maria Stanley
- School of Biosciences University of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Evelyne Deery
- School of Biosciences University of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NJ UK
| | | | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI) University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
- Institute of General Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Martin J. Warren
- School of Biosciences University of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NJ UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience Norwich Science Park Norwich NR4 7UQ UK
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI) University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
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16
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Kieninger C, Wurst K, Podewitz M, Stanley M, Deery E, Lawrence AD, Liedl KR, Warren MJ, Kräutler B. Replacement of the Cobalt Center of Vitamin B 12 by Nickel: Nibalamin and Nibyric Acid Prepared from Metal-Free B 12 Ligands Hydrogenobalamin and Hydrogenobyric Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20129-20136. [PMID: 32686888 PMCID: PMC7693184 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The (formal) replacement of Co in cobalamin (Cbl) by NiII generates nibalamin (Nibl), a new transition-metal analogue of vitamin B12 . Described here is Nibl, synthesized by incorporation of a NiII ion into the metal-free B12 ligand hydrogenobalamin (Hbl), itself prepared from hydrogenobyric acid (Hby). The related NiII corrin nibyric acid (Niby) was similarly synthesized from Hby, the metal-free cobyric acid ligand. The solution structures of Hbl, and Niby and Nibl, were characterized by spectroscopic studies. Hbl features two inner protons bound at N2 and N4 of the corrin ligand, as discovered in Hby. X-ray analysis of Niby shows the structural adaptation of the corrin ligand to NiII ions and the coordination behavior of NiII . The diamagnetic Niby and Nibl, and corresponding isoelectronic CoI corrins, were deduced to be isostructural. Nibl is a structural mimic of four-coordinate base-off Cbls, as verified by its ability to act as a strong inhibitor of bacterial adenosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kieninger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI)University of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of GeneralInorganic and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI)University of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
- Institute of GeneralInorganic and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Maria Stanley
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyCT2 7NJUK
| | - Evelyne Deery
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyCT2 7NJUK
| | | | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI)University of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
- Institute of GeneralInorganic and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Martin J. Warren
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyCT2 7NJUK
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Science ParkNorwichNR4 7UQUK
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI)University of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
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17
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Crawford B, Muhlert N, MacDonald G, Lawrence AD. Brain structure correlates of expected social threat and reward. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18010. [PMID: 33093488 PMCID: PMC7582181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospection (mentally simulating future events) generates emotionally-charged mental images that guide social decision-making. Positive and negative social expectancies—imagining new social interactions to be rewarding versus threatening—are core components of social approach and avoidance motivation, respectively. Interindividual differences in such positive and negative future-related cognitions may be underpinned by distinct neuroanatomical substrates. Here, we asked 100 healthy adults to vividly imagine themselves in a novel self-relevant event that was ambiguous with regards to possible social acceptance or rejection. During this task we measured participants’ expectancies for social reward (anticipated feelings of social connection) or threat (anticipated feelings of rejection). On a separate day they underwent structural MRI; voxel-based morphometry was used to explore the relation between social reward and threat expectancies and regional grey matter volumes (rGMV). Increased rGMV in key default-network regions involved in prospection, socio-emotional cognition, and subjective valuation, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex, correlated with both higher social reward and lower social threat expectancies. In contrast, social threat expectancies uniquely correlated with rGMV of regions involved in social attention (posterior superior temporal sulcus, pSTS) and interoception (somatosensory cortex). These findings provide novel insight into the neurobiology of future-oriented cognitive-affective processes critical to adaptive social functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonni Crawford
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - Nils Muhlert
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Geoff MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
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18
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Williams AN, Ridgeway S, Postans M, Graham KS, Lawrence AD, Hodgetts CJ. The role of the pre-commissural fornix in episodic autobiographical memory and simulation. Neuropsychologia 2020; 142:107457. [PMID: 32259556 PMCID: PMC7322517 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological and functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence suggests that the ability to vividly remember our personal past, and imagine future scenarios, involves two closely connected regions: the hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Despite evidence of a direct anatomical connection from hippocampus to vmPFC, it is unknown whether hippocampal-vmPFC structural connectivity supports both past- and future-oriented episodic thinking. To address this, we applied a novel deterministic tractography protocol to diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) data from a group of healthy young adult humans who undertook an adapted past-future autobiographical interview (portions of this data were published in Hodgetts et al., 2017a). This tractography protocol enabled distinct subdivisions of the fornix, detected previously in axonal tracer studies, to be reconstructed in vivo, namely the pre-commissural (connecting the hippocampus to vmPFC) and post-commissural (linking the hippocampus and medial diencephalon) fornix. As predicted, we found that inter-individual differences in pre-commissural - but not post-commissural - fornix microstructure (fractional anisotropy) were significantly correlated with the episodic richness of both past and future autobiographical narratives. Notably, these results held when controlling for non-episodic narrative content, verbal fluency, and grey matter volumes of the hippocampus and vmPFC. This study provides novel evidence that reconstructing events from one's personal past, and constructing possible future events, involves a distinct, structurally-instantiated hippocampal-vmPFC pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angharad N Williams
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom; Max Planck Research Group Adaptive Memory, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Samuel Ridgeway
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Postans
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kim S Graham
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Carl J Hodgetts
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
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19
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Whone AL, Boca M, Luz M, Woolley M, Mooney L, Dharia S, Broadfoot J, Cronin D, Schroers C, Barua NU, Longpre L, Barclay CL, Boiko C, Johnson GA, Fibiger HC, Harrison R, Lewis O, Pritchard G, Howell M, Irving C, Johnson D, Kinch S, Marshall C, Lawrence AD, Blinder S, Sossi V, Stoessl AJ, Skinner P, Mohr E, Gill SS. Extended Treatment with Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Parkinson's Disease. J Parkinsons Dis 2020; 9:301-313. [PMID: 30829619 PMCID: PMC6597995 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Intraputamenal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), administered every 4 weeks to patients with moderately advanced Parkinson’s disease, did not show significant clinical improvements against placebo at 40 weeks, although it significantly increased [18F]DOPA uptake throughout the entire putamen. Objective: This open-label extension study explored the effects of continued (prior GDNF patients) or new (prior placebo patients) exposure to GDNF for another 40 weeks. Methods: Using the infusion protocol of the parent study, all patients received GDNF without disclosing prior treatment allocations (GDNF or placebo). The primary outcome was the percentage change from baseline to Week 80 in the OFF state Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score. Results: All 41 parent study participants were enrolled. The primary outcome decreased by 26.7±20.7% in patients on GDNF for 80 weeks (GDNF/GDNF; N = 21) and 27.6±23.6% in patients on placebo for 40 weeks followed by GDNF for 40 weeks (placebo/GDNF, N = 20; least squares mean difference: 0.4%, 95% CI: –13.9, 14.6, p = 0.96). Secondary endpoints did not show significant differences between the groups at Week 80 either. Prespecified comparisons between GDNF/GDNF at Week 80 and placebo/GDNF at Week 40 showed significant differences for mean OFF state UPDRS motor (–9.6±6.7 vs. –3.8±4.2 points, p = 0.0108) and activities of daily living score (–6.9±5.5 vs. –1.0±3.7 points, p = 0.0003). No treatment-emergent safety concerns were identified. Conclusions: The aggregate study results, from the parent and open-label extension suggest that future testing with GDNF will likely require an 80- rather than a 40-week randomized treatment period and/or a higher dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Whone
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Mihaela Boca
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthias Luz
