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Bnaiahu N, Omer N, Wilczynski E, Levy S, Blumenfeld-Katzir T, Ben-Eliezer N. Correcting for imaging gradients-related bias of T 2 relaxation times at high-resolution MRI. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:1806-1817. [PMID: 35666831 PMCID: PMC9544944 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose High‐resolution animal imaging is an integral part of preclinical drug development and the investigation of diseases' pathophysiology. Quantitative mapping of T2 relaxation times (qT2) is a valuable tool for both preclinical and research applications, providing high sensitivity to subtle tissue pathologies. High‐resolution T2 mapping, however, suffers from severe underestimation of T2 values due to molecular diffusion. This affects both single‐echo and multi‐echo spin echo (SSE and MESE), on top of the well‐known contamination of MESE signals by stimulated echoes, and especially on high‐field and preclinical scanners in which high imaging gradients are used in comparison to clinical scanners. Methods Diffusion bias due to imaging gradients was analyzed by quantifying the effective b‐value for each coherence pathway in SSE and MESE protocols, and incorporating this information in a joint T2‐diffusion reconstruction algorithm. Validation was done on phantoms and in vivo mouse brain using a 9.4T and a 7T MRI scanner. Results Underestimation of T2 values due to strong imaging gradients can reach up to 70%, depending on scan parameters and on the sample's diffusion coefficient. The algorithm presented here produced T2 values that agreed with reference spectroscopic measurements, were reproducible across scan settings, and reduced the average bias of T2 values from −33.5 ± 20.5% to −0.1 ± 3.6%. Conclusions A new joint T2‐diffusion reconstruction algorithm is able to negate imaging gradient–related underestimation of T2 values, leading to reliable mapping of T2 values at high resolutions. Click here for author‐reader discussions
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Bnaiahu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Omer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ella Wilczynski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shir Levy
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Noam Ben-Eliezer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Neuroimaging of Mouse Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020305. [PMID: 35203515 PMCID: PMC8869427 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have made great strides in the diagnosis and our understanding of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Despite the knowledge gained from human studies, mouse models have and continue to play an important role in deciphering the cellular and molecular evolution of AD. MRI and PET are now being increasingly used to investigate neuroimaging features in mouse models and provide the basis for rapid translation to the clinical setting. Here, we provide an overview of the human MRI and PET imaging landscape as a prelude to an in-depth review of preclinical imaging in mice. A broad range of mouse models recapitulate certain aspects of the human AD, but no single model simulates the human disease spectrum. We focused on the two of the most popular mouse models, the 3xTg-AD and the 5xFAD models, and we summarized all known published MRI and PET imaging data, including contrasting findings. The goal of this review is to provide the reader with broad framework to guide future studies in existing and future mouse models of AD. We also highlight aspects of MRI and PET imaging that could be improved to increase rigor and reproducibility in future imaging studies.
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Leite JP, Peixoto-Santos JE. Glia and extracellular matrix molecules: What are their importance for the electrographic and MRI changes in the epileptogenic zone? Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106542. [PMID: 31884121 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules are crucial for the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Especially because of their actions regarding neurotransmitter and ionic control, and synaptic function, these cells can potentially contribute to the hyperexcitability seen in the epileptogenic, while ECM changes are linked to synaptic reorganization. The present review will explore glial and ECM homeostatic roles and their potential contribution to tissue plasticity. Finally, we will address how glial, and ECM changes in the epileptogenic zone can be seen in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pointing out their importance as markers for the extension of the epileptogenic area. This article is part of the Special Issue "NEWroscience 2018".
