1
|
Magdaleno Herrero R, Murillo-García N, Yorca-Ruiz Á, Neergaard K, Crespo-Facorro B, Ayesa-Arriola R. Biomarkers as proxies for cognitive reserve: The role of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in first episode of psychosis. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2023:S1888-9891(23)00012-5. [PMID: 37852878 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The proxies used to compose cognitive reserve (CR) for patients of a first episode of psychosis (FEP) have varied in the literature. The development of FEP is linked to peripheral pathways of the central nervous system, yet despite this knowledge, no research has considered the introduction of biomarkers as proxies for CR. Meanwhile, schizophrenia has been linked to the metabolic system, indicating that alterations in the levels of biological parameters, in particular high-density lipoproteins (HDL), cause worse global functioning and cognitive impairment. For these reasons, the present study aimed to create a quantifiable and objective CR index that adjusts for the multifactorial nature of FEP. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included 668 FEP patients and 217 healthy controls. Participants were assessed for sociodemographic information, years of education, employment status, premorbid IQ and biological parameters: waist circumference, hypertension, and levels of HDL, triglycerides, and glucose. RESULTS The findings suggest that the years of education proxy showed correlational and higher relationship with HDL levels for both FEP patients (r=0.23, b=0.185) and controls (r=0.31, b=0.342). We found that the CR index composed of years of education and HDL levels showed a higher explanatory power for the phenomenon than the classic CR index composed of years of education, employment status and premorbid IQ. CONCLUSIONS This article proposes an objective and quantifiable method to measure CR that is more the multifactorial nature of FEP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Magdaleno Herrero
- Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Doctoral School University of Cantabria (EDUC), Santander, Spain
| | - Nancy Murillo-García
- Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Doctoral School University of Cantabria (EDUC), Santander, Spain
| | - Ángel Yorca-Ruiz
- Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Doctoral School University of Cantabria (EDUC), Santander, Spain
| | - Karl Neergaard
- Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Sevilla, IBiS, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gibbons TD, Cotter JD, Ainslie PN, Abraham WC, Mockett BG, Campbell HA, Jones EMW, Jenkins EJ, Thomas KN. Fasting for 20 h does not affect exercise-induced increases in circulating BDNF in humans. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 36631068 DOI: 10.1113/jp283582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting and exercise provide neuroprotection from age-related cognitive decline. A link between these two seemingly distinct stressors is their capability to steer the brain away from exclusively glucose metabolism. This cerebral substrate switch has been implicated in upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein involved in neuroplasticity, learning and memory, and may underlie some of these neuroprotective effects. We examined the isolated and interactive effects of (1) 20-h fasting, (2) 90-min light exercise, and (3) high-intensity exercise on peripheral venous BDNF in 12 human volunteers. A follow-up study isolated the influence of cerebrovascular shear stress on circulating BDNF. Fasting for 20 h decreased glucose and increased ketones (P ≤ 0.0157) but had no effect on BDNF (P ≥ 0.4637). Light cycling at 25% of peak oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O 2 peak ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{peak}}}}$ ) increased serum BDNF by 6 ± 8% (independent of being fed or fasted) and was mediated by a 7 ± 6% increase in platelets (P < 0.0001). Plasma BDNF was increased from 336 pg l-1 [46,626] to 390 pg l-1 [127,653] by 90-min of light cycling (P = 0.0128). Six 40-s intervals at 100% of V ̇ O 2 peak ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{peak}}}}$ increased plasma and serum BDNF, as well as the BDNF-per-platelet ratio 4- to 5-fold more than light exercise did (P ≤ 0.0044). Plasma BDNF was correlated with circulating lactate during the high-intensity intervals (r = 0.47, P = 0.0057), but not during light exercise (P = 0.7407). Changes in cerebral shear stress - whether occurring naturally during exercise or induced experimentally with inspired CO2 - did not correspond with changes in BDNF (P ≥ 0.2730). BDNF responses to low-intensity exercise are mediated by increased circulating platelets, and increasing either exercise duration or particularly intensity is required to liberate free BDNF. KEY POINTS: Intermittent fasting and exercise both have potent neuroprotective effects and an acute upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) appears to be a common mechanistic link. Switching the brain's fuel source from glucose to either ketone bodies or lactate, i.e. a cerebral substrate switch, has been shown to promote BDNF production in the rodent brain. Fasting for 20 h caused a 9-fold increase in ketone body delivery to the brain but had no effect on any metric of BDNF in peripheral circulation at rest. Prolonged (90 min) light cycling exercise increased plasma- and serum-derived BDNF irrespective of being fed or fasted and seemed to be independent of changes in cerebral shear stress. Six minutes of high-intensity cycling intervals increased every metric of circulating BDNF by 4 to 5 times more than prolonged low-intensity cycling; the increase in plasma-derived BDNF was correlated with a 6-fold increase in circulating lactate irrespective of feeding or fasting. Compared to 1 day of fasting with or without prolonged light exercise, high-intensity exercise is a much more efficient means to increase BDNF in circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis D Gibbons
- School of Physical Education, Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, School of Health and Exercise Science, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James D Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, School of Health and Exercise Science, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bruce G Mockett
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Holly A Campbell
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Emma M W Jones
- School of Physical Education, Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elliott J Jenkins
- School of Physical Education, Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kate N Thomas
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang WR, Wu W, Yang LJ, Yang W, Tian Q, Yao ZH. Alteration of Cognitive Function in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Mice Is Related to Dysfunction of the Neuroimmune System. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:815-839. [PMID: 37334607 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and aging have aging-related cognitive dysfunction with a high incidence. These neurological diseases cause serious cognitive problems in patients' daily life. But the cognitive dysfunction mechanism in-depth of aging is far less known than that of AD. OBJECTIVE To reveal the different mechanisms of AD and aging-related cognitive dysfunction, we compared the mechanisms of aging and AD through analysis of differentially expressed genes. METHODS Mice were divided into four groups (3-month C57BL, 16-month C57BL, 3-month 3xTg AD mice, and 16-month 3xTg AD mice) according to genotype and age. The Morris water maze was employed to investigate the spatial cognition of mice. Differential expressions of genes of AD and aging were analyzed through RNA sequencing and GO, KEGG, Reactome analysis, and the dynamic change trend analysis. Microglia was stained with immunofluorescence and its numbers were counted for analysis. RESULTS The cognitive function of elderly mice were worse through testing with the Morris water maze. The cognitive function of 16-month 3xTg AD mice were worse than 16-month C57BL mice. The alteration tendencies of DE genes were uncovered, and microglia numbers increased during aging and AD progression through immunofluorescence. CONCLUSION These results suggest that immune-related pathways might play a critical role in aging and AD-related cognitive dysfunction. Our research will help to provide some new potential targets for treating cognitive dysfunction in aging and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Rong Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Jie Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanzhexi Yang
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Yao
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ghosh-Swaby OR, Reichelt AC, Sheppard PAS, Davies J, Bussey TJ, Saksida LM. Metabolic hormones mediate cognition. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 66:101009. [PMID: 35679900 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent biochemical and behavioural evidence indicates that metabolic hormones not only regulate energy intake and nutrient content, but also modulate plasticity and cognition in the central nervous system. Disruptions in metabolic hormone signalling may provide a link between metabolic syndromes like obesity and diabetes, and cognitive impairment. For example, altered metabolic homeostasis in obesity is a strong determinant of the severity of age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease. Here we review the evidence that eating behaviours and metabolic hormones-particularly ghrelin, leptin, and insulin-are key players in the delicate regulation of neural plasticity and cognition. Caloric restriction and antidiabetic therapies, both of which affect metabolic hormone levels can restore metabolic homeostasis and enhance cognitive function. Thus, metabolic hormone pathways provide a promising target for the treatment of cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Ghosh-Swaby