- Med Genesis Therapeutix Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Max Woolley
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Lucy Mooney
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Sonali Dharia
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Jack Broadfoot
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - David Cronin
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Christian Schroers
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Neil U Barua
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Lara Longpre
- Med Genesis Therapeutix Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Chris Boiko
- Med Genesis Therapeutix Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Rob Harrison
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Owen Lewis
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Gemma Pritchard
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Mike Howell
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Charlie Irving
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Suk Kinch
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Christopher Marshall
- The Wales Research and Diagnostic Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Centre (PETIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Stephan Blinder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vesna Sossi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul Skinner
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Erich Mohr
- Med Genesis Therapeutix Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Steven S Gill
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK.,Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
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20
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Hodgetts CJ, Stefani M, Williams AN, Kolarik BS, Yonelinas AP, Ekstrom AD, Lawrence AD, Zhang J, Graham KS. The role of the fornix in human navigational learning. Cortex 2020; 124:97-110. [PMID: 31855730 PMCID: PMC7061322 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Experiments on rodents have demonstrated that transecting the white matter fibre pathway linking the hippocampus with an array of cortical and subcortical structures - the fornix - impairs flexible navigational learning in the Morris Water Maze (MWM), as well as similar spatial learning tasks. While diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) studies in humans have linked inter-individual differences in fornix microstructure to episodic memory abilities, its role in human spatial learning is currently unknown. We used high-angular resolution diffusion MRI combined with constrained spherical deconvolution-based tractography, to ask whether inter-individual differences in fornix microstructure in healthy young adults would be associated with spatial learning in a virtual reality navigation task. To efficiently capture individual learning across trials, we adopted a novel curve fitting approach to estimate a single index of learning rate. We found a statistically significant correlation between learning rate and the microstructure (mean diffusivity) of the fornix, but not that of a comparison tract linking occipital and anterior temporal cortices (the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, ILF). Further, this correlation remained significant when controlling for both hippocampal volume and participant gender. These findings extend previous animal studies by demonstrating the functional relevance of the fornix for human spatial learning in a virtual reality environment, and highlight the importance of a distributed neuroanatomical network, underpinned by key white matter pathways, such as the fornix, in complex spatial behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Hodgetts
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK; Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff Wales, UK.
| | - Martina Stefani
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff Wales, UK
| | - Angharad N Williams
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff Wales, UK
| | - Branden S Kolarik
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning & Memory, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Andrew P Yonelinas
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Arne D Ekstrom
- Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, AZ USA
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff Wales, UK
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff Wales, UK
| | - Kim S Graham
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff Wales, UK
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21
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Whone A, Luz M, Boca M, Woolley M, Mooney L, Dharia S, Broadfoot J, Cronin D, Schroers C, Barua NU, Longpre L, Barclay CL, Boiko C, Johnson GA, Fibiger HC, Harrison R, Lewis O, Pritchard G, Howell M, Irving C, Johnson D, Kinch S, Marshall C, Lawrence AD, Blinder S, Sossi V, Stoessl AJ, Skinner P, Mohr E, Gill SS. Randomized trial of intermittent intraputamenal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2020; 142:512-525. [PMID: 30808022 PMCID: PMC6391602 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in Parkinson’s disease, using intermittent intraputamenal convection-enhanced delivery via a skull-mounted transcutaneous port as a novel administration paradigm to potentially afford putamen-wide therapeutic delivery. This was a single-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Patients were 35–75 years old, had motor symptoms for 5 or more years, and presented with moderate disease severity in the OFF state [Hoehn and Yahr stage 2–3 and Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale motor score (part III) (UPDRS-III) between 25 and 45] and motor fluctuations. Drug delivery devices were implanted and putamenal volume coverage was required to exceed a predefined threshold at a test infusion prior to randomization. Six pilot stage patients (randomization 2:1) and 35 primary stage patients (randomization 1:1) received bilateral intraputamenal infusions of GDNF (120 µg per putamen) or placebo every 4 weeks for 40 weeks. Efficacy analyses were based on the intention-to-treat principle and included all patients randomized. The primary outcome was the percentage change from baseline to Week 40 in the OFF state (UPDRS-III). The primary analysis was limited to primary stage patients, while further analyses included all patients from both study stages. The mean OFF state UPDRS motor score decreased by 17.3 ± 17.6% in the active group and 11.8 ± 15.8% in the placebo group (least squares mean difference: −4.9%, 95% CI: −16.9, 7.1, P = 0.41). Secondary endpoints did not show significant differences between the groups either. A post hoc analysis found nine (43%) patients in the active group but no placebo patients with a large clinically important motor improvement (≥10 points) in the OFF state (P = 0.0008). 18F-DOPA PET imaging demonstrated a significantly increased uptake throughout the putamen only in the active group, ranging from 25% (left anterior putamen; P = 0.0009) to 100% (both posterior putamina; P < 0.0001). GDNF appeared to be well tolerated and safe, and no drug-related serious adverse events were reported. The study did not meet its primary endpoint. 18F-DOPA imaging, however, suggested that intermittent convection-enhanced delivery of GDNF produced a putamen-wide tissue engagement effect, overcoming prior delivery limitations. Potential reasons for not proving clinical benefit at 40 weeks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Whone
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthias Luz
- MedGenesis Therapeutix Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Mihaela Boca
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Max Woolley
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Lucy Mooney
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Sonali Dharia
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Jack Broadfoot
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - David Cronin
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Christian Schroers
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Neil U Barua
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Lara Longpre
- MedGenesis Therapeutix Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Chris Boiko
- MedGenesis Therapeutix Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Rob Harrison
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Owen Lewis
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Gemma Pritchard
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Mike Howell
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Charlie Irving
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Suk Kinch
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Christopher Marshall
- The Wales Research and Diagnostic Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Centre (PETIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Stephan Blinder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vesna Sossi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul Skinner
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Erich Mohr
- MedGenesis Therapeutix Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Steven S Gill
- Neurological and Musculoskeletal Sciences Division, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
- Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK
- Correspondence regarding study concept, drug-delivery device and surgical implantation to: Professor Steven S. Gill, FRCS Consultant Neurosurgeon, Department of Neurosurgery, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK E-mail: Correspondence regarding trial oversight/execution and study data to: Dr Alan Whone, PhD, FRCP Movement Disorders Group, Bristol Brain Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK E-mail:
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22
