1
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Verma A, Goyal A. Beyond insulin: The Intriguing role of GLP-1 in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 982:176936. [PMID: 39182542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide 1) serves as both a peptide hormone and a growth factor, is released upon nutrient intake and contributes to insulin secretion stimulated by glucose levels. Also, GLP-1 is synthesized within several brain areas and plays a vital function in providing neuroprotection and reducing inflammation through the activation of the GLP-1 receptor. Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative illness that worsens with time and is defined by considerable morbidity. Presently, there are few pharmaceutical choices available, and none of the existing therapies are capable of modifying the course of the disease. There is a suggestion that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) could increase the risk of PD, and the presence of both conditions concurrently might exacerbate PD symptoms and hasten neurodegeneration. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists exhibit numerous implications like enhancement of glucose-dependent insulin release and biosynthesis, suppression of glucagon secretion and gastric emptying. Also, some GLP-1R agonists have received clinical approval for the management of T2DM. Moreover, the use of GLP-1R agonists has demonstrated counter-inflammatory, neurotrophic, and neuroprotective actions in various preclinical models of neurodegenerative disorders. Considering the significant amount of evidence backing the potential of GLP-1R agonists to protect the nervous system across different research settings, this article delves into examining the hopeful prospect of GLP-1R agonists as a treatment option for PD. This review sheds light on combined neuroprotective benefits of GLP-1R agonists and the possible mechanisms driving the protective effects on the PD brain, through the collection of data from various preclinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Verma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ahsas Goyal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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2
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Anwar MM, Pérez-Martínez L, Pedraza-Alva G. Exploring the Significance of Microglial Phenotypes and Morphological Diversity in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Targets. Immunol Invest 2024; 53:891-946. [PMID: 38836373 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2358446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Studying various microglial phenotypes and their functions in neurodegenerative diseases is crucial due to the intricate nature of their phenomics and their vital immunological role. Microglia undergo substantial phenomic changes, encompassing morphological, transcriptional, and functional aspects, resulting in distinct cell types with diverse structures, functions, properties, and implications. The traditional classification of microglia as ramified, M1 (proinflammatory), or M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes is overly simplistic, failing to capture the wide range of recently identified microglial phenotypes in various brain regions affected by neurodegenerative diseases. Altered and activated microglial phenotypes deviating from the typical ramified structure are significant features of many neurodegenerative conditions. Understanding the precise role of each microglial phenotype is intricate and sometimes contradictory. This review specifically focuses on elucidating recent modifications in microglial phenotypes within neurodegenerative diseases. Recognizing the heterogeneity of microglial phenotypes in diseased states can unveil novel therapeutic strategies for targeting microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the exploration of the use of healthy isolated microglia to mitigate disease progression has provided an innovative perspective. In conclusion, this review discusses the dynamic landscape of mysterious microglial phenotypes, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding to pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Neuroimmunobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Bioprocesses, Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Neuroimmunobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Bioprocesses, Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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3
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Diz-Chaves Y, Maastor Z, Spuch C, Lamas JA, González-Matías LC, Mallo F. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activation: anti-inflammatory effects in the brain. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1671-1677. [PMID: 38103230 PMCID: PMC10960307 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide 1 is a pleiotropic hormone that has potent insulinotropic effects and is key in treating metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Glucagon-like peptide 1 exerts its effects by activating a membrane receptor identified in many tissues, including different brain regions. Glucagon-like peptide 1 activates several signaling pathways related to neuroprotection, like the support of cell growth/survival, enhancement promotion of synapse formation, autophagy, and inhibition of the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, microglial activation, and apoptosis during neural morphogenesis. The glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia, maintain metabolic homeostasis and defense against pathogens in the central nervous system. After brain insult, microglia are the first cells to respond, followed by reactive astrocytosis. These activated cells produce proinflammatory mediators like cytokines or chemokines to react to the insult. Furthermore, under these circumstances, microglia can become chronically inflammatory by losing their homeostatic molecular signature and, consequently, their functions during many diseases. Several processes promote the development of neurological disorders and influence their pathological evolution: like the formation of protein aggregates, the accumulation of abnormally modified cellular constituents, the formation and release by injured neurons or synapses of molecules that can dampen neural function, and, of critical importance, the dysregulation of inflammatory control mechanisms. The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist emerges as a critical tool in treating brain-related inflammatory pathologies, restoring brain cell homeostasis under inflammatory conditions, modulating microglia activity, and decreasing the inflammatory response. This review summarizes recent advances linked to the anti-inflammatory properties of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activation in the brain related to multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, vascular dementia, or chronic migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Diz-Chaves
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Laboratory of Endocrinology, University of Vigo, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Vigo, Spain
| | - Zainab Maastor
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Laboratory of Endocrinology, University of Vigo, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Spuch
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Sala Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, Vigo, Spain
| | - José Antonio Lamas
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Laboratory of Neuroscience, University of Vigo, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Vigo, Spain
| | - Lucas C. González-Matías
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Laboratory of Endocrinology, University of Vigo, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Vigo, Spain
| | - Federico Mallo
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Laboratory of Endocrinology, University of Vigo, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Vigo, Spain
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4
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Hölscher C. Glucagon-like peptide-1 class drugs show clear protective effects in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease clinical trials: A revolution in the making? Neuropharmacology 2024; 253:109952. [PMID: 38677445 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex syndrome for which there is no disease-modifying treatment on the market. However, a group of drugs from the Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) class have shown impressive improvements in clinical phase II trials. Exendin-4 (Bydureon), Liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda) and Lixisenatide (Adlyxin), drugs that are on the market as treatments for diabetes, have shown clear effects in improving motor activity in patients with PD in phase II clinical trials. In addition, Liraglutide has shown improvement in cognition and brain shrinkage in a phase II trial in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Two phase III trials testing the GLP-1 drug semaglutide (Wegovy, Ozempic, Rybelsus) are ongoing. This perspective article will summarize the clinical results obtained so far in this novel research area. We are at a crossroads where GLP-1 class drugs are emerging as a new treatment strategy for PD and for AD. Newer drugs that have been designed to enter the brain easier are being developed already show improved effects in preclinical studies compared with the older GLP-1 class drugs that had been developed to treat diabetes. The future looks bright for new treatments for AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hölscher
- Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Neurodegeneration Research Group, 451100 Xinzheng, Henan province, China.
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5
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Hussein MH, Alameen AA, Ansari MA, AlSharari SD, Ahmad SF, Attia MSM, Sarawi WS, Nadeem A, Bakheet SA, Attia SM. Semaglutide ameliorated autism-like behaviors and DNA repair efficiency in male BTBR mice by recovering DNA repair gene expression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 135:111091. [PMID: 39032854 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that is marked by impaired social interactions, and increased repetitive behaviors. There is evidence of genetic changes in ASD, and several of these altered genes are linked to the process of DNA repair. Therefore, individuals with ASD must have improved DNA repair efficiency to mitigate risks associated with ASD. Despite numerous milestones in ASD research, the disease remains incurable, with a high occurrence rate and substantial financial burdens. This motivates scientists to search for new drugs to manage the disease. Disruption of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) signaling, a regulator in neuronal development and maintains homeostasis, has been associated with the pathogenesis and progression of several neurological disorders, such as ASD. Our study aimed to assess the impact of semaglutide, a new GLP-1 analog antidiabetic medication, on behavioral phenotypes and DNA repair efficiency in the BTBR autistic mouse model. Furthermore, we elucidated the underlying mechanism(s) responsible for the ameliorative effects of semaglutide against behavioral problems and DNA repair deficiency in BTBR mice. The current results demonstrate that repeated treatment with semaglutide efficiently decreased autism-like behaviors in BTBR mice without affecting motor performance. Semaglutide also mitigated spontaneous DNA damage and enhanced DNA repair efficiency in the BTBR mice as determined by comet assay. Moreover, administering semaglutide recovered oxidant-antioxidant balance in BTBR mice. Semaglutide restored the disrupted DNA damage/repair pathways in the BTBR mice by reducing Gadd45a expression and increasing Ogg1 and Xrcc1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. This suggests that semaglutide holds great potential as a novel therapeutic candidate for treating ASD traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa H Hussein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa A Alameen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir D AlSharari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wedad S Sarawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Wang Q, Gu X, Yang L, Jiang Y, Zhang J, He J. Emerging perspectives on precision therapy for Parkinson's disease: multidimensional evidence leading to a new breakthrough in personalized medicine. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1417515. [PMID: 39026991 PMCID: PMC11254646 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1417515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
PD is a prevalent and progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. Genes play a significant role in the onset and progression of the disease. While the complexity and pleiotropy of gene expression networks have posed challenges for gene-targeted therapies, numerous pathways of gene variant expression show promise as therapeutic targets in preclinical studies, with some already in clinical trials. With the recognition of the numerous genes and complex pathways that can influence PD, it may be possible to take a novel approach to choose a treatment for the condition. This approach would be based on the symptoms, genomics, and underlying mechanisms of the disease. We discuss the utilization of emerging genetic and pathological knowledge of PD patients to categorize the disease into subgroups. Our long-term objective is to generate new insights for the therapeutic approach to the disease, aiming to delay and treat it more effectively, and ultimately reduce the burden on individuals and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuan Gu
- Department of Trauma center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The People’s Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinting He
