1
|
Sharma R, Bisht P, Kesharwani A, Murti K, Kumar N. Epigenetic modifications in Parkinson's disease: A critical review. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 975:176641. [PMID: 38754537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder expected to increase by over 50% by 2030 due to increasing life expectancy. The disease's hallmarks include slow movement, tremors, and postural instability. Impaired protein processing is a major factor in the pathophysiology of PD, leading to the buildup of aberrant protein aggregates, particularly misfolded α-synuclein, also known as Lewy bodies. These Lewy bodies lead to inflammation and further death of dopaminergic neurons, leading to imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, causing excessive uncontrollable movements called dyskinesias. It was previously suggested that a complex interplay involving hereditary and environmental variables causes the specific death of neurons in PD; however, the exact mechanism of the association involving the two primary modifiers is yet unknown. An increasing amount of research points to the involvement of epigenetics in the onset and course of several neurological conditions, such as PD. DNA methylation, post-modifications of histones, and non-coding RNAs are the primary examples of epigenetic alterations, that is defined as alterations to the expression of genes and functioning without modifications in DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications play a significant role in the development of PD, with genes such as Parkin, PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), DJ1, Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2), and alpha-synuclein associated with the disease. The aberrant epigenetic changes implicated in the pathophysiology of PD and their impact on the design of novel therapeutic approaches are the primary focus of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravikant Sharma
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Priya Bisht
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institution of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Anuradha Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institution of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Murti
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institution of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institution of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nasrolahi A, Shabani Z, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Salehi-Pourmehr H, Mahmoudi J. Stem Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: What Promise Does it Hold? Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:185-199. [PMID: 36815638 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230222144116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by substantia nigra dopamine cell death and a varied clinical picture that affects older people. Although more than two centuries have passed since the earliest attempts to find a cure for PD, it remains an unresolved problem. With this in mind, cell replacement therapy is a new strategy for treating PD. This novel approach aims to replace degenerated dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons with new ones or provide a new source of cells that can differentiate into DAergic neurons. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are among the cells considered for transplantation therapies. Recently disease-modifying strategies like cell replacement therapies combined with other therapeutic approaches, such as utilizing natural compounds or biomaterials, are proposed to modify the underlying neurodegeneration. In the present review, we discuss the current advances in cell replacement therapy for PD and summarize the existing experimental and clinical evidence supporting this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ava Nasrolahi
- Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Shabani
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Salehi-Pourmehr
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharma T, Kumar R, Mukherjee S. Neuronal Vulnerability to Degeneration in Parkinson's Disease and Therapeutic Approaches. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:715-730. [PMID: 37185323 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230426155432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Despite the crucial threat it poses, currently, no specific therapy exists that can completely reverse or halt the progression of the disease. Parkinson's disease pathology is driven by neurodegeneration caused by the intraneuronal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra region of the brain. Parkinson's disease is a multiorgan disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS) as well as the autonomic nervous system. A bidirectional route of spreading α-syn from the gut to CNS through the vagus nerve and vice versa has also been reported. Despite our understanding of the molecular and pathophysiological aspects of Parkinson's disease, many questions remain unanswered regarding the selective vulnerability of neuronal populations, the neuromodulatory role of the locus coeruleus, and alpha-synuclein aggregation. This review article aims to describe the probable factors that contribute to selective neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson's disease, such as genetic predisposition, bioenergetics, and the physiology of neurons, as well as the interplay of environmental and exogenous modulators. This review also highlights various therapeutic strategies with cell transplants, through viral gene delivery, by targeting α-synuclein and aquaporin protein or epidermal growth factor receptors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The application of regenerative medicine and patient-specific personalized approaches have also been explored as promising strategies in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sayali Mukherjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moradi Vastegani S, Khoshnam SE, Mansouri E, Ghafouri S, Bakhtiari N, Farbood Y, Sarkaki A. Anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective potentials of anethole in Parkinson's disease-like motor and non-motor symptoms induced by rotenone in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2159-2174. [PMID: 37204660 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurological disorder characterized by a combination of motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds are considered a potential therapeutic strategy against PD. The present study examined the neuroprotective effects of anethole as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent against motor and non-motor deficits induced by rotenone toxicity. Rats were treated with anethole (62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg, i.g) concomitantly with rotenone (2 mg/kg, s.c) for 5 weeks. After the treatment, behavioral tests were performed to evaluate motor function and depression-/anxiety-like behaviors. After the behavioral tests, rats were decapitated and brains were removed for histological analysis. Striatum samples were also isolated for neurochemical, and molecular analysis. Our data showed that rotenone-induced motor deficit, anxiety-and depression-like behaviors were significantly improved in rats treated with anethole. Furthermore, anethole treatment reduced inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 in the striatum of rotenone-induced PD rats. Western blot analysis showed that treatment with anethole markedly suppressed caspase-3 activation induced by rotenone. Moreover, histological examination of striatum showed an increase in the number of surviving neurons after treatment with anethole. Anethole also significantly enhanced the striatal levels of dopamine in rotenone-induced PD rats. In addition, treatment with L-Dopa as a positive control group had effects similar to those of anethole on histological, neurochemical, and molecular parameters in rotenone-induced parkinsonian rats. Our results suggested the neuroprotective effects of anethole through anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant mechanisms against rotenone-induced toxicity in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Moradi Vastegani
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Esrafil Mansouri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Samireh Ghafouri
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nima Bakhtiari
- Pain Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Medicinal Plant Research Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nakmode DD, Day CM, Song Y, Garg S. The Management of Parkinson's Disease: An Overview of the Current Advancements in Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051503. [PMID: 37242745 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has significantly affected a large proportion of the elderly population worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 8.5 million people worldwide are living with PD. In the United States, an estimated one million people are living with PD, with approximately 60,000 new cases diagnosed every year. Conventional therapies available for Parkinson's disease are associated with limitations such as the wearing-off effect, on-off period, episodes of motor freezing, and dyskinesia. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in DDSs used to reduce the limitations of current therapies will be presented, and both their promising features and drawbacks will be discussed. We are also particularly interested in the technical properties, mechanism, and release patterns of incorporated drugs, as well as nanoscale delivery strategies to overcome the blood-brain barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepa D Nakmode
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Candace M Day
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Yunmei Song
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zagórska A, Czopek A, Fryc M, Jaromin A, Boyd BJ. Drug Discovery and Development Targeting Dementia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:151. [PMID: 37259302 PMCID: PMC9965722 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia, most often associated with neurodegenerative diseases, affects millions of people worldwide, predominantly the elderly. Unfortunately, no treatment is still available. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address this situation. This review presents the state of the art of drug discovery and developments in targeting dementia. Several approaches are discussed, such as drug repurposing, the use of small molecules, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Furthermore, the review also provides insights into clinical trials of these molecules. Emphasis has been placed on small molecules and multi-target-directed ligands, as well as disease-modifying therapies. Finally, attention is drawn to the possibilities of applications of nanotechnology in managing dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zagórska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Czopek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Fryc
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ben J. Boyd
