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Islami F, Baeker Bispo J, Lee H, Wiese D, Yabroff KR, Bandi P, Sloan K, Patel AV, Daniels EC, Kamal AH, Guerra CE, Dahut WL, Jemal A. American Cancer Society's report on the status of cancer disparities in the United States, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin 2024; 74:136-166. [PMID: 37962495 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2021, the American Cancer Society published its first biennial report on the status of cancer disparities in the United States. In this second report, the authors provide updated data on racial, ethnic, socioeconomic (educational attainment as a marker), and geographic (metropolitan status) disparities in cancer occurrence and outcomes and contributing factors to these disparities in the country. The authors also review programs that have reduced cancer disparities and provide policy recommendations to further mitigate these inequalities. There are substantial variations in risk factors, stage at diagnosis, receipt of care, survival, and mortality for many cancers by race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and metropolitan status. During 2016 through 2020, Black and American Indian/Alaska Native people continued to bear a disproportionately higher burden of cancer deaths, both overall and from major cancers. By educational attainment, overall cancer mortality rates were about 1.6-2.8 times higher in individuals with ≤12 years of education than in those with ≥16 years of education among Black and White men and women. These disparities by educational attainment within each race were considerably larger than the Black-White disparities in overall cancer mortality within each educational attainment, ranging from 1.03 to 1.5 times higher among Black people, suggesting a major role for socioeconomic status disparities in racial disparities in cancer mortality given the disproportionally larger representation of Black people in lower socioeconomic status groups. Of note, the largest Black-White disparities in overall cancer mortality were among those who had ≥16 years of education. By area of residence, mortality from all cancer and from leading causes of cancer death were substantially higher in nonmetropolitan areas than in large metropolitan areas. For colorectal cancer, for example, mortality rates in nonmetropolitan areas versus large metropolitan areas were 23% higher among males and 21% higher among females. By age group, the racial and geographic disparities in cancer mortality were greater among individuals younger than 65 years than among those aged 65 years and older. Many of the observed racial, socioeconomic, and geographic disparities in cancer mortality align with disparities in exposure to risk factors and access to cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment, which are largely rooted in fundamental inequities in social determinants of health. Equitable policies at all levels of government, broad interdisciplinary engagement to address these inequities, and equitable implementation of evidence-based interventions, such as increasing health insurance coverage, are needed to reduce cancer disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Priti Bandi
- American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmen E Guerra
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Zhou S, Li P, Qin L, Huang S, Dang N. Transcription factor YY1 contributes to human melanoma cell growth through modulating the p53 signaling pathway. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1563-1578. [PMID: 35730240 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma has a higher mortality rate than any other skin cancer, and its cases are increasing. The transcription factor YY1 has been proven to be involved in tumor progression; however, the role of YY1 in melanoma is not well understood. METHODS This study investigates how YY1 functions in melanoma progression, and it also elucidates the underlying mechanisms involved. RESULTS We have found that in clinical human melanoma tissues, YY1 is overexpressed compared to YY1 expression in normal melanocytes and skin tissues. Cellular immunofluorescence shows that YY1 is mainly located in the nucleus. YY1 knockdown reduces proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cell lines. Moreover, the apoptosis rate of cells is significantly increased in low-YY1 environments. The overexpression of YY1 resulted in decreased apoptotic rates in melanoma cells. YY1 also affects the expression of EMT-related proteins. Additional experiments reveal that YY1 knockdown disrupts the interaction of MDM2-p53, and that it both stabilizes and increases p53 activity. The upregulation of p53 expression in turn stimulates p21 expression just as it suppresses CDK4 expression, which then induces cells that were arrested in the G1 phase. The effect then is to constrain cell proliferation in melanoma cells. Upon activation of the p53 pathway, Bax, a pro-apoptotic protein, is upregulated, and Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, was downregulated in A375 cells. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide novel insights into the pathology of melanoma as well as the role that YY1 plays in tumor progression. The findings also suggest that targeting YY1 has the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Zhou
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Linyi people's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Pin Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Li Qin