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Lord SR, Bindels H, Ketheeswaran M, Brodie MA, Lawrence AD, Close JCT, Whone AL, Ben-Shlomo Y, Henderson EJ. Freezing of Gait in People with Parkinson's Disease: Nature, Occurrence, and Risk Factors. J Parkinsons Dis 2020; 10:631-640. [PMID: 32116261 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) which can result in falls and fall related injuries, poor quality of life and reduced functional independence. It is a heterogeneous phenomenon that is difficult to quantify and eludes a unified pathophysiological framework. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to document the occurrence and nature of freezing, cognitive stops and stumbles in people with PD during walks with varying cognitive loads and conditions designed to elicit FOG. METHODS 130 people with PD walked under four conditions (normal walking, walking plus easy and hard dual-tasks, and a FOG elicitation condition. Video and accelerometry recordings were examined to document freezes and other gait disruptions. RESULTS Participants experienced 391 freezes, 97 cognitive stops and 73 stumbles in the trial walks; with total gait disruptions increasing with task complexity. Most freezes in the FOG elicitation condition occurred during turning and approach destination. People who experienced freezing during the walks were more likely to have Postural Instability and Gait Difficulty (PIGD) subtype, longer disease duration and more severe UPDRS part II and part III sub-scores than people who did not freeze. They also took higher doses of levodopa, reported freezing in the past month, more prior falls, had poorer executive function, poorer proprioception, slower reaction time, poorer standing and leaning balance, more depressive symptoms, lower quality of life and greater fear of falling. PD disease duration, reduced controlled leaning balance and poor proprioception were identified as independent and significant determinants of freezing in logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION The multiple motor and cognitive factors identified as being associated with freezing, including poor proprioception and impaired controlled leaning balance provide new insights into this debilitating PD symptom and may contribute to potential new targets for rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Lord
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen Bindels
- Department of Applied Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Andrew D Lawrence
- School of Psychology and Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, UK
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alan L Whone
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
- Department of Neurology, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Emily J Henderson
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
- Royal United Hospitals NHS Bath Foundation Trust, Combe Park, Bath, UK
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23
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Kieninger C, Baker JA, Podewitz M, Wurst K, Jockusch S, Lawrence AD, Deery E, Gruber K, Liedl KR, Warren MJ, Kräutler B. Zinc Substitution of Cobalt in Vitamin B 12: Zincobyric acid and Zincobalamin as Luminescent Structural B 12‐Mimics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kieninger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI) University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Joseph A. Baker
- School of Biosciences University of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI) University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI) University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | | | | | - Evelyne Deery
- School of Biosciences University of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences University of Graz Austria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI) University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | | | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI) University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
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24
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Kieninger C, Baker JA, Podewitz M, Wurst K, Jockusch S, Lawrence AD, Deery E, Gruber K, Liedl KR, Warren MJ, Kräutler B. Zinc Substitution of Cobalt in Vitamin B 12 : Zincobyric acid and Zincobalamin as Luminescent Structural B 12 -Mimics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14568-14572. [PMID: 31420932 PMCID: PMC6790578 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Replacing the central cobalt ion of vitamin B12 by other metals has been a long-held aspiration within the B12 -field. Herein, we describe the synthesis from hydrogenobyric acid of zincobyric acid (Znby) and zincobalamin (Znbl), the Zn-analogues of the natural cobalt-corrins cobyric acid and vitamin B12 , respectively. The solution structures of Znby and Znbl were studied by NMR-spectroscopy. Single crystals of Znby were produced, providing the first X-ray crystallographic structure of a zinc corrin. The structures of Znby and of computationally generated Znbl were found to resemble the corresponding CoII -corrins, making such Zn-corrins potentially useful for investigations of B12 -dependent processes. The singlet excited state of Znby had a short life-time, limited by rapid intersystem crossing to the triplet state. Znby allowed the unprecedented observation of a corrin triplet (ET =190 kJ mol-1 ) and was found to be an excellent photo-sensitizer for 1 O2 (ΦΔ =0.70).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kieninger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI)University of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Maren Podewitz
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI)University of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI)University of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | | | | | - Evelyne Deery
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyCT2 7NJUK
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity ofGrazAustria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI)University of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI)University of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
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25
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Kieninger C, Deery E, Lawrence AD, Podewitz M, Wurst K, Nemoto-Smith E, Widner FJ, Baker JA, Jockusch S, Kreutz CR, Liedl KR, Gruber K, Warren MJ, Kräutler B. The Hydrogenobyric Acid Structure Reveals the Corrin Ligand as an Entatic State Module Empowering B 12 Cofactors for Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10756-10760. [PMID: 31115943 PMCID: PMC6771967 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The B12 cofactors instill a natural curiosity regarding the primordial selection and evolution of their corrin ligand. Surprisingly, this important natural macrocycle has evaded molecular scrutiny, and its specific role in predisposing the incarcerated cobalt ion for organometallic catalysis has remained obscure. Herein, we report the biosynthesis of the cobalt-free B12 corrin moiety, hydrogenobyric acid (Hby), a compound crafted through pathway redesign. Detailed insights from single-crystal X-ray and solution structures of Hby have revealed a distorted helical cavity, redefining the pattern for binding cobalt ions. Consequently, the corrin ligand coordinates cobalt ions in desymmetrized "entatic" states, thereby promoting the activation of B12 -cofactors for their challenging chemical transitions. The availability of Hby also provides a route to the synthesis of transition metal analogues of B12 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kieninger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Evelyne Deery
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | | | - Maren Podewitz
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Emi Nemoto-Smith
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Florian J Widner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joseph A Baker
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | | | - Christoph R Kreutz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Martin J Warren
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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26
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Kieninger C, Deery E, Lawrence AD, Podewitz M, Wurst K, Nemoto‐Smith E, Widner FJ, Baker JA, Jockusch S, Kreutz CR, Liedl KR, Gruber K, Warren MJ, Kräutler B. Die Hydrogenobyrsäure‐Struktur enthüllt den Corrin‐Liganden als entatisches Zustandsmodul zur Steigerung der Katalyseaktivität von B
12
‐Cofaktoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kieninger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Evelyne Deery
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NJ Großbritannien
| | - Andrew D. Lawrence
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NJ Großbritannien
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI)University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI)University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Emi Nemoto‐Smith
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NJ Großbritannien
| | - Florian J. Widner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Joseph A. Baker
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NJ Großbritannien
| | | | - Christoph R. Kreutz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI)University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Graz Österreich
| | - Martin J. Warren
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NJ Großbritannien
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
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27
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Costigan AG, Umla-Runge K, Evans CJ, Hodgetts CJ, Lawrence AD, Graham KS. Neurochemical correlates of scene processing in the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex: A multimodal fMRI and 1 H-MRS study. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:2884-2898. [PMID: 30865358 PMCID: PMC6563468 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCu/PCC) are key components of a midline network, activated during rest but also in tasks that involve construction of scene or situation models. Despite growing interest in PCu/PCC functional alterations in disease and disease risk, the underlying neurochemical modulators of PCu/PCC's task‐evoked activity are largely unstudied. Here, a multimodal imaging approach was applied to investigate whether interindividual differences in PCu/PCC fMRI activity, elicited during perceptual discrimination of scene stimuli, were correlated with local brain metabolite levels, measured during resting‐state 1H‐MRS. Forty healthy young adult participants completed an fMRI perceptual odd‐one‐out task for scenes, objects and faces. 1H‐MRS metabolites N‐acetyl‐aspartate (tNAA), glutamate (Glx) and γ‐amino‐butyric acid (GABA+) were quantified via PRESS and MEGA‐PRESS scans in a PCu/PCC voxel and an occipital (OCC) control voxel. Whole brain fMRI revealed a cluster in right dorsal PCu/PCC that showed a greater BOLD response to scenes versus faces and objects. When extracted from an independently defined PCu/PCC region of interest, scene activity (vs. faces and objects and also vs. baseline) was positively correlated with PCu/PCC, but not OCC, tNAA. A voxel‐wise regression analysis restricted to the PCu/PCC 1H‐MRS voxel area identified a significant PCu/PCC cluster, confirming the positive correlation between scene‐related BOLD activity and PCu/PCC tNAA. There were no correlations between PCu/PCC activity and Glx or GABA+ levels. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that scene activity in PCu/PCC is linked to local tNAA levels, identifying a neurochemical influence on interindividual differences in the task‐driven activity of a key brain hub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Costigan
