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Moguilner S, Baez S, Hernandez H, Migeot J, Legaz A, Gonzalez-Gomez R, Farina FR, Prado P, Cuadros J, Tagliazucchi E, Altschuler F, Maito MA, Godoy ME, Cruzat J, Valdes-Sosa PA, Lopera F, Ochoa-Gómez JF, Hernandez AG, Bonilla-Santos J, Gonzalez-Montealegre RA, Anghinah R, d’Almeida Manfrinati LE, Fittipaldi S, Medel V, Olivares D, Yener GG, Escudero J, Babiloni C, Whelan R, Güntekin B, Yırıkoğulları H, Santamaria-Garcia H, Lucas AF, Huepe D, Di Caterina G, Soto-Añari M, Birba A, Sainz-Ballesteros A, Coronel-Oliveros C, Yigezu A, Herrera E, Abasolo D, Kilborn K, Rubido N, Clark RA, Herzog R, Yerlikaya D, Hu K, Parra MA, Reyes P, García AM, Matallana DL, Avila-Funes JA, Slachevsky A, Behrens MI, Custodio N, Cardona JF, Barttfeld P, Brusco IL, Bruno MA, Sosa Ortiz AL, Pina-Escudero SD, Takada LT, Resende E, Possin KL, de Oliveira MO, Lopez-Valdes A, Lawlor B, Robertson IH, Kosik KS, Duran-Aniotz C, Valcour V, Yokoyama JS, Miller BL, Ibanez A. Brain clocks capture diversity and disparity in aging and dementia. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4150225. [PMID: 38978575 PMCID: PMC11230497 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4150225/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Brain clocks, which quantify discrepancies between brain age and chronological age, hold promise for understanding brain health and disease. However, the impact of multimodal diversity (geographical, socioeconomic, sociodemographic, sex, neurodegeneration) on the brain age gap (BAG) is unknown. Here, we analyzed datasets from 5,306 participants across 15 countries (7 Latin American countries -LAC, 8 non-LAC). Based on higher-order interactions in brain signals, we developed a BAG deep learning architecture for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI=2,953) and electroencephalography (EEG=2,353). The datasets comprised healthy controls, and individuals with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. LAC models evidenced older brain ages (fMRI: MDE=5.60, RMSE=11.91; EEG: MDE=5.34, RMSE=9.82) compared to non-LAC, associated with frontoposterior networks. Structural socioeconomic inequality and other disparity-related factors (pollution, health disparities) were influential predictors of increased brain age gaps, especially in LAC (R2=0.37, F2=0.59, RMSE=6.9). A gradient of increasing BAG from controls to mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease was found. In LAC, we observed larger BAGs in females in control and Alzheimer's disease groups compared to respective males. Results were not explained by variations in signal quality, demographics, or acquisition methods. Findings provide a quantitative framework capturing the multimodal diversity of accelerated brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Moguilner
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra Baez
- Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, US; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hernan Hernandez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Joaquín Migeot
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Agustina Legaz
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raul Gonzalez-Gomez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Francesca R. Farina
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, US; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- The University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), California, USA
| | - Pavel Prado
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Jhosmary Cuadros
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Grupo de Bioingeniería, Decanato de Investigación, Universidad Nacional Experimental del Táchira, San Cristóbal 5001, Venezuela
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PhD Program in Neuroscience) Bogotá, San Ignacio, Colombia
| | - Enzo Tagliazucchi
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Altschuler
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Adrián Maito
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E. Godoy
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Josephine Cruzat
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Pedro A. Valdes-Sosa
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Sciences, University of Electronic Sciences
- Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Cuban Neuroscience Center, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (GNA) University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Alfredis Gonzalez Hernandez
- Department of Psychology, Master program of Clinical Neuropsychology, Universidad Surcolombiana Neiva, Neiva - Huila, Colombia
| | | | | | - Renato Anghinah
- Reference Center of Behavioural Disturbances and Dementia, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Traumatic Brain Injury Cognitive Rehabilitation Out-Patient Center, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís E. d’Almeida Manfrinati
- Reference Center of Behavioural Disturbances and Dementia, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Traumatic Brain Injury Cognitive Rehabilitation Out-Patient Center, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sol Fittipaldi
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Vicente Medel
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Daniela Olivares
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology program-Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Neuropsicología Clínica (CNC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Görsev G. Yener
- Faculty of Medicine, Izmir University of Economics, 35330, Izmir, Turkey
- Brain Dynamics Multidisciplinary Research Center, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Javier Escudero
- School of Engineering, Institute for Imaging, Data and Communications, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Hospital San Raffaele Cassino, Cassino, (FR), Italy
| | - Robert Whelan
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, US; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Bahar Güntekin