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience Program, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Amy C Reichelt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul A S Sheppard
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Davies
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience Program, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience Program, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peng X, Shi X, Huang J, Zhang S, Yan Y, Ma D, Xu W, Xu W, Dong K, Tao J, Li M, Yang Y. Exendin-4 Improves Cognitive Function of Diabetic Mice via Increasing Brain Insulin Synthesis. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:546-557. [PMID: 34587885 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210929150004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes(T2D) patients are more prone to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have previously shown that Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agon- ist exendin-4 (Ex-4) reduces tau hyperphosphorylation in T2D animals through upregulating in- sulin signaling, and peripheral injected Ex-4 increases insulin levels in the T2D brain. This study aims to further clarify whether the elevated insulin in the brain is produced by nerve cells under the action of Ex-4. METHODS The neuronal cell line-HT22 was treated with Ex-4 under high glucose or normal cultiva- tion, and the number of insulin-positive cells as well as the expression levels of insulin synthesis-re- lated genes were examined. The db/db mice were treated with a peripheral injection of Ex-4 and/or intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of siRNA to inhibit the expression of insulin synthesis-relat- ed genes and the behavior tests were carried on. Finally, plasma glucose, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose, CSF insulin, phosphorylation of tau, phosphorylation of AKT and GSK-3β of db/db mice were detected. RESULTS We found that Ex-4 promoted the expression of insulin synthesis-related genes and in- duced an obvious increase of insulin-positive HT-22 neuronal cells in a high glucose environment. Peripheral injection of Ex-4 improved the cognitive function of db/db mice and increased brain in- sulin levels which activated brain insulin signaling and subsequently alleviated tau hyperphosphory- lation. However, when siRNA-neurod1 was injected to block insulin synthesis, the cognitive func- tion of db/db mice was not improved under the action of Ex-4 anymore. Moreover, the brain in- sulin levels dropped to an extremely low level, and the phosphorylation level of tau increased signi- ficantly. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that Ex-4 improved cognition function by promoting brain in- sulin synthesis followed by the activation of brain insulin signaling and alleviation of tau hyper- phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei. China
| | - Xiaoli Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei. China
| | - Jiaojiao Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei. China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei. China
| | - Yongli Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei. China
| | - Delin Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei. China
| | - Weijie Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei. China
| | - Weijie Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei. China
| | - Kun Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei. China
| | - Jing Tao
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei. China
| | - Mengni Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cavendish JZ, Sarkar SN, Colantonio MA, Quintana DD, Ahmed N, White BA, Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Simpkins JW. Mitochondrial Movement and Number Deficits in Embryonic Cortical Neurons from 3xTg-AD Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:139-151. [PMID: 31177221 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is often found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and animal models. Clinical severity of AD is linked to early deficiencies in cognitive function and brain metabolism, indicating that pathological changes may begin early in life. Previous studies showed decreased mitochondrial function in primary hippocampal neurons from triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) mice and mitochondrial movement and structure deficits in primary neurons exposed to amyloid-β oligomers. The present study characterized mitochondrial movement, number, and structure in 3xTg-AD primary cortical neurons and non-transgenic (nonTg) controls. We found a significant reduction in mitochondrial number and movement in 3xTg-AD primary cortical neurons with modest structural changes. Additionally, application of the sigma-1 receptor agonist, (+)SKF-10,047, markedly increased mitochondrial movement in both 3xTg-AD and nonTg primary cortical cultures after one hour of treatment. (+)SKF-10,047 also led to a trend of increased mitochondrial number in 3xTg-AD cultures. Embryonic mitochondrial movement and number deficits could be among the key steps in the early pathogenesis of AD that compromise cognitive or metabolic reserve, and amelioration of these deficits could be a promising area for further preclinical and clinical study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Z Cavendish
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Saumyendra N Sarkar
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mark A Colantonio
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dominic D Quintana
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Nadia Ahmed
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Brishti A White
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Engler-Chiurazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - James W Simpkins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Correa CR, Schena C, Lopes SC, Prediger RD, Silva EL, Venske DKR, Ribeiro LC, Moreira JD. Combined effects of caloric restriction and fish oil attenuated anti-depressant and anxiolytic-like effects of fish oil: association with hippocampal BDNF concentrations. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112770. [PMID: 32561388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3-enriched fish oil (FO) and caloric restriction (CR) are nutritional therapeutic approaches that exert an important impact on brain function, behavior, memory, and neuroprotection. Here, we investigate the synergic effects of both therapeutic approaches combined (CR + FO) on behavior (memory, anxiety-like behavior, antidepressant-like behavior), as well as its association with hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four dietary groups: Control group (C) - chow ad libitum; CR group - 30 % CR, considering C group food intake; FO group - FO-enriched chow ad libitum; and CR + FO group - FO-enriched 30 % CR chow. After 12 weeks of dietary treatment, behavioural analysis set was conducted, and hippocampal BDNF concentrations were measured. FO group presented anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like behaviors as well as improved memory in the Morris' water maze. These effects were attenuated by the combined CR + FO treatment. FO group also presented higher BDNF concentrations. There was a positive association between the number of entries in the platform quadrant in the MWM and hippocampal BDNF concentrations (β = 0.39; R² = 0.15; p = 0.042) and an inverse association between forced swim immobility time and BDNF concentrations (β = -0.39; R² = 0.15; p = 0.041). Taken together, our data showed that the 12-week FO dietary treatment promoted anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like behaviors as well as memory improvement, and these effects were associated with BDNF concentrations. Synergic effects of interventions attenuated FO-related behavioral responses and BDNF concentrations and probably reduced hippocampal neuroplasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia R Correa
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Centre, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil
| | - Claudia Schena
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Centre, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil
| | - Samantha C Lopes
- Post Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil; Medical Science Research Group - Biomedical and Clinical Investigation, Medicine Graduation Course, Centro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itajaí. Brazil
| | - Rui D Prediger
- Post Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil
| | - E L Silva
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Centre, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil
| | - Débora K R Venske
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Centre, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil
| | - L C Ribeiro
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Centre, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil
| | - J D Moreira
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Centre, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ebaid D, Crewther SG. Time for a Systems Biological Approach to Cognitive Aging?-A Critical Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:114. [PMID: 32477097 PMCID: PMC7236912 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying premise of current theories of cognitive decline with age tend to be primarily cognitive or biological explanations, with relatively few theories adequately integrating both aspects. Though literature has also emphasized the importance of several factors that contribute to cognitive aging including: (a) decline in sensory abilities; (b) the effect of motor speed on paper-pencil measures of cognitive speed; (c) the impact of level of education and physical activity; and (d) molecular biological changes that occur with age, these factors have seldom been implicated into any single theoretical model of cognitive aging. Indeed, such an integrated bio-cognitive model of aging has the potential to provide a more comprehensive understanding of attention, perception, learning, and memory across the lifespan. Thus, the aim of this review was to critically evaluate common theories of age-related cognitive decline and highlight the need for a more comprehensive systems neuroscience approach to cognitive aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deena Ebaid