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7
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Poupon-Bejuit L, Geard A, Millicheap N, Rocha-Ferreira E, Hagberg H, Thornton C, Rahim AA. Diabetes drugs activate neuroprotective pathways in models of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:1284-1309. [PMID: 38783166 PMCID: PMC11178908 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) arises from diminished blood flow and oxygen to the neonatal brain during labor, leading to infant mortality or severe brain damage, with a global incidence of 1.5 per 1000 live births. Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor (GLP1-R) agonists, used in type 2 diabetes treatment, exhibit neuroprotective effects in various brain injury models, including HIE. In this study, we observed enhanced neurological outcomes in post-natal day 10 mice with surgically induced hypoxic-ischaemic (HI) brain injury after immediate systemic administration of exendin-4 or semaglutide. Short- and long-term assessments revealed improved neuropathology, survival rates, and locomotor function. We explored the mechanisms by which GLP1-R agonists trigger neuroprotection and reduce inflammation following oxygen-glucose deprivation and HI in neonatal mice, highlighting the upregulation of the PI3/AKT signalling pathway and increased cAMP levels. These findings shed light on the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of GLP1-R agonists in HIE, potentially extending to other neurological conditions, supporting their potential clinical use in treating infants with HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Poupon-Bejuit
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Amy Geard
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Nathan Millicheap
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claire Thornton
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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8
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Ribarič S. The Contribution of Type 2 Diabetes to Parkinson's Disease Aetiology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4358. [PMID: 38673943 PMCID: PMC11050090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are chronic disorders that have a significant health impact on a global scale. Epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical research underpins the assumption that insulin resistance and chronic inflammation contribute to the overlapping aetiologies of T2D and PD. This narrative review summarises the recent evidence on the contribution of T2D to the initiation and progression of PD brain pathology. It also briefly discusses the rationale and potential of alternative pharmacological interventions for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Ribarič
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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9
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Kalinderi K, Papaliagkas V, Fidani L. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A New Treatment in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3812. [PMID: 38612620 PMCID: PMC11011817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Recent data highlight similarities between neurodegenerative diseases, including PD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), suggesting a crucial interplay between the gut-brain axis. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, known for their use in T2DM treatment, are currently extensively studied as novel PD modifying agents. For this narrative review article, we searched PubMed and Scopus databases for peer-reviewed research, review articles and clinical trials regarding GLP-1R agonists and PD published in the English language with no time restrictions. We also screened the references of the selected articles for possible additional articles in order to include most of the key recent evidence. Many data on animal models and preclinical studies show that GLP1-R agonists can restore dopamine levels, inhibit dopaminergic loss, attenuate neuronal degeneration and alleviate motor and non-motor features of PD. Evidence from clinical studies is also very promising, enhancing the possibility of adding GLP1-R agonists to the current armamentarium of drugs available for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallirhoe Kalinderi
- Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Vasileios Papaliagkas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Liana Fidani
- Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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10
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Elangovan A, Dahiya B, Kirola L, Iyer M, Jeeth P, Maharaj S, Kumari N, Lakhanpal V, Michel TM, Rao KRSS, Cho SG, Yadav MK, Gopalakrishnan AV, Kadhirvel S, Kumar NS, Vellingiri B. Does gut brain axis has an impact on Parkinson's disease (PD)? Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102171. [PMID: 38141735 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is becoming a growing global concern by being the second most prevalent disease next to Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Henceforth new exploration is needed in search of new aspects towards the disease mechanism and origin. Evidence from recent studies has clearly stated the role of Gut Microbiota (GM) in the maintenance of the brain and as a root cause of various diseases and disorders including other neurological conditions. In the case of PD, with an unknown etiology, the GM is said to have a larger impact on the disease pathophysiology. Although GM and its metabolites are crucial for maintaining the normal physiology of the host, it is an undeniable fact that there is an influence of GM in the pathophysiology of PD. As such the Enteroendocrine Cells (EECs) in the epithelium of the intestine are one of the significant regulators of the gut-brain axis and act as a communication mediator between the gut and the brain. The communication is established via the molecules of neuroendocrine which are said to have a crucial part in neurological diseases such as AD, PD, and other psychiatry-related disorders. This review is focused on understanding the proper role of GM and EECs in PD. Here, we also focus on some of the metabolites and compounds that can interact with the PD genes causing various dysfunctions in the cell and facilitating the disease conditions using bioinformatical tools. Various mechanisms concerning EECs and PD, their identification, the latest studies, and available current therapies have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Elangovan
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Bhawna Dahiya
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Laxmi Kirola
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences and Technology (SoHST), UPES University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyanka Jeeth
- Department of Computational Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Sakshi Maharaj
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Nikki Kumari
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Lakhanpal
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda 151005, Punjab, India
| | - Tanja Maria Michel
- Research Unit of Psychiatry, Dept. of Psychiatry Odense, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslowsvej 20, Indg. 220B, Odense, Denmark
| | - K R S Sambasiva Rao
- Mangalayatan University - Jabalpur, Jabalpur - 481662, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
| | - Saraboji Kadhirvel
- Department of Computational Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl, 796 004 Mizoram, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India.
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11
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Wyse RK, Isaacs T, Barker RA, Cookson MR, Dawson TM, Devos D, Dexter DT, Duffen J, Federoff H, Fiske B, Foltynie T, Fox S, Greenamyre JT, Kieburtz K, Kordower JH, Krainc D, Matthews H, Moore DJ, Mursaleen L, Schwarzschild MA, Stott SR, Sulzer D, Svenningsson P, Tanner CM, Carroll C, Simon DK, Brundin P. Twelve Years of Drug Prioritization to Help Accelerate Disease Modification Trials in Parkinson's Disease: The International Linked Clinical Trials Initiative. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024; 14:657-666. [PMID: 38578902 PMCID: PMC11191436 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
In 2011, the UK medical research charity Cure Parkinson's set up the international Linked Clinical Trials (iLCT) committee to help expedite the clinical testing of potentially disease modifying therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD). The first committee meeting was held at the Van Andel Institute in Grand Rapids, Michigan in 2012. This group of PD experts has subsequently met annually to assess and prioritize agents that may slow the progression of this neurodegenerative condition, using a systematic approach based on preclinical, epidemiological and, where possible, clinical data. Over the last 12 years, 171 unique agents have been evaluated by the iLCT committee, and there have been 21 completed clinical studies and 20 ongoing trials associated with the initiative. In this review, we briefly outline the iLCT process as well as the clinical development and outcomes of some of the top prioritized agents. We also discuss a few of the lessons that have been learnt, and we conclude with a perspective on what the next decade may bring, including the introduction of multi-arm, multi-stage clinical trial platforms and the possibility of combination therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roger A. Barker
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Devos
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Neurology, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition Inserm UMR-S-U1172, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Howard Federoff
- Henry and Susan Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Brian Fiske
- Research Programs, The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Susan Fox
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J. Timothy Greenamyre
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karl Kieburtz
- Department of Neurology Center for Health and Technology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Kordower
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Caroline M. Tanner
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Camille Carroll
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - David K. Simon
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Wang ZJ, Li XR, Chai SF, Li WR, Li S, Hou M, Li JL, Ye YC, Cai HY, Hölscher C, Wu MN. Semaglutide ameliorates cognition and glucose metabolism dysfunction in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease via the GLP-1R/SIRT1/GLUT4 pathway. Neuropharmacology 2023; 240:109716. [PMID: 37730113 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of brain glucose metabolism is known to affect brain activity in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, recent evidence has shown an association between AD and type 2 diabetes. Numerous reports have found that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists improve the cognitive behavior and pathological features in AD patients and animals, which may be related to the improvement of glucose metabolism in the brain. However, the mechanism by which GLP-1 agonists improve the brain glucose metabolism in AD patients remains unclear. In this study, we found that SIRT1 is closely related to expression of GLP-1R in hippocampus of 3xTg mice. Therefore, we used semaglutide, a novel GLP-1R agonist currently undergoing two phase 3 clinical trials in AD patients, to observe the effect of SIRT1 after semaglutide treatment in 3XTg mice and HT22 cells, and to explore the mechanism of SIRT1 in the glucose metabolism disorders of AD. The mice were injected with semaglutide on alternate days for 30 days, followed by behavioral experiments including open field test, new object recognition test, and Y-maze. The content of glucose in the brain was also measured by using 18FDG-PET-CT scans. We measured the expression of Aβ and tau in the hippocampus, observed the expression of GLUT4 which is downstream of SIRT1, and tested the Glucose oxidase assay (GOD-POD) and Hexokinase (HK) in HT22 cells. Here, we found in the 3xTg mouse model of AD and in cultured HT22 mouse neurons that SIRT1 signaling is involved in the impairment of glucose metabolism in AD. Semaglutide can increased the expression levels of SIRT1 and GLUT4 in the hippocampus of 3xTg mice, accompanied by an improvement in learning and memory, decreased in Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In addition, we further demonstrated that semaglutide improved glucose metabolism in the brain of 3xTg mice in vitro, semaglutide promoted glycolysis and improved glycolytic disorders, and increased the membrane translocation of GLUT4 in cultured HT22 cells. These effects were blocked by the SIRT1 inhibitor (EX527). These findings indicate that semaglutide can regulate the expression of GLUT4 to mediate glucose transport through SIRT1, thereby improving glucose metabolism dysfunction in AD mice and cells. The present study suggests that SIRT1/GLUT4 signaling pathway may be an important mechanism for GLP-1R to promote glucose metabolism in the brain, providing a reliable strategy for effective therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Control, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Xin-Ru Li
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shi-Fan Chai
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wei-Ran Li
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Meng Hou
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jia-Lei Li
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu-Cai Ye
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hong-Yan Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mei-Na Wu
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China.