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Katja Umla-Runge
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - C John Evans
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Carl J Hodgetts
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Kim S Graham
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
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28
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Osman D, Martini MA, Foster AW, Chen J, Scott AJP, Morton RJ, Steed JW, Lurie-Luke E, Huggins TG, Lawrence AD, Deery E, Warren MJ, Chivers PT, Robinson NJ. Bacterial sensors define intracellular free energies for correct enzyme metalation. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:241-249. [PMID: 30692683 PMCID: PMC6420079 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a challenge for metalloenzymes to acquire their correct metals because some inorganic elements form more stable complexes with proteins than do others. These preferences can be overcome provided some metals are more available than others. However, while the total amount of cellular metal can be readily measured, the available levels of each metal have been more difficult to define. Metal-sensing transcriptional regulators are tuned to the intracellular availabilities of their cognate ions. Here we have determined the standard free energy for metal complex formation to which each sensor, in a set of bacterial metal sensors, is attuned: The less competitive the metal, the less favorable the free energy and hence greater availability to which the cognate allosteric mechanism is tuned. Comparing these free energies with values derived from the metal affinities of a metalloprotein reveals the mechanism of correct metalation exemplified here by a cobalt-chelatase for vitamin B12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deenah Osman
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | - Andrew W Foster
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Junjun Chen
- Procter and Gamble, Mason Business Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Richard J Morton
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Evelyne Deery
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Martin J Warren
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Peter T Chivers
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK. .,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK.
| | - Nigel J Robinson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK. .,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK.
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29
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Hodgetts CJ, Shine JP, Williams H, Postans M, Sims R, Williams J, Lawrence AD, Graham KS. Increased posterior default mode network activity and structural connectivity in young adult APOE-ε4 carriers: a multimodal imaging investigation. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 73:82-91. [PMID: 30339963 PMCID: PMC6261847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Young adult APOE-ε4 carriers show increased activity in posterior regions of the default mode network (pDMN), but how this is related to structural connectivity is unknown. Thirty young adults (one half of whom were APOE-ε4 carriers; mean age 20 years) were scanned using both diffusion and functional magnetic resonance imaging. The parahippocampal cingulum bundle (PHCB)-which links the pDMN and the medial temporal lobe-was manually delineated in individual participants using deterministic tractography. Measures of tract microstructure (mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy) were then extracted from these tract delineations. APOE-ε4 carriers had lower mean diffusivity and higher fractional anisotropy relative to noncarriers in PHCB, but not in a control tract (the inferior longitudinal fasciculus). Furthermore, PHCB microstructure was selectively associated with pDMN (and medial temporal lobe) activity during a scene discrimination task known to be sensitive to Alzheimer's disease. These findings are consistent with a lifespan view of Alzheimer's disease risk, where early-life, connectivity-related changes in specific, vulnerable "hubs" (e.g., pDMN) lead to increased neural activity. Critically, such changes may reflect reduced network efficiency/flexibility in APOE-ε4 carriers, which in itself may portend a faster decline in connectivity over the lifespan and ultimately trigger early amyloid-β deposition in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Hodgetts
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Jonathan P Shine
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Aging and Cognition Research Group, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Huw Williams
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Mark Postans
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Rebecca Sims
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Julie Williams
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Kim S Graham
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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30
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Lawrence AD, Nemoto-Smith E, Deery E, Baker JA, Schroeder S, Brown DG, Tullet JMA, Howard MJ, Brown IR, Smith AG, Boshoff HI, Barry CE, Warren MJ. Construction of Fluorescent Analogs to Follow the Uptake and Distribution of Cobalamin (Vitamin B 12) in Bacteria, Worms, and Plants. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:941-951.e6. [PMID: 29779954 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 is made by only certain prokaryotes yet is required by a number of eukaryotes such as mammals, fish, birds, worms, and Protista, including algae. There is still much to learn about how this nutrient is trafficked across the domains of life. Herein, we describe ways to make a number of different corrin analogs with fluorescent groups attached to the main tetrapyrrole-derived ring. A further range of analogs were also constructed by attaching similar fluorescent groups to the ribose ring of cobalamin, thereby generating a range of complete and incomplete corrinoids to follow uptake in bacteria, worms, and plants. By using these fluorescent derivatives we were able to demonstrate that Mycobacterium tuberculosis is able to acquire both cobyric acid and cobalamin analogs, that Caenorhabditis elegans takes up only the complete corrinoid, and that seedlings of higher plants such as Lepidium sativum are also able to transport B12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Lawrence
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Emi Nemoto-Smith
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20850, USA
| | - Evelyne Deery
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Joseph A Baker
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Susanne Schroeder
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - David G Brown
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | | | - Mark J Howard
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Ian R Brown
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Alison G Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Helena I Boshoff
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20850, USA
| | - Clifton E Barry
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20850, USA
| | - Martin J Warren
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
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Ihssen N, Sokunbi MO, Lawrence AD, Lawrence NS, Linden DEJ. Neurofeedback of visual food cue reactivity: a potential avenue to alter incentive sensitization and craving. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:915-924. [PMID: 27233784 PMCID: PMC5486584 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
FMRI-based neurofeedback transforms functional brain activation in real-time into sensory stimuli that participants can use to self-regulate brain responses, which can aid the modification of mental states and behavior. Emerging evidence supports the clinical utility of neurofeedback-guided up-regulation of hypoactive networks. In contrast, down-regulation of hyperactive neural circuits appears more difficult to achieve. There are conditions though, in which down-regulation would be clinically useful, including dysfunctional motivational states elicited by salient reward cues, such as food or drug craving. In this proof-of-concept study, 10 healthy females (mean age = 21.40 years, mean BMI = 23.53) who had fasted for 4 h underwent a novel 'motivational neurofeedback' training in which they learned to down-regulate brain activation during exposure to appetitive food pictures. FMRI feedback was given from individually determined target areas and through decreases/increases in food picture size, thus providing salient motivational consequences in terms of cue approach/avoidance. Our preliminary findings suggest that motivational neurofeedback is associated with functionally specific activation decreases in diverse cortical/subcortical regions, including key motivational areas. There was also preliminary evidence for a reduction of hunger after neurofeedback and an association between down-regulation success and the degree of hunger reduction. Decreasing neural cue responses by motivational neurofeedback may provide a useful extension of existing behavioral methods that aim to modulate cue reactivity. Our pilot findings indicate that reduction of neural cue reactivity is not achieved by top-down regulation but arises in a bottom-up manner, possibly through implicit operant shaping of target area activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Ihssen
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK. .,Department of Psychology, Durham University, Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, TS17 6BH, UK.