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chronic hyperglycemia impairs hippocampal neurogenesis and memory in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 92:98-113. [PMID: 32417750 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During aging, lifestyle-related factors shape the brain's response to insults and modulate the progression of neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is the case for chronic hyperglycemia associated with type 2 diabetes, which reduces the brain's ability to handle the neurodegenerative burden associated with AD. However, the mechanisms behind the effects of chronic hyperglycemia in the context of AD are not fully understood. Here, we show that newly generated neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of triple transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mice present increased dendritic arborization and a number of synaptic puncta, which may constitute a compensatory mechanism allowing the animals to cope with a lower neurogenesis rate. Contrariwise, chronic hyperglycemia decreases the complexity and differentiation of 3xTg-AD newborn neurons and reduces the levels of β-catenin, a key intrinsic modulator of neuronal maturation. Moreover, synaptic facilitation is depressed in hyperglycemic 3xTg-AD mice, accompanying the defective hippocampal-dependent memory. Our data suggest that hyperglycemia evokes cellular and functional alterations that accelerate the onset of AD-related symptoms, namely memory impairment.
Collapse
|
10
|
Smith PJ. Pathways of Prevention: A Scoping Review of Dietary and Exercise Interventions for Neurocognition. Brain Plast 2019; 5:3-38. [PMID: 31970058 PMCID: PMC6971820 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-190083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) represent an increasingly urgent public health concern, with an increasing number of baby boomers now at risk. Due to a lack of efficacious therapies among symptomatic older adults, an increasing emphasis has been placed on preventive measures that can curb or even prevent ADRD development among middle-aged adults. Lifestyle modification using aerobic exercise and dietary modification represents one of the primary treatment modalities used to mitigate ADRD risk, with an increasing number of trials demonstrating that exercise and dietary change, individually and together, improve neurocognitive performance among middle-aged and older adults. Despite several optimistic findings, examination of treatment changes across lifestyle interventions reveals a variable pattern of improvements, with large individual differences across trials. The present review attempts to synthesize available literature linking lifestyle modification to neurocognitive changes, outline putative mechanisms of treatment improvement, and discuss discrepant trial findings. In addition, previous mechanistic assumptions linking lifestyle to neurocognition are discussed, with a focus on potential solutions to improve our understanding of individual neurocognitive differences in response to lifestyle modification. Specific recommendations include integration of contemporary causal inference approaches for analyzing parallel mechanistic pathways and treatment-exposure interactions. Methodological recommendations include trial multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) design approaches that leverage individual differences for improved treatment outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Primary), Duke University Medical Center, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine (Secondary), Duke University Medical Center, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences (Secondary), Duke University, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang J, Zhang W, Gao X, Zhao Y, Chen D, Xu N, Pu H, Stetler RA, Gao Y. Preconditioning with partial caloric restriction confers long-term protection against grey and white matter injury after transient focal ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1394-1409. [PMID: 29972653 PMCID: PMC6668518 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18785480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has been extensively examined as a preventative strategy against aging and various diseases, but CR effects on cerebral ischemia are largely unknown. We subjected C57BL6/J mice to ad libitum food access (LF) or a diet restricted to 70% of ad libitum food access (RF) for two to four weeks followed by 60 min of transient focal ischemia (tFCI). RF for four weeks protected against subsequent tFCI-induced infarct. RF improved sensorimotor function after stroke in the foot fault and corner tests, as well as performance in the Morris water maze test. In addition, RF preserved ischemic white matter tract integrity assessed by histology and compound action potential. Sirt1 and Sirt3 were both upregulated in RF ischemic brain, but heterozygous deletion of Sirt1 or knockout of Sirt3 did not alter the protection induced by RF against ischemic injury. RF induced significant release of adiponectin, a hormone related to glucose metabolism. Knockout of adiponectin decreased RF-induced protection after tFCI. These data demonstrate the novel finding that white matter, as well as neurons, benefit from CR prior to cerebral ischemic injury, and that adiponectin may contribute to these protective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuguang Gao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfang Zhao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Xu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2 Pittsburgh Institute for Brain Disease and Recovery (PIBDR) and the Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Hongjian Pu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2 Pittsburgh Institute for Brain Disease and Recovery (PIBDR) and the Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - R Anne Stetler
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2 Pittsburgh Institute for Brain Disease and Recovery (PIBDR) and the Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang H, Shan W, Zhu F, Wu J, Wang Q. Ketone Bodies in Neurological Diseases: Focus on Neuroprotection and Underlying Mechanisms. Front Neurol 2019; 10:585. [PMID: 31244753 PMCID: PMC6581710 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that ketone bodies, which are derived from fatty acid oxidation and usually produced in fasting state or on high-fat diets have broad neuroprotective effects. Although the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of ketone bodies have not yet been fully elucidated, studies in recent years provided abundant shreds of evidence that ketone bodies exert neuroprotective effects through possible mechanisms of anti-oxidative stress, maintaining energy supply, modulating the activity of deacetylation and inflammatory responses. Based on the neuroprotective effects, the ketogenic diet has been used in the treatment of several neurological diseases such as refractory epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and traumatic brain injury. The ketogenic diet has great potential clinically, which should be further explored in future studies. It is necessary to specify the roles of components in ketone bodies and their therapeutic targets and related pathways to optimize the strategy and efficacy of ketogenic diet therapy in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cardoso BR, Szymlek-Gay EA, Roberts BR, Formica M, Gianoudis J, O'Connell S, Nowson CA, Daly RM. Selenium Status Is Not Associated with Cognitive Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study in 154 Older Australian Adults. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1847. [PMID: 30513714 PMCID: PMC6315874 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium was suggested to play a role in modulating cognitive performance and dementia risk. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between selenium status and cognitive performance, as well as inflammatory and neurotrophic markers in healthy older adults. This cross-sectional study included 154 older adults (≥60 years) from Victoria, Australia. Participants were assessed for cognitive performance (Cogstate battery), dietary selenium intake (two 24-h food recalls), plasma selenium concentration, inflammatory markers (interleukin (IL)-6, -8, -10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and adiponectin) and neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and insulin-like growth factor 1). Dietary selenium intake was adequate for 85% of all participants. The prevalence of selenium deficiency was low; only 8.4% did not have the minimum concentration in plasma required for optimization of iodothyronine 5' deiodinases activity. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that plasma selenium was not associated with cognitive performance, inflammatory markers nor neurotrophic factors, independent of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), habitual physical activity, APOE status, education, and history of cardiovascular disease. The lack of association might be due to the optimization of selenoproteins synthesis as a result of adequate selenium intake. Future prospective studies are recommended to explore potential associations of selenium status with age-associated cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara R Cardoso
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 3220 Geelong, Australia.