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13
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Fidelis EM, Savall ASP, Mello JD, Quines CB, Comis-Neto AA, Sampaio TB, Denardin CC, de Ávila DS, Rosa SG, Pinton S. Purple pitanga extract (Eugenia uniflora) attenuates oxidative stress induced by MPTP. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2615-2625. [PMID: 37921949 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01318-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been widely used due to its specific and reproducible neurotoxic effect on the nigrostriatal system, being considered a convenient model of dopaminergic neurodegeneration to study interventions therapeutics. The purple pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) is a polyphenol-rich fruit with antioxidant and antidepressant properties, among others. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of purple pitanga extract (PPE) on acute early oxidative stress induced by intranasal 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration in rats. Male Wistar rats were pre-treated orally with PPE (1000 mg/kg) or vehicle. After 24 h, MPTP (0.1 mg/10µL/nostril) or vehicle was administered bilaterally into the animal's nostrils, and 6 h later, the olfactory bulb (OB), striatum (ST), and substantia nigra (SN) were collected to evaluate the oxidative stress parameters. Our findings revealed that OB and SN were the most affected areas after 6 h of MPTP infusion; an early increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels was observed, while pretreatment with a single dose of PPE prevented this increment. No differences in thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) formation were observed, although 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) levels increased, which is the most toxic form of lipid peroxidation, in the MPTP group. The PPE pretreatment could prevent this increase by increasing the NPSH levels previously decreased by MPTP. Furthermore, PPE prevents the Na+/K + ATPase strongly inhibited by MPTP, showing the neuroprotective capacity of the PPE by inhibiting the MPTP-generated oxidation. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of PPE against the early MPTP neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Suely P Savall
- Federal University of Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, CEP 97500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Jhuly Dornelles Mello
- Federal University of Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, CEP 97500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brandão Quines
- Federal University of Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, CEP 97500-970, RS, Brazil
- Regional University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Campus Ijuí, Ijuí, CEP 98700-000, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Daiana Silva de Ávila
- Federal University of Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, CEP 97500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Suzan Gonçalves Rosa
- Federal University of Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, CEP 97500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Simone Pinton
- Federal University of Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, CEP 97500-970, RS, Brazil.
- Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, CEP 97500-970, RS, Brazil.
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14
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Gao C, Jiang J, Tan Y, Chen S. Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:359. [PMID: 37735487 PMCID: PMC10514343 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia activation is observed in various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in single-cell technologies have revealed that these reactive microglia were with high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Some identified microglia in specific states correlate with pathological hallmarks and are associated with specific functions. Microglia both exert protective function by phagocytosing and clearing pathological protein aggregates and play detrimental roles due to excessive uptake of protein aggregates, which would lead to microglial phagocytic ability impairment, neuroinflammation, and eventually neurodegeneration. In addition, peripheral immune cells infiltration shapes microglia into a pro-inflammatory phenotype and accelerates disease progression. Microglia also act as a mobile vehicle to propagate protein aggregates. Extracellular vesicles released from microglia and autophagy impairment in microglia all contribute to pathological progression and neurodegeneration. Thus, enhancing microglial phagocytosis, reducing microglial-mediated neuroinflammation, inhibiting microglial exosome synthesis and secretion, and promoting microglial conversion into a protective phenotype are considered to be promising strategies for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we comprehensively review the biology of microglia and the roles of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, dementia with Lewy bodies and Huntington's disease. We also summarize the possible microglia-targeted interventions and treatments against neurodegenerative diseases with preclinical and clinical evidence in cell experiments, animal studies, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
- Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Zhang W, Xiao D, Mao Q, Xia H. Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:267. [PMID: 37433768 PMCID: PMC10336149 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and so on, have suggested that inflammation is not only a result of neurodegeneration but also a crucial player in this process. Protein aggregates which are very common pathological phenomenon in neurodegeneration can induce neuroinflammation which further aggravates protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. Actually, inflammation even happens earlier than protein aggregation. Neuroinflammation induced by genetic variations in CNS cells or by peripheral immune cells may induce protein deposition in some susceptible population. Numerous signaling pathways and a range of CNS cells have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, although they are still far from being completely understood. Due to the limited success of traditional treatment methods, blocking or enhancing inflammatory signaling pathways involved in neurodegeneration are considered to be promising strategies for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, and many of them have got exciting results in animal models or clinical trials. Some of them, although very few, have been approved by FDA for clinical usage. Here we comprehensively review the factors affecting neuroinflammation and the major inflammatory signaling pathways involved in the pathogenicity of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We also summarize the current strategies, both in animal models and in the clinic, for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xiao
- The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
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16
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Wolff A, Schumacher NU, Pürner D, Machetanz G, Demleitner AF, Feneberg E, Hagemeier M, Lingor P. Parkinson's disease therapy: what lies ahead? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:793-820. [PMID: 37147404 PMCID: PMC10199869 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been constantly increasing in the last decades. With rising life expectancy, a longer disease duration in PD patients is observed, further increasing the need and socioeconomic importance of adequate PD treatment. Today, PD is exclusively treated symptomatically, mainly by dopaminergic stimulation, while efforts to modify disease progression could not yet be translated to the clinics. New formulations of approved drugs and treatment options of motor fluctuations in advanced stages accompanied by telehealth monitoring have improved PD patients care. In addition, continuous improvement in the understanding of PD disease mechanisms resulted in the identification of new pharmacological targets. Applying novel trial designs, targeting of pre-symptomatic disease stages, and the acknowledgment of PD heterogeneity raise hopes to overcome past failures in the development of drugs for disease modification. In this review, we address these recent developments and venture a glimpse into the future of PD therapy in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wolff
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas U Schumacher
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Pürner
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerrit Machetanz
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia F Demleitner
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Emily Feneberg
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Maike Hagemeier
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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17
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Wüllner U, Borghammer P, Choe CU, Csoti I, Falkenburger B, Gasser T, Lingor P, Riederer P. The heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:827-838. [PMID: 37169935 PMCID: PMC10174621 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease (PD), i.e. the various clinical phenotypes, pathological findings, genetic predispositions and probably also the various implicated pathophysiological pathways pose a major challenge for future research projects and therapeutic trail design. We outline several pathophysiological concepts, pathways and mechanisms, including the presumed roles of α-synuclein misfolding and aggregation, Lewy bodies, oxidative stress, iron and melanin, deficient autophagy processes, insulin and incretin signaling, T-cell autoimmunity, the gut-brain axis and the evidence that microbial (viral) agents may induce molecular hallmarks of neurodegeneration. The hypothesis is discussed, whether PD might indeed be triggered by exogenous (infectious) agents in susceptible individuals upon entry via the olfactory bulb (brain first) or the gut (body-first), which would support the idea that disease mechanisms may change over time. The unresolved heterogeneity of PD may have contributed to the failure of past clinical trials, which attempted to slow the course of PD. We thus conclude that PD patients need personalized therapeutic approaches tailored to specific phenomenological and etiologic subtypes of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ullrich Wüllner
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Bonn and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Chi-un Choe
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Itzehoe, Robert-Koch-Straße 2, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Ilona Csoti
- Fachklinik Für Parkinson, Gertrudis Klinik Biskirchen, Karl-Ferdinand-Broll-Straße 2-4, 35638 Leun-Biskirchen, Germany
| | - Björn Falkenburger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Riederer
- University Hospital Wuerzburg, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark Odense, J.B. Winslows Vey 18, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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18
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Guglielmi V, Bettini S, Sbraccia P, Busetto L, Pellegrini M, Yumuk V, Colao AM, El Ghoch M, Muscogiuri G. Beyond Weight Loss: Added Benefits Could Guide the Choice of Anti-Obesity Medications. Curr Obes Rep 2023:10.1007/s13679-023-00502-7. [PMID: 37209215 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-023-00502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight the added benefits of approved and upcoming, centrally-acting, anti-obesity drugs, focusing not only on the most common metabolic and cardiovascular effects but also on their less explored clinical benefits and drawbacks, in order to provide clinicians with a tool for more comprehensive, pharmacological management of obesity. RECENT FINDINGS Obesity is increasingly prevalent worldwide and has become a challenge for healthcare systems and societies. Reduced life expectancy and cardiometabolic complications are some of the consequences of this complex disease. Recent insights into the pathophysiology of obesity have led to the development of several promising pharmacologic targets, so that even more effective drugs are on the horizon. The perspective of having a wider range of treatments increases the chance to personalize therapy. This primarily has the potential to take advantage of the long-term use of anti-obesity medication for safe, effective and sustainable weight loss, and to concomitantly address obesity complications/comorbidities when already established. The evolving scenario of the availability of anti-obesity drugs and the increasing knowledge of their added effects on obesity complications will allow clinicians to move into a new era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Guglielmi
- Dept. of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Internal Medicine Unit - Obesity Center, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Bettini
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Internal Medicine 3, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Sbraccia
- Dept. of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Internal Medicine Unit - Obesity Center, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Busetto
- Center for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Internal Medicine 3, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Pellegrini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121, Modena, Italy
| | - Volkan Yumuk