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Öksüz N, Öztürk Ş, Doğu O. Future Prospects in Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis and Treatment. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2022; 59:S36-S41. [PMID: 36578989 PMCID: PMC9767134 DOI: 10.29399/npa.28169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a rapidly increasing incidence and prevalence. Although it affects more than 6 million people worldwide, it is predicted to be doubled by 2040. Current criteria used in the diagnosis of PD include the presence of bradykinesia as well as the presence of rest tremor and/or rigidity, but the clinic is multifaceted and includes many non-motor symptoms. Non-motor symptoms may occur in the prodromal period, years before clinically evident Parkinson's disease. During this period, diagnosing the disease will likely be even more important when disease-modifying treatments are available. Currently, there is no single biomarker that can be used in the diagnosis of PD and no disease-modifying treatment is available. Identification of biomarkers in early diagnosis will enable the most effective use of disease-modifying therapies and will shed light on possible underlying pathologies, studies in this area have gained momentum in recent years. Molecular imaging methods, genetic studies, salivary gland and skin biopsies, metabolomics, lysosomal pathway are some of them. In this article, besides the current diagnosis and treatment methods of the disease, biomarkers and treatments that are expected to be better understood in the near future will be mentioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevra Öksüz
- Mersin University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Mersin, Turkey,Correspondence Address: Nevra Öksüz, Mersin Üniversite Hastanesi, Çiftlik Köy Kampüsü, Kat:1 Yetişkin Nöroloji Polikliniği, Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey • E-mail:
| | - Şeyda Öztürk
- Mersin City Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Okan Doğu
- Mersin University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Mersin, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Salahi S, Mousavi MA, Azizi G, Hossein-Khannazer N, Vosough M. Stem Cell-based and Advanced Therapeutic Modalities for Parkinson's Disease: A Risk-effectiveness Patient-centered Analysis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2320-2345. [PMID: 35105291 PMCID: PMC9890289 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220201100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, is currently considered a challenging issue since it causes substantial disability, poor quality of life, and mortality. Despite remarkable progress in advanced conventional therapeutic interventions, the global burden of the disease has nearly doubled, prompting us to assess the riskeffectiveness of different treatment modalities. Each protocol could be considered as the best alternative treatment depending on the patient's situation. Prescription of levodopa, the most effective available medicine for this disorder, has been associated with many complications, i.e., multiple episodes of "off-time" and treatment resistance. Other medications, which are typically used in combination with levodopa, may have several adverse effects as well. As a result, the therapies that are more in line with human physiology and make the least interference with other pathways are worth investigating. On the other hand, remaining and persistent symptoms after therapy and the lack of effective response to the conventional approaches have raised expectations towards innovative alternative approaches, such as stem cell-based therapy. It is critical to not overlook the unexplored side effects of innovative approaches due to the limited number of research. In this review, we aimed to compare the efficacy and risk of advanced therapies with innovative cell-based and stemcell- based modalities in PD patients. This paper recapitulated the underlying factors/conditions, which could lead us to more practical and established therapeutic outcomes with more advantages and few complications. It could be an initial step to reconsider the therapeutic blueprint for patients with Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarvenaz Salahi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Alsadat Mousavi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Nikoo Hossein-Khannazer
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research, Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Latif K, Ullah A, Shkodina AD, Boiko DI, Rafique Z, Alghamdi BS, Alfaleh MA, Ashraf GM. Drug reprofiling history and potential therapies against Parkinson's disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1028356. [PMID: 36386233 PMCID: PMC9643740 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1028356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the high whittling down rates, high costs, and moderate pace of new medication, revelation, and improvement, repurposing "old" drugs to treat typical and uncommon illnesses is progressively becoming an appealing proposition. Drug repurposing is the way toward utilizing existing medications in treating diseases other than the purposes they were initially designed for. Faced with scientific and economic challenges, the prospect of discovering new medication indications is enticing to the pharmaceutical sector. Medication repurposing can be used at various stages of drug development, although it has shown to be most promising when the drug has previously been tested for safety. We describe strategies of drug repurposing for Parkinson's disease, which is a neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. We also discuss the obstacles faced by the repurposing community and suggest new approaches to solve these challenges so that medicine repurposing can reach its full potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Latif
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aman Ullah
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millet University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anastasiia D. Shkodina
- Department of Neurological Diseases, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
- Municipal Enterprise “1 City Clinical Hospital of Poltava City Council”, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro I. Boiko
- Department of Psychiatry, Narcology and Medical Psychology, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Zakia Rafique
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Alfaleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Vaccines and Immunotherapy, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md. Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Knecht L, Folke J, Dodel R, Ross JA, Albus A. Alpha-synuclein Immunization Strategies for Synucleinopathies in Clinical Studies: A Biological Perspective. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1489-1502. [PMID: 36083395 PMCID: PMC9606184 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic strategies currently available for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease target only the symptoms of the disease. Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy can be summarized as synucleinopathies, as they are all characterized by the aggregation and accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain. Targeting α-syn by its formation and progression opens a new and promising disease-modifying therapeutic strategy. Thus, several distinct immunotherapeutic approaches are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. The objective of this article is to review, from a biological perspective, the most important properties of these passive and active immunotherapies to point out their relevance and suitability for the treatment of synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Knecht
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jonas Folke
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Centre for Neuroscience & Stereology, Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Dodel
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - J Alexander Ross
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Albus
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hmila I, Vaikath NN, Majbour NK, Erskine D, Sudhakaran IP, Gupta V, Ghanem SS, Islam Z, Emara MM, Abdesselem HB, Kolatkar PR, Achappa DK, Vinardell T, El‐Agnaf OMA. Novel engineered nanobodies specific for N‐terminal region of alpha‐synuclein recognize Lewy‐body pathology and inhibit
in‐vitro
seeded aggregation and toxicity. FEBS J 2022; 289:4657-4673. [PMID: 35090199 PMCID: PMC9545584 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanobodies (Nbs), the single‐domain antigen‐binding fragments of dromedary heavy‐chain antibodies (HCAb), are excellent candidates as therapeutic and diagnostic tools in synucleinopathies because of their small size, solubility and stability. Here, we constructed an immune nanobody library specific to the monomeric form of alpha‐synuclein (α‐syn). Phage display screening of the library allowed the identification of a nanobody, Nbα‐syn01, specific for α‐syn. Unlike previously developed nanobodies, Nbα‐syn01 recognized the N‐terminal region which is critical for in vitro and in vivo aggregation and contains many point mutations involved in early PD cases. The affinity of the monovalent Nbα‐syn01 and the engineered bivalent format BivNbα‐syn01 measured by isothermal titration calorimetry revealed unexpected results where Nbα‐syn01 and its bivalent format recognized preferentially α‐syn fibrils compared to the monomeric form. Nbα‐syn01 and BivNbα‐syn01 were also able to inhibit α‐syn‐seeded aggregation in vitro and reduced α‐syn‐seeded aggregation and toxicity in cells showing their potential to reduce α‐syn pathology. Moreover, both nanobody formats were able to recognize Lewy‐body pathology in human post‐mortem brain tissue from PD and DLB cases. Additionally, we present evidence through structural docking that Nbα‐syn01 binds the N‐terminal region of the α‐syn aggregated form. Overall, these results highlight the potential of Nbα‐syn01 and BivNbα‐syn01 in developing into a diagnostic or a therapeutic tool for PD and related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Issam Hmila
- Neurological Disorder Research Center Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI) Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU) Qatar Foundation Doha Qatar
| | - Nishant N. Vaikath
- Neurological Disorder Research Center Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI) Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU) Qatar Foundation Doha Qatar
| | - Nour K. Majbour
- Neurological Disorder Research Center Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI) Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU) Qatar Foundation Doha Qatar
| | - Daniel Erskine
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Newcastle University UK
| | - Indulekha P. Sudhakaran
- Neurological Disorder Research Center Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI) Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU) Qatar Foundation Doha Qatar
| | - Vijay Gupta
- Neurological Disorder Research Center Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI) Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU) Qatar Foundation Doha Qatar
| | - Simona S. Ghanem
- Neurological Disorder Research Center Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI) Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU) Qatar Foundation Doha Qatar
| | - Zeyaul Islam
- Diabetes Center Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI) Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU) Qatar Foundation Doha Qatar
| | - Mohamed M. Emara
- Basic Medical Sciences Department College of Medicine QU Health Qatar University Doha Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit QU Health Qatar University Doha Qatar
| | - Houari B. Abdesselem
- Neurological Disorder Research Center Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI) Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU) Qatar Foundation Doha Qatar
| | - Prasanna R. Kolatkar
- Diabetes Center Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI) Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU) Qatar Foundation Doha Qatar
| | | | - Tatiana Vinardell
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center Qatar Foundation Doha Qatar