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, 3050 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ewa A Szymlek-Gay
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 3220 Geelong, Australia.
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, 3050 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Melissa Formica
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 3220 Geelong, Australia.
| | - Jenny Gianoudis
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 3220 Geelong, Australia.
| | - Stella O'Connell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 3220 Geelong, Australia.
| | - Caryl A Nowson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 3220 Geelong, Australia.
| | - Robin M Daly
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 3220 Geelong, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Exercise Training Protects Against Aging-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction via Activation of the Hippocampal PGC-1α/FNDC5/BDNF Pathway. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:386-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
15
|
Catarina AV, Luft C, Greggio S, Venturin GT, Ferreira F, Marques EP, Rodrigues L, Wartchow K, Leite MC, Gonçalves CA, Wyse ATS, Da Costa JC, De Oliveira JR, Branchini G, Nunes FB. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate preserves glucose metabolism integrity and reduces reactive oxygen species in the brain during experimental sepsis. Brain Res 2018; 1698:54-61. [PMID: 29932894 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is one of the main causes of hospitalization and mortality in Intensive Care Units. One of the first manifestations of sepsis is encephalopathy, reported in up to 70% of patients, being associated with higher mortality and morbidity. The factors that cause sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) are still not well known, and may be multifactorial, as perfusion changes, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and glycolytic metabolism alterations. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), a metabolite of the glycolytic route, has been reported as neuroprotective agent. The present study used an experimental sepsis model in C57BL/6 mice. We used in vivo brain imaging to evaluate glycolytic metabolism through microPET scans and the radiopharmaceutical 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG). Brain images were obtained before and 12 h after the induction of sepsis in animals with and without FBP treatment. We also evaluated the treatment effects in the brain oxidative stress by measuring the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the activity of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and the levels of fluorescent marker 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF). There was a significant decrease in brain glucose metabolism due to experimental sepsis. A significant protective effect of FBP treatment was observed in the cerebral metabolic outcomes. FBP also modulated the production of ROS, evidenced by reduced CAT activity and lower levels of DCF. Our results suggest that FBP may be a possible candidate in the treatment of SAE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson V Catarina
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Luft
- Laboratório de Biofísica Celular e Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Samuel Greggio
- Centro de Pesquisa Pré-Clínica, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul - Brain Institute (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gianina T Venturin
- Centro de Pesquisa Pré-Clínica, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul - Brain Institute (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo P Marques
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Letícia Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Proteínas Ligante de Cálcio do Sistema Nervoso Central, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Krista Wartchow
- Laboratório de Proteínas Ligante de Cálcio do Sistema Nervoso Central, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina C Leite
- Laboratório de Proteínas Ligante de Cálcio do Sistema Nervoso Central, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Proteínas Ligante de Cálcio do Sistema Nervoso Central, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaderson C Da Costa
- Centro de Pesquisa Pré-Clínica, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul - Brain Institute (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jarbas R De Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biofísica Celular e Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gisele Branchini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda B Nunes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratório de Biofísica Celular e Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Malekizadeh Y, Holiday A, Redfearn D, Ainge JA, Doherty G, Harvey J. A Leptin Fragment Mirrors the Cognitive Enhancing and Neuroprotective Actions of Leptin. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4769-4782. [PMID: 27600840 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A key pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation that triggers synaptic impairments and neuronal death. Metabolic disruption is common in AD and recent evidence implicates impaired leptin function in AD. Thus the leptin system may be a novel therapeutic target in AD. Indeed, leptin has cognitive enhancing properties and it prevents the aberrant effects of Aβ on hippocampal synaptic function and neuronal viability. However, as leptin is a large peptide, development of smaller leptin-mimetics may be the best therapeutic approach. Thus, we have examined the cognitive enhancing and neuroprotective properties of known bioactive leptin fragments. Here we show that the leptin (116-130) fragment, but not leptin (22-56), mirrored the ability of leptin to promote AMPA receptor trafficking to synapses and facilitate activity-dependent hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Administration of leptin (116-130) also mirrored the cognitive enhancing effects of leptin as it enhanced performance in episodic-like memory tests. Moreover, leptin (116-130) prevented hippocampal synaptic disruption and neuronal cell death in models of amyloid toxicity. These findings establish further the importance of the leptin system as a therapeutic target in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Malekizadeh
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 9SY, UK
| | - Alison Holiday
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, St Mary's Quad, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, FifeKY16 9TS, UK
| | - Devon Redfearn
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, St Mary's Quad, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, FifeKY16 9TS, UK
| | - James A Ainge
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, St Mary's Quad, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, FifeKY16 9TS, UK
| | - Gayle Doherty
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, St Mary's Quad, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, FifeKY16 9TS, UK
| | - Jenni Harvey
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 9SY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hunter S, Smailagic N, Brayne C. Dementia Research: Populations, Progress, Problems, and Predictions. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:S119-S143. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-179927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Hunter
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadja Smailagic
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Perkins M, Wolf AB, Chavira B, Shonebarger D, Meckel JP, Leung L, Ballina L, Ly S, Saini A, Jones TB, Vallejo J, Jentarra G, Valla J. Altered Energy Metabolism Pathways in the Posterior Cingulate in Young Adult Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 Carriers. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:95-106. [PMID: 27128370 PMCID: PMC4942726 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The APOE gene, encoding apolipoprotein E, is the primary genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele (APOE4) carriers have alterations in brain structure and function (as measured by brain imaging) even as young adults. Examination of this population is valuable in further identifying details of these functional changes and their association with vulnerability to AD decades later. Previous work demonstrates functional declines in mitochondrial activity in the posterior cingulate cortex, a key region in the default mode network, which appears to be strongly associated with functional changes relevant to AD risk. Here, we demonstrate alterations in the pathways underlying glucose, ketone, and mitochondrial energy metabolism. Young adult APOE4 carriers displayed upregulation of specific glucose (GLUT1 & GLUT3) and monocarboxylate (MCT2) transporters, the glucose metabolism enzyme hexokinase, the SCOT & AACS enzymes involved in ketone metabolism, and complexes I, II, and IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. The monocarboxylate transporter (MCT4) was found to be downregulated in APOE4 carriers. These data suggest that widespread dysregulation of energy metabolism in this at-risk population, even decades before possible disease onset. Therefore, these findings support the idea that alterations in brain energy metabolism may contribute significantly to the risk that APOE4 confers for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Perkins
- Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew B Wolf
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bernardo Chavira
- Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - J P Meckel
- Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Lana Leung
- Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Sarah Ly
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aman Saini
- Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | | | - Johana Vallejo
- Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Garilyn Jentarra
- Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jon Valla
- Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Insulin modulates hippocampally-mediated spatial working memory via glucose transporter-4. Behav Brain Res 2017; 338:32-39. [PMID: 28943428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-regulated glucose transporter, GluT4, is a key molecule in peripheral insulin signaling. Although GluT4 is abundantly expressed in neurons of specific brain regions such as the hippocampus, the functional role of neuronal GluT4 is unclear. Here, we used pharmacological inhibition of GluT4-mediated glucose uptake to determine whether GluT4 mediates insulin-mediated glucose uptake in the hippocampus. Consistent with previous reports, we found that glucose utilization increased in the dorsal hippocampus of male rats during spontaneous alternation (SA), a hippocampally-mediated spatial working memory task. We previously showed that insulin signaling within the hippocampus is required for processing this task, and that administration of exogenous insulin enhances performance. At baseline levels of hippocampal insulin, inhibition of GluT4-mediated glucose uptake did not affect SA performance. However, inhibition of an upstream regulator of GluT4, Akt, did impair SA performance. Conversely, when a memory-enhancing dose of insulin was delivered to the hippocampus prior to SA-testing, inhibition of GluT4-mediated glucose transport prevented cognitive enhancement. These data suggest that baseline hippocampal cognitive processing does not require functional hippocampal GluT4, but that cognitive enhancement by supra-baseline insulin does. Consistent with these findings, we found that in neuronal cell culture, insulin increases glucose utilization in a GluT4-dependent manner. Collectively, these data demonstrate a key role for GluT4 in transducing the procognitive effects of elevated hippocampal insulin.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The world’s population is living much longer than in the past. It is crucial to find as many pathological factors that deteriorate the health condition and well-being of elderly people as possible. Loss of activity and functions over time is typical for elderly people. Aging affects brain function, metabolism and structure in different ways, and these effects have multiple etiologies. Cognitive impairment, impaired neurotransmitter activity and reduction of brain volume are observed in the elderly population. The process of brain aging is associated with a decrease of central insulin concentration as well as impairment of insulin receptor binding ability, resulting in deterioration of glucose homeostasis in the brain. Peripheral insulin resistance is a typical feature of older age. Data from the literature suggest that high circulating insulin and insulin resistance are important contributors to progressive cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative processes. The maintenance of insulin sensitivity and proper insulin signaling may lead to preserved cognition that results in well-being of elderly people.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Non-invasive neuroimaging methods have been developed as powerful tools for identifying in vivo brain functions for studies in humans and animals. Here we review the imaging biomarkers that are being used to determine the changes within brain metabolic and vascular functions induced by caloric restriction (CR), and their potential usefulness for future studies with dietary interventions in humans. RECENT FINDINGS CR causes an early shift in brain metabolism of glucose to ketone bodies, and enhances ATP production, neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow (CBF). With age, CR preserves mitochondrial activity, neurotransmission, CBF, and spatial memory. CR also reduces anxiety in aging mice. Neuroimaging studies in humans show that CR restores abnormal brain activity in the amygdala of women with obesity and enhances brain connectivity in old adults. SUMMARY Neuroimaging methods have excellent translational values and can be widely applied in future studies to identify dietary effects on brain functions in humans.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin AL, Jahrling JB, Zhang W, DeRosa N, Bakshi V, Romero P, Galvan V, Richardson A. Rapamycin rescues vascular, metabolic and learning deficits in apolipoprotein E4 transgenic mice with pre-symptomatic Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:217-226. [PMID: 26721390 PMCID: PMC5167110 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15621575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele is a common susceptibility gene for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Brain vascular and metabolic deficits can occur in cognitively normal apolipoprotein E ɛ4 carriers decades before the onset of Alzheimer's disease. The goal of this study was to determine whether early intervention using rapamycin could restore neurovascular and neurometabolic functions, and thus impede pathological progression of Alzheimer's disease-like symptoms in pre-symptomatic Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 transgenic mice. Using in vivo, multimodal neuroimaging, we found that apolipoprotein E ɛ4 mice treated with rapamycin had restored cerebral blood flow, blood-brain barrier integrity and glucose metabolism, compared to age- and gender-matched wild-type controls. The preserved vasculature and metabolism were associated with amelioration of incipient learning deficits. We also found that rapamycin restored the levels of the proinflammatory cyclophilin A in vasculature, which may contribute to the preservation of cerebrovascular function in the apolipoprotein E ɛ4 transgenics. Our results show that rapamycin improves functional outcomes in this mouse model and may have potential as an effective intervention to block progression of vascular, metabolic and early cognitive deficits in human Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 carriers. As rapamycin is FDA-approved and neuroimaging is readily used in humans, the results of the present study may provide the basis for future Alzheimer's disease intervention studies in human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA .,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jordan B Jahrling
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas DeRosa
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vikas Bakshi
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter Romero
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center and Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Diniz DG, de Oliveira MA, de Lima CM, Fôro CAR, Sosthenes MCK, Bento-Torres J, da Costa Vasconcelos PF, Anthony DC, Diniz CWP. Age, environment, object recognition and morphological diversity of GFAP-immunolabeled astrocytes. Behav Brain Funct 2016; 12:28. [PMID: 27719674 PMCID: PMC5056502 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-016-0111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have explored the glial response to a standard environment and how the response may be associated with age-related cognitive decline in learning and memory. Here we investigated aging and environmental influences on hippocampal-dependent tasks and on the morphology of an unbiased selected population of astrocytes from the molecular layer of dentate gyrus, which is the main target of perforant pathway. Results Six and twenty-month-old female, albino Swiss mice were housed, from weaning, in a standard or enriched environment, including running wheels for exercise and tested for object recognition and contextual memories. Young adult and aged subjects, independent of environment, were able to distinguish familiar from novel objects. All experimental groups, except aged mice from standard environment, distinguish stationary from displaced objects. Young adult but not aged mice, independent of