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Li X, Zeng H, Durairaj P, Wen W, Li T, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Zhan L, Rao L, Yuan W, Guo T, Shen W, Cai H, Chen Z. Fully synthetic phosphorylated Tau181, Tau217, and Tau231 calibrators for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 15:1340706. [PMID: 38288278 PMCID: PMC10823022 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1340706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The calibrator in immunoassay plays an essential role in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Presently, the most well-studied biomarkers for AD diagnosis are three phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau): p-Tau231, p-Tau217, and p-Tau181. Glycogen synthase-3beta (GSK3β)-phosphorated Tau-441 is the most commonly used calibrator for p-Tau immunoassays. However, the batch-to-batch inconsistency issue of the commonly used GSK3β-phosphorylated Tau-441 limits its clinical application. Methods We have successfully generated and characterized 61 Tau monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with distinct epitopes by using the hybridoma technique and employed them as capture or detection antibodies for p-Tau immunoassays. Through chemical synthesis, we synthesized calibrators, which are three peptides including capture and detection antibody epitopes, for application in immunoassays that detect p-Tau231, p-Tau217, and p-Tau181. The novel calibrators were applied to Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Single-molecule array (Simoa) platforms to validate their applicability and establish a range of p-Tau immunoassays. Results By employing the hybridoma technique, 49 mAbs recognizing Tau (1-22), nine mAbs targeting p-Tau231, one mAb targeting p-Tau217, and two mAbs targeting p-Tau181 were developed. Peptides, including recognition epitopes of capture and detection antibodies, were synthesized. These peptides were used as calibrators to develop 60 immunoassays on the ELISA platform, of which six highly sensitive immunoassays were selected and applied to the ultra-sensitive Simoa platform. Remarkably, the LODs were 2.5, 2.4, 31.1, 32.9, 46.9, and 52.1 pg/ml, respectively. Conclusion Three novel p-Tau calibrators were successfully generated and validated, which solved the batch-to-batch inconsistency issue of GSK3β-phosphorylated Tau-441. The novel calibrators exhibit the potential to promote the standardization of clinical AD diagnostic calibrators. Furthermore, we established a series of highly sensitive and specific immunoassays on the Simoa platform based on novel calibrators, which moved a steady step forward in p-Tau immunoassay application for AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huimei Zeng
- Center for Translational Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Weihuan Wen
- Center for Translational Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianpeng Li
- Center for Translational Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanru Zhao
- Center for Translational Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Translational Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Center for Translational Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingpeng Zhan
- Institute for Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lang Rao
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Institute of Neurological Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tengfei Guo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- Center for Translational Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhicheng Chen
- Center for Translational Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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Yadikar H, Johnson C, Pafundi N, Nguyen L, Kurup M, Torres I, Al-Enezy A, Yang Z, Yost R, Kobeissy FH, Wang KKW. Neurobiochemical, Peptidomic, and Bioinformatic Approaches to Characterize Tauopathy Peptidome Biomarker Candidates in Experimental Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2295-2319. [PMID: 36635478 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a multidimensional damage, and currently, no FDA-approved medicine is available. Multiple pathways in the cell are triggered through a head injury (e.g., calpain and caspase activation), which truncate tau and generate variable fragment sizes (MW 400-45,000 K). In this study, we used an open-head TBI mouse model generated by controlled cortical impact (CCI) and collected ipsilateral (IC) and contralateral (CC) mice htau brain cortices at one (D1) three (D3), and seven (D7) days post-injury. We implemented immunological (antibody-based detection) and peptidomic approaches (nano-reversed-phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry) to investigate proteolytic tau peptidome (low molecular weight (LMW) < 10 K)) and pathological phosphorylation sites (high-molecular-weight (HMW); > 10 K) derived from CCI-TBI animal models. Our immunoblotting analysis verified tau hyperphosphorylation, HMW, and HMW breakdown products (HMW-BDP) formation of tau (e.g., pSer202, pThr181, pThr231, pSer396, and pSer404), following CCI-TBI. Peptidomic data revealed unique sequences of injury-dependent proteolytic peptides generated from human tau protein. Among the N-terminal tau peptides, EIPEGTTAEEAGIGDTPSLEDEAAGHVTQA (a.a. 96-125) and AQPHTEIPEGTTAEEAGIGDTPSLEDEAAGHVTQARM (a.a. 91-127). Examples of tau C-terminal peptides identified include NVSSTGSIDMVDSPQLATLADEVSASLAKQGL (a.a. 410-441) and QLATLADEVSASLAKQGL (a.a. 424-441). Our peptidomic bioinformatic tools showed the association of proteases, such as CAPN1, CAPN2, and CTSL; CASP1, MMP7, and MMP9; and ELANE, GZMA, and MEP1A, in CCI-TBI tau peptidome. In clinical trials for novel TBI treatments, it might be useful to monitor a subset of tau peptidome as targets for biomarker utility and use them for a "theranostic" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Yadikar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait.