- College of Health & Life Science Hamad Bin Khalifa University Qatar Foundation Doha Qatar
| | - Omar M. A. El‐Agnaf
- Neurological Disorder Research Center Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI) Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU) Qatar Foundation Doha Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen X, Chen M, Wolynes PG. Exploring the Interplay between Disordered and Ordered Oligomer Channels on the Aggregation Energy Landscapes of α-Synuclein. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5250-5261. [PMID: 35815598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal aggregation of α-synulcein is associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. The hydrophobic non-amyloid component (NAC) region of α-synuclein comprises the core of the fibril in vitro and in vivo. In this work, we study the aggregation landscape of the hydrophobic NAC region of α-synuclein using a transferrable coarse-grained force field, the associative memory water-mediated structure, and energy model (AWSEM). Using structural similarity, we can group metastable states on the free energy landscape of aggregation into three types of oligomers: disordered oligomers, prefibrillar oligomers with disordered tips, and ordered prefibrillar oligomers. The prefibrillar oligomers with disordered tips have more in-register parallel β strands than do the fully disordered oligomers but have fewer in-register parallel β strands than the ordered prefibrillar oligomers. Along with the ordered prefibrillar species, the disordered oligomeric states dominate at small oligomer sizes while the prefibrillar species with disordered tips thermodynamically dominate with the growth of oligomers. The topology of the aggregation landscape and observations in simulations suggest there is backtracking between ordered prefibrillar oligomers and other kinds of oligomers as the aggregation proceeds. The significant structural differences between the ordered prefibrillar oligomers and the disordered oligomers support the idea that the growth of these two kinds of oligomers involves kinetically independent parallel pathways. In contrast, the overall structural similarity between the fully ordered prefibrillar oligomers and the prefibrillar oligomers with disordered tips implies that two channels can interconvert on slower time scales. We also evaluate the effects of phosphorylation on the aggregation free energy landscape using statistical mechanical perturbation theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Chen
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Mingchen Chen
- Department of Research and Development, neoX Biotech, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peter G Wolynes
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wooten S, Smith KN. Long non-coding RNA OIP5-AS1 (Cyrano): A context-specific regulator of normal and disease processes. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e706. [PMID: 35040588 PMCID: PMC8764876 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding (lnc) RNAs have been implicated in a plethora of normal biological functions, and have also emerged as key molecules in various disease processes. OIP5-AS1, also commonly known by the alias Cyrano, is a lncRNA that displays broad expression across multiple tissues, with significant enrichment in particular contexts including within the nervous system and skeletal muscle. Thus far, this multifaceted lncRNA has been found to have regulatory functions in normal cellular processes including cell proliferation and survival, as well as in the development and progression of a myriad disease states. These widespread effects on normal and disease states have been found to be mediated through context-specific intermolecular interactions with dozens of miRNAs and proteins identified to date. This review explores recent studies to highlight OIP5-AS1's contextual yet pleiotropic roles in normal homeostatic functions as well as disease oetiology and progression, which may influence its utility in the generation of future theranostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Wooten
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Keriayn N. Smith
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang T, Liu Y, Li J, Xu H, Li S, Xiong L, Wang T. Advances in clinical basic research: Performance, treatments, and mechanisms of Parkinson disease. IBRAIN 2021; 7:362-378. [PMID: 37786563 PMCID: PMC10529016 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The loss of neuronal in the substantia nigra of the elderly contributes to striatal damage and plays a critical part in the common forms of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease (PD). The deficit of dopamine is one of the most familiar neuropathological features of PD as well as α-Synuclein aggregation. The peripheral autonomic nervous system is also affected negatively during the course of the disease, although the subsistent of dyskinesias and else major motor characteristic deficits take significant role in the diagnostic methods during clinical practice, which is related to a number of non-motor symptoms that might increase aggregate risks. Multiple pathways and mechanisms are involved in the molecular pathogenesis: α-Synuclein, neuronal homeostasis, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, as well as neuroinflammation. Investigations in the last few years for diagnostic biomarkers used neuroimaging, including single photon emission computed tomography as well as cutting-edge magnetic resonance imaging techniques, which has been presented to facilitate discrepant diagnosis. Pharmacological treatment is also important and efficient in equal measure. In addition to reliance on striatal dopamine replacement therapy, many solutions that are used for motor or nonmotor symptoms in these patients are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting‐Ting Yang
- Department of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Yu‐Cong Liu
- Department of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Jing Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Hui‐Chan Xu
- Department of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Shun‐Lian Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Liu‐Lin Xiong
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Ting‐Hua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, Institute of Neurological Disease, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guo M, Schwartz TD, Dunaief JL, Cui QN. Myeloid cells in retinal and brain degeneration. FEBS J 2021; 289:2337-2361. [PMID: 34478598 PMCID: PMC8891394 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinal inflammation underlies multiple prevalent ocular and neurological diseases. Similar inflammatory processes are observed in glaucomatous optic neuropathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, posterior uveitis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. In particular, human and animal studies have demonstrated the important role microglia/macrophages play in initiating and maintaining a pro-inflammatory environment in degenerative processes impacting vision. On the other hand, microglia have also been shown to have a protective role in multiple central nervous system diseases. Identifying the mechanisms underlying cell dysfunction and death is the first step toward developing novel therapeutics for these diseases impacting the central nervous system. In addition to reviewing recent key studies defining important mediators of retinal inflammation, with an emphasis on translational studies that bridge this research from bench to bedside, we also highlight a promising therapeutic class of medications, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Finally, we propose areas where additional research is necessary to identify mechanisms that can be modulated to shift the balance from a neurotoxic to a neuroprotective retinal environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Turner D Schwartz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qi N Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lei Q, Wu T, Wu J, Hu X, Guan Y, Wang Y, Yan J, Shi G. Roles of α‑synuclein in gastrointestinal microbiome dysbiosis‑related Parkinson's disease progression (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:734. [PMID: 34414447 PMCID: PMC8404091 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease amongst the middle-aged and elderly populations. Several studies have confirmed that the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) serves a key role in the pathogenesis of PD. Changes to the gastrointestinal microbiome (GM) cause misfolding and abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the intestine. Abnormal α-syn is not eliminated via physiological mechanisms and is transported into the central nervous system (CNS) via the vagus nerve. The abnormal levels of α-syn aggregate in the substantia nigra pars compacta, not only leading to the formation of eosinophilic Lewis Bodies in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic (DA) neurons, but also leading to the stimulation of an inflammatory response in the microglia. These pathological changes result in an increase in oxidative stress (OS), which triggers nerve cell apoptosis, a characteristic of PD. This increase in OS further oxidizes and intensifies abnormal aggregation of α-syn, eventually forming a positive feedback loop. The present review discusses the abnormal accumulation of α-syn in the intestine caused by the GM changes and the increased levels of α-syn transport to the CNS via the MGBA, resulting in the loss of DA neurons and an increase in the inflammatory response of microglial cells in the brain of patients with PD. In addition, relevant clinical therapeutic strategies for improving the GM and reducing α-syn accumulation to relieve the symptoms and progression of PD are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Puer People's Hospital, Pu'er, Yunnan 665000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaogang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Puer People's Hospital, Pu'er, Yunnan 665000, P.R. China
| | - Yingxia Guan
- Department of Vasculocardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Jinyuan Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Guolin Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dhanawat M, Mehta DK, Gupta S, Das R. Understanding the Pathogenesis Involved in Parkinson's Disease and Potential Therapeutic Treatment Strategies. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:88-102. [PMID: 32628600 DOI: 10.2174/1871524920666200705222842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A vast advancement has been made in the treatment related to central nervous system disorders especially Parkinson's disease. The development in therapeutics and a better understanding of the targets results in upsurge of many promising therapies for Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is defined by neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation and it is reported that the presence of the neurofibrillary aggregates such as Lewy bodies is considered as the marker. Along with this, it is also characterized by the presence of motor and non-motor symptoms, as seen in Parkinsonian patients. A lot of treatment options mainly focus on prophylactic measures or the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are the point of interest which can be exploited as a new target to emphasis on Parkinson's disease. A thorough study of these targets helps in modifications of those molecules which are particularly involved in causing the neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. A lot of drug regimens are available for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, although levodopa remains the choice of drug for controlling the symptoms, yet is accompanied with significant snags. It is always suggested to use other drug therapies concomitantly with levodopa. A number of significant causes and therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease have been identified in the last decade, here an attempt was made to highlight the most significant of them. It was also found that the treatment regimen and involvement of therapies are totally dependent on individuals and can be tailored to the needs of each individual patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Dhanawat