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Institute, Istanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
- Health Sciences and Technology Research Institute (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University
| | - Harun Yırıkoğulları
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Institute, Istanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
- Health Sciences and Technology Research Institute (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hernando Santamaria-Garcia
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PhD Program in Neuroscience) Bogotá, San Ignacio, Colombia
- Center of Memory and Cognition Intellectus, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio Bogotá, San Ignacio, Colombia
| | - Alberto Fernández Lucas
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Psiquiatría y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
| | - David Huepe
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez
| | - Gaetano Di Caterina
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Agustina Birba
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Carlos Coronel-Oliveros
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, US; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Amanuel Yigezu
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eduar Herrera
- Departamento de Estudios Psicológicos, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
| | - Daniel Abasolo
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kerry Kilborn
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Nicolás Rubido
- Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Ruaridh A. Clark
- Centre for Signal and Image Processing, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, UK
| | - Ruben Herzog
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Deniz Yerlikaya
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kun Hu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Mario A. Parra
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Researcher associate of BrainLat, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Reyes
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PhD Program in Neuroscience) Bogotá, San Ignacio, Colombia
- Center of Memory and Cognition Intellectus, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio Bogotá, San Ignacio, Colombia
| | - Adolfo M. García
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, US; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Departamento de Lingüística y Literatura, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile 2
| | - Diana L. Matallana
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PhD Program in Neuroscience) Bogotá, San Ignacio, Colombia
| | - José Alberto Avila-Funes
- Department of Geriatrics. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea Slachevsky
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Center (CMYN), Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Program – Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María I. Behrens
- Neurology and Psychiatry Department, Clínica Alemana-Universidad Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada (CICA), Facultad de Medicina-Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
- Departamento de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago, 8380430, Chile
- Departamento de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
| | - Nilton Custodio
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto Peruano de Neurociencias, Lima, Perú
| | - Juan F. Cardona
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali, Colombia
| | - Pablo Barttfeld
- Cognitive Science Group. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), CONICET UNC, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Boulevard de la Reforma esquina Enfermera Gordillo, CP 5000. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ignacio L. Brusco
- Centro de Neuropsiquiatría y Neurología de la Conducta (CENECON), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), C.A.B.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín A. Bruno
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM) Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Catoóica de Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Ana L. Sosa Ortiz
- Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia MVS, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Stefanie D. Pina-Escudero
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, US; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Leonel T. Takada
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa Resende
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Katherine L. Possin
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, US; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maira Okada de Oliveira
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, US; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Lopez-Valdes
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, US; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brain Lawlor
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, US; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ian H. Robertson
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, US; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Kosik
- The University of Chicago, Division of the Biological Sciences, 5841 S Maryland Avenue Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Claudia Duran-Aniotz
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Victor Valcour
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, US; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Yokoyama
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, US; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bruce L. Miller