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Pereira Leite
- Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
| | - Jose Eduardo Peixoto-Santos
- Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Paulista School of Medicine, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Wearn AR, Nurdal V, Saunders-Jennings E, Knight MJ, Isotalus HK, Dillon S, Tsivos D, Kauppinen RA, Coulthard EJ. T2 heterogeneity: a novel marker of microstructural integrity associated with cognitive decline in people with mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:105. [PMID: 32912337 PMCID: PMC7488446 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis is vital for development of disease-modifying therapies. Prior to significant brain tissue atrophy, several microstructural changes take place as a result of Alzheimer's pathology. These include deposition of amyloid, tau and iron, as well as altered water homeostasis in tissue and some cell death. T2 relaxation time, a quantitative MRI measure, is sensitive to these changes and may be a useful non-invasive, early marker of tissue integrity which could predict conversion to dementia. We propose that different microstructural changes affect T2 in opposing ways, such that average 'midpoint' measures of T2 are less sensitive than measuring distribution width (heterogeneity). T2 heterogeneity in the brain may present a sensitive early marker of AD pathology. METHODS In this cohort study, we tested 97 healthy older controls, 49 people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 10 with a clinical diagnosis of AD. All participants underwent structural MRI including a multi-echo sequence for quantitative T2 assessment. Cognitive change over 1 year was assessed in 20 participants with MCI. T2 distributions were modelled in the hippocampus and thalamus using log-logistic distribution giving measures of log-median value (midpoint; T2μ) and distribution width (heterogeneity; T2σ). RESULTS We show an increase in T2 heterogeneity (T2σ; p < .0001) in MCI compared to healthy controls, which was not seen with midpoint (T2μ; p = .149) in the hippocampus and thalamus. Hippocampal T2 heterogeneity predicted cognitive decline over 1 year in MCI participants (p = .018), but midpoint (p = .132) and volume (p = .315) did not. Age affects T2, but the effects described here are significant even after correcting for age. CONCLUSIONS We show that T2 heterogeneity can identify subtle changes in microstructural integrity of brain tissue in MCI and predict cognitive decline over a year. We describe a new model that considers the competing effects of factors that both increase and decrease T2. These two opposing forces suggest that previous conclusions based on T2 midpoint may have obscured the true potential of T2 as a marker of subtle neuropathology. We propose that T2 heterogeneity reflects microstructural integrity with potential to be a widely used early biomarker of conditions such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfie R Wearn
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK.
| | - Volkan Nurdal
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Michael J Knight
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Serena Dillon
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Demitra Tsivos
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth J Coulthard
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
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Dorsal hippocampal changes in T2 relaxation times are associated with early spatial cognitive deficits in 5XFAD mice. Brain Res Bull 2019; 153:150-161. [PMID: 31422072 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
T2 relaxation time (T2) alterations may serve as markers for early detection and disease progression monitoring by reflecting brain microstructural integrity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the characteristics of T2 alterations during the early stage of AD remain elusive. We explored T2 alterations and their possible correlations with cognitive function in 5XFAD mice at early ages (1, 2, 3, and 5 months of age). Voxel-based analysis (VBA) and region of interest (ROI) analysis showed a decreased T2 in the hippocampus of 2-, 3-, and 5-month-old 5XFAD mice compared to those of controls. The dorsal hippocampal T2 decreased earlier than the ventral hippocampus T2. A significant correlation was observed between Morris water maze (MWM) test cognitive behavior and the dorsal hippocampus T2 in 5XFAD mice. These results indicated that the microstructural integrity of brain tissues, particularly the hippocampus, was impaired early and the impairment became more extensive and severe during disease progression. Furthermore, the dorsal hippocampus is a crucial component involved in spatial cognition impairment in young 5XFAD mice.
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Jeon S, Hwang SI, Son YD, Kim YB, Lee YJ, Kim SJ. Association between delayed recall and T2* relaxation time of the subiculum in adolescents: Implications for ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 73:340-346. [PMID: 30927296 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to assess neuropsychological correlations with the T2* relaxation time (T2*-RT) of hippocampal subregions in adolescents using ultra-high-field (UHF) 7.0-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS We assessed the T2*-RT of hippocampal subregions in 31 healthy 11th- or 12th-grade high school students using an UHF 7.0-T MRI system. T2*-RT of the cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA2, CA3, and CA4 subregions and the subiculum were calculated for both the left and right hippocampus. Seven subtests of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery were administered to the subjects to assess visuospatial memory. RESULTS Poor performances in delayed recall in the pattern-recognition test were significantly correlated with longer T2*-RT in the bilateral subiculum (right, r = -0.480, P = 0.006; left, r = -0.648, P < 0.001) and the left CA2 (r = -0.480, P = 0.006). CONCLUSION This study showed that longer T2*-RT in the subiculum were associated with poorer performances in delayed recall in the visual memory tasks. This finding suggests that the subiculum might play a predominant role in delayed recall in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Il Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Don Son
- Department of Bioengineering, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bo Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog Ju Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tang X, Cai F, Ding DX, Zhang LL, Cai XY, Fang Q. Magnetic resonance imaging relaxation time in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2018; 140:176-189. [PMID: 29738781 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relaxation time constants, T1 and T2, are sensitive to changes in brain tissue microstructure integrity. Quantitative T1 and T2 relaxation times have been proposed to serve as non-invasive biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), in which alterations are believed to not only reflect AD-related neuropathology but also cognitive impairment. In this review, we summarize the applications and key findings of MRI techniques in the context of both AD subjects and AD transgenic mouse models. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms of relaxation time alterations in AD will be discussed. Future studies could focus on relaxation time alterations in the early stage of AD, and longitudinal studies are needed to further explore relaxation time alterations during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 899, Pinghai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Feng Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 899, Pinghai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Dong-Xue Ding
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 899, Pinghai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Lu-Lu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 899, Pinghai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Xiu-Ying Cai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 899, Pinghai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China.