| | - Moses O Sokunbi
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.,Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, 34136, Italy
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | | | - David E J Linden
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
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Hodgetts CJ, Shine JP, Lawrence AD, Downing PE, Graham KS. Evidencing a place for the hippocampus within the core scene processing network. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 37:3779-3794. [PMID: 27257784 PMCID: PMC5082524 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies have identified several “core” brain regions that are preferentially activated by scene stimuli, namely posterior parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), and transverse occipital sulcus (TOS). The hippocampus (HC), too, is thought to play a key role in scene processing, although no study has yet investigated scene‐sensitivity in the HC relative to these other “core” regions. Here, we characterised the frequency and consistency of individual scene‐preferential responses within these regions by analysing a large dataset (n = 51) in which participants performed a one‐back working memory task for scenes, objects, and scrambled objects. An unbiased approach was adopted by applying independently‐defined anatomical ROIs to individual‐level functional data across different voxel‐wise thresholds and spatial filters. It was found that the majority of subjects had preferential scene clusters in PHG (max = 100% of participants), RSC (max = 76%), and TOS (max = 94%). A comparable number of individuals also possessed significant scene‐related clusters within their individually defined HC ROIs (max = 88%), evidencing a HC contribution to scene processing. While probabilistic overlap maps of individual clusters showed that overlap “peaks” were close to those identified in group‐level analyses (particularly for TOS and HC), inter‐individual consistency varied across regions and statistical thresholds. The inter‐regional and inter‐individual variability revealed by these analyses has implications for how scene‐sensitive cortex is localised and interrogated in functional neuroimaging studies, particularly in medial temporal lobe regions, such as the HC. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3779–3794, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Hodgetts
- Wales Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom. .,Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - J P Shine
- Wales Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - A D Lawrence
- Wales Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - P E Downing
- Wales Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - K S Graham
- Wales Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Coad BM, Postans M, Hodgetts CJ, Muhlert N, Graham KS, Lawrence AD. Structural connections support emotional connections: Uncinate Fasciculus microstructure is related to the ability to decode facial emotion expressions. Neuropsychologia 2017; 145:106562. [PMID: 29122609 PMCID: PMC7534036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Uncinate Fasciculus (UF) is an association fibre tract connecting regions in the frontal and anterior temporal lobes. UF disruption is seen in several disorders associated with impaired social behaviour, but its functional role is unclear. Here we set out to test the hypothesis that the UF is important for facial expression processing, an ability fundamental to adaptive social behaviour. In two separate experiments in healthy adults, we used high-angular resolution diffusion-weighted imaging (HARDI) and constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) tractography to virtually dissect the UF, plus a control tract (the corticospinal tract (CST)), and quantify, via fractional anisotropy (FA), individual differences in tract microstructure. In Experiment 1, participants completed the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task (RMET), a well-validated assay of facial expression decoding. In Experiment 2, a different set of participants completed the RMET, plus an odd-emotion-out task of facial emotion discrimination. In both experiments, participants also completed a control odd-identity-out facial identity discrimination task. In Experiment 1, FA of the right-, but not the left-hemisphere, UF was significantly correlated with performance on the RMET task, specifically for emotional, but not neutral expressions. UF FA was not significantly correlated with facial identity discrimination performance. In Experiment 2, FA of the right-, but not left-hemisphere, UF was again significantly correlated with performance on emotional items from the RMET, together with performance on the facial emotion discrimination task. Again, no significant association was found between UF FA and facial identity discrimination performance. Our findings highlight the contribution of right-hemisphere UF microstructure to inter-individual variability in the ability to decode facial emotion expressions, and may explain why disruption of this pathway affects social behaviour. We studied white matter microstructure correlates of facial emotion decoding skills. Focused on the role of a key limbic tract, the Uncinate Fasciculus (UF). Right UF microstructure linked to facial expression decoding skills. UF microstructure not related to facial identity discrimination skills. Right UF has a distinct role in the processing of facial expressions of emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M Coad
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Mark Postans
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Carl J Hodgetts
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Nils Muhlert
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK; Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kim S Graham
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK.
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Hodgetts CJ, Postans M, Warne N, Varnava A, Lawrence AD, Graham KS. Distinct contributions of the fornix and inferior longitudinal fasciculus to episodic and semantic autobiographical memory. Cortex 2017; 94:1-14. [PMID: 28710907 PMCID: PMC5576916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) is multifaceted, incorporating the vivid retrieval of contextual detail (episodic AM), together with semantic knowledge that infuses meaning and coherence into past events (semantic AM). While neuropsychological evidence highlights a role for the hippocampus and anterior temporal lobe (ATL) in episodic and semantic AM, respectively, it is unclear whether these constitute dissociable large-scale AM networks. We used high angular resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and constrained spherical deconvolution-based tractography to assess white matter microstructure in 27 healthy young adult participants who were asked to recall past experiences using word cues. Inter-individual variation in the microstructure of the fornix (the main hippocampal input/output pathway) related to the amount of episodic, but not semantic, detail in AMs - independent of memory age. Conversely, microstructure of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, linking occipitotemporal regions with ATL, correlated with semantic, but not episodic, AMs. Further, these significant correlations remained when controlling for hippocampal and ATL grey matter volume, respectively. This striking correlational double dissociation supports the view that distinct, large-scale distributed brain circuits underpin context and concepts in AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Hodgetts
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Mark Postans
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; BRAIN Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Naomi Warne
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Alice Varnava
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Kim S Graham
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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Henderson EJ, Smith N, Gaunt DM, Lawrence AD, Brodie MA, Close JCT, Lord SR, Ben-Shlomo Y, Whone AL. 158Does The Anticholinergic Burden Of Drugs Predict Outcomes In People With Parkinson's Disease With A History Of A Fall? Age Ageing 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afx062.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Moore SJ, Sowa ST, Schuchardt C, Deery E, Lawrence AD, Ramos JV, Billig S, Birkemeyer C, Chivers PT, Howard MJ, Rigby SEJ, Layer G, Warren MJ. Erratum: Corrigendum: Elucidation of the biosynthesis of the methane catalyst coenzyme F430. Nature 2017; 545:116. [DOI: 10.1038/nature22317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Widner FJ, Lawrence AD, Deery E, Heldt D, Frank S, Gruber K, Wurst K, Warren MJ, Kräutler B. Total Synthesis, Structure, and Biological Activity of Adenosylrhodibalamin, the Non-Natural Rhodium Homologue of Coenzyme B12. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11281-6. [PMID: 27355790 PMCID: PMC5103170 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
B12 is unique among the vitamins as it is biosynthesized only by certain prokaryotes. The complexity of its synthesis relates to its distinctive cobalt corrin structure, which is essential for B12 biochemistry and renders coenzyme B12 (AdoCbl) so intriguingly suitable for enzymatic radical reactions. However, why is cobalt so fit for its role in B12 -dependent enzymes? To address this question, we considered the substitution of cobalt in AdoCbl with rhodium to generate the rhodium analogue 5'-deoxy-5'-adenosylrhodibalamin (AdoRbl). AdoRbl was prepared by de novo total synthesis involving both biological and chemical steps. AdoRbl was found to be inactive in vivo in microbial bioassays for methionine synthase and acted as an in vitro inhibitor of an AdoCbl-dependent diol dehydratase. Solution NMR studies of AdoRbl revealed a structure similar to that of AdoCbl. However, the crystal structure of AdoRbl revealed a conspicuously better fit of the corrin ligand for Rh(III) than for Co(III) , challenging the current views concerning the evolution of corrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J Widner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Centrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Evelyne Deery
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Dana Heldt
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Stefanie Frank
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin J Warren
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK.