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Anna Maria Colao
- Italian Centre for the Care and Well-Being of Patients With Obesity (C.I.B.O), Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Università Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Diabetologia E Andrologia, Unità Di Endocrinologia, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione Alla Salute E Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marwan El Ghoch
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 11-5020, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Diabetologia E Andrologia, Unità Di Endocrinologia, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione Alla Salute E Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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19
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Chai S, Liu F, Yu S, Yang Z, Sun F. Cognitive protection of incretin-based therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on clinical studies. J Diabetes Investig 2023. [PMID: 37147888 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Cognitive dysfunction, including mild cognitive impairment and dementia, is increasingly recognized as an important complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aims of the preset study was to investigate the cognitive protection of incretin-based therapies, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Web of Science and PsycINFO were searched from the inception through 17 January 2023 for randomized controlled trials and cohort studies on the association between incretin-based therapies and cognitive function. A total of 15 studies were finally included in our systematic review, and eight of which were incorporated into our meta-analysis. RESULTS Pooled results showed that the Mini-Mental State Examination score in incretin-based therapy groups was increased by 1.20 compared with the control group (weighted mean difference 1.20, 95% confidence interval 0.39-2.01). The results of eight studies assessed by the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale and the Cochrane Collaboration's tool, and the quality of the eight studies were at a relatively high level. Egger's regression did not show significant publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence shows that incretin-based therapies might be more effective, when compared with the other hypoglycemic drugs, for cognitive improvement in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanbao Chai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqi Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhirong Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Lee TS, Park EJ, Choi M, Oh HS, An Y, Kim T, Kim TH, Shin BS, Shin S. Novel LC-MS/MS analysis of the GLP-1 analog semaglutide with its application to pharmacokinetics and brain distribution studies in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1221:123688. [PMID: 36989942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Semaglutide, one of the most potent glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 analogs, has widely been used to treat type II diabetes mellitus and obesity. Recent studies have shown that semaglutide also works on the brain, suggesting its potential utility for various diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. This study aimed to develop a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of semaglutide in both plasma and brain to characterize the pharmacokinetics and brain distribution in rats. Semaglutide was extracted by simple protein precipitation with methanol from plasma and by solid phase extraction from brain tissue. Liraglutide was used as an internal standard. Gradient elution profiles with mobile phases comprising 0.1 % formic acid in water and acetonitrile were used for chromatographic separation. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the LC-MS/MS assay was 0.5 ng/mL for both rat plasma and brain. Intra- and inter-day accuracy ranged 89.20-109.50 % in the plasma and 92.00-105.00 % in the brain. Precision was within 8.92 % in the plasma and 7.94 % in the brain. Sprague-Dawley rats were given semaglutide by intravenous (IV, 0.02 mg/kg) and subcutaneous (SC, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) injection. Plasma concentrations of semaglutide showed a multi-exponential decline with an average half-life of 7.22-9.26 hr in rats. The subcutaneous bioavailability of semaglutide was 76.65-82.85 %. The brain tissue to plasma partition coefficient (Kp) value of semaglutide was estimated as <0.01. Among the different regions of the brain, semaglutide concentrations were significantly higher in the hypothalamus. The analytical method and pharmacokinetic information may be helpful toward a better understanding of the effect of semaglutide in the brain and further development of GLP-1 analogs for various brain diseases.
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21
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Chen X, Ma L, Gan K, Pan X, Chen S. Phosphorylated proteomics-based analysis of the effects of semaglutide on hippocampi of high-fat diet-induced-obese mice. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:63. [PMID: 36998046 PMCID: PMC10064769 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of semaglutide on phosphorylated protein expression, and its neuroprotective mechanism in hippocampi of high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. In total, 16 obese mice were randomly divided into model group (H group) and semaglutide group (S group), with 8 mice in each group. In addition, a control group (C group) was set up comprising 8 C57BL/6J male normal mice. The Morris water maze assay was conducted to detect cognitive function changes in the mice, and to observe and compare body weight and expression levels of serological indicators between groups after the intervention. Phosphorylated proteomic analysis was performed to detect the hippocampal protein profile in mice. Proteins up-regulated twofold or down-regulated 0.5-fold in each group and with t-test p < 0.05 were defined as differentially phosphorylated proteins and were analyzed bioinformatically. The results showed that the high-fat diet-induced obese mice had reduced body weight, improved oxidative stress indexes, significantly increased the percentage of water maze trips and the number of platform crossings, and significantly shortened the water maze platform latency after semaglutide intervention. The phosphorylated proteomics results identified that 44 overlapping proteins among the three experimental groups. Most of the phosphorylated proteins identified were closely associated with pathways of neurodegeneration-multiple diseases. In addition, we identified Huntington, Neurofilament light chain, Neurofilament heavy chain as drug targets. This study demonstrates for the first time that semaglutide exerts neuroprotective effects by reducing HTT Ser1843, NEFH Ser 661 phosphorylation and increasing NEFL Ser 473 phosphorylation in hippocampal tissue of obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Chen
- Graduate School of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Kexin Gan
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Chen X, Chen S, Li Z, Zhu R, Jia Z, Ban J, Zhen R, Chen X, Pan X, Ren Q, Yue L, Niu S. Effect of semaglutide and empagliflozin on cognitive function and hippocampal phosphoproteomic in obese mice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:975830. [PMID: 37007007 PMCID: PMC10063902 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.975830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Based on the 4D label-free phosphoproteomic technique, we examined the differences in cognitive function and hippocampal phosphorylated protein expression in high-fat diet-induced obese mice after the intervention of semaglutide and empagliflozin, as well as the effects of both on protein activity and function in obese mice’s hippocampal tissues and the signaling pathways involved.Methods: Thirty-two C57BL/6JC male mice were assigned to two groups randomly: A control group (group C, 10% of energy is from fat, n = 8) and a high-fat diet group (group H, 60% of energy is from fat, n = 24). The high-fat diet-induced obese mice were screened after 12 weeks of feeding based on the criterion that the bodyweight of mice in fat rich diet group was greater than or equal to 20% of the average body weight of the mice in the blank control group. Group H separate into group H (n = 8), group Semaglutide (group S, n = 8), and group empagliflozin (group E, n = 8). For a total of 12 weeks, group S received 30 nmol/kg/d bodyweight of semaglutide intraperitoneally, group E received 10 mg/kg/d bodyweight of empagliflozin via gavage, and groups C and H received equal amounts of saline by intraperitoneal injection and gavage. At the end of treatment, the mice were appraised for cognitive function employing the Morris water maze (MWM), and serum fasting glucose, lipids, and inflammatory parameters were measured. The 4D label-free phosphoproteomics method was employed to screen the differential phosphoproteins and loci in hippocampal tissues of mice in different treatment groups, and bioinformatics was used to analyze the biological processes, signaling pathways, and related protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of these differentially phosphorylated proteins.Results: In comparison to normal controls, The escape latency of obese mice induced by high-fat diet was prolonged, the percentage of swimming time in the target quadrant was reduced, and the number of times of crossing the platform was reduced, whereas semaglutide and empagliflozin treatment reduced escape latency, increase the percentage of swim time in the target quadrant and increase the frequency of passing through the platform area, although there is little difference in the effect of the two drugs. The phosphoproteomic results showed 20,493 unique phosphorylated peptides, representing 21,239 phosphorylation sites and 4,290 phosphorylated proteins. Further analysis revealed that the proteins corresponding to these differentially phosphorylated sites are jointly distributed in signaling pathways such as dopaminergic synapses and axon guidance, and are involved in biological processes such as neuronal projection development, synaptic plasticity, and axonogenesis. Notably, the key factors voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D (CACNA1D), voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A (CACNA1A), and voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B (CACNA1B) were all found to be involved in the dopaminergic synapse pathway, and their expression was upregulated by semaglutide and empagliflozin.Conclusion: We found for the first time that a high-fat diet decreased CACNA1D, CACNA1A, and CACNA1B protein serine phosphorylation, which may affect neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive function in mice. Notably, semaglutide and empagliflozin increased the phosphorylation of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuchun Chen,
| | - Zelin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruiyi Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhuoya Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiangli Ban
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruoxi Zhen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qingjuan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shu Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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23
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Wang W, Mei A, Qian H, Li D, Xu H, Chen J, Yang H, Min X, Li C, Cheng L, Chen J. The Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2023; 18:129-137. [PMID: 36815056 PMCID: PMC9939668 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s393323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the common diseases of the respiratory system. As the disease recurs, damage to the airways and lung tissue gradually worsens, leading to a progressive decline in lung function, affecting the patient's workforce and quality of life, and causing a huge social and economic burden. Diabetes is a common comorbidity of COPD and patients with COPD are at increased risk of developing diabetes, while hyperglycemia can also reduce lung function and contribute to the progression and poor prognosis of COPD. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) is a new type of hypoglycemic agent that has been shown to regulate blood glucose levels, reduce inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, and regulate lipid metabolism, among other effects. GLP-1RAs may benefit COPD patients by acting directly on the lung from mechanisms such as reducing the inflammatory response, improving oxidative stress, regulating protease/anti-protease imbalance, improving airway mucus homeostasis, and reducing airway remodeling. This study provides a review of the potential role of GLP-1RAs in COPD and offers new ideas for the prevention and treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aihua Mei
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hang Qian
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Li
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Xu
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jishun Chen
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Handong Yang
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinwen Min
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Cheng
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), Shiyan, People’s Republic of China,Institute of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Jun Chen; Li Cheng, Sinopharm General Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 16 Daling Road, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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24