| | - Connor Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Niko Pafundi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Lynn Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Milin Kurup
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Isabel Torres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Albandery Al-Enezy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Richard Yost
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Laboratory Building, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Firas H Kobeissy
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Morehouse School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers (CNMB), 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Morehouse School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers (CNMB), 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA. .,Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
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3
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Groot C, Cicognola C, Bali D, Triana-Baltzer G, Dage JL, Pontecorvo MJ, Kolb HC, Ossenkoppele R, Janelidze S, Hansson O. Diagnostic and prognostic performance to detect Alzheimer’s disease and clinical progression of a novel assay for plasma p-tau217. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:67. [PMID: 35568889 PMCID: PMC9107269 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent advances in disease-modifying treatments highlight the need for accurately identifying individuals in early Alzheimer’s disease (AD) stages and for monitoring of treatment effects. Plasma measurements of phosphorylated tau (p-tau) are a promising biomarker for AD, but different assays show varying diagnostic and prognostic accuracies. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical performance of a novel plasma p-tau217 (p-tau217) assay, p-tau217+Janssen, and perform a head-to-head comparison to an established assay, plasma p-tau217Lilly, within two independent cohorts. Methods The study consisted of two cohorts, cohort 1 (27 controls and 25 individuals with mild-cognitive impairment [MCI]) and cohort 2 including 147 individuals with MCI at baseline who were followed for an average of 4.92 (SD 2.09) years. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to assess the performance of both assays to detect amyloid-β status (+/−) in CSF, distinguish MCI from controls, and identify subjects who will convert from MCI to AD dementia. General linear and linear mixed-effects analyses were used to assess the associations between p-tau and baseline, and annual change in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Spearman correlations were used to assess the associations between the two plasma measures, and Bland-Altmann plots were examined to assess the agreement between the assays. Results Both assays showed similar performance in detecting amyloid-β status in CSF (plasma p-tau217+Janssen AUC = 0.91 vs plasma p-tau217Lilly AUC = 0.89), distinguishing MCI from controls (plasma p-tau217+Janssen AUC = 0.91 vs plasma p-tau217Lilly AUC = 0.91), and predicting future conversion from MCI to AD dementia (plasma p-tau217+Janssen AUC = 0.88 vs p-tau217Lilly AUC = 0.89). Both assays were similarly related to baseline (plasma p-tau217+Janssen rho = −0.39 vs p-tau217Lilly rho = −0.35), and annual change in MMSE scores (plasma p-tau217+Janssenr = −0.45 vs p-tau217Lillyr = −0.41). Correlations between the two plasma measures were rho = 0.69, p < 0.001 in cohort 1 and rho = 0.70, p < 0.001 in cohort 2. Bland-Altmann plots revealed good agreement between plasma p-tau217+Janssen and plasma p-tau217Lilly in both cohorts (cohort 1, 51/52 [98%] within 95%CI; cohort 2, 139/147 [95%] within 95%CI). Conclusions Taken together, our results indicate good diagnostic and prognostic performance of the plasma p-tau217+Janssen assay, similar to the p-tau217Lilly assay. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-022-01005-8.