environment, were able to distinguish older from recent objects. Only young mice from an enriched environment were able to distinguish novel from familiar contexts. Unbiased selected astrocytes from the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus were reconstructed in three-dimensions and classified using hierarchical cluster analysis of bimodal or multimodal morphological features. We found two morphological phenotypes of astrocytes and we designated type I the astrocytes that exhibited significantly higher values of morphological complexity as compared with type II. Complexity = [Sum of the terminal orders + Number of terminals] × [Total branch length/Number of primary branches]. On average, type I morphological complexity seems to be much more sensitive to age and environmental influences than that of type II. Indeed, aging and environmental impoverishment interact and reduce the morphological complexity of type I astrocytes at a point that they could not be distinguished anymore from type II. Conclusions We suggest these two types of astrocytes may have different physiological roles and that the detrimental effects of aging on memory in mice from a standard environment may be associated with a reduction of astrocytes morphological diversity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12993-016-0111-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações Em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Rua dos Mundurucus 4487, Guamá, Belém, Pará, CEP 66073-000, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Marcus Augusto de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigações Em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Rua dos Mundurucus 4487, Guamá, Belém, Pará, CEP 66073-000, Brazil
| | - Camila Mendes de Lima
- Laboratório de Investigações Em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Rua dos Mundurucus 4487, Guamá, Belém, Pará, CEP 66073-000, Brazil
| | - César Augusto Raiol Fôro
- Laboratório de Investigações Em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Rua dos Mundurucus 4487, Guamá, Belém, Pará, CEP 66073-000, Brazil
| | - Marcia Consentino Kronka Sosthenes
- Laboratório de Investigações Em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Rua dos Mundurucus 4487, Guamá, Belém, Pará, CEP 66073-000, Brazil
| | - João Bento-Torres
- Laboratório de Investigações Em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Rua dos Mundurucus 4487, Guamá, Belém, Pará, CEP 66073-000, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Clive Anthony
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações Em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Rua dos Mundurucus 4487, Guamá, Belém, Pará, CEP 66073-000, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vermeij WP, Dollé MET, Reiling E, Jaarsma D, Payan-Gomez C, Bombardieri CR, Wu H, Roks AJM, Botter SM, van der Eerden BC, Youssef SA, Kuiper RV, Nagarajah B, van Oostrom CT, Brandt RMC, Barnhoorn S, Imholz S, Pennings JLA, de Bruin A, Gyenis Á, Pothof J, Vijg J, van Steeg H, Hoeijmakers JHJ. Restricted diet delays accelerated ageing and genomic stress in DNA-repair-deficient mice. Nature 2016; 537:427-431. [PMID: 27556946 PMCID: PMC5161687 DOI: 10.1038/nature19329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mice deficient in the DNA excision-repair gene Ercc1 (Ercc1∆/-) show numerous accelerated ageing features that limit their lifespan to 4-6 months. They also exhibit a 'survival response', which suppresses growth and enhances cellular maintenance. Such a response resembles the anti-ageing response induced by dietary restriction (also known as caloric restriction). Here we report that a dietary restriction of 30% tripled the median and maximal remaining lifespans of these progeroid mice, strongly retarding numerous aspects of accelerated ageing. Mice undergoing dietary restriction retained 50% more neurons and maintained full motor function far beyond the lifespan of mice fed ad libitum. Other DNA-repair-deficient, progeroid Xpg-/- (also known as Ercc5-/-) mice, a model of Cockayne syndrome, responded similarly. The dietary restriction response in Ercc1∆/- mice closely resembled the effects of dietary restriction in wild-type animals. Notably, liver tissue from Ercc1∆/- mice fed ad libitum showed preferential extinction of the expression of long genes, a phenomenon we also observed in several tissues ageing normally. This is consistent with the accumulation of stochastic, transcription-blocking lesions that affect long genes more than short ones. Dietary restriction largely prevented this declining transcriptional output and reduced the number of γH2AX DNA damage foci, indicating that dietary restriction preserves genome function by alleviating DNA damage. Our findings establish the Ercc1∆/- mouse as a powerful model organism for health-sustaining interventions, reveal potential for reducing endogenous DNA damage, facilitate a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of dietary restriction and suggest a role for counterintuitive dietary-restriction-like therapy for human progeroid genome instability syndromes and possibly neurodegeneration in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W P Vermeij
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M E T Dollé
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - E Reiling
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - D Jaarsma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Payan-Gomez
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24, 63C-69 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - C R Bombardieri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A J M Roks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S M Botter
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Orthopedic Research, Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - B C van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S A Youssef
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80125, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R V Kuiper
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80125, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B Nagarajah
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - C T van Oostrom
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - R M C Brandt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Barnhoorn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Imholz
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - J L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80125, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Division Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Á Gyenis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Pothof
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Vijg
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - H van Steeg
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J H J Hoeijmakers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,CECAD Forschungszentrum, Universität zu Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, 50931 Köln, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Amylin-mediated control of glycemia, energy balance, and cognition. Physiol Behav 2016; 162:130-40. [PMID: 26922873 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Amylin, a peptide hormone produced in the pancreas and in the brain, has well-established physiological roles in glycemic regulation and energy balance control. It improves postprandial blood glucose levels by suppressing gastric emptying and glucagon secretion; these beneficial effects have led to the FDA-approved use of the amylin analog pramlintide in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Amylin also acts centrally as a satiation signal, reducing food intake and body weight. The ability of amylin to promote negative energy balance, along with its unique capacity to cooperatively facilitate or enhance the intake- and body weight-suppressive effects of other neuroendocrine signals like leptin, have made amylin a leading target for the development of novel pharmacotherapies for the treatment of obesity. In addition to these more widely studied effects, a growing body of literature suggests that amylin may play a role in processes related to cognition, including the neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the function of amylin in AD is still unclear, intriguing recent reports indicate that amylin may improve cognitive ability and reduce hallmarks of neurodegeneration in the brain. The frequent comorbidity of diabetes mellitus and obesity, as well as the increased risk for and occurrence of AD associated with these metabolic diseases, suggests that amylin-based pharmaceutical strategies may provide multiple therapeutic benefits. This review will discuss the known effects of amylin on glycemic regulation, energy balance control, and cognitive/motivational processes. Particular focus will be devoted to the current and/or potential future clinical use of amylin pharmacotherapies for the treatment of diseases in each of these realms.