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Centrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Widner FJ, Lawrence AD, Deery E, Heldt D, Frank S, Gruber K, Wurst K, Warren MJ, Kräutler B. Totalsynthese, Struktur und biologische Aktivität von Adenosylrhodibalamin, dem unnatürlichen Rhodiumhomologen von Coenzym B12. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian J. Widner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Centrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (CMBI); Universität Innsbruck; 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department; University of California; Berkeley USA
| | - Andrew D. Lawrence
- School of Biosciences; University of Kent; Canterbury CT2 7NJ Großbritannien
| | - Evelyne Deery
- School of Biosciences; University of Kent; Canterbury CT2 7NJ Großbritannien
| | - Dana Heldt
- School of Biosciences; University of Kent; Canterbury CT2 7NJ Großbritannien
| | - Stefanie Frank
- School of Biosciences; University of Kent; Canterbury CT2 7NJ Großbritannien
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften; Universität Graz; Österreich
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische und Theoretische Chemie; Universität Innsbruck; Österreich
| | - Martin J. Warren
- School of Biosciences; University of Kent; Canterbury CT2 7NJ Großbritannien
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Centrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (CMBI); Universität Innsbruck; 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
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Harry BB, Umla-Runge K, Lawrence AD, Graham KS, Downing PE. Evidence for Integrated Visual Face and Body Representations in the Anterior Temporal Lobes. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:1178-93. [PMID: 27054399 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Research on visual face perception has revealed a region in the ventral anterior temporal lobes, often referred to as the anterior temporal face patch (ATFP), which responds strongly to images of faces. To date, the selectivity of the ATFP has been examined by contrasting responses to faces against a small selection of categories. Here, we assess the selectivity of the ATFP in humans with a broad range of visual control stimuli to provide a stronger test of face selectivity in this region. In Experiment 1, participants viewed images from 20 stimulus categories in an event-related fMRI design. Faces evoked more activity than all other 19 categories in the left ATFP. In the right ATFP, equally strong responses were observed for both faces and headless bodies. To pursue this unexpected finding, in Experiment 2, we used multivoxel pattern analysis to examine whether the strong response to face and body stimuli reflects a common coding of both classes or instead overlapping but distinct representations. On a voxel-by-voxel basis, face and whole-body responses were significantly positively correlated in the right ATFP, but face and body-part responses were not. This finding suggests that there is shared neural coding of faces and whole bodies in the right ATFP that does not extend to individual body parts. In contrast, the same approach revealed distinct face and body representations in the right fusiform gyrus. These results are indicative of an increasing convergence of distinct sources of person-related perceptual information proceeding from the posterior to the anterior temporal cortex.
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Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with specific difficulties in attentional disengagement from negatively valenced material. Diffusion MRI studies have demonstrated altered white matter microstructure in the subgenual cingulum bundle (CB) in individuals with MDD, though the functional significance of these alterations has not been examined formally. This study explored whether individual differences in selective attention to negatively valenced stimuli are related to interindividual differences in subgenual CB microstructure. Forty-six individuals (21 with remitted MDD, 25 never depressed) completed an emotional Stroop task, using happy and angry distractor faces overlaid by pleasant or unpleasant target words and a control gender-based Stroop task. CBs were reconstructed in 38 individuals using diffusion-weighted imaging and tractography, and mean fractional anisotropy (FA) computed for the subgenual, retrosplenial, and parahippocampal subdivisions. No significant correlations were found between FA and performance in the control gender-based Stroop task in any CB region. However, the degree of interference produced by angry face distractors on time to identify pleasant words (emotional conflict) correlated selectively with FA in the subgenual CB (r = -0.53; P = 0.01). Higher FA was associated with reduced interference, irrespective of a diagnosis of MDD, suggesting that subgenual CB microstructure is functionally relevant for regulating attentional bias toward negative interpersonal stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Keedwell
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Amie N Doidge
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute School of Psychology and Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Marcel Meyer
- School of Psychology and Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Experimental Psychology and Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute School of Psychology and Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Derek K Jones
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute School of Psychology and Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Henderson EJ, Lord SR, Brodie MA, Gaunt DM, Lawrence AD, Close JCT, Whone AL, Ben-Shlomo Y. Rivastigmine for gait stability in patients with Parkinson's disease (ReSPonD): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:249-58. [PMID: 26795874 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Falls are a frequent and serious complication of Parkinson's disease and are related partly to an underlying cholinergic deficit that contributes to gait and cognitive dysfunction in these patients. Gait dysfunction can lead to an increased variability of gait from one step to another, raising the likelihood of falls. In the ReSPonD trial we aimed to assess whether ameliorating this cholinergic deficit with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine would reduce gait variability. METHODS We did this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial at the North Bristol NHS Trust Hospital, Bristol, UK, in patients with Parkinson's disease recruited from community and hospital settings in the UK. We included patients who had fallen at least once in the year before enrolment, were able to walk 18 m without an aid, had no previous exposure to an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, and did not have dementia. Our clinical trials unit randomly assigned (1:1) patients to oral rivastigmine or placebo capsules (both taken twice a day) using a computer-generated randomisation sequence and web-based allocation. Rivastigmine was uptitrated from 3 mg per day to the target dose of 12 mg per day over 12 weeks. Both the trial team and patients were masked to treatment allocation. Masking was achieved with matched placebo capsules and a dummy uptitration schedule. The primary endpoint was difference in step time variability between the two groups at 32 weeks, adjusted for baseline age, cognition, step time variability, and number of falls in the previous year. We measured step time variability with a triaxial accelerometer during an 18 m walking task in three conditions: normal walking, simple dual task with phonemic verbal fluency (walking while naming words beginning with a single letter), and complex dual task switching with phonemic verbal fluency (walking while naming words, alternating between two letters of the alphabet). Analysis was by modified intention to treat; we excluded from the primary analysis patients who withdrew, died, or did not attend the 32 week assessment. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, number 19880883. FINDINGS Between Oct 4, 2012 and March 28, 2013, we enrolled 130 patients and randomly assigned 65 to the rivastigmine group and 65 to the placebo group. At week 32, compared with patients assigned to placebo (59 assessed), those assigned to rivastigmine (55 assessed) had improved step time variability for normal walking (ratio of geometric means 0.72, 95% CI 0.58-0.88; p=0.002) and the simple dual task (0.79; 0.62-0.99; p=0.045). Improvements in step time variability for the complex dual task did not differ between groups (0.81, 0.60-1.09; p=0.17). Gastrointestinal side-effects were more common in the rivastigmine group than in the placebo group (p<0.0001); 20 (31%) patients in the rivastigmine group versus three (5%) in the placebo group had nausea and 15 (17%) versus three (5%) had vomiting. INTERPRETATION Rivastigmine can improve gait stability and might reduce the frequency of falls. A phase 3 study is needed to confirm these findings and show cost-effectiveness of rivastigmine treatment. FUNDING Parkinson's UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Henderson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew A Brodie