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Sadek MA, Kandil EA, El Sayed NS, Sayed HM, Rabie MA. Semaglutide, a novel glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist, amends experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced multiple sclerosis in mice: Involvement of the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109647. [PMID: 36584570 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disabling neurodegenerative disease that causes demyelination and axonal degeneration of the central nervous system. Current treatments are partially effective in managing MS relapses and have a negligible impact on treating MS cognitive deficits and cannot enhance neuronal remyelination, imposing a need for a new MS remedy. Semaglutide, a novel glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist, has recently displayed a neuroprotective effect on several neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that it may have a protective effect in MS. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the influence of semaglutide on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-induced MS in mice. Here, EAE was induced in mice using spinal cord homogenate, which eventually altered the mice's cognitive and motor functions, similar to what is observed in MS. Interestingly, intraperitoneally administered semaglutide (25 nmol/kg/day) amended EAE-induced cognitive and motor deficits observed in novel object recognition, open field, rotarod, and grip strength tests. Moreover, histological examination revealed that semaglutide treatment attenuated hippocampal damage and corpus callosum demyelination caused by EAE. Additionally, biochemical testing revealed that semaglutide activates the PI3K/Akt axis, which eventually hampers GSK-3β activity. GSK-3β activity inhibition attenuates demyelination and triggers remyelination through CREB/BDNF; furthermore, it boosts Nrf2 and SOD levels, protecting the mice from EAE-induced oxidative stress. Additionally, GSK-3β inhibition minimizes neuroinflammation, as reflected by decreased NF-kβ and TNF-α levels. In conclusion, semaglutide has a neuroprotective effect in EAE-induced MS in mice, which is mediated by activating the ramified PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esraa A Kandil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesrine S El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Helmy M Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A Rabie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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25
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Cullinane PW, de Pablo Fernandez E, König A, Outeiro TF, Jaunmuktane Z, Warner TT. Type 2 Diabetes and Parkinson's Disease: A Focused Review of Current Concepts. Mov Disord 2023; 38:162-177. [PMID: 36567671 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly reproducible epidemiological evidence shows that type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases the risk and rate of progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), and crucially, the repurposing of certain antidiabetic medications for the treatment of PD has shown early promise in clinical trials, suggesting that the effects of T2D on PD pathogenesis may be modifiable. The high prevalence of T2D means that a significant proportion of patients with PD may benefit from personalized antidiabetic treatment approaches that also confer neuroprotective benefits. Therefore, there is an immediate need to better understand the mechanistic relation between these conditions and the specific molecular pathways affected by T2D in the brain. Although there is considerable evidence that processes such as insulin signaling, mitochondrial function, autophagy, and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of both PD and T2D, the primary aim of this review is to highlight the evidence showing that T2D-associated dysregulation of these pathways occurs not only in the periphery but also in the brain and how this may facilitate neurodegeneration in PD. We also discuss the challenges involved in disentangling the complex relationship between T2D, insulin resistance, and PD, as well as important questions for further research. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Cullinane
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo de Pablo Fernandez
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annekatrin König
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Queen Square Movement Disorders Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Queen Square Movement Disorders Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Maanvi, Kumari S, Deshmukh R. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4(DPP4) inhibitors stride up the management of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 939:175426. [PMID: 36544303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the 2nd most common age-related hypokinetic disorder, characterized by dopaminergic degeneration and movement abnormalities. Dopaminergic degeneration in the basal ganglia is primarily seen in PD patients. The therapeutic strategies currently under investigation are to rescue dopaminergic degeneration and promote neuronal regeneration, which could halt disease progression. On the other hand, the therapeutic efficacy of existing drugs used in other disorders has been repurposed in neurodegenerative pathologies. DPP4 inhibitors widely used in treating diabetes have been considered viable target sites and are being tested for efficacy in neurodegenerative pathologies. DPP4 inhibitors have been reported to rescue neuronal degeneration and improve motor functions in various preclinical and clinical PD studies. The current review is focused on the neuroprotective potential, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of DPP4 inhibitors in PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maanvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Shilpa Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Rahul Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India.
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27
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Naren P, Cholkar A, Kamble S, Khan SS, Srivastava S, Madan J, Mehra N, Tiwari V, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Pathological and Therapeutic Advances in Parkinson's Disease: Mitochondria in the Interplay. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S399-S428. [PMID: 36093711 PMCID: PMC10473111 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative illness majorly affecting the population between the ages of 55 to 65 years. Progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss and the collective assemblage of misfolded alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra, remain notable neuro-pathological hallmarks of the disease. Multitudes of mechanistic pathways have been proposed in attempts to unravel the pathogenesis of PD but still, it remains elusive. The convergence of PD pathology is found in organelle dysfunction where mitochondria remain a major contributor. Mitochondrial processes like bioenergetics, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy are under strict regulation by the mitochondrial genome and nuclear genome. These processes aggravate neurodegenerative activities upon alteration through neuroinflammation, oxidative damage, apoptosis, and proteostatic stress. Therefore, the mitochondria have grabbed a central position in the patho-mechanistic exploration of neurodegenerative diseases like PD. The management of PD remains a challenge to physicians to date, due to the variable therapeutic response of patients and the limitation of conventional chemical agents which only offer symptomatic relief with minimal to no disease-modifying effect. This review describes the patho-mechanistic pathways involved in PD not only limited to protein dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress, but explicit attention has been drawn to exploring mechanisms like organelle dysfunction, primarily mitochondria and mitochondrial genome influence, while delineating the newer exploratory targets such as GBA1, GLP, LRRK2, and miRNAs and therapeutic agents targeting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmashri Naren
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anjali Cholkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Suchita Kamble
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sabiya Samim Khan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Neelesh Mehra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.) Varanasi (U.P.), India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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28
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Nowell J, Blunt E, Edison P. Incretin and insulin signaling as novel therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:217-229. [PMID: 36258018 PMCID: PMC9812772 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite an ever-growing prevalence and increasing economic burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), recent advances in drug development have only resulted in minimally effective treatment. In AD, along with amyloid and tau phosphorylation, there is an associated increase in inflammation/glial activation, a decrease in synaptic function, an increase in astrocyte activation, and a state of insulin resistance. In PD, along with α-synuclein accumulation, there is associated inflammation, synaptic dysfunction, dopaminergic neuronal loss, and some data to suggest insulin resistance. Therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders have commonly targeted individual pathological processes. An effective treatment might require either utilization of multiple drugs which target the individual pathological processes which underlie the neurodegenerative disease or the use of a single agent which could influence multiple pathological processes. Insulin and incretins are compounds with multiple effects on neurodegenerative processes. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce neuroinflammation, reduce tau phosphorylation, reduce amyloid deposition, increase synaptic function, and improve memory formation. Incretin mimetics may act through the restoration of insulin signaling pathways, inducing further neuroprotective effects. Currently, phase 2 and phase 3 trials are underway in AD and PD populations. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the therapeutic potential of incretin mimetics and insulin in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Nowell
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Division of Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eleanor Blunt
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Division of Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Edison
- Division of Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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29
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Chen SD, Chuang YC, Lin TK, Yang JL. Alternative role of glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists in neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 938:175439. [PMID: 36470445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a crucial risk factor for common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Limited options are available for the treatment of age-related, multiple pathogenic mechanism-contributed diseases that usually advance to irreversible conditions with severe neurological deficits and result in a heavy socioeconomic burden on patients, families, and society. A therapy that decelerates disease progression and reduces the socioeconomic burden stemming from these diseases is required. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is an important class of medication for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Through pancreatic effects, GLP-1R agonists can stimulate insulin secretion, increase β-cell proliferation, reduce β-cell apoptosis, and inhibit glucagon secretion in patients with T2DM. Currently, seven clinically approved GLP-1R agonists are used for T2DM: exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, extended-release exenatide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, and semaglutide. Besides the pancreas, GLP-1Rs are also expressed in organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract, heart, lung, kidney, and brain, indicating their potential use in diseases other than T2DM. Emerging evidence reveals that GLP-1R agonists possess pleiotropic effects that enrich neurogenesis, diminish apoptosis, preclude neurons from oxidative stress, and reduce neuroinflammation in various neurological conditions. These favorable effects may also be employed in neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we reviewed the recent progress, both in preclinical studies and clinical trials, regarding these clinically used GLP-1R agonists in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, mainly AD and PD. We stress the pleiotropic characteristics of GLP-1R agonists as repurposing drugs to target multiple pathological mechanisms and for use in the future for these devastating neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Der Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan; Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Chung Chuang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan; Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan; Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Jenq-Lin Yang
- Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 83301, Taiwan.