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 899, Pinghai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China.
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In vivo microscopic voxel-based morphometry with a brain template to characterize strain-specific structures in the mouse brain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:85. [PMID: 28273899 PMCID: PMC5427914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of inbred mouse strains are established for use in a broad spectrum of basic research fields, including genetics, neuroscience, immunology, and cancer. Inbred mice exhibit identical intra-strain genetics and divergent inter-strain phenotypes. The cognitive and behavioral divergences must be controlled by the variances of structure and function of their brains; however, the underlying morphological features of strain-to-strain difference remain obscure. Here, in vivo microscopic magnetic resonance imaging was optimized to image the mouse brains by using an isotropic resolution of 80 μm. Next, in vivo templates were created from the data from four major inbred mouse strains (C57Bl/6, BALB/cBy, C3H/He, and DBA/2). A strain-mixed brain template was also created, and the template was then employed to establish automatic voxel-based morphometry (VBM) for the mouse brain. The VBM assessment revealed strain-specific brain morphologies concerning the gray matter volume of the four strains, with a smaller volume in the primary visual cortex for the C3H/He strain, and a smaller volume in the primary auditory cortex and field CA1 of the hippocampus for the DBA/2 strain. These findings would contribute to the basis of for understanding morphological phenotype of the inbred mouse strain and may indicate a relationship between brain morphology and strain-specific cognition and behavior.
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Ali R, Goubran M, Choudhri O, Zeineh MM. Seven-Tesla MRI and neuroimaging biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Neurosurg Focus 2016; 39:E4. [PMID: 26646928 DOI: 10.3171/2015.9.focus15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this paper was to review the effectiveness of using 7-T MRI to study neuroimaging biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The authors reviewed the literature for articles published to date on the use of 7-T MRI to study AD. Thus far, there are 3 neuroimaging biomarkers for AD that have been studied using 7-T MRI in AD tissue: 1) neuroanatomical atrophy; 2) molecular characterization of hypointensities; and 3) microinfarcts. Seven-Tesla MRI has had mixed results when used to study the 3 aforementioned neuroimaging biomarkers for AD. First, in the detection of neuroanatomical atrophy, 7-T MRI has exciting potential. Historically, noninvasive imaging of neuroanatomical atrophy during AD has been limited by suboptimal resolution. However, now there is compelling evidence that the high resolution of 7-T MRI may help overcome this hurdle. Second, in detecting the characterization of hypointensities, 7-T MRI has had varied success. PET scans will most likely continue to lead in the noninvasive imaging of amyloid plaques; however, there is emerging evidence that 7-T MRI can accurately detect iron deposits within activated microglia, which may help shed light on the role of the immune system in AD pathogenesis. Finally, in the detection of microinfarcts, 7-T MRI may also play a promising role, which may help further elucidate the relationship between cerebrovascular health and AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maged Goubran
- Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Michael M Zeineh
- Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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10
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Waldron AM, Wintmolders C, Bottelbergs A, Kelley JB, Schmidt ME, Stroobants S, Langlois X, Staelens S. In vivo molecular neuroimaging of glucose utilization and its association with fibrillar amyloid-β load in aged APPPS1-21 mice. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2015; 7:76. [PMID: 26666747 PMCID: PMC4678474 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Radioligand imaging is a powerful in vivo method to assess the molecular basis of Alzheimer’s Disease. We therefore aimed to visualize the pathological deposition of fibrillar amyloid-β and neuronal dysfunction in aged double transgenic mice. Methods Using non-invasive positron emission tomography (PET) we assessed brain glucose utilization with [18F]FDG and fibrillar amyloidosis with [11C]PiB and [18F]AV45 in 12 month old APPPS1-21 (n = 10) mice and their age-matched wild-type controls (n = 15). PET scans were analyzed with statistical parametric mapping (SPM) to detect significant differences in tracer uptake between genotypes. After imaging, mice were sacrificed and ex vivo measures of amyloid-β burden with immunohistochemistry as well as glucose utilization with [14C]-2DG autoradiography were obtained as gold standards. Results Voxel-wise SPM analysis revealed significantly decreased [18F]FDG uptake in aged APPPS1-21 mice in comparison to WT with the thalamus (96.96 %, maxT = 3.35) and striatum (61.21 %, maxT = 3.29) demonstrating the most widespread reductions at the threshold of p < 0.01. [11C]PiB binding was significantly increased in APPPS1-21 mice, most notably in the hippocampus (87.84 %, maxT = 7.15) and cortex (69.08 %, maxT = 7.95), as detected by SPM voxel-wise analysis at the threshold of p < 0.01. Using the same threshold [18F]AV45 uptake was comparably lower with less significant differences. Compared to their respective ex vivo equivalents [18F]FDG demonstrated significant positive correlation to [14C]2-DG autoradiography (r = 0.67, p <0.0001) while [11C]PiB and [18F]AV45 binding did not correlate to ex vivo immunohistochemistry for amyloid-β (r = 0.25, p = 0.07 and r = 0.17, p = 0.26 respectively). Lastly no correlation was observed between regions of high amyloid burden and those with decreased glucose utilization (r = 0.001, p = 0.99). Conclusions Our findings support that fibrillar amyloid-β deposition and reduced glucose utilization can be visualized and quantified with in vivo μPET imaging in aged APPPS1-21 mice. Therefore, the combined use of [18F]FDG and amyloid μPET imaging can shed light on the underlying relationship between fibrillar amyloid-β pathology and neuronal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Waldron