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daisy M Gaunt
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- School of Psychology and Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, UK
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A L Whone
- Bristol Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, UK; Department of Neurology, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Y Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Loane C, Wu K, O'Sullivan SS, Lawrence AD, Woodhead Z, Lees AJ, Piccini P, Politis M. Psychogenic and neural visual-cue response in PD dopamine dysregulation syndrome. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:1336-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hodgetts CJ, Postans M, Shine JP, Jones DK, Lawrence AD, Graham KS. Dissociable roles of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and fornix in face and place perception. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26319355 PMCID: PMC4586481 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested a novel hypothesis, generated from representational accounts of medial temporal lobe (MTL) function, that the major white matter tracts converging on perirhinal cortex (PrC) and hippocampus (HC) would be differentially involved in face and scene perception, respectively. Diffusion tensor imaging was applied in healthy participants alongside an odd-one-out paradigm sensitive to PrC and HC lesions in animals and humans. Microstructure of inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF, connecting occipital and ventro-anterior temporal lobe, including PrC) and fornix (the main HC input/output pathway) correlated with accuracy on odd-one-out judgements involving faces and scenes, respectively. Similarly, blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response in PrC and HC, elicited during oddity judgements, was correlated with face and scene oddity performance, respectively. We also observed associations between ILF and fornix microstructure and category-selective BOLD response in PrC and HC, respectively. These striking three-way associations highlight functionally dissociable, structurally instantiated MTL neurocognitive networks for complex face and scene perception. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07902.001 Perceiving an object or picture stimulates activity in the regions of the brain that make up the visual system. Some of these regions respond differently depending on what is being viewed: for example, some areas are more active when looking at faces, and others respond more when viewing places. One theory is that, rather than working in a self-contained fashion, category-sensitive brain regions are elements or ‘nodes’ within more complex brain networks that are specialised for processing different types of visual stimuli. The inside of the brain contains regions of dark and light tissue. The lighter regions are known as ‘white matter’ and contain fibres that allow information to travel between different parts of the brain. These fibers may play an important role in how widely distributed brain regions communicate. To investigate this, Hodgetts, Postans et al. used a technique called diffusion MRI to measure the structure, or coherence, of white matter fibers in healthy volunteers. Brain activity was also measured while volunteers completed a task in which they needed to spot the odd-one-out from images of either faces or places. Hodgetts, Postans et al. investigated the fine structure of a white matter fibre bundle known as the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). This fibre links two parts of the brain involved in face perception, called the occipital and anterior temporal lobes. Strikingly, ILF structure predicted both face-related brain activity in these regions and how well an individual could discriminate between faces, but not place stimuli. By contrast, the ability of volunteers to tell apart different places (but not faces) was related to the structure of the fornix. The fornix is a bundle of white matter fibres that carries information to and from the hippocampus, a region that is important for finding one's way around an environment and remembering such journeys afterwards. Hodgetts, Postans et al.'s findings suggest that the systems that process different visual categories are best thought of as large-scale distributed networks rather than a set of individual, specialised regions in the brain. In the future, research will be needed to further understand how white matter contributes to the perception of different visual categories, and to investigate in finer detail how visual experience influences the structure of white matter pathways. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07902.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Postans
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | | | - Derek K Jones
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | | | - Kim S Graham
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
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Lobo SAL, Scott A, Videira MAM, Winpenny D, Gardner M, Palmer MJ, Schroeder S, Lawrence AD, Parkinson T, Warren MJ, Saraiva LM. Staphylococcus aureushaem biosynthesis: characterisation of the enzymes involved in final steps of the pathway. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:472-87. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana A. L. Lobo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República (EAN); 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Alan Scott
- School of Biosciences; University of Kent; Giles Lane Canterbury Kent CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Marco A. M. Videira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República (EAN); 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
| | - David Winpenny
- Pfizer Global Research and Development; Sandwich Kent UK
| | - Mark Gardner
- Pfizer Global Research and Development; Sandwich Kent UK
| | - Mike J. Palmer
- Pfizer Global Research and Development; Sandwich Kent UK
| | - Susanne Schroeder
- School of Biosciences; University of Kent; Giles Lane Canterbury Kent CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Andrew D. Lawrence
- School of Biosciences; University of Kent; Giles Lane Canterbury Kent CT2 7NJ UK
| | | | - Martin J. Warren
- School of Biosciences; University of Kent; Giles Lane Canterbury Kent CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Lígia M. Saraiva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier; Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República (EAN); 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
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Abstract
Negative urgency (the tendency to engage in rash, ill-considered action in response to intense negative emotions), is a personality trait that has been linked to problematic involvement in several risky and impulsive behaviours, and to various forms of disinhibitory psychopathology, but its neurobiological correlates are poorly understood. Here, we explored whether inter-individual variation in levels of trait negative urgency was associated with inter-individual variation in regional grey matter volumes. Using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in a sample (n=152) of healthy participants, we found that smaller volumes of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and right temporal pole, regions previously linked to emotion appraisal, emotion regulation and emotion-based decision-making, were associated with higher levels of trait negative urgency. When controlling for other impulsivity linked personality traits (sensation seeking, lack of planning/perseverance) and negative emotionality per se (neuroticism), these associations remained, and an additional relationship was found between higher levels of trait negative urgency and smaller volumes of the left ventral striatum. This latter finding mirrors recent VBM findings in an animal model of impulsivity. Our findings offer novel insight into the brain structure correlates of one key source of inter-individual differences in impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Muhlert
- School of Psychology and Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - A D Lawrence