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Zhang L, Li C, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Jin QQ, Li L, Hölscher C. DA5-CH and Semaglutide Protect against Neurodegeneration and Reduce α-Synuclein Levels in the 6-OHDA Parkinson's Disease Rat Model. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 2022:1428817. [PMID: 36419409 PMCID: PMC9678466 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1428817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulin desensitization has been observed in the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), which is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which there is no cure. Semaglutide is a novel long-actingglucagon-likepeptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that is on the market as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. It is in a phase II clinical trial in patients with PD. Two previous phase II trials in PD patients showed good effects with the older GLP-1 receptor agonists, exendin-4 and liraglutide. We have developed a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist (DA5-CH) that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at a higher rate than semaglutide. We tested semaglutide and DA5-CH in the 6-OHDA-lesion rat model of PD. Treatment was semaglutide or DA5-CH (25 nmol/kg, i.p.) daily for 30 days postlesion. Both drugs reduced the apomorphine-induced rotational behavior and alleviated dopamine depletion and the inflammation response in the lesioned striatum as shown in reduced IL-1β and TNF-α levels, with DA5-CH being more effective. In addition, both drugs protected dopaminergic neurons and increased TH expression in the substantia nigra. Furthermore, the level of monomer and aggregated α-synuclein was reduced by the drugs, and insulin resistance as shown in reduced pIRS-1ser312 phosphorylation was also attenuated after drug treatment, with DA5-CH being more effective. Therefore, while semaglutide showed good effects in this PD model, DA5-CH was superior and may be a better therapeutic drug for neurodegenerative disorders such as PD than GLP-1 receptor agonists that do not easily cross the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Zijuan Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Qian-Qian Jin
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Second Hospital Neurology Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Chen X, Chen S, Ren Q, Niu S, Pan X, Yue L, Li Z, Zhu R, Jia Z, Chen X, Zhen R, Ban J. Metabolomics Provides Insights into Renoprotective Effects of Semaglutide in Obese Mice. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3893-3913. [PMID: 36388084 PMCID: PMC9656502 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s383537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Semaglutide, a new long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, has shown benefits for renal diseases, but its direct role on kidney metabolism under obesity remains unclear. The study aims to elucidate the protective effect and metabolic modulation mechanism of semaglutide on obesity-related kidney injury. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into control and obesity groups. Mice in the obesity group had a high-fat diet and were treated with or without semaglutide (30nmol/kg/day). The study assayed blood biochemistry and then evaluated renal pathological injury through Periodic Acid-Schiff staining and electron microscopy. Metabolomics was utilized to analyze obesity-related metabolites in kidney samples. RESULTS Semaglutide significantly improved glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, and kidney injury in obese mice. We successfully identified 377 altered metabolites (P<0.05). It was suggested that semaglutide directly improved oxidative stress and inflammation-related metabolites such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and adenosine in the kidney of obese mice, which have not been documented in obesity-related kidney injury. Relevant enriched pathways were included phospholipids and lysophospholipids metabolism, purine metabolism, NAD+ metabolism, and insulin resistance-related metabolism. They could serve as potential targets for intervention of obesity-related kidney injury. CONCLUSION Our study revealed the metabolomics-based renoprotective mechanism of semaglutide in obese mice for the first time. The innovation lied in the identified metabolites such as NAD+ and adenosine targeted by semaglutide, which have not been documented in obesity-related kidney injury. Semaglutide may be a promising therapy for obesity-related kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingjuan Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu Niu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Yue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zelin Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiyi Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuoya Jia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruoxi Zhen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangli Ban
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, People’s Republic of China
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Bețiu AM, Noveanu L, Hâncu IM, Lascu A, Petrescu L, Maack C, Elmér E, Muntean DM. Mitochondrial Effects of Common Cardiovascular Medications: The Good, the Bad and the Mixed. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13653. [PMID: 36362438 PMCID: PMC9656474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are central organelles in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system via the integration of several physiological processes, such as ATP generation via oxidative phosphorylation, synthesis/exchange of metabolites, calcium sequestration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production/buffering and control of cellular survival/death. Mitochondrial impairment has been widely recognized as a central pathomechanism of almost all cardiovascular diseases, rendering these organelles important therapeutic targets. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to occur in the setting of drug-induced toxicity in several tissues and organs, including the heart. Members of the drug classes currently used in the therapeutics of cardiovascular pathologies have been reported to both support and undermine mitochondrial function. For the latter case, mitochondrial toxicity is the consequence of drug interference (direct or off-target effects) with mitochondrial respiration/energy conversion, DNA replication, ROS production and detoxification, cell death signaling and mitochondrial dynamics. The present narrative review aims to summarize the beneficial and deleterious mitochondrial effects of common cardiovascular medications as described in various experimental models and identify those for which evidence for both types of effects is available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina M. Bețiu
- Doctoral School Medicine-Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Lavinia Noveanu
- Department of Functional Sciences—Pathophysiology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Iasmina M. Hâncu
- Doctoral School Medicine-Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Ana Lascu
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Department of Functional Sciences—Pathophysiology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Lucian Petrescu
- Doctoral School Medicine-Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Christoph Maack
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eskil Elmér
- Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Abliva AB, Medicon Village, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Danina M. Muntean
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Department of Functional Sciences—Pathophysiology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
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Ferrari F, Moretti A, Villa RF. Incretin-based drugs as potential therapy for neurodegenerative diseases: current status and perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Su Q, Ng WL, Goh SY, Gulam MY, Wang LF, Tan EK, Ahn M, Chao YX. Targeting the inflammasome in Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:957705. [PMID: 36313019 PMCID: PMC9596750 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.957705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in which neuroinflammation plays pivotal roles. An important mechanism of neuroinflammation is the NLRP3 inflammasome activation that has been implicated in PD pathogenesis. In this perspective, we will discuss the relationship of some key PD-associated proteins including α-synuclein and Parkin and their contribution to inflammasome activation. We will also review promising inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway that have potential as novel PD therapeutics. Finally, we will provide a summary of current and potential in vitro and in vivo models that are available for therapeutic discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke–NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Lun Ng
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke–NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suh Yee Goh
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Yaaseen Gulam
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke–NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke–NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matae Ahn
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke–NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yin-Xia Chao
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke–NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Arvanitakis K, Koufakis T, Kotsa K, Germanidis G. How Far beyond Diabetes Can the Benefits of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Go? A Review of the Evidence on Their Effects on Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194651. [PMID: 36230573 PMCID: PMC9562923 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by poor survival rate and quality of life, while available treatments remain generally limited. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) originally emerged as drugs for the management of diabetes, but have also been shown to alleviate cardiorenal risk. Furthermore, they have demonstrated a wide range of extraglycemic effects that led to their evaluation as potential therapies for a variety of diseases beyond diabetes, such as obesity, neurogenerative disorders and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Given the presence of the GLP-1 receptor in hepatocytes, animal data suggest that GLP-1 RAs could regulate molecular pathways that are deeply involved in the genesis and progression of HCC, including inflammatory responses, tumor cell proliferation and oxidative stress, through direct and indirect effects on liver cells. However, future studies must assess several aspects of the benefit-to-risk ratio of the use of GLP-1 RAs in patients with HCC, including co-administration with approved systemic therapies, the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects in a high-risk population, and weight loss management in individuals with poor nutritional status and high rates of cancer cachexia. In this narrative review, we discuss the potential role of GLP-1 analogs in the treatment of HCC, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that could justify a possible benefit, but also referring to the potential clinical implications and areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Arvanitakis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Basic and Translational Research Unit (BTRU) of Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (SUBRE), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theocharis Koufakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Centre, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Centre, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Germanidis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Basic and Translational Research Unit (BTRU) of Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (SUBRE), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-231-330-3156; Fax: +30-231-099-4638
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Hernández-Parra H, Cortés H, Avalos-Fuentes JA, Del Prado-Audelo M, Florán B, Leyva-Gómez G, Sharifi-Rad J, Cho WC. Repositioning of drugs for Parkinson's disease and pharmaceutical nanotechnology tools for their optimization. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:413. [PMID: 36109747 PMCID: PMC9479294 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) significantly affects patients' quality of life and represents a high economic burden for health systems. Given the lack of safe and effective treatments for PD, drug repositioning seeks to offer new medication alternatives, reducing research time and costs compared to the traditional drug development strategy. This review aimed to collect evidence of drugs proposed as candidates to be reused in PD and identify those with the potential to be reformulated into nanocarriers to optimize future repositioning trials. We conducted a detailed search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from January 2015 at the end of 2021, with the descriptors "Parkinson's disease" and "drug repositioning" or "drug repurposing". We identified 28 drugs as potential candidates, and six of them were found in repositioning clinical trials for PD. However, a limitation of many of these drugs to achieve therapeutic success is their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), as is the case with nilotinib, which has shown promising outcomes in clinical trials. We suggest reformulating these drugs in biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) based on lipids and polymers to perform future trials. As a complementary strategy, we propose functionalizing the NPs surface by adding materials to the surface layer. Among other advantages, functionalization can promote efficient crossing through the BBB and improve the affinity of NPs towards certain brain regions. The main parameters to consider for the design of NPs targeting the central nervous system are highlighted, such as size, PDI, morphology, drug load, and Z potential. Finally, current advances in the use of NPs for Parkinson's disease are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Hernández-Parra