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken - UC, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Cindy Wintmolders
- Neuroscience Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Astrid Bottelbergs
- Neuroscience Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Jonathan B Kelley
- Neuroscience Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Mark E Schmidt
- Neuroscience Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Sigrid Stroobants
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken - UC, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Xavier Langlois
- Neuroscience Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken - UC, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Lin L, Fu Z, Xu X, Wu S. Mouse brain magnetic resonance microscopy: Applications in Alzheimer disease. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:416-24. [PMID: 25810274 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, various Alzheimer's disease (AD) trangenetic mice models harboring genes with mutation known to cause familial AD have been created. Today, high-resolution magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) technology is being widely used in the study of AD mouse models. It has greatly facilitated and advanced our knowledge of AD. In this review, most of the attention is paid to fundamental of MRM, the construction of standard mouse MRM brain template and atlas, the detection of amyloid plaques, following up on brain atrophy and the future applications of MRM in transgenic AD mice. It is believed that future testing of potential drugs in mouse models with MRM will greatly improve the predictability of drug effect in preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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Cavedo E, Lista S, Khachaturian Z, Aisen P, Amouyel P, Herholz K, Jack CR, Sperling R, Cummings J, Blennow K, O'Bryant S, Frisoni GB, Khachaturian A, Kivipelto M, Klunk W, Broich K, Andrieu S, de Schotten MT, Mangin JF, Lammertsma AA, Johnson K, Teipel S, Drzezga A, Bokde A, Colliot O, Bakardjian H, Zetterberg H, Dubois B, Vellas B, Schneider LS, Hampel H. The Road Ahead to Cure Alzheimer's Disease: Development of Biological Markers and Neuroimaging Methods for Prevention Trials Across all Stages and Target Populations. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2014; 1:181-202. [PMID: 26478889 PMCID: PMC4606938 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2014.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a slowly progressing non-linear dynamic brain disease in which pathophysiological abnormalities, detectable in vivo by biological markers, precede overt clinical symptoms by many years to decades. Use of these biomarkers for the detection of early and preclinical AD has become of central importance following publication of two international expert working group's revised criteria for the diagnosis of AD dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD, prodromal AD and preclinical AD. As a consequence of matured research evidence six AD biomarkers are sufficiently validated and partly qualified to be incorporated into operationalized clinical diagnostic criteria and use in primary and secondary prevention trials. These biomarkers fall into two molecular categories: biomarkers of amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition and plaque formation as well as of tau-protein related hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration. Three of the six gold-standard ("core feasible) biomarkers are neuroimaging measures and three are cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analytes. CSF Aβ1-42 (Aβ1-42), also expressed as Aβ1-42 : Aβ1-40 ratio, T-tau, and P-tau Thr181 & Thr231 proteins have proven diagnostic accuracy and risk enhancement in prodromal MCI and AD dementia. Conversely, having all three biomarkers in the normal range rules out AD. Intermediate conditions require further patient follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at increasing field strength and resolution allows detecting the evolution of distinct types of structural and functional abnormality pattern throughout early to late AD stages. Anatomical or volumetric MRI is the most widely used technique and provides local and global measures of atrophy. The revised diagnostic criteria for "prodromal AD" and "mild cognitive impairment due to AD" include hippocampal atrophy (as the fourth validated biomarker), which is considered an indicator of regional neuronal injury. Advanced image analysis techniques generate automatic and reproducible measures both in regions of interest, such as the hippocampus and in an exploratory fashion, observer and hypothesis-indedendent, throughout the entire brain. Evolving modalities such as diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) and advanced tractography as well as resting-state functional MRI provide useful additionally useful measures indicating the degree of fiber tract and neural network disintegration (structural, effective and functional connectivity) that may