- School of Psychology and Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Djamshidian A, O'Sullivan SS, Lawrence AD, Foltynie T, Aviles-Olmos I, Magdalinou N, Tomassini A, Warner TT, Lees AJ, Averbeck BB. Perceptual decision-making in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:1149-54. [PMID: 25237123 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114548437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Impulsive choice and poor information sampling have been found to be key behavioural mechanisms linked to impulse control disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Perceptual decision-making is intimately related to information sampling. Therefore, we wanted to determine whether dopaminergic medication or ICDs influence perceptual decision-making in PD. All participants performed two tasks. One was a simple reaction time task, where subjects needed to respond as quickly as possible. The second was a perceptual decision-making task, in which participants had to estimate whether a stimulus contained either more red or more blue pixels. We tested three groups of patients, one treated with levodopa monotherapy, one additionally treated with dopamine agonists, and a third group had ICDs. Results were compared to healthy controls. We found that all patients made more errors than controls. Further, patients with ICDs responded fastest on the reaction time task and also in incorrect trials on the perceptual decision-making task. Similarly, patients with dopamine agonists responded faster than those on levodopa monotherapy and controls. Our results demonstrate that all patients have deficits in perceptual decision-making. However, patients treated with dopamine agonists closely resembled patients with ICDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atbin Djamshidian
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, University of London, London, UK Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Thomas Foltynie
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Iciar Aviles-Olmos
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Nadia Magdalinou
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, University of London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Tomassini
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Lees
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, University of London, London, UK
| | - Bruno B Averbeck
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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van der Klaauw AA, von dem Hagen EAH, Keogh JM, Henning E, O'Rahilly S, Lawrence AD, Calder AJ, Farooqi IS. Obesity-associated melanocortin-4 receptor mutations are associated with changes in the brain response to food cues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E2101-6. [PMID: 25062455 PMCID: PMC4258603 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) represent the commonest genetic form of obesity and are associated with hyperphagia. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether melanocortin signaling modulates anticipatory food reward by studying the brain activation response to food cues in individuals with MC4R mutations. Design/Setting/Participants/Main Outcome Measure: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure blood oxygen level-dependent responses to images of highly palatable, appetizing foods, bland foods, and non-food objects in eight obese individuals with MC4R mutations, 10 equally obese controls, and eight lean controls with normal MC4R genotypes. Based on previous evidence, we performed a region-of-interest analysis centered on the caudate/putamen (dorsal striatum) and ventral striatum. RESULTS Compared to non-foods, appetizing foods were associated with activation in the dorsal and ventral striatum in lean controls and in MC4R-deficient individuals. Surprisingly, we observed reduced activation of the dorsal and ventral striatum in obese controls relative to MC4R-deficient patients and lean controls. There were no group differences for the contrast of disgusting foods with bland foods or non-foods, suggesting that the effects observed in response to appetizing foods were not related to arousal. CONCLUSION We identified differences in the striatal response to food cues between two groups of obese individuals, those with and those without MC4R mutations. These findings are consistent with a role for central melanocortinergic circuits in the neural response to visual food cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha A van der Klaauw
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (A.A.v.d.K., J.M.K., E.H., S.O., I.S.F.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (E.A.H.v.d.H., A.D.L., A.J.C.), Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom; and School of Psychology (A.D.L.), Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XQ, United Kingdom
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Lawrence AD, Frank S, Newnham S, Lee MJ, Brown IR, Xue WF, Rowe ML, Mulvihill DP, Prentice MB, Howard MJ, Warren MJ. Solution structure of a bacterial microcompartment targeting peptide and its application in the construction of an ethanol bioreactor. ACS Synth Biol 2014; 3:454-465. [PMID: 24933391 DOI: 10.1021/sb4001118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of proteins to bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) is mediated by an 18-amino-acid peptide sequence. Herein, we report the solution structure of the N-terminal targeting peptide (P18) of PduP, the aldehyde dehydrogenase associated with the 1,2-propanediol utilization metabolosome from Citrobacter freundii. The solution structure reveals the peptide to have a well-defined helical conformation along its whole length. Saturation transfer difference and transferred NOE NMR has highlighted the observed interaction surface on the peptide with its main interacting shell protein, PduK. By tagging both a pyruvate decarboxylase and an alcohol dehydrogenase with targeting peptides, it has been possible to direct these enzymes to empty BMCs in vivo and to generate an ethanol bioreactor. Not only are the purified, redesigned BMCs able to transform pyruvate into ethanol efficiently, but the strains containing the modified BMCs produce elevated levels of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Lawrence
- School
of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Stefanie Frank
- School
of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Sarah Newnham
- School
of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Matthew J. Lee
- School
of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Ian R. Brown
- School
of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Wei-Feng Xue
- School
of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Michelle L. Rowe
- School
of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Daniel P. Mulvihill
- School
of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | | | - Mark J. Howard
- School
of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - Martin J. Warren
- School
of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
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Lobo SA, Lawrence AD, Romão CV, Warren MJ, Teixeira M, Saraiva LM. Characterisation of Desulfovibrio vulgaris haem b synthase, a radical SAM family member. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2014; 1844:1238-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Palmer DJ, Schroeder S, Lawrence AD, Deery E, Lobo SA, Saraiva LM, McLean KJ, Munro AW, Ferguson SJ, Pickersgill RW, Brown DG, Warren MJ. The structure, function and properties of sirohaem decarboxylase--an enzyme with structural homology to a transcription factor family that is part of the alternative haem biosynthesis pathway. Mol Microbiol 2014; 93:247-61. [PMID: 24865947 PMCID: PMC4145669 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Some bacteria and archaea synthesize haem by an alternative pathway, which involves the sequestration of sirohaem as a metabolic intermediate rather than as a prosthetic group. Along this pathway the two acetic acid side-chains attached to C12 and C18 are decarboxylated by sirohaem decarboxylase, a heterodimeric enzyme composed of AhbA and AhbB, to give didecarboxysirohaem. Further modifications catalysed by two related radical SAM enzymes, AhbC and AhbD, transform didecarboxysirohaem into Fe-coproporphyrin III and haem respectively. The characterization of sirohaem decarboxylase is reported in molecular detail. Recombinant versions of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Methanosarcina barkeri AhbA/B have been produced and their physical properties compared. The D. vulgaris and M. barkeri enzyme complexes both copurify with haem, whose redox state influences the activity of the latter. The kinetic parameters of the D. desulfuricans enzyme have been determined, the enzyme crystallized and its structure has been elucidated. The topology of the enzyme reveals that it shares a structural similarity to the AsnC/Lrp family of transcription factors. The active site is formed in the cavity between the two subunits and a AhbA/B-product complex with didecarboxysirohaem has been obtained. A mechanism for the decarboxylation of the kinetically stable carboxyl groups is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Palmer
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
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