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuhong Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ningning Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Ashrafizadeh M, Yaribeygi H, Sahebkar A. Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin against Bladder Cancer: A Review of Possible Molecular Pathways. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:667-677. [PMID: 32013836 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200203143803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There are concerns about the increased incidence of cancer both in developing and developed countries. In spite of recent progress in cancer therapy, this disease is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Consequently, there have been rigorous attempts to improve cancer therapy by looking at nature as a rich source of naturally occurring anti-tumor drugs. Curcumin is a well-known plant-derived polyphenol found in turmeric. This compound has numerous pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and anti-tumor properties. Curcumin is capable of suppressing the growth of a variety of cancer cells including those of bladder cancer. Given the involvement of various signaling pathways such as PI3K, Akt, mTOR and VEGF in the progression and malignancy of bladder cancer, and considering the potential of curcumin in targeting signaling pathways, it seems that curcumin can be considered as a promising candidate in bladder cancer therapy. In the present review, we describe the molecular signaling pathways through which curcumin inhibits invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Song H, Fu X, Wu C, Li S. Aging-related tumor associated fibroblasts changes could worsen the prognosis of GBM patients. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:489. [PMID: 33061843 PMCID: PMC7545944 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant tumor in human brain, with highly heterogeneity among different patients. Age could function as an incidence and prognosis risk factor for many tumors. Method A series of bioinformatic experiments were conducted to evaluate the differences of incidence, differential expressed genes, enriched pathways with the data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) and Chinese glioma genome atlas (CGGA) project. Results We discovered in our present study that distinct difference of incidence and prognosis of different aged GBM patients. By a series of bioinformatic method, we found that the tumor associated fibroblasts (TAFs) was the most crucial tumor microenvironment (TME) component that led to this phenomenon. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) could be the mechanism by which TAFs regulate the progression of GBM. Conclusion We have proposed a close correlation between age and GBM incidence and prognosis, and propose the underlying mechanism behind this correlation by mining different databases, which laid the foundation for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwang Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaojun Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xiangshanyikesong 50#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Chenxing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xiangshanyikesong 50#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Shouwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xiangshanyikesong 50#, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100093 China
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Okwuchukwu PM, Bandyopadhyay D. Medicinally Privileged Sultams: Synthesis and Mechanism of Action. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:2193-2206. [PMID: 32682375 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200719015234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To date, more than a thousand research articles have been published detailing various regio-, stereo-, chemo-, and enantioselective specific synthesis of the cyclic sulfonamides (sultams). Although enormous synthetic efforts were made, but bioactivities of sultams have not been widely investigated. Sultams are the sulfur analogs of lactams (cyclic amides) which demonstrate a broad range of medicinal activities and several lactam drugs are commercially available. In contrast, only a few sultam drugs are commercially available, while the presence of two oxygens on sulfur in sultam motifs can serve as a better H-bond acceptor than lactam scaffolds. One of the major objectives of this minireview is to draw appropriate attention from the medicinal/pharmaceutical chemists to conduct indepth research on sultam derivatives targeted to the development of new drugs. This article gives a brief account of the synthesis, potential bioactivity, and mechanisms of therapeutic action of four to seven-membered sultam derivatives. Based on the available literature, this is the first effort to consolidate only the medicinally privileged sultam molecules and drugs under the same umbrella. While every effort was taken to comprise all the relevant reports related to bioactive sultams, any oversight is truly unintentional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precious M Okwuchukwu
- Department of Chemistry and the School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences (SEEMS), The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, Texas 78539, United States
| | - Debasish Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry and the School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences (SEEMS), The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, Texas 78539, United States
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6