substantially contribute to early detection and the mapping of progression. These modalities require further standardization and validation. The use of molecular in vivo amyloid imaging agents (the fifth validated biomarker), such as the Pittsburgh Compound-B and markers of neurodegeneration, such as fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) (as the sixth validated biomarker) support the detection of early AD pathological processes and associated neurodegeneration. How to use, interpret, and disclose biomarker results drives the need for optimized standardization. Multimodal AD biomarkers do not evolve in an identical manner but rather in a sequential but temporally overlapping fashion. Models of the temporal evolution of AD biomarkers can take the form of plots of biomarker severity (degree of abnormality) versus time. AD biomarkers can be combined to increase accuracy or risk. A list of genetic risk factors is increasingly included in secondary prevention trials to stratify and select individuals at genetic risk of AD. Although most of these biomarker candidates are not yet qualified and approved by regulatory authorities for their intended use in drug trials, they are nonetheless applied in ongoing clinical studies for the following functions: (i) inclusion/exclusion criteria, (ii) patient stratification, (iii) evaluation of treatment effect, (iv) drug target engagement, and (v) safety. Moreover, novel promising hypothesis-driven, as well as exploratory biochemical, genetic, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging markers for use in clinical trials are being developed. The current state-of-the-art and future perspectives on both biological and neuroimaging derived biomarker discovery and development as well as the intended application in prevention trials is outlined in the present publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cavedo
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), UMR S 1127, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière Paris & CATI multicenter neuroimaging platform, France; Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine, IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy
| | - S Lista
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière & Inserm U1127 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière Paris, France
| | - Z Khachaturian
- The Campaign to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease by 2020 (PAD2020), Potomac, MD, USA
| | - P Aisen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - P Amouyel
- Inserm, U744, Lille, 59000, France; Université Lille 2, Lille, 59000, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, 59000, France; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, 59000, France
| | - K Herholz
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - C R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R Sperling
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, 888 West Bonneville Avenue, Las Vegas, Nevada 89106, USA
| | - K Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - S O'Bryant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - G B Frisoni
- IRCCS Istituto Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - M Kivipelto
- Karolinska Institutet Alzheimer Research Center, NVS, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - K Broich
- Federal Institute of Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - S Andrieu
- Inserm UMR1027, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Public health department, CHU de Toulouse
| | - M Thiebaut de Schotten
- Natbrainlab, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), UMRS 1127 Paris, France; Inserm, U 1127, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - J-F Mangin
- CEA UNATI, Neurospin, CEA Gif-sur-Yvette, France & CATI multicenter neuroimaging platform
| | - A A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Johnson
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Teipel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Rostock, Germany
| | - A Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne Germany
| | - A Bokde
- Cognitive Systems Group, Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - O Colliot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm, U1127, F-75013, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225 ICM, 75013, Paris, France; Inria, Aramis project-team, Centre de Recherche Paris-Rocquencourt, France
| | - H Bakardjian
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpétrière University Hospital, Paris, France; IHU-A-ICM - Paris Institute of Translational Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - H Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - B Dubois
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière & Inserm U1127 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière Paris, France
| | - B Vellas
- Inserm UMR1027, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - L S Schneider
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H Hampel
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière & Inserm U1127 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière Paris, France