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, HR-133207, India
| | - Dinesh K Mehta
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, HR-133207, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, HR-133207, India
| | - Rina Das
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, HR-133207, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Teng JS, Ooi YY, Chye SM, Ling APK, Koh RY. Immunotherapies for Parkinson's disease: Progression of Clinical Development. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 20:802-813. [PMID: 34042040 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210526160926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease affecting the movement and wellbeing of most elderlies. The manifestations of Parkinson's disease often include resting tremor, stiffness, bradykinesia and muscular rigidity. The typical hallmark of Parkinson's disease is the destruction of neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies in different compartments of the central nervous system. Due to various limitations to the currently available treatments, immunotherapies have emerged to be the new approach to Parkinson's disease treatment. This approach shows some positive outcomes on the efficacy in removing the aggregated species of alpha-synuclein, which is believed to be one of the causes of Parkinson's disease. In this review, an overview of how alpha-synuclein contributes to Parkinson's disease and the effects of a few new immunotherapeutic treatments, including BIIB054 (cinpanemab), MEDI1341, AFFITOPE and PRX002 (prasinezumab) that are currently under clinical development, will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jet Shee Teng
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yin Yin Ooi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anna Pick Kiong Ling
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Castonguay AM, Gravel C, Lévesque M. Treating Parkinson's Disease with Antibodies: Previous Studies and Future Directions. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:71-92. [PMID: 33104039 PMCID: PMC7990466 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Degenerating neurons contain abnormal aggregates called Lewy bodies, that are predominantly composed of the misfolded and/or mutated alpha-synuclein protein. Post-translational modifications, cellular stress, inflammation and gene mutations are thought to trigger its pathological misfolding and aggregation. With alpha-synuclein pathology being strongly associated with dopaminergic neuronal toxicity, strategies aimed to reduce its burden are expected to be beneficial in slowing disease progression. Moreover, multiple sources of evidence suggest a cell-to-cell transmission of pathological alpha-synuclein in a prion-like manner. Therefore, antibodies targeting extra- or intracellular alpha-synuclein could be efficient in limiting the aggregation and transmission. Several active and passive immunization strategies have been explored to target alpha-synuclein. Here, we summarize immunotherapeutic approaches that were tested in pre-clinical or clinical studies in the last two decades in an attempt to treat Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Castonguay
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Claude Gravel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Lévesque
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Niu F, Sharma A, Wang Z, Feng L, Muresanu DF, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Co-administration of TiO 2-nanowired dl-3-n-butylphthalide (dl-NBP) and mesenchymal stem cells enhanced neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease exacerbated by concussive head injury. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 258:101-155. [PMID: 33223034 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
dl-3-n-butylphthalide (dl-NBP) is a powerful antioxidant compound with profound neuroprotective effects in stroke and brain injury. However, its role in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not well known. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the key factors in precipitating PD like symptoms in civilians and particularly in military personnel. Thus, it would be interesting to explore the possible neuroprotective effects of NBP in PD following concussive head injury (CHI). In this chapter effect of nanowired delivery of NBP together with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in PD with CHI is discussed based on our own investigations. It appears that CHI exacerbates PD pathophysiology in terms of p-tau, α-synuclein (ASNC) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the loss of TH immunoreactivity in substantia niagra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatum (STr) along with dopamine (DA), dopamine decarboxylase (DOPAC). And homovanillic acid (HVA). Our observations are the first to show that a combination of NBP with MSCs when delivered using nanowired technology induces superior neuroprotective effects in PD brain pathology exacerbated by CHI, not reported earlier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Niu
- CSPC NBP Pharmaceutical Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- CSPC NBP Pharmaceutical Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu J, Xu F, Nie Z, Shao L. Gut Microbiota Approach-A New Strategy to Treat Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:570658. [PMID: 33194809 PMCID: PMC7643014 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.570658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuronal loss and dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra, which contain a variety of misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn). Medications that increase or substitute for dopamine can be used for the treatment of PD. Recently, numerous studies have shown gut microbiota plays a crucial role in regulating and maintaining multiple aspects of host physiology including host metabolism and neurodevelopment. In this review article, the role of gut microbiota in the etiological mechanism of PD will be reviewed. Furthermore, we discussed current pharmaceutical medicine-based methods to prevent and treat PD, followed by describing specific strains that affect the host brain function through the gut-brain axis. We explained in detail how gut microbiota directly produces neurotransmitters or regulate the host biosynthesis of neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters secreted by the intestinal lumen bacteria may induce epithelial cells to release molecules that, in turn, can regulate neural signaling in the enteric nervous system and subsequently control brain function and behavior through the brain-gut axis. Finally, we proved that the microbial regulation of the host neuronal system. Endogenous α-syn can be transmitted long distance and bidirectional between ENS and brain through the circulatory system which gives us a new option that the possibility of altering the community of gut microbiota in completely new medication option for treating PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunity, The College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Microbial Pharmacology Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunity, The College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Microbial Pharmacology Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyan Nie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunity, The College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shao
- Microbial Pharmacology Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhao N, Francis NL, Calvelli HR, Moghe PV. Microglia-targeting nanotherapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:030902. [PMID: 32923843 PMCID: PMC7481010 DOI: 10.1063/5.0013178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology have enabled the design of nanotherapeutic platforms that could address the challenges of targeted delivery of active therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). While the majority of previous research studies on CNS nanotherapeutics have focused on neurons and endothelial cells, the predominant resident immune cells of the CNS, microglia, are also emerging as a promising cellular target for neurodegeneration considering their prominent role in neuroinflammation. Under normal physiological conditions, microglia protect neurons by removing pathological agents. However, long-term exposure of microglia to stimulants will cause sustained activation and lead to neuronal damage due to the release of pro-inflammatory agents, resulting in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. This Perspective highlights criteria to be considered when designing microglia-targeting nanotherapeutics for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. These criteria include conjugating specific microglial receptor-targeting ligands or peptides to the nanoparticle surface to achieve targeted delivery, leveraging microglial phagocytic properties, and utilizing biocompatible and biodegradable nanomaterials with low immune reactivity and neurotoxicity. In addition, certain therapeutic agents for the controlled inhibition of toxic protein aggregation and for modulation of microglial activation pathways can also be incorporated within the nanoparticle structure without compromising stability. Overall, considering the multifaceted disease mechanisms of neurodegeneration, microglia-targeted nanodrugs and nanotherapeutic particles may have the potential to resolve multiple pathological determinants of the disease and to guide a shift in the microglial phenotype spectrum toward a more neuroprotective state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanxia Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, 98 Brett Rd., Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Nicola L. Francis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 599 Taylor Rd., Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Hannah R. Calvelli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 604 Allison Rd., Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Smedinga M, Darweesh SKL, Bloem BR, Post B, Richard E. Towards early disease modification of Parkinson's disease: a review of lessons learned in the Alzheimer field. J Neurol 2020; 268:724-733. [PMID: 32809153 PMCID: PMC7880921 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) research is beginning to focus on early disease modification and prevention. The therapeutic pipeline includes a growing range of pharmacological interventions that could theoretically intervene with the underlying disease process. It is hoped that applying such interventions in a very early stage of the disease pathology, before the onset of motor symptoms or during its early stages, may prevent or delay further disease progression. To identify people in this early disease stage, criteria for ‘prodromal PD’ have been proposed—describing people with one or more specific features that jointly constitute a variably increased risk of developing clinically manifest PD. Here, we aim to draw lessons from the field of Alzheimer’s research, which has followed a similar strategy over the last decade, including the expansion of the disease label to ‘prodromal’ stages. Importantly, none of the large and costly randomized-controlled trials aiming to slow down or prevent Alzheimer’s dementia by targeting the alleged disease pathology, i.e., amyloid-β aggregation, resulted in detectable clinical effects. Lack of sufficiently robust phase 2 trial results before moving to phase 3 studies, suboptimal participant selection, insensitive outcomes, a too narrow target focus, and trial design flaws contributed to this disappointing outcome. We discuss the various similarities between these Alzheimer’s and PD approaches, and review the design of prevention or early disease modification trials for both diseases including the potential for immunotherapy. Finally, we offer considerations to optimize the design of such trials in PD, benefiting from the lessons learned in Alzheimer’s prevention research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Smedinga