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Dhakal P, Chen B, Giri S, Vose JM, Armitage JO, Bhatt VR. Effects of center type and socioeconomic factors on early mortality and overall survival of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Future Oncol 2019; 15:2113-2124. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To examine whether the center type and socioeconomic factors significantly impact 1-month mortality and overall survival (OS) of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Methods: National Cancer Database (NCDB) was used to identify patients diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma from 2006 to 2012 (postrituximab era). Results: Among 185,183 patients, 33% were treated at academic centers. The receipt of therapy at larger volume centers was associated with improved 1-month mortality. Academic centers had better OS than nonacademic centers in univariable analysis. Younger age, private insurance, lower Charlson comorbidity score and lower lymphoma stage were associated with improved 1-month mortality and OS. Conclusion: The receipt of therapy at larger volume centers and socioeconomic factors were associated with improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Dhakal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Baojiang Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, College of Public Health in Austin, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Smith Giri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Julie M Vose
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - James O Armitage
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Vijaya Raj Bhatt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Yedjou CG, Mbemi AT, Noubissi F, Tchounwou SS, Tsabang N, Payton M, Miele L, Tchounwou PB. Prostate Cancer Disparity, Chemoprevention, and Treatment by Specific Medicinal Plants. Nutrients 2019; 11:E336. [PMID: 30720759 PMCID: PMC6412894 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common cancers in men. The global burden of this disease is rising. Its incidence and mortality rates are higher in African American (AA) men compared to white men and other ethnic groups. The treatment decisions for PC are based exclusively on histological architecture, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, and local disease state. Despite advances in screening for and early detection of PC, a large percentage of men continue to be diagnosed with metastatic disease including about 20% of men affected with a high mortality rate within the African American population. As such, this population group may benefit from edible natural products that are safe with a low cost. Hence, the central goal of this article is to highlight PC disparity associated with nutritional factors and highlight chemo-preventive agents from medicinal plants that are more likely to reduce PC. To reach this central goal, we searched the PubMed Central database and the Google Scholar website for relevant papers. Our search results revealed that there are significant improvements in PC statistics among white men and other ethnic groups. However, its mortality rate remains significantly high among AA men. In addition, there are limited studies that have addressed the benefits of medicinal plants as chemo-preventive agents for PC treatment, especially among AA men. This review paper addresses this knowledge gap by discussing PC disparity associated with nutritional factors and highlighting the biomedical significance of three medicinal plants (curcumin, garlic, and Vernonia amygdalina) that show a great potential to prevent/treat PC, as well as to reduce its incidence/prevalence and mortality, improve survival rate, and reduce PC-related health disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement G Yedjou
- Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Laboratory, NIH/NIMHD RCMI-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Ariane T Mbemi
- Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Laboratory, NIH/NIMHD RCMI-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Felicite Noubissi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Solange S Tchounwou
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, 214 Shoemaker Hall, P.O. Box 1848, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Nole Tsabang
- Department of Animal Biology, Higher Institute of Environmental Sciences, Yaounde P.O.Box 16317, Cameroon.
| | - Marinelle Payton
- Center of Excellence in Minority Health and Health Disparities, School of Public Health, Jackson State University, Jackson Medical Mall-Thad Cochran Center, 350 West Woodrow Wilson Avenue, Jackson, MS 39213, USA.
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics, LSU Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 533 Bolivar Street, Room 657, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
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Beebe-Dimmer JL, Zuhlke KA, Johnson AM, Liesman D, Cooney KA. Rare germline mutations in African American men diagnosed with early-onset prostate cancer. Prostate 2018; 78:321-326. [PMID: 29356034 PMCID: PMC6912854 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans have both a higher incidence of prostate cancer and greater disease-specific mortality compared with non-Hispanic whites. Historically, the investigation of the contribution of rare genetic variants to prostate cancer in African American men has been hampered by low participation in large genetic studies, particularly those focused on early-onset and familial disease. METHODS We sequenced 160 genes purported to be involved in carcinogenic pathways in germline DNA samples collected from 96 African American men diagnosed with early-onset prostate cancer (≤55 years at diagnosis). REVEL software was used to determine the pathogenic potential of observed missense variants. RESULTS We observed three protein-