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Adlard PA, Tran BA, Finkelstein DI, Desmond PM, Johnston LA, Bush AI, Egan GF. A review of β-amyloid neuroimaging in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:327. [PMID: 25400539 PMCID: PMC4215612 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. As advancing age is the greatest risk factor for developing AD, the number of those afflicted is expected to increase markedly with the aging of the world's population. The inability to definitively diagnose AD until autopsy remains an impediment to establishing effective targeted treatments. Neuroimaging has enabled in vivo visualization of pathological changes in the brain associated with the disease, providing a greater understanding of its pathophysiological development and progression. However, neuroimaging biomarkers do not yet offer clear advantages over current clinical diagnostic criteria for them to be accepted into routine clinical use. Nonetheless, current insights from neuroimaging combined with the elucidation of biochemical and molecular processes in AD are informing the ongoing development of new imaging techniques and their application. Much of this research has been greatly assisted by the availability of transgenic mouse models of AD. In this review we summarize the main efforts of neuroimaging in AD in humans and in mouse models, with a specific focus on β-amyloid, and discuss the potential of new applications and novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Adlard
- Division of Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bob A. Tran
- Department of Radiology, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- Division of Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia M. Desmond
- Department of Radiology, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Radiology, The Royal Melbourne HospitalParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leigh A. Johnston
- Division of Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Division of Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gary F. Egan
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
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14
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Lemcke S, Müller S, Möller S, Schillert A, Ziegler A, Cepok-Kauffeld S, Comabella M, Montalban X, Rülicke T, Nandakumar KS, Hemmer B, Holmdahl R, Pahnke J, Ibrahim SM. Nerve conduction velocity is regulated by the inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase II gene. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2420-9. [PMID: 25129256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of nerve conduction is common in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), and measurement of evoked potentials (visual, motor, or sensory) has been widely used for diagnosis and recently also as a prognostic marker for MS. We used a classical genetic approach to identify novel genes controlling nerve conduction. First, we used quantitative trait mapping in F2 progeny of B10/SJL mice to identify EAE31, a locus controlling latency of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and clinical onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Then, by combining congenic mapping, in silico haplotype analyses, and comparative genomics we identified inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase, type II (Inpp4b) as the quantitative trait gene for EAE31. Sequence variants of Inpp4b (C/A, exon 13; A/C, exon 14) were identified as differing among multiple mouse strains and correlated with individual cortical MEP latency differences. To evaluate the functional relevance of the amino acid exchanges at positions S474R and H548P, we generated transgenic mice carrying the longer-latency allele (Inpp4b(474R/548P)) in the C57BL/6J background. Inpp4b(474R/548P) mice exhibited significantly longer cortical MEP latencies (4.5 ± 0.22 ms versus 3.7 ± 0.13 ms; P = 1.04 × 10(-9)), indicating that INPP4B regulates nerve conduction velocity. An association of an INPP4B polymorphism (rs13102150) with MS was observed in German and Spanish MS cohorts (3676 controls and 911 cases) (P = 8.8 × 10(-3)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Lemcke
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Susen Müller
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Neurodegeneration Research Lab, Department of Neurology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Möller
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Arne Schillert
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sabine Cepok-Kauffeld
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research Division, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Neurodegeneration Research Lab, Department of Neurology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Saleh M Ibrahim
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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15
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Hampel H, Lista S, Teipel SJ, Garaci F, Nisticò R, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Bertram L, Duyckaerts C, Bakardjian H, Drzezga A, Colliot O, Epelbaum S, Broich K, Lehéricy S, Brice A, Khachaturian ZS, Aisen PS, Dubois B. Perspective on future role of biological markers in clinical therapy trials of Alzheimer's disease: a long-range point of view beyond 2020. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 88:426-49. [PMID: 24275164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying various paths toward the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has begun to provide new insight for interventions to modify disease progression. The evolving knowledge gained from multidisciplinary basic research has begun to identify new concepts for treatments and distinct classes of therapeutic targets; as well as putative disease-modifying compounds that are now being tested in clinical trials. There is a mounting consensus that such disease modifying compounds and/or interventions are more likely to be effectively administered as early as possible in the cascade of pathogenic processes preceding and underlying the clinical expression of AD. The budding sentiment is that "treatments" need to be applied before various molecular mechanisms converge into an irreversible pathway leading to morphological, metabolic and functional alterations that characterize the