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Hernán Cortés
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Arturo Avalos-Fuentes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica & Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - María Del Prado-Audelo
- Escuela de Ingeniería Y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de México, C. Puente 222, 14380 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Florán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica & Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Reich N, Hölscher C. The neuroprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease: An in-depth review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:970925. [PMID: 36117625 PMCID: PMC9475012 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.970925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatment available for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (AD and PD) and that includes the highly controversial approval of the Aβ-targeting antibody aducanumab for the treatment of AD. Hence, there is still an unmet need for a neuroprotective drug treatment in both AD and PD. Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for both AD and PD. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone and growth factor that has shown neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies, and the success of GLP-1 mimetics in phase II clinical trials in AD and PD has raised new hope. GLP-1 mimetics are currently on the market as treatments for type 2 diabetes. GLP-1 analogs are safe, well tolerated, resistant to desensitization and well characterized in the clinic. Herein, we review the existing evidence and illustrate the neuroprotective pathways that are induced following GLP-1R activation in neurons, microglia and astrocytes. The latter include synaptic protection, improvements in cognition, learning and motor function, amyloid pathology-ameliorating properties (Aβ, Tau, and α-synuclein), the suppression of Ca2+ deregulation and ER stress, potent anti-inflammatory effects, the blockage of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis pathways, enhancements in the neuronal insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism, functional improvements in autophagy and mitophagy, elevated BDNF and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) synthesis as well as neurogenesis. The many beneficial features of GLP-1R and GLP-1/GIPR dual agonists encourage the development of novel drug treatments for AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Biomedical and Life Sciences Division, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Niklas Reich,
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Neurology Department, Second Associated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhengzhou, China
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Chlorogenic Acid: a Polyphenol from Coffee Rendered Neuroprotection Against Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease by GLP-1 Secretion. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6834-6856. [PMID: 36048341 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic motor disorder, characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Numerous studies suggest that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretagogue has a neuroprotective role in PD models. The present study evaluated potential of coffee bioactive compounds in terms of their ability to bind GPR-40/43 and tested the neuroprotective effect of best candidate on rotenone-induced PD mice acting via GLP-1 release. In silico molecular docking followed by binding free energy calculation revealed that chlorogenic acid (CGA) has a strong binding affinity for GPR-40/43 in comparison to other bioactive polyphenols. Molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed stable nature of GPR40-CGA and GPR43-CGA interaction and also provided information about the amino acid residues involved in binding. Subsequently, in vitro studies demonstrated that CGA-induced secretion of GLP-1 via enhancing cAMP levels in GLUTag cells. Furthermore, in vivo experiments utilizing rotenone-induced mouse model of PD revealed a significant rise in plasma GLP-1 after CGA administration (50 mg/kg, orally for 13 weeks) with concomitant increase in colonic GPR-40 and GPR-43 mRNA expression. CGA treatment also prevented rotenone-induced motor and cognitive impairments and significantly restored the rotenone-induced oxidative stress. Meanwhile, western blot results confirmed that CGA treatment downregulated rotenone-induced phosphorylated alpha-synuclein levels by upregulating PI3K/AKT signaling and inactivating GSK-3β through the release of GLP-1. CGA treatment ameliorated rotenone-induced dopaminergic nerve degeneration and alpha-synuclein accumulation in substantia nigra and augmented mean density of dopaminergic nerve fibers in striatum. These findings demonstrated novel biological function of CGA as a GLP-1 secretagogue. An increase in endogenous GLP-1 may render neuroprotection against a rotenone mouse model of PD and has the potential to be used as a neuroprotective agent in management of PD.
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Manfready RA, Goetz CG, Keshavarzian A. Intestinal microbiota and neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: At the helm of the gut-brain axis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 167:81-99. [PMID: 36427960 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Emerging data suggest that disrupted intestinal microbiota, or dysbiosis, may be responsible for multiple features of Parkinson's disease (PD), from initiation, to progression, to therapeutic response. We have progressed greatly in our understanding of microbial signatures associated with PD, and have gained important insights into how dysbiosis and intestinal permeability promote neurodegeneration through neuroinflammation and Lewy body formation. These insights underscore the potential of microbiota-directed therapies, which include dietary, pharmacologic, and lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Manfready
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Christopher G Goetz
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Activation in the Brain in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179583. [PMID: 36076972 PMCID: PMC9455625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a pleiotropic hormone well known for its incretin effect in the glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion. However, GLP-1 is also produced in the brain and displays a critical role in neuroprotection and inflammation by activating the GLP-1 receptor signaling pathways. Several studies in vivo and in vitro using preclinical models of neurodegenerative diseases show that GLP-1R activation has anti-inflammatory properties. This review explores the molecular mechanistic action of GLP-1 RAS in relation to inflammation in the brain. These findings update our knowledge of the potential benefits of GLP-1RAS actions in reducing the inflammatory response. These molecules emerge as a potential therapeutic tool in treating neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammatory pathologies.
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Gao S, Zhang Y, Liang K, Bi R, Du Y. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs): A Novel Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:8637493. [PMID: 36045953 PMCID: PMC9424025 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8637493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although plenty of drugs are currently available for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a subset of patients still failed to restore normoglycemia. Recent studies proved that symptoms of T2DM patients who are unresponsive to conventional medications could be relieved with mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) therapy. However, the lack of systematic summary and analysis for animal and clinical studies of T2DM has limited the establishment of standard guidelines in anti-T2DM MSC therapy. Besides, the therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs to combat T2DM have not been thoroughly understood. In this review, we present an overview of the current status of MSC therapy in treating T2DM for both animal studies and clinical studies. Potential mechanisms of MSC-based intervention on multiple pathological processes of T2DM, such as β-cell exhaustion, hepatic dysfunction, insulin resistance, and systemic inflammation, are also delineated. Moreover, we highlight the importance of understanding the pharmacokinetics (PK) of transplanted cells and discuss the hurdles in MSC-based T2DM therapy toward future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kaini Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ran Bi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Poupon-Bejuit L, Hughes MP, Liu W, Geard A, Faour-Slika N, Whaler S, Massaro G, Rahim AA. A GLP1 receptor agonist diabetes drug ameliorates neurodegeneration in a mouse model of infantile neurometabolic disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13825. [PMID: 35970890 PMCID: PMC9378686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) is a rare paediatric neurodegenerative condition caused by mutations in the PLA2G6 gene, which is also the causative gene for PARK14-linked young adult-onset dystonia parkinsonism. INAD patients usually die within their first decade of life, and there are currently no effective treatments available. GLP1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are licensed for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus but have also demonstrated neuroprotective properties in a clinical trial for Parkinson's disease. Therefore, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of a new recently licensed GLP-1R agonist diabetes drug in a mouse model of INAD. Systemically administered high-dose semaglutide delivered weekly to juvenile INAD mice improved locomotor function and extended the lifespan. An investigation into the mechanisms underlying these therapeutic effects revealed that semaglutide significantly increased levels of key neuroprotective molecules while decreasing those involved in pro-neurodegenerative pathways. The expression of mediators in both the apoptotic and necroptotic pathways were also significantly reduced in semaglutide treated mice. A reduction of neuronal loss and neuroinflammation was observed. Finally, there was no obvious inflammatory response in wild-type mice associated with the repeated high doses of semaglutide used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Poupon-Bejuit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - M P Hughes
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - W Liu
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Geard
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - N Faour-Slika
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - S Whaler
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - G Massaro
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK.
| | - A A Rahim
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK.
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Parkinson's Disease and Sugar Intake-Reasons for and Consequences of a Still Unclear Craving. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153240. [PMID: 35956417 PMCID: PMC9370710 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lately, studies have shown that patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) report a strong craving for sweets and consume significantly more fast-acting carbohydrates than healthy controls. Consuming food with a high-sugar content is assumed to lead to an increase in insulin concentration, which could positively influence dopamine concentration in the brain and unconsciously be used by patients as kind of “self-medication” to compensate for a lack of dopamine in PD. On the other hand, high-sugar intake could also lead to insulin resistance and diabetes, which is discussed as a causative factor for progressive neurodegeneration in PD. In this critical appraisal, we discuss the role of sugar intake and insulin on dopamine metabolism in patients with PD and how this could influence the potential neurodegeneration mediated by insulin resistance.