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4
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Blood phospho-tau in Alzheimer disease: analysis, interpretation, and clinical utility. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:400-418. [PMID: 35585226 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Well-authenticated biomarkers can provide critical insights into the biological basis of Alzheimer disease (AD) to enable timely and accurate diagnosis, estimate future burden and support therapeutic trials. Current cerebrospinal fluid and molecular neuroimaging biomarkers fulfil these criteria but lack the scalability and simplicity necessary for widespread application. Blood biomarkers of adequate effectiveness have the potential to act as first-line diagnostic and prognostic tools, and offer the possibility of extensive population screening and use that is not limited to specialized centres. Accelerated progress in our understanding of the biochemistry of brain-derived tau protein and advances in ultrasensitive technologies have enabled the development of AD-specific phosphorylated tau (p-tau) biomarkers in blood. In this Review we discuss how new information on the molecular processing of brain p-tau and secretion of specific fragments into biofluids is informing blood biomarker development, enabling the evaluation of preanalytical factors that affect quantification, and informing harmonized protocols for blood handling. We also review the performance of blood p-tau biomarkers in the context of AD and discuss their potential contexts of use for clinical and research purposes. Finally, we highlight outstanding ethical, clinical and analytical challenges, and outline the steps that need to be taken to standardize inter-laboratory and inter-assay measurements.
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5
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Kaeser SA, Häsler LM, Lambert M, Bergmann C, Bottelbergs A, Theunis C, Mercken M, Jucker M. CSF p-tau increase in response to Aβ-type and Danish-type cerebral amyloidosis and in the absence of neurofibrillary tangles. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:287-290. [PMID: 34961894 PMCID: PMC8742811 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Kaeser
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Lisa M Häsler
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Lambert
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carina Bergmann
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Astrid Bottelbergs
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Clara Theunis
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mathias Jucker
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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6
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Leuzy A, Mattsson‐Carlgren N, Palmqvist S, Janelidze S, Dage JL, Hansson O. Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14408. [PMID: 34859598 PMCID: PMC8749476 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) represent a mounting public health challenge. As these diseases are difficult to diagnose clinically, biomarkers of underlying pathophysiology are playing an ever-increasing role in research, clinical trials, and in the clinical work-up of patients. Though cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and positron emission tomography (PET)-based measures are available, their use is not widespread due to limitations, including high costs and perceived invasiveness. As a result of rapid advances in the development of ultra-sensitive assays, the levels of pathological brain- and AD-related proteins can now be measured in blood, with recent work showing promising results. Plasma P-tau appears to be the best candidate marker during symptomatic AD (i.e., prodromal AD and AD dementia) and preclinical AD when combined with Aβ42/Aβ40. Though not AD-specific, blood NfL appears promising for the detection of neurodegeneration and could potentially be used to detect the effects of disease-modifying therapies. This review provides an overview of the progress achieved thus far using AD blood-based biomarkers, highlighting key areas of application and unmet challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Leuzy
- Clinical Memory Research UnitDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - Niklas Mattsson‐Carlgren
- Clinical Memory Research UnitDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityMalmöSweden
- Department of NeurologySkåne University HospitalLundSweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Sebastian Palmqvist
- Clinical Memory Research UnitDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityMalmöSweden
- Memory ClinicSkåne University HospitalLundSweden
| | - Shorena Janelidze
- Clinical Memory Research UnitDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - Jeffrey L Dage