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sirwan K L Darweesh
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Post
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edo Richard
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud University Medical Center Alzheimer Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Colombo D, Pnevmatikou P, Melloni E, Keywood C. Therapeutic innovation in Parkinson's disease: a 2020 update on disease-modifying approaches. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:1047-1064. [PMID: 32758042 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1800454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting more than 10 million patients worldwide. Despite increasing improvements in disease management, a huge medical need still exists as its relentless progression cannot be delayed by current treatments. Therefore, scientists, clinicians, and pharmaceutical companies are hunting new drugs with 'disease-modifying' properties. AREAS COVERED This review concentrates on new therapeutics - excluding cell and gene therapies - under investigation for PD with 'disease-modifying' potential. This is a global, comprehensive picture of the current innovative drug pipeline, where the main preclinical and clinical data available are provided. Drug candidates presented include α-synuclein modulating agents, neuroprotective agents and neuroinflammation modulators, kinase modulators, neurotrophic factors, and drugs acting on emerging targets. EXPERT OPINION There is excitement for agents with 'disease-modifying' properties and the authors found more than 130 assets, not including cell and gene therapies under investigation - most of them still in preclinical development - meaning that the science is progressing multiple, diverse new opportunities. Many limitations hamper the successful development of these drug candidates such as the translational accuracy of preclinical models, the current clinical development paradigm as well as the lack of biomarkers to be used in diagnosis and therapy management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elsa Melloni
- Open R&D Department, Zambon S.p.A ., Bresso, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sim KY, Im KC, Park SG. The Functional Roles and Applications of Immunoglobulins in Neurodegenerative Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5295. [PMID: 32722559 PMCID: PMC7432158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural autoantibodies, immunoglobulins (Igs) that target self-proteins, are common in the plasma of healthy individuals; some of the autoantibodies play pathogenic roles in systemic or tissue-specific autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Recently, the field of autoantibody-associated diseases has expanded to encompass neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), with related studies examining the functions of Igs in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent evidence suggests that Igs have various effects in the CNS; these effects are associated with the prevention of neurodegeneration, as well as induction. Here, we summarize the functional roles of Igs with respect to neurodegenerative disease (AD and PD), focusing on the target antigens and effector cell types. In addition, we review the current knowledge about the roles of these antibodies as diagnostic markers and immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sung-Gyoo Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea; (K.-Y.S.); (K.C.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sola P, Krishnamurthy P, Chintamaneni PK, Pindiprolu SKS, Kumari M. Novel drug delivery systems of β2 adrenoreceptor agonists to suppress SNCA gene expression and mitochondrial oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease management. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1119-1132. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1779218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piyong Sola
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy (A Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Praveen Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy (A Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Chintamaneni
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy (A Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sai Kiran S.S Pindiprolu
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy (A Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mamta Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy (A Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Antonini A, Bravi D, Sandre M, Bubacco L. Immunization therapies for Parkinson's disease: state of the art and considerations for future clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:685-695. [PMID: 32419521 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1771693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advances in the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to Lewy body pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD) have yielded rationales for tackling neurodegeneration associated with α-Synuclein (α-Syn) misfolding, aggregation, and/or its related spreading. Immunization therapies targeting distinct α-Syn epitopes (conformational and linear) that aim to limit extracellular spread in the brain are now in development. Completed and ongoing studies have enrolled early PD patients without considering individual clinical differences and assume a common pathogenetic mechanism of the disease. Such approaches have led to disappointing results; this is most likely attributed to trial methodology and inadequate patient selection rather than underlying target biology. AREAS COVERED This review presents the status of immunotherapies that target α-Syn epitopes in PD. Mechanisms associated with neurodegeneration are examined along with the limitations of current antibody research strategies and ongoing clinical trials. Patient stratification based on disease progression is discussed and the article culminates with author suggestions on how to progress future clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION The efficacy of passive and active immunotherapies is inadequately evaluated in ongoing clinical trials where participating patients have various progression rates, genetic backgrounds, and clinical phenotypes. Future disease-modifying studies can overcome these limitations by enrolling patients based on progression pathways and genotypic contribution to disease manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua , Padua, Italy
| | - Daniele Bravi
- SixDegrees Health Care Consulting Inc , Chicago, USA
| | - Michele Sandre
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua , Padua, Italy.,PNC Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua , Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padua , Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bartl S, Oueslati A, Southwell AL, Siddu A, Parth M, David LS, Maxan A, Salhat N, Burkert M, Mairhofer A, Friedrich T, Pankevych H, Balazs K, Staffler G, Hayden MR, Cicchetti F, Smrzka OW. Inhibiting cellular uptake of mutant huntingtin using a monoclonal antibody: Implications for the treatment of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 141:104943. [PMID: 32407769 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by a highly polymorphic CAG trinucleotide expansion in the gene encoding for the huntingtin protein (HTT). The resulting mutant huntingtin protein (mutHTT) is ubiquitously expressed but also exhibits the ability to propagate from cell-to-cell to disseminate pathology; a property which may serve as a new therapeutic focus. Accordingly, we set out to develop a monoclonal antibody (mAB) targeting a particularly exposed region close to the aa586 caspase-6 cleavage site of the HTT protein. This monoclonal antibody, designated C6-17, effectively binds mutHTT and is able to deplete the protein from cell culture supernatants. Using cell-based assays, we demonstrate that extracellular secretion of mutHTT into cell culture media and its subsequent uptake in recipient HeLa cells can be almost entirely blocked by mAB C6-17. Immunohistochemical stainings of post-mortem HD brain tissue confirmed the specificity of mAB C6-17 to human mutHTT aggregates. These findings demonstrate that mAB C6-17 not only successfully engages with its target, mutHTT, but also inhibits cell uptake suggesting that this antibody could interfere with the pathological processes of mutHTT spreading in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abid Oueslati
- Université Laval/Centre de recherche du CHU, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Alberto Siddu
- Université Laval/Centre de recherche du CHU, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oskar W Smrzka
- AFFiRiS AG, Vienna, Austria; Ablevia biotech GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Scialò C, Legname G. How would defining Parkinson’s as a prion disease impact the search of a cure? Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:417-420. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1753504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Scialò
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Scuola Internazionale Superiore Di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Scuola Internazionale Superiore Di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
α-Synuclein-specific T cell reactivity is associated with preclinical and early Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1875. [PMID: 32313102 PMCID: PMC7171193 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15626-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A diagnosis of motor Parkinson’s disease (PD) is preceded by a prolonged premotor phase with accumulating neuronal damage. Here we examined the temporal relation between α-synuclein (α-syn) T cell reactivity and PD. A longitudinal case study revealed that elevated α-syn-specific T cell responses were detected prior to the diagnosis of motor PD, and declined after. The relationship between T cell reactivity and early PD in two independent cohorts showed that α-syn-specific T cell responses were highest shortly after diagnosis of motor PD and then decreased. Additional analysis revealed significant association of α-syn-specific T cell responses with age and lower levodopa equivalent dose. These results confirm the presence of α-syn-reactive T cells in PD and show that they are most abundant immediately after diagnosis of motor PD. These cells may be present years before the diagnosis of motor PD, suggesting avenues of investigation into PD pathogenesis and potential early diagnosis. α-Synuclein-specific T cell reactivity is preferentially associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, but the temporal relation with diagnosis was previously unknown. This study reveals that α-syn-reactive T cells are highest before and shortly after diagnosis of motor PD, and then decrease.