Collapse
|
26
|
Tadi M, Allaman I, Lengacher S, Grenningloh G, Magistretti PJ. Learning-Induced Gene Expression in the Hippocampus Reveals a Role of Neuron -Astrocyte Metabolic Coupling in Long Term Memory. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141568. [PMID: 26513352 PMCID: PMC4625956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the expression of genes related to brain energy metabolism and particularly those encoding glia (astrocyte)-specific functions in the dorsal hippocampus subsequent to learning. Context-dependent avoidance behavior was tested in mice using the step-through Inhibitory Avoidance (IA) paradigm. Animals were sacrificed 3, 9, 24, or 72 hours after training or 3 hours after retention testing. The quantitative determination of mRNA levels revealed learning-induced changes in the expression of genes thought to be involved in astrocyte-neuron metabolic coupling in a time dependent manner. Twenty four hours following IA training, an enhanced gene expression was seen, particularly for genes encoding monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 (MCT1, MCT4), alpha2 subunit of the Na/K-ATPase and glucose transporter type 1. To assess the functional role for one of these genes in learning, we studied MCT1 deficient mice and found that they exhibit impaired memory in the inhibitory avoidance task. Together, these observations indicate that neuron-glia metabolic coupling undergoes metabolic adaptations following learning as indicated by the change in expression of key metabolic genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tadi
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Igor Allaman
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Lengacher
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Grenningloh
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre J. Magistretti
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, KSA, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Giuffrida ML, Tomasello MF, Pandini G, Caraci F, Battaglia G, Busceti C, Di Pietro P, Pappalardo G, Attanasio F, Chiechio S, Bagnoli S, Nacmias B, Sorbi S, Vigneri R, Rizzarelli E, Nicoletti F, Copani A. Monomeric ß-amyloid interacts with type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptors to provide energy supply to neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:297. [PMID: 26300732 PMCID: PMC4528168 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ß-amyloid (Aß1−42) is produced by proteolytic cleavage of the transmembrane type-1 protein, amyloid precursor protein. Under pathological conditions, Aß1−42self-aggregates into oligomers, which cause synaptic dysfunction and neuronal loss, and are considered the culprit of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, Aß1−42 is mainly monomeric at physiological concentrations, and the precise role of monomeric Aß1−42 in neuronal function is largely unknown. We report that the monomer of Aß1−42 activates type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptors and enhances glucose uptake in neurons and peripheral cells by promoting the translocation of the Glut3 glucose transporter from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. In neurons, activity-dependent glucose uptake was blunted after blocking endogenous Aß production, and re-established in the presence of cerebrospinal fluid Aß. APP-null neurons failed to enhance depolarization-stimulated glucose uptake unless exogenous monomeric Aß1−42 was added. These data suggest that Aß1−42 monomers were critical for maintaining neuronal glucose homeostasis. Accordingly, exogenous Aß1−42 monomers were able to rescue the low levels of glucose consumption observed in brain slices from AD mutant mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Giuffrida
- National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging Catania, Italy
| | - Marianna F Tomasello
- National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging Catania, Italy ; PhD Program in Neuropharmacology, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pandini
- National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging Catania, Italy ; Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy ; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging Troina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Carla Busceti
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Paola Di Pietro
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pappalardo
- National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Attanasio
- National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging Catania, Italy
| | - Santina Chiechio
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Sandro Sorbi
- NEUROFARBA, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vigneri
- National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging Catania, Italy ; Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging Catania, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy ; Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, University "La Sapienza" Rome, Italy
| | - Agata Copani
- National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging Catania, Italy ; Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lin AL, Zhang W, Gao X, Watts L. Caloric restriction increases ketone bodies metabolism and preserves blood flow in aging brain. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2296-2303. [PMID: 25896951 PMCID: PMC4457572 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to increase the life span and health span of a broad range of species. However, CR effects on in vivo brain functions are far from explored. In this study, we used multimetric neuroimaging methods to characterize the CR-induced changes of brain metabolic and vascular functions in aging rats. We found that old rats (24 months of age) with CR diet had reduced glucose uptake and lactate concentration, but increased ketone bodies level, compared with the age-matched and young (5 months of age) controls. The shifted metabolism was associated with preserved vascular function: old CR rats also had maintained cerebral blood flow relative to the age-matched controls. When investigating the metabolites in mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle, we found that citrate and α-ketoglutarate were preserved in the old CR rats. We suggest that CR is neuroprotective; ketone bodies, cerebral blood flow, and α-ketoglutarate may play important roles in preserving brain physiology in aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- Institutional Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lora Watts
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Waserman JE, Hategan A, Bourgeois JA. Harnessing neuroplasticity in Diogenes syndrome: a proposed mechanism to explain clinical improvement. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2014; 36:761.e3-5. [PMID: 25091139 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extreme neglect of one's living space and self-care is a perplexing condition termed Diogenes syndrome, where outcomes of intervention are often poor, with high relapse and mortality rates. Relatively little has been reported regarding management approaches. We present a case of Diogenes syndrome responsive to a structured behavioral paradigm during a hospital admission and speculate on the mechanism of neuroplasticity-based behavioral treatment in facilitating clinical improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Waserman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Hategan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - James A Bourgeois
- Department of Psychiatry/Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, Consultation-Liaison Service, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lin AL, Coman D, Jiang L, Rothman DL, Hyder F. Caloric restriction impedes age-related decline of mitochondrial function and neuronal activity. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1440-3. [PMID: 24984898 PMCID: PMC4158670 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) prolongs lifespan and retards many detrimental effects of aging, but its effect on brain mitochondrial function and neuronal activity--especially in healthy aging--remains unexplored. Here we measured rates of neuronal glucose oxidation and glutamate-glutamine neurotransmitter cycling in young control, old control (i.e., healthy aging), and old CR rats using in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We found that, compared with the young control, neuronal energy production and neurotransmission rates were significantly reduced in healthy aging, but were preserved in old CR rats. The results suggest that CR mitigated the age-related deceleration of brain physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Lin
- 1] Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Daniel Coman
- 1] Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA [2] Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA [3] Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lihong Jiang
- 1] Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA [2] Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA [3] Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- 1] Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA [2] Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA [3] Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA [4] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- 1] Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA [2] Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA [3] Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA [4] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zihl J, Fink T, Pargent F, Ziegler M, Bühner M. Cognitive reserve in young and old healthy subjects: differences and similarities in a testing-the-limits paradigm with DSST. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84590. [PMID: 24404176 PMCID: PMC3880294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive reserve (CR) is understood as capacity to cope with challenging conditions, e.g. after brain injury or in states of brain dysfunction, or age-related cognitive decline. CR in elderly subjects has attracted much research interest, but differences between healthy older and younger subjects have not been addressed in detail hitherto. Usually, one-time standard individual assessments are used to characterise CR. Here we observe CR as individual improvement in cognitive performance (gain) in a complex testing-the-limits paradigm, the digit symbol substitution test (DSST), with 10 repeated measurements, in 140 younger (20–30 yrs) and 140 older (57–74 yrs) healthy subjects. In addition, we assessed attention, memory and executive function, and mood and personality traits as potential influence factors for CR. We found that both, younger and older subjects showed significant gains, which were significantly correlated with speed of information processing, verbal short-term memory and visual problem solving in the older group only. Gender, personality traits and mood did not significantly influence gains in either group. Surprisingly about half of the older subjects performed at the level of the younger group, suggesting that interindividual differences in CR are possibly age-independent. We propose that these findings may also be understood as indication that one-time standard individual measurements do not allow assessment of CR, and that the use of DSST in a testing-the-limits paradigm is a valuable assessment method for CR in young and elderly subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Zihl
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Fink
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Pargent
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Ziegler
- Institute of Psychology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Bühner
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jellinger KA, Attems J. Neuropathological approaches to cerebral aging and neuroplasticity. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23576887 PMCID: PMC3622466 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2013.15.1/kjellinger] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral aging is a complex and heterogenous process related to a large variety of molecular changes involving multiple neuronal networks, due to alterations of neurons (synapses, axons, dendrites, etc), particularly affecting strategically important regions, such as hippocampus and prefrontal areas. A substantial proportion of nondemented, cognitively unimpaired elderly subjects show at least mild to moderate, and rarely even severe, Alzheimer-related lesions, probably representing asymptomatic preclinical Alzheimer's disease, and/or mixed pathologies. While the substrate of resilience to cognitive decline in the presence of abundant pathologies has been unclear, recent research has strengthened the concept of cognitive or brain reserve, based on neuroplasticity or the ability of the brain to manage or counteract age-related changes or pathologies by reorganizing its structure, connections, and functions via complex molecular pathways and mechanisms that are becoming increasingly better understood. Part of neuroplasticity is adult neurogenesis in specific areas of the brain, in particular the hippocampal formation important for memory function, the decline of which is common even in “healthy” aging. To obtain further insights into the mechanisms of brain plasticity and adult neurogenesis, as the basis for prevention and potential therapeutic options, is a major challenge of modern neurosciences.