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Hölscher C. Glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide hormones and novel receptor agonists protect synapses in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:955258. [PMID: 35965783 PMCID: PMC9363704 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.955258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) are peptide hormones and growth factors. A major pathological feature of both Alzheimer’s dis-ease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the loss of synaptic transmission in the cortex in AD and the loss of dopaminergic synapses in the nigra-striatal dopaminergic projection. Several studies demonstrate that GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonists protect synapses and synaptic transmission from the toxic events that underlie AD and PD. In a range of AD animal models, treatment with GLP-1, GIP, or dual-GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists effectively protected cognition, synaptic trans-mission, long-term potentiation (LTP), and prevented the loss of synapses and neurons. In PD models, dopaminergic production resumed and synapses became functional again. Importantly, the GLP-1 receptor agonists exendin-4 and liraglutide have shown good protective effects in clinical trials in AD and PD patients. Studies show that growth factors and peptide drugs that can cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) better are more potent than those that do not cross the BBB. We therefore developed dual-GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists that can cross the BBB at an enhanced rate and showed superior protective properties on synapses in animal models of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hölscher
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Semaglutide Protects against 6-OHDA Toxicity by Enhancing Autophagy and Inhibiting Oxidative Stress. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 2022:6813017. [PMID: 35873704 PMCID: PMC9300292 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6813017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder for which no effective treatment is available. Studies have demonstrated that improving insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can benefit patients with PD. In addition, a neuroprotective effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists was demonstrated in experimental models of PD. In addition, there are some clinical trials to study the neuroprotective effect of GLP-1 analog on PD patients. Semaglutide is a long-acting, once-a-week injection treatment and the only available oral form of GLP-1 analog. In the present study, we treated the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) as a PD in vitro model to explore the neuroprotective effects and potential mechanisms of semaglutide to protect against PD. Moreover, we compared the effect of semaglutide with liraglutide given at the same dose. We demonstrated that both semaglutide and liraglutide protect against 6-OHDA cytotoxicity by increasing autophagy flux and decreasing oxidative stress as well as mitochondrial dysfunction in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, by comparing the neuroprotective effects of semaglutide and liraglutide on PD cell models at the same dose, we found that semaglutide was superior to liraglutide for most parameters measured. Our results indicate that semaglutide, the new long-acting and only oral GLP-1 analog, may be represent a promising treatment for PD.
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Soni R, Shah J. Deciphering Intertwined Molecular Pathways Underlying Metabolic Syndrome Leading to Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2240-2251. [PMID: 35856649 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that gradually develops over time in a progressive manner. The main culprit behind the disease pathology is dopaminergic deficiency in Substantia nigra Pars Compacta (SNpc) due to neuronal degeneration. However, there are other factors that are not only associated with it but also somehow responsible for inception of pathology. Metabolic syndrome is one such risk factor for PD. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of diseases mainly including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hyperlipidemia which pose a risk for developing cardiovascular disorders. All of these disorders have their own pathological pathways that intertwine with PD pathology. This leads to alpha-synuclein aggregation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress which are facets in initiating PD pathology. Although few reports are available, this area is underexplored and has contradictory views. Hence, further studies are needed in order to establish a definite relationship between PD and metabolic syndrome. In this review, we aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms to confirm the association between them and pave the way for potential repurposing of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Jigna Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
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Reis-Barbosa PH, Marcondes-de-Castro IA, Marinho TDS, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. The mTORC1/AMPK pathway plays a role in the beneficial effects of semaglutide (GLP-1 receptor agonist) on the liver of obese mice. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2022; 46:101922. [PMID: 35427802 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2022.101922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The liver regulates lipid metabolism. Decreasing mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) and enhancing AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) help degrade hepatic diet-induced accumulated lipids. Therefore, the glucagon-like peptide type 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1) is indicated to treat obesity-related liver metabolic alterations. Then, we investigated the effects of semaglutide (recent GLP-1) by analyzing the liver mTORC1/AMPK pathway genes in obese mice. BASIC PROCEDURES C57BL/6 male mice were separated into two groups and submitted for 16 weeks of obesity induction. Then they were treated for an additional four weeks with semaglutide (subcutaneous, 40 μg/kg once every three days). The groups formed were: C, control group; CS, control group plus semaglutide; HF, high-fat group; HFS, high-fat group plus semaglutide. Next, the livers were dissected, and rapidly fragments of all lobes were kept and frozen at -80° C for analysis (RT-qPCR). MAIN FINDINGS Liver markers for the mTOR pathway associated with anabolism and lipogenesis de novo were increased in the HF group compared to the C group but comparatively attenuated by semaglutide. Also, liver markers for the AMPK pathway, which regulates chemical pathways involving the cell's primary energy source, were impaired in the HF group than in the C group but partly restored by semaglutide. CONCLUSION the mTOR pathway was attenuated, and the insulin signaling and the AMPK pathway were enhanced by semaglutide, ameliorating the liver gene expressions related to the metabolism of obese mice. These findings are promising in delaying the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Reis-Barbosa
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ilitch Aquino Marcondes-de-Castro
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thatiany de Souza Marinho
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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48
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Mahapatra MK, Karuppasamy M, Sahoo BM. Therapeutic Potential of Semaglutide, a Newer GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, in Abating Obesity, Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Neurodegenerative diseases: A Narrative Review. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1233-1248. [PMID: 35650449 PMCID: PMC9159769 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Semaglutide, a peptidic GLP-1 receptor agonist, has been clinically approved for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and is available in subcutaneous and oral dosage form. Diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity are responsible for the pathological manifestations of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Similarly, insulin resistance in brain is also responsible for neurodegeneration and impaired cognitive functions. BACKGROUND Observations from phase-3 clinical trials like SUSTAIN and PIONEER indicated anti-obesity potential of semaglutide, which was established in STEP trials. Various pre-clinical and phase-2 studies have indicated the therapeutic potential of semaglutide in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. DISCUSSION Significant weight reduction ability of semaglutide has been demonstrated in various phase-3 clinical trials, for which recently semaglutide became the first long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist to be approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for management of obesity. Various pre-clinical and clinical studies have revealed the hepatoprotective effect of semaglutide in NASH and neuroprotective effect in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSION Many GLP-1 receptor agonists have shown hepatoprotective and neuroprotective activity in animal and human trials. As semaglutide is an already clinically approved drug, successful human trials would hasten its inclusion into therapeutic treatment of NASH and neurodegenerative diseases. Semaglutide improves insulin resistance, insulin signalling pathway, and reduce body weight which are responsible for prevention or progression of NASH and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Mahapatra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kanak Manjari Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chhend, Rourkela, 769015, Odisha, India.
| | - Muthukumar Karuppasamy
- YaAn Pharmaceutical and Medical Communications, 1798, Balaji Nagar, Sithurajapuram, Sivakasi, 626189, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Biswa M Sahoo
- Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, 760010, Odisha, India
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49
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Manfready RA, Forsyth CB, Voigt RM, Hall DA, Goetz CG, Keshavarzian A. Gut-Brain Communication in Parkinson's Disease: Enteroendocrine Regulation by GLP-1. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2022; 22:335-342. [PMID: 35633466 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-022-01196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Defective gut-brain communication has recently been proposed as a promoter of neurodegeneration, but mechanisms mediating communication remain elusive. In particular, the Parkinson's disease (PD) phenotype has been associated with both dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota and neuroinflammation. Here, we review recent advances in the PD field that connect these two concepts, providing an explanation based on enteroendocrine signaling from the gut to the brain. RECENT FINDINGS There have been several recent accounts highlighting the importance of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in PD. The objective of this review is to discuss the role of the neuroendocrine system in gut-brain communication as it relates to PD pathogenesis, as this system has not been comprehensively considered in prior reviews. The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is secreted by enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal epithelium, and there is evidence that it is neuroprotective in animal models and human subjects with PD. Agonists of GLP-1 receptors used in diabetes appear to be useful for preventing neurodegeneration. New tools and models have enabled us to study regulation of GLP-1 secretion by intestinal microbiota, to understand how this process may be defective in PD, and to develop methods for therapeutically modifying disease development or progression using the enteroendocrine system. GLP-1 secretion by enteroendocrine cells may be a key mediator of neuroprotection in PD, and new findings in this field may offer unique insights into PD pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Manfready
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher B Forsyth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison Street Suite 207, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Robin M Voigt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison Street Suite 207, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Deborah A Hall
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher G Goetz
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison Street Suite 207, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Yang X, Feng P, Ji R, Ren Y, Wei W, Hölscher C. Therapeutic application of GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonists in Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:445-460. [PMID: 35584372 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2079492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) and shares similar dysregulated insulin pathways. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs originally designed to treat diabetes have shown potent neuroprotective activity in preclinical studies of PD. They are neuroprotective by inhibiting inflammation, improving neuronal survival, maintenance of synapses, and dopaminergic transmission in the brain. Building on this, three clinical studies have reported impressive effects in patients with PD, testing exendin-4 (Exenatide, Bydureon) or liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) is another peptide hormone that has shown good effects in animal models of PD. Novel dual GLP-1/GIP agonists have been developed that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and show superior effects in animal models compared to GLP-1 drugs. AREAS COVERED The review summarizes preclinical and clinical studies testing GLP-1R agonists and dual GLP-1/GIPR agonists in PD and discusses possible mechanisms of action. EXPERT OPINION Current strategies to treat PD by lowering the levels of alpha-synuclein have not shown effects in clinical trials. It is time to move on from the 'misfolding protein' hypothesis. Growth factors such as GLP-1 that can cross the BBB have already shown impressive effects in patients and are the future of drug discovery in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan' an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Rong Ji
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan' an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqing Ren
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan' an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenshi Wei
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan' an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China.,Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 233 Zhongyuan Road, Zhengzhou, China
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