- Stark Neuroscience Research InstituteIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research UnitDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityMalmöSweden
- Memory ClinicSkåne University HospitalLundSweden
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7
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Sato C, Mallipeddi N, Ghoshal N, Wright BA, Day GS, Davis AA, Kim AH, Zipfel GJ, Bateman RJ, Gabelle A, Barthélemy NR. MAPT R406W increases tau T217 phosphorylation in absence of amyloid pathology. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1817-1830. [PMID: 34342183 PMCID: PMC8419397 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Tau hyperphosphorylation at threonine 217 (pT217) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has recently been linked to early amyloidosis and could serve as a highly sensitive biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, it remains unclear whether other tauopathies induce pT217 modifications. To determine if pT217 modification is specific to AD, CSF pT217 was measured in AD and other tauopathies. Methods Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry methods, we compared CSF T217 phosphorylation occupancy (pT217/T217) and amyloid‐beta (Aβ) 42/40 ratio in cognitively normal individuals and those with symptomatic AD, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal syndrome, and sporadic and familial frontotemporal dementia. Results Individuals with AD had high CSF pT217/T217 and low Aβ42/40. In contrast, cognitively normal individuals and the majority of those with 4R tauopathies had low CSF pT217/T217 and normal Aβ 42/40. We identified a subgroup of individuals with increased CSF pT217/T217 and normal Aβ 42/40 ratio, most of whom were MAPT R406W mutation carriers. Diagnostic accuracies of CSF Aβ 42/40 and CSF pT217/T217, alone and in combination were compared. We show that CSF pT217/T217 × CSF Aβ 42/40 is a sensitive composite biomarker that can separate MAPT R406W carriers from cognitively normal individuals and those with other tauopathies. Interpretation MAPT R406W is a tau mutation that leads to 3R+4R tauopathy similar to AD, but without amyloid neuropathology. These findings suggest that change in CSF pT217/T217 ratio is not specific to AD and might reflect common downstream tau pathophysiology common to 3R+4R tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Sato
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nipun Mallipeddi
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brenton A Wright
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Gregory S Day
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Albert A Davis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Albert H Kim
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gregory J Zipfel
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- Department of Neurology, Memory Research and Resources Center, University Hospital of Montpellier, Neurosciences Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas R Barthélemy
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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8
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Simoes S, Neufeld JL, Triana-Baltzer G, Moughadam S, Chen EI, Kothiya M, Qureshi YH, Patel V, Honig LS, Kolb H, Small SA. Tau and other proteins found in Alzheimer's disease spinal fluid are linked to retromer-mediated endosomal traffic in mice and humans. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/571/eaba6334. [PMID: 33239387 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba6334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endosomal trafficking has emerged as a defective biological pathway in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the pathway is a source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein accumulation. Nevertheless, the identity of the CSF proteins that accumulate in the setting of defects in AD's endosomal trafficking pathway remains unknown. Here, we performed a CSF proteomic screen in mice with a neuronal-selective knockout of the core of the retromer complex VPS35, a master conductor of endosomal traffic that has been implicated in AD. We then validated three of the most relevant proteomic findings: the amino terminus of the transmembrane proteins APLP1 and CHL1, and the mid-domain of tau, which is known to be unconventionally secreted and elevated in AD. In patients with AD dementia, the concentration of amino-terminal APLP1 and CHL1 in the CSF correlated with tau and phosphorylated tau. Similar results were observed in healthy controls, where both proteins correlated with tau and phosphorylated tau and were elevated in about 70% of patients in the prodromal stages of AD. Collectively, the mouse-to-human studies suggest that retromer-dependent endosomal trafficking can regulate tau, APLP1, and CHL1 CSF concentration, informing on how AD's trafficking pathway might contribute to disease spread and how to identify its trafficking impairments in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Simoes