Collapse
|
31
|
Identification of distinct blood-based biomarkers in early stage of Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2019; 41:893-901. [PMID: 31828678 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-04165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive geriatric disease, which can be one of the leading causes of serious socioeconomic burden in the aging society. Clinical trials suggest that prompt treatment of early-stage Parkinson's disease (EPD) may slow down the disease progress and have a better response. Therefore, conducting proteomics study to identify biomarkers for the diagnosis and disease-modifying therapies of EPD is vital. We aimed at identifying distinct protein autoantibody biomarkers of EPD by using the database of GSE62283 based on the platform GPL13669 downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between the EPD group (n = 103) and the normal control (NC) group (n = 111) were identified by protein-specific t test. Cluster analysis of DEPs was conducted by protein-protein interaction network to detect hub proteins. The hub proteins were then evaluated to determine the distinct biomarkers by principal component analysis, as well as functional and pathway enrichment analysis. Their biological functions were confirmed by gene ontology functional (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment (KEGG). Two biomarkers, mitochondrial ribosome recycling factor (MRRF) and ribosomal protein S18 (RPS18), distinguished the EPD samples from the NC samples, and they were regarded as high-confidence distinct protein autoantibody biomarkers of EPD. The most significant GO function was protein serine/threonine kinase activity (GO: 0004674) and most of DEPs were enriched in ATP binding in molecular function category (GO: 0005524). These results may help in establishing the prompt and accurate diagnosis of EPD and may also contribute to develop mechanism-based treatments.
Collapse
|
32
|
George S, Rey NL, Tyson T, Esquibel C, Meyerdirk L, Schulz E, Pierce S, Burmeister AR, Madaj Z, Steiner JA, Escobar Galvis ML, Brundin L, Brundin P. Microglia affect α-synuclein cell-to-cell transfer in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:34. [PMID: 31419995 PMCID: PMC6697982 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-to-cell propagation of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and underlie the spread of α-syn neuropathology. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and activated microglia are present in PD and activated microglia can promote α-syn aggregation. However, it is unclear how microglia influence α-syn cell-to-cell transfer. METHODS We developed a clinically relevant mouse model to monitor α-syn prion-like propagation between cells; we transplanted wild-type mouse embryonic midbrain neurons into a mouse striatum overexpressing human α-syn (huα-syn) following adeno-associated viral injection into the substantia nigra. In this system, we depleted or activated microglial cells and determined the effects on the transfer of huα-syn from host nigrostriatal neurons into the implanted dopaminergic neurons, using the presence of huα-syn within the grafted cells as a readout. RESULTS First, we compared α-syn cell-to-cell transfer between host mice with a normal number of microglia to mice in which we had pharmacologically ablated 80% of the microglia from the grafted striatum. With fewer host microglia, we observed increased accumulation of huα-syn in grafted dopaminergic neurons. Second, we assessed the transfer of α-syn into grafted neurons in the context of microglia activated by one of two stimuli, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin-4 (IL-4). LPS exposure led to a strong activation of microglial cells (as determined by microglia morphology, cytokine production and an upregulation in genes involved in the inflammatory response in the LPS-injected mice by RNA sequencing analysis). LPS-injected mice had significantly higher amounts of huα-syn in grafted neurons. In contrast, injection of IL-4 did not change the proportion of grafted dopamine neurons that contained huα-syn relative to controls. As expected, RNA sequencing analysis on striatal tissue revealed differential gene expression between LPS and IL-4-injected mice; with the genes upregulated in tissue from mice injected with LPS including several of those involved in an inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS The absence or the hyperstimulation of microglia affected α-syn transfer in the brain. Our results suggest that under resting, non-inflammatory conditions, microglia modulate the transfer of α-syn. Pharmacological regulation of neuroinflammation could represent a future avenue for limiting the spread of PD neuropathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia George
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 USA
| | - Nolwen L. Rey
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 USA
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institut François Jacob, MIRCen, CEA, CNRS, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Trevor Tyson
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 USA
| | - Corinne Esquibel
- Optical Imaging Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI USA
| | - Lindsay Meyerdirk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 USA
| | - Emily Schulz
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 USA
| | - Steven Pierce
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 USA
| | - Amanda R. Burmeister
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 USA
| | - Zachary Madaj
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI USA
| | - Jennifer A. Steiner
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 USA
| | - Martha L. Escobar Galvis
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 USA
| | - Lena Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li F, Wang P, Chen Z, Sui X, Xie X, Zhang J. Alteration of the fecal microbiota in North-Eastern Han Chinese population with sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2019; 707:134297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
34
|
|
35
|
Shen N, Song G, Yang H, Lin X, Brown B, Hong Y, Cai J, Cao C. Identifying the Pathological Domain of Alpha- Synuclein as a Therapeutic for Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2338. [PMID: 31083520 PMCID: PMC6539124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein is considered the major pathological protein associated with Parkinson's disease, but there is still no effective immunotherapy which targets alpha-synuclein. In order to create a safer and more effective therapy against PD, we are targeting an epitope of alpha-synuclein rather than full-length alpha-synuclein. We have selected several antigenic domains (B-cell epitope) through antigenicity prediction, and also made several recombinant protein fragments from alpha-synuclein upon antigenicity prediction in an E. coli system. We then tested the function of each of the peptides and recombinant fragments in aggregation, their toxicity and antigenicity. We have discovered that the full-length recombinant (aa1-140) can aggregate into oligomers or even fibrils, and fragment aa15-65 can promote the aggregation of aa1-140. It is worth noting that it not only promotes whole protein aggregation, but also self-aggregates as seen by western blotting and silver staining assays. We have tested all candidates on primary neurons for their toxicity and discovered that aa15-65 is the most toxic domain compared to all other fragments. The antibody targeting this domain also showed both anti-aggregation activity and some therapeutic effect. Therefore, we believe that we have identified the most potent therapeutic domain of alpha synuclein as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Surgery of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Haiqiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Xiaoyang Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Breanna Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Yuzhu Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Weihofen A, Liu Y, Arndt JW, Huy C, Quan C, Smith BA, Baeriswyl JL, Cavegn N, Senn L, Su L, Marsh G, Auluck PK, Montrasio F, Nitsch RM, Hirst WD, Cedarbaum JM, Pepinsky RB, Grimm J, Weinreb PH. Development of an aggregate-selective, human-derived α-synuclein antibody BIIB054 that ameliorates disease phenotypes in Parkinson's disease models. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 124:276-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
37
|
Fuzzati-Armentero MT, Cerri S, Blandini F. Peripheral-Central Neuroimmune Crosstalk in Parkinson's Disease: What Do Patients and Animal Models Tell Us? Front Neurol 2019; 10:232. [PMID: 30941089 PMCID: PMC6433876 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is no longer considered an immune privileged organ and neuroinflammation has long been associated with Parkinson's disease. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that innate and adaptive responses take place in the CNS. The extent to which peripheral immune alterations impacts on the CNS, or vice and versa, is, however, still a matter of debate. Gaining a better knowledge of the molecular and cellular immune dysfunctions present in these two compartments and clarifying their mutual interactions is a fundamental step in understanding and preventing Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on inflammatory processes evidenced both in PD patients and in toxin-induced animal models of the disease. It discusses differences and similarities between human and animal studies in the context of neuroinflammation and immune responses and how they have guided therapeutic strategies to slow down disease progression. Future longitudinal studies are necessary and can help gain a better understanding on peripheral-central nervous system crosstalk to improve therapeutic strategies for PD.