Collapse
|
33
|
Pancani T, Anderson KL, Brewer LD, Kadish I, DeMoll C, Landfield PW, Blalock EM, Porter NM, Thibault O. Effect of high-fat diet on metabolic indices, cognition, and neuronal physiology in aging F344 rats. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:1977-87. [PMID: 23545425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes increases with age. Despite this, few studies have examined these conditions simultaneously in aged animals, and fewer studies have measured the impact of these conditions on brain function. Using an established animal model of brain aging (F344 rats), we investigated whether a high-fat diet (HFD) exacerbates cognitive decline and the hippocampal calcium-dependent afterhyperpolarization (a marker of age-dependent calcium dysregulation). Young and mid-aged animals were maintained on control or HFD for 4.5 months, and peripheral metabolic variables, cognitive function, and electrophysiological responses to insulin in the hippocampus were measured. HFD increased lipid accumulation in the periphery, although overt diabetes did not develop, nor were spatial learning and memory altered. Hippocampal adiponectin levels were reduced in aging animals but were unaffected by HFD. For the first time, however, we show that the AHP is sensitive to insulin, and that this sensitivity is reduced by HFD. Interestingly, although peripheral glucose regulation was relatively insensitive to HFD, the brain appeared to show greater sensitivity to HFD in F344 rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristano Pancani
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0084, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jellinger KA, Attems J. Neuropathological approaches to cerebral aging and neuroplasticity. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 15:29-43. [PMID: 23576887 PMCID: PMC3622466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral aging is a complex and heterogenous process related to a large variety of molecular changes involving multiple neuronal networks, due to alterations of neurons (synapses, axons, dendrites, etc), particularly affecting strategically important regions, such as hippocampus and prefrontal areas. A substantial proportion of nondemented, cognitively unimpaired elderly subjects show at least mild to moderate, and rarely even severe, Alzheimer-related lesions, probably representing asymptomatic preclinical Alzheimer's disease, and/or mixed pathologies. While the substrate of resilience to cognitive decline in the presence of abundant pathologies has been unclear, recent research has strengthened the concept of cognitive or brain reserve, based on neuroplasticity or the ability of the brain to manage or counteract age-related changes or pathologies by reorganizing its structure, connections, and functions via complex molecular pathways and mechanisms that are becoming increasingly better understood. Part of neuroplasticity is adult neurogenesis in specific areas of the brain, in particular the hippocampal formation important for memory function, the decline of which is common even in "healthy" aging. To obtain further insights into the mechanisms of brain plasticity and adult neurogenesis, as the basis for prevention and potential therapeutic options, is a major challenge of modern neurosciences.
Collapse
|
35
|
APOE and neuroenergetics: an emerging paradigm in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:1007-17. [PMID: 23159550 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
APOE is the major known genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Though relationships between APOE-encoded apolipoprotein E and β-amyloid are increasingly well described, mounting evidence supports wide-ranging effects of APOE on the brain. Specifically, APOE appears to affect brain network activity and closely related neuroenergetic functions that might be involved in vulnerability to neurodegenerative pathophysiology. These effects highlight the salience of further investigation into the diverse influences of APOE. Therefore, this article reviews the interplay between APOE and neuroenergetics and proposes areas for further investigation. This research might lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment and/or prevention of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
|
36
|
Fuchs J, Stettler O, Alvarez-Fischer D, Prochiantz A, Moya KL, Joshi RL. Engrailed signaling in axon guidance and neuron survival. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1837-45. [PMID: 22708594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several homeoproteins can function in a direct cell non-autonomous fashion to control various biological processes. In the developing nervous system, this mode of signaling has been well documented for Engrailed in the guidance of retinal ganglion cell axons and retino-tectal patterning. Engrailed is also a key factor for mesencephalic dopaminergic (mDA) neurons, not only during development but also in the adult. Haplodeficiency for Engrailed1 leads to progressive adult-onset loss of mDA neurons and several phenotypic alterations reminiscent of Parkinson's disease (PD). Thanks to its transduction properties, Engrailed has been shown to confer neuroprotection in several experimental models of PD. Study of the mechanisms underlying these two Engrailed-mediated effects has revealed a key role of the translation regulation by Engrailed and uncovered an unsuspected link between a homeoprotein and mitochondrial activity. These studies highlight the crucial role of cellular energetic metabolism in neuron development, survival and neurodegeneration, and may help to identify novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fuchs
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), CNRS unité mixte de recherche 7241/INSERM U1050, Development and Neuropharmacology, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris F-75005, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Giuffrida ML, Tomasello F, Caraci F, Chiechio S, Nicoletti F, Copani A. Beta-amyloid monomer and insulin/IGF-1 signaling in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:605-13. [PMID: 22886436 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia among older people and is still untreatable. While β-amyloid protein is recognized as the disease determinant with a pivotal role in inducing neuronal loss and dementia, an impaired brain insulin signaling seems to account in part for the cognitive deficit associated with the disease. The origin of this defective signaling is uncertain. Accumulating toxic species of β-amyloid, the so-called oligomers, has been proposed to be responsible for downregulation of neuronal insulin receptors. We have found that the nontoxic form of β-amyloid, the monomer, is able to activate insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor signaling and thus behaves as a neuroprotectant agent. Our suggestion is that depletion of β-amyloid monomers, occurring in the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease, might be the cause of early insulin/IGF-1 signaling disturbances that anticipate cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Giuffrida
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Viale Andrea Doria, Catania 95125, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|