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, US; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco, US; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Wittens MMJ, Denissen S, Sima DM, Fransen E, Niemantsverdriet E, Bastin C, Benoit F, Bergmans B, Bier JC, de Deyn PP, Deryck O, Hanseeuw B, Ivanoiu A, Picard G, Ribbens A, Salmon E, Segers K, Sieben A, Struyfs H, Thiery E, Tournoy J, van Binst AM, Versijpt J, Smeets D, Bjerke M, Nagels G, Engelborghs S. Brain age as a biomarker for pathological versus healthy ageing - a REMEMBER study. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:128. [PMID: 38877568 PMCID: PMC11179390 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the potential clinical value of a new brain age prediction model as a single interpretable variable representing the condition of our brain. Among many clinical use cases, brain age could be a novel outcome measure to assess the preventive effect of life-style interventions. METHODS The REMEMBER study population (N = 742) consisted of cognitively healthy (HC,N = 91), subjective cognitive decline (SCD,N = 65), mild cognitive impairment (MCI,N = 319) and AD dementia (ADD,N = 267) subjects. Automated brain volumetry of global, cortical, and subcortical brain structures computed by the CE-labeled and FDA-cleared software icobrain dm (dementia) was retrospectively extracted from T1-weighted MRI sequences that were acquired during clinical routine at participating memory clinics from the Belgian Dementia Council. The volumetric features, along with sex, were combined into a weighted sum using a linear model, and were used to predict 'brain age' and 'brain predicted age difference' (BPAD = brain age-chronological age) for every subject. RESULTS MCI and ADD patients showed an increased brain age compared to their chronological age. Overall, brain age outperformed BPAD and chronological age in terms of classification accuracy across the AD spectrum. There was a weak-to-moderate correlation between total MMSE score and both brain age (r = -0.38,p < .001) and BPAD (r = -0.26,p < .001). Noticeable trends, but no significant correlations, were found between BPAD and incidence of conversion from MCI to ADD, nor between BPAD and conversion time from MCI to ADD. BPAD was increased in heavy alcohol drinkers compared to non-/sporadic (p = .014) and moderate (p = .040) drinkers. CONCLUSIONS Brain age and associated BPAD have the potential to serve as indicators for, and to evaluate the impact of lifestyle modifications or interventions on, brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy M J Wittens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
- Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije, Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stijn Denissen
- icometrix, Leuven, Belgium
- AIMS lab, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Diana M Sima
- Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije, Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- icometrix, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- Centre of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, and Antwerp University Hospital - UZA, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | - Christine Bastin
- GIGA-CRC-IVI, Liège University, Allée du Six Août, 8, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Florence Benoit
- Geriatrics Department, Brugmann University Hospital, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Bergmans
- Neurology Department, AZ St-Jan Brugge, Brugge, Belgium
- Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Bier
- Neurological department H. U. B. - Erasme Hospital - Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Paul de Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Experimental Neurobiology Unit, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
- Memory Clinic, Ziekenhuisnetwerk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Olivier Deryck
- Neurology Department, AZ St-Jan Brugge, Brugge, Belgium
- Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernard Hanseeuw
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Clinique Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
- WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, 1300, Belgium
| | - Adrian Ivanoiu
- Department of Neurology, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, and Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert (Brussels), Belgium
| | - Gaëtane Picard
- Department of Neurology, Clinique Saint-Pierre, Ottignies, Belgium
| | | | - Eric Salmon
- GIGA-CRC-IVI, Liège University, Allée du Six Août, 8, Liège, 4000, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Kurt Segers
- Memory Clinic - Neurology and Geriatrics Department, CHU Brugmann, Van Gehuchtenplein 4, Brussels, 1020, Belgium
| | - Anne Sieben
- Neuropathology Lab, IBB-NeuroBiobank BB190113, Born Bunge Institute, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital - UZA, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurology, Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Struyfs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
- Johnson and Johnson Innovative Medicine, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Evert Thiery
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jos Tournoy
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Geriatric Medicine and Memory Clinic, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie van Binst
- Radiology Department, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Versijpt
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
- Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije, Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Smeets
- Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije, Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- icometrix, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Bjerke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije, Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Nagels
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
- St. Edmund Hall, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- AIMS lab, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium.
- Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije, Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
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