pathophysiology of AD. In light of this, biological indicators of pathophysiological mechanisms are desired to chart and detect AD throughout the asymptomatic early molecular stages into the prodromal and early dementia phase. A major conceptual development in the clinical AD research field was the recent proposal of new diagnostic criteria, which specifically incorporate the use of biomarkers as defining criteria for preclinical stages of AD. This paradigm shift in AD definition, conceptualization, operationalization, detection and diagnosis represents novel fundamental opportunities for the modification of interventional trial designs. This perspective summarizes not only present knowledge regarding biological markers but also unresolved questions on the status of surrogate indicators for detection of the disease in asymptomatic people and diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hampel
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Pavillon François Lhermitte, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
| | - Simone Lista
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Stefan J Teipel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - Francesco Garaci
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology, and Radiotherapy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome and San Raffaele Cassino, Cassino, Italy
| | - Robert Nisticò
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Lars Bertram
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Raymond-Escourolle, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Hovagim Bakardjian
- IM2A - Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, Paris, France; IHU-A-ICM - Paris Institute of Translational Neurosciences Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Olivier Colliot
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, UMR-S975 Paris, France; Inserm, U975, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France; ICM - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France; INRIA, Aramis Team, Centre de Recherche Paris-Rocquencourt, France
| | - Stéphane Epelbaum
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Karl Broich
- Federal Institute of Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - Stéphane Lehéricy
- IHU-A-ICM - Paris Institute of Translational Neurosciences Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, UMR-S975 Paris, France; Inserm, U975, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France; ICM - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, UMR-S975 Paris, France; Inserm, U975, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France; ICM - Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, Paris, France
| | | | - Paul S Aisen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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16
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Spencer NG, Bridges LR, Elderfield K, Amir K, Austen B, Howe FA. Quantitative evaluation of MRI and histological characteristics of the 5xFAD Alzheimer mouse brain. Neuroimage 2013; 76:108-15. [PMID: 23507393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque load in Alzheimer's disease by MRI would provide an important biomarker to monitor disease progression or treatment response. Alterations in tissue structure caused by the presence of Aβ may cause localised changes that can be detected by quantitative T₁ and T₂ relaxation time measurements averaged over larger areas of tissue than that of individual plaques. We constructed depth profiles of the T₁ and T₂ relaxation times of the cerebral cortex with subjacent white matter and hippocampus in six 5xFAD transgenic and six control mice at 11 months of age. We registered these profiles with corresponding profiles of three immunohistochemical markers: β-amyloid; neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN), a marker of neuronal cell load; and myelin basic protein (MBP), a marker of myelin load. We found lower T₁ in the 5xFAD transgenic mice compared to wild type control mice at all depths, with maximum sensitivity for detection at specific layers. T₁ negatively correlated with Aβ staining intensity in the 5xFAD mice which had no changes in NeuN and MBP staining compared to wild type mice. We postulate that these relaxation time changes are due to the presence of β-amyloid in the transgenic mice. It may be clinically feasible to develop a similar layered analysis protocol as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Spencer
- Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's University, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
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17
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Vanhoutte G, Pereson S, Delgado y Palacios R, Guns PJ, Asselbergh B, Veraart J, Sijbers J, Verhoye M, Van Broeckhoven C, Van der Linden A. Diffusion kurtosis imaging to detect amyloidosis in an APP/PS1 mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. Magn Reson Med 2013; 69:1115-21. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Greetje Vanhoutte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bio-Imaging Lab; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Sandra Pereson
- Department of Molecular Genetics; VIB Antwerp Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics; Institute Born-Bunge; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | | | - Pieter-Jan Guns
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bio-Imaging Lab; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
- Expert Group Antwerp Molecular Imaging (EGAMI); University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | | | - Jelle Veraart
- Department of Physics, IMinds-Vision Lab; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Jan Sijbers