Collapse
|
38
|
Nasrolahi A, Safari F, Farhoudi M, Khosravi A, Farajdokht F, Bastaminejad S, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S, Mahmoudi J. Immune system and new avenues in Parkinson’s disease research and treatment. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:709-727. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, although 200 years have now passed since the primary clinical description of PD by James Parkinson, the etiology and mechanisms of neuronal loss in this disease are still not fully understood. In addition to genetic and environmental factors, activation of immunologic responses seems to have a crucial role in PD pathology. Intraneuronal accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn), as the main pathological hallmark of PD, potentially mediates initiation of the autoimmune and inflammatory events through, possibly, auto-reactive T cells. While current therapeutic regimens are mainly used to symptomatically suppress PD signs, application of the disease-modifying therapies including immunomodulatory strategies may slow down the progressive neurodegeneration process of PD. The aim of this review is to summarize knowledge regarding previous studies on the relationships between autoimmune reactions and PD pathology as well as to discuss current opportunities for immunomodulatory therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ava Nasrolahi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Departmant of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
| | - Afra Khosravi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
| | - Saiyad Bastaminejad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | | | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , P.O. 51666-14756, Tabriz , Iran , e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Beta2-Adrenoceptor Agonists in Parkinson’s Disease and Other Synucleinopathies. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 15:74-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-09831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
40
|
Hutfless S, Wenning GK. Which way does the axis tip? IBD increases the risk of Parkinson's disease. Gut 2019; 68:3. [PMID: 29858394 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hutfless
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kumar NN, Pizzo ME, Nehra G, Wilken-Resman B, Boroumand S, Thorne RG. Passive Immunotherapies for Central Nervous System Disorders: Current Delivery Challenges and New Approaches. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3937-3966. [PMID: 30265523 PMCID: PMC7234797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Passive immunotherapy, i.e., the administration of exogenous antibodies that recognize a specific target antigen, has gained significant momentum as a potential treatment strategy for several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and brain cancer, among others. Advances in antibody engineering to create therapeutic antibody fragments or antibody conjugates have introduced new strategies that may also be applied to treat CNS disorders. However, drug delivery to the CNS for antibodies and other macromolecules has thus far proven challenging, due in large part to the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers that greatly restrict transport of peripherally administered molecules from the systemic circulation into the CNS. Here, we summarize the various passive immunotherapy approaches under study for the treatment of CNS disorders, with a primary focus on disease-specific and target site-specific challenges to drug delivery and new, cutting edge methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niyanta N. Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
| | - Michelle E. Pizzo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
- Clinical Neuroengineering Training Program, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Geetika Nehra
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
| | - Brynna Wilken-Resman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
| | - Sam Boroumand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
| | - Robert G. Thorne
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
- Clinical Neuroengineering Training Program, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Neuroscience Training Program & Center for
Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United
States
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Training Program,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Stoker TB, Torsney KM, Barker RA. Emerging Treatment Approaches for Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:693. [PMID: 30349448 PMCID: PMC6186796 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, manifesting as a characteristic movement disorder with a number of additional non-motor features. The pathological hallmark of PD is the presence of intra-neuronal aggregates of α-synuclein (Lewy bodies). The movement disorder of PD occurs largely due to loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, resulting in striatal dopamine depletion. There are currently no proven disease modifying treatments for PD, with management options consisting mainly of dopaminergic drugs, and in a limited number of patients, deep brain stimulation. Long-term use of established dopaminergic therapies for PD results in significant adverse effects, and there is therefore a requirement to develop better means of restoring striatal dopamine, as well as treatments that are able to slow progression of the disease. A number of exciting treatments have yielded promising results in pre-clinical and early clinical trials, and it now seems likely that the landscape for the management of PD will change dramatically in the short to medium term future. Here, we discuss the promising regenerative cell-based and gene therapies, designed to treat the dopaminergic aspects of PD whilst limiting adverse effects, as well as novel approaches to reducing α-synuclein pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Stoker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kelli M Torsney
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine for the Elderly, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kumar NN, Lochhead JJ, Pizzo ME, Nehra G, Boroumand S, Greene G, Thorne RG. Delivery of immunoglobulin G antibodies to the rat nervous system following intranasal administration: Distribution, dose-response, and mechanisms of delivery. J Control Release 2018; 286:467-484. [PMID: 30081144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The intranasal route has been hypothesized to circumvent the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers, allowing entry into the brain via extracellular pathways along olfactory and trigeminal nerves and the perivascular spaces (PVS) of cerebral blood vessels. We investigated the potential of the intranasal route to non-invasively deliver antibodies to the brain 30 min following administration by characterizing distribution, dose-response, and mechanisms of antibody transport to and within the brain after administering non-targeted radiolabeled or fluorescently-labeled full length immunoglobulin G (IgG) to normal adult female rats. Intranasal [125I]-IgG consistently yielded highest concentrations in the olfactory bulbs, trigeminal nerves, and leptomeningeal blood vessels with their associated PVS. Intranasal delivery also resulted in significantly higher [125I]-IgG concentrations in the CNS than systemic (intra-arterial) delivery for doses producing similar endpoint blood concentrations. Importantly, CNS targeting significantly increased with increasing dose only with intranasal administration, yielding brain concentrations that ranged from the low-to-mid picomolar range with tracer dosing (50 μg) up to the low nanomolar range at higher doses (1 mg and 2.5 mg). Finally, intranasal pre-treatment with a previously identified nasal permeation enhancer, matrix metalloproteinase-9, significantly improved intranasal [125I]-IgG delivery to multiple brain regions and further allowed us to elucidate IgG transport pathways extending from the nasal epithelia into the brain using fluorescence microscopy. The results show that it may be feasible to achieve therapeutic levels of IgG in the CNS, particularly at higher intranasal doses, and clarify the likely cranial nerve and perivascular distribution pathways taken by antibodies to reach the brain from the nasal mucosae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niyanta N Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Lochhead
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Michelle E Pizzo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Clinical Neuroengineering Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Geetika Nehra
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Sam Boroumand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Gretchen Greene
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Robert G Thorne
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Clinical Neuroengineering Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Neuroscience Training Program & Center for Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Davis AA, Leyns CEG, Holtzman DM. Intercellular Spread of Protein Aggregates in Neurodegenerative Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 34:545-568. [PMID: 30044648 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation of protein aggregates, some of which are toxic to cells. Mounting evidence demonstrates that in several diseases, protein aggregates can pass from neuron to neuron along connected networks, although the role of this spreading phenomenon in disease pathogenesis is not completely understood. Here we briefly review the molecular and histopathological features of protein aggregation in neurodegenerative disease, we summarize the evidence for release of proteins from donor cells into the extracellular space, and we highlight some other mechanisms by which protein aggregates might be transmitted to recipient cells. We also discuss the evidence that supports a role for spreading of protein aggregates in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis and some limitations of this model. Finally, we consider potential therapeutic strategies to target spreading of protein aggregates in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Davis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA; .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Cheryl E G Leyns