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jessica L Neufeld
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Setareh Moughadam
- Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Emily I Chen
- Thermo Fisher Precision Medicine Science Center, 790 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Milankumar Kothiya
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yasir H Qureshi
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vivek Patel
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lawrence S Honig
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hartmuth Kolb
- Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Scott A Small
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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9
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Bijttebier S, Theunis C, Jahouh F, Martins DR, Verhemeldonck M, Grauwen K, Dillen L, Mercken M. Development of immunoprecipitation - two-dimensional liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry methodology as biomarker read-out to quantify phosphorylated tau in cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer disease patients. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462299. [PMID: 34107398 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, one of the histopathological hallmarks is the neurofibrillary tangles consisting of aggregated and hyperphosphorylated tau. Currently many tau binding antibodies are under development to target the extracellular species responsible for the spreading of the disease in the brain. As such, an in-house developed antibody JNJ-63733657 with picomolar affinity towards tau phosphorylated at both T212 and T217 (further named p217+tau) was recently tested in phase I clinical trial NCT03375697. Following multiple dose administration in healthy subjects and subjects with AD, there were dose dependant reductions in free p217+tau fragments in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) following antibody administration, as measured with a novel single molecule ELISA assay (Simoa PT3 x PT82 assay), demonstrating epitope engagement of the therapeutic antibody [Galpern, Haeverans, Janssens, Triana-Baltzer, Kolb, Li, Nandy, Mercken, Van Kolen, Sun, Van Nueten, 2020]. Total p217+tau levels also were reduced in CSF as measured with the Simoa PT3 x PT82 assay. In this study we developed an orthogonal immunoprecipitation - liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (IP-LC-TQMS) assay to verify the observed reductions in total p217+ tau levels. In this assay, an excess of JNJ-63733657 is added to the clinical CSF to ensure all p217+tau is bound by the antibody instead of having a pool of bound and unbound antigen and to immunoprecipitate all p217+tau, which is followed by on-bead digestion with trypsin to release surrogate peptides. Tryptic peptides with missed cleavages were monitored when phosphorylation occurred close to the cleavage site as this induced miscleavages. Compared with acidified mobile phases typically used for peptide analysis, reversed phase LC with mobile phase at basic pH resulted in sharper peaks and improved selectivity and sensitivity for the target peptides. With this setup a diphospho-tau tryptic peptide SRTPSLPTPPTREPK*2 could be measured with pT217 accounting for at least one of the phospho-sites. This is the first time that the presence of a diphopsho-tau peptide is reported to be present in human CSF. A two-dimensional LC-TQMS method was developed to remove matrix interferences. Selective trapping of diphospho-peptides via a metal oxide chromatography mechanism was achieved in a first dimension with a conventional reversed phase stationary phase and acidified mobile phase. Subsequent elution at basic pH enabled detection of low picomolar p217+tau levels in human CSF (lower limit of quantification: 2 pM), resulting in an approximate 5-fold increase in sensitivity. This enabled the quantification of total p217+tau in CSF leading to the confirmation that in addition to reductions in free p217+tau levels total p217+tau levels were also reduced following administration of the tau mAb JNJ-63733657, correlating with the previous measurement with the PT3 x PT82 Simoa assay. An orthogonal sample clean-up using offline TiO2/ZrO2 combined with 1DLC-TQMS was developed to confirm the presence of mono-ptau (pT217) tryptic peptides in CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Theunis
- R&D Neurosciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Farid Jahouh
- DMPK, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Karolien Grauwen
- R&D Neurosciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Lieve Dillen
- DMPK, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Marc Mercken
- R&D Neurosciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, Belgium.