- Department of Physics, IMinds-Vision Lab; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Marleen Verhoye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bio-Imaging Lab; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Department of Molecular Genetics; VIB Antwerp Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics; Institute Born-Bunge; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Annemie Van der Linden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bio-Imaging Lab; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
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18
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The age-related deficit in LTP is associated with changes in perfusion and blood-brain barrier permeability. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1005.e23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Bales KR. The value and limitations of transgenic mouse models used in drug discovery for Alzheimer's disease: an update. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:281-97. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.666234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Koronyo Y, Salumbides BC, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Alzheimer's disease in the retina: imaging retinal aβ plaques for early diagnosis and therapy assessment. NEURODEGENER DIS 2012; 10:285-93. [PMID: 22343730 DOI: 10.1159/000335154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Definite Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis at early stages is vital for targeting intervention, yet currently unavailable. Noninvasive detection of the pathological hallmark, amyloid-β protein (Aβ) plaques, is limited in the brain. However, the existence of Aβ plaques in the retina, possibly at presymptomatic stages, may improve early detection of AD. OBJECTIVE To summarize clinical and preclinical evidence showing that the retina, an accessible part of the central nervous system, displays abnormalities in AD, especially Aβ plaque pathology. The ability to monitor in vivo retinal plaque dynamics in response to immunotherapy is also assessed. METHODS Literature analysis of retinal AD pathology and imaging is provided. In our studies, systemic curcumin is administered to enable monitoring of retinal Aβ plaques in live APP(SWE)/PS1(Δ)(E9) transgenic mice by optical imaging. RESULTS Visual and retinal abnormalities, including early manifestation of retinal Aβ plaque pathology, have been documented in AD patients and animal models. In mouse models, retinal Aβ plaques accumulate with age and decrease in response to immunotherapy, consistent with brain pathology. Here, we demonstrate that retinal plaques can be individually monitored in real time following glatiramer acetate immunization. CONCLUSION Translation of noninvasive retinal-plaque imaging to humans could eventually facilitate early and accurate AD diagnosis and therapy assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
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21
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Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Utilization of Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Models in Studies of Amyloid Beta Clearance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1:11-20. [PMID: 23440676 PMCID: PMC3575554 DOI: 10.1007/s13670-011-0004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been shown to be capable of clearing or at least restricting the accumulation of toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) deposits. Recently, bone marrow (BM)–derived monocytic cells have been recognized in experimental studies to be superior in their phagocytic properties when compared to their brain endogenous counterparts. In human AD, BM-derived monocytic cells may have deficiencies in their capacity to restrict plaque growth. Therefore, enhancement of phagocytic properties of cells of monocyte origin, both brain endogenous microglia and BM-derived monocytic cells, offers an attractive therapeutic approach to fight off AD. Transgenic mouse models with aberrant Aβ deposition offer a valuable tool for discovery of novel pathways to facilitate cell-mediated Aβ uptake. This article reviews the most recent findings on the phagocytic capacity of cells with monocytic origin in various transgenic AD models and describes the methods to study phagocytic activity of these cells.
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Teipel SJ, Buchert R, Thome J, Hampel H, Pahnke J. Development of Alzheimer-disease neuroimaging-biomarkers using mouse models with amyloid-precursor protein-transgene expression. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:547-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rotman M, Snoeks TJA, van der Weerd L. Pre-clinical optical imaging and MRI for drug development in Alzheimer's disease. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2011; 8:e117-e125. [PMID: 24990260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical and magnetic resonance imaging have the potential to be complementary non-invasive imaging modalities. Yet without advances in imaging technologies and contrast agents both have short-comings that cannot be ignored. In this review we demonstrate the pre-clinical use of the two imaging techniques in Alzheimer's disease, including examples from recent applications and discuss what is needed to improve their applicability for drug discovery.:
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Rotman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas J A Snoeks
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louise van der Weerd
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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