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA; .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA; .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Choi MG, Kim MJ, Kim DG, Yu R, Jang YN, Oh WJ. Sequestration of synaptic proteins by alpha-synuclein aggregates leading to neurotoxicity is inhibited by small peptide. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195339. [PMID: 29608598 PMCID: PMC5880409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a major component of Lewy bodies found in synucleinopathies including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). Under the pathological conditions, α-syn tends to generate a diverse form of aggregates showing toxicity to neuronal cells and able to transmit across cells. However, mechanisms by which α-syn aggregates affect cytotoxicity in neurons have not been fully elucidated. Here we report that α-syn aggregates preferentially sequester specific synaptic proteins such as vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2) and synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) through direct binding which is resistant to SDS. The sequestration effect of α-syn aggregates was shown in a cell-free system, cultured primary neurons, and PD mouse model. Furthermore, we identified a specific blocking peptide derived from VAMP2 which partially inhibited the sequestration by α-syn aggregates and contributed to reduced neurotoxicity. These results provide a mechanism of neurotoxicity mediated by α-syn aggregates and suggest that the blocking peptide interfering with the pathological role of α-syn aggregates could be useful for designing a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mal-Gi Choi
- Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
- * E-mail: (WJO); (MGC)
| | - Mi Jin Kim
- Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Do-Geun Kim
- Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ri Yu
- Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - You-Na Jang
- Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Won-Jong Oh
- Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
- * E-mail: (WJO); (MGC)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Koga S, Dickson DW. Recent advances in neuropathology, biomarkers and therapeutic approach of multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:175-184. [PMID: 28860330 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-315813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by a variable combination of autonomic failure, levodopa-unresponsive parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia and pyramidal symptoms. The pathological hallmark is the oligodendrocytic glial cytoplasmic inclusion (GCI) consisting of α-synuclein; therefore, MSA is included in the category of α-synucleinopathies. MSA has been divided into two clinicopathological subtypes: MSA with predominant parkinsonism and MSA with predominant cerebellar ataxia, which generally correlate with striatonigral degeneration and olivopontocerebellar atrophy, respectively. It is increasingly recognised, however, that clinical and pathological features of MSA are broader than previously considered.In this review, we aim to describe recent advances in neuropathology of MSA from a review of the literature and from information derived from review of nearly 200 definite MSA cases in the Mayo Clinic Brain Bank. In light of these new neuropathological findings, GCIs and neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions play an important role in clinicopathological correlates of MSA. We also focus on clinical diagnostic accuracy and differential diagnosis of MSA as well as candidate biomarkers. We also review some controversial topics in MSA. Cognitive impairment, which has been a non-supporting feature of MSA, is considered from both clinical and pathological perspectives. The cellular origin of α-synuclein in GCI and a 'prion hypothesis' are discussed. Finally, completed and ongoing clinical trials targeting disease modification, including immunotherapy, are summarised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Koga
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lee DJ, Dallapiazza RF, De Vloo P, Lozano AM. Current surgical treatments for Parkinson's disease and potential therapeutic targets. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1342-1345. [PMID: 30106037 PMCID: PMC6108190 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the most common surgical treatment for Parkinson's disease is deep brain stimulation (DBS). This treatment strategy is typically reserved for bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor in patients who no longer respond to medication in a predictable manner or who suffer medication-induced dyskinesias. In addition to DBS, ablative procedures like radiofrequency, radiosurgery and focused ultrasound are also utilized for select tremor symptoms. In this review, we discuss evolving surgical techniques, targets, and emerging technology. In addition, we evaluate potential paradigm shifts in treatment, including gene therapy, immunotherapy and cell transplantation. While these new techniques and treatment options are still in their infancy, advances in Parkinson's disease treatment are rapidly expanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darrin J Lee
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert F Dallapiazza
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philippe De Vloo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andres M Lozano
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lee DJ, Lozano AM. The Future of Surgical Treatments for Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2018; 8:S79-S83. [PMID: 30584156 PMCID: PMC6311380 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease has made significant progress over the past 70 years; however, its scope of effectiveness remains limited to motor symptoms like bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor and medication-induced dyskinesias. The field of surgery initially developed from lesioning procedures and then transitioned largely to deep brain stimulation due to its properties of adaptability and reversibility. Interestingly, there has been a renewed interest in lesioning procedures secondary to the introduction of focused ultrasound, a non-invasive technology. Despite the various current therapies' effectiveness, there is a significant need for developing treatments to modify the disease process itself. To date, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and cell transplantation trials have had both promising and disappointing results. Newer techniques being developed (optogenetics, magnetogenetics, and sonogenetics) are exciting possibilities for the future. Here, we examine and speculate on novel potential surgical treatments for Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darrin J. Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andres M. Lozano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yu W, Chen S, Cao L, Tang J, Xiao W, Xiao B. Ginkgolide K promotes the clearance of A53T mutation alpha-synuclein in SH-SY5Y cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 34:291-303. [PMID: 29214369 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is associated to Parkinson's disease (PD). The aggregated form of α-syn has potential neurotoxicity. Thus, the clearance of α-syn aggregation is a plausible strategy to delay disease progression of PD. In our study, we found that the treatment of Ginkgolide B (GB) and Ginkgolide K (GK) reduced cell death, and enhanced cell proliferation in SH-SY5Y cells, which overexpressed A53T mutant α-syn. Surprisingly, GK, but not GB, promoted the clearance of A53T α-syn, which can be abolished by autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine, indicating that GK-induced autophagy intervened in the clearance of A53T α-syn. However, GK did not affect the NEDD4 that belongs to the ubiquitin ligase in the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. Furthermore, GK treatment inhibited the p-NF-kB/p65 and induced the PI3K, BDNF, and PSD-95. Taken together, GK increased the clearance of α-syn, reduced cell death, and triggered complex crosstalk between different signaling pathways. Although our results show a potentially new therapeutic candidate for PD, the details of this mechanism need to be further identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Yu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Lianyungang, China
| | - Baoguo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Maiti P, Manna J, Dunbar GL. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson's disease: Targets for potential treatments. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:28. [PMID: 29090092 PMCID: PMC5655877 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gradual degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, pars compacta and subsequent reduction of dopamine levels in striatum are associated with motor deficits that characterize Parkinson’s disease (PD). In addition, half of the PD patients also exhibit frontostriatal-mediated executive dysfunction, including deficits in attention, short-term working memory, speed of mental processing, and impulsivity. The most commonly used treatments for PD are only partially or transiently effective and are available or applicable to a minority of patients. Because, these therapies neither restore the lost or degenerated dopaminergic neurons, nor prevent or delay the disease progression, the need for more effective therapeutics is critical. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the molecular signaling pathways involved in PD, particularly within the context of how genetic and environmental factors contribute to the initiation and progression of this disease. The involvement of molecular chaperones, autophagy-lysosomal pathways, and proteasome systems in PD are also highlighted. In addition, emerging therapies, including pharmacological manipulations, surgical procedures, stem cell transplantation, gene therapy, as well as complementary, supportive and rehabilitation therapies to prevent or delay the progression of this complex disease are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panchanan Maiti
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI 48604 USA.,Department of Biology, Saginaw Valley State University, Saginaw, MI 48604 USA
| | - Jayeeta Manna
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Gary L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI 48604 USA
| |
Collapse
|