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10
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Triana‐Baltzer G, Moughadam S, Slemmon R, Van Kolen K, Theunis C, Mercken M, Kolb HC. Development and validation of a high-sensitivity assay for measuring p217+tau in plasma. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 13:e12204. [PMID: 34095436 PMCID: PMC8158165 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on amyloid beta (A), pathologic tau (T), and neurodegeneration (N) biomarkers in peripheral fluids promises to accelerate clinical trials and intercept disease earlier. METHODS Qualification of a Simoa plasma p217+tau assay was performed, followed by clinical utility evaluation in a cohort of 227 subjects with broad A and T spectrum. RESULTS The p217+tau plasma assay was accurate, precise, dilution linear, and highly sensitive. All measured samples were within linear range of the assay, presented higher concentration in AD versus healthy controls (P < .0001), and plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels correlated (r2 = 0.35). The plasma p217+tau results were predictive of central T and A status (area under the curve = 0.90 and 0.90, respectively) with low false +/- rates. DISCUSSION The assay described here exhibits good technical performance and shows potential as a highly accurate peripheral biomarker for A or T status in AD and cognitively normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Setareh Moughadam
- Neuroscience BiomarkersJanssen Research & DevelopmentLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Randy Slemmon
- Neuroscience BiomarkersJanssen Research & DevelopmentLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Clara Theunis
- Neuroscience DepartmentJanssen Research & DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Neuroscience DepartmentJanssen Research & DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
| | - Hartmuth C. Kolb
- Neuroscience BiomarkersJanssen Research & DevelopmentLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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11
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Wang X, Liu Q, Li XG, Zhou QZ, Wu DQ, Li SH, Liu YC, Wang JZ. T217-Phosphorylation Exacerbates Tau Pathologies and Tau-Induced Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:1403-1418. [PMID: 33935099 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies show that an increased T217-phosphorylation of tau in plasma could diagnose AD at an early stage with high accuracy and high specificity, while the potential toxic role of tau T217-phosphorylation is not known. OBJECTIVE To study the potential toxic role of tau T217-phosphorylation. METHODS We performed stereotactic brain injection, behavioral testing, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, western blotting, Golgi staining, in vitro recombinant tau polymerization, and other measurements. RESULTS We first constructed tau T217-wild-type (T217), T217-phospho-mimic (T217E), and T217-non-phospho-mimic (T217A) plasmids or their virus vectors on the basis of wild-type tau. We found that expressing tau-T217E induced a significantly increased tau phosphorylation at multiple AD-associated sites with inhibited proteolysis and increased cleavage/fibrillization of tau, while expressing tau-T217A abolished the above changes of tau both in vitro and in vivo. By mutating T217E on tau-P301L, a dominant mutation identified in patients with frontotemporal dementia, we did not observe significant exacerbation of tau-P301L phosphorylation and cognitive impairment although the increased tau cleavage and propagation were shown. CONCLUSION T217-phosphorylation exacerbates wild-type tau hyperphosphorylation with aggravated tau cleavage/fibrillization and cognitive impairments, while overexpressing T217E on the basis P301L does not exacerbate tau phosphorylation or the P301L-induced cognitive deficits, although it aggravates tau cleavage and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Li
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu-Zhi Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong-Qin Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Hong Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Chao Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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12
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Yang J, Jia L, Li Y, Qiu Q, Quan M, Jia J. Fluid Biomarkers in Clinical Trials for Alzheimer's Disease: Current and Future Application. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:19-32. [PMID: 33749646 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) research is entering a unique moment in which enormous information about the molecular basis of this disease is being translated into therapeutics. However, almost all drug candidates have failed in clinical trials over the past 30 years. These many trial failures have highlighted a need for the incorporation of biomarkers in clinical trials to help improve the trial design. Fluid biomarkers measured in cerebrospinal fluid and circulating blood, which can reflect the pathophysiological process in the brain, are becoming increasingly important in AD clinical trials. In this review, we first succinctly outline a panel of fluid biomarkers for neuropathological changes in AD. Then, we provide a comprehensive overview of current and future application of fluid biomarkers in clinical trials for AD. We also summarize the many challenges that have been encountered in efforts to integrate fluid biomarkers in clinical trials, and the barriers that have begun to be overcome. Ongoing research efforts in the field of fluid biomarkers will be critical to make significant progress in ultimately unveiling disease-modifying therapies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Yang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Longfei Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongqiong Qiu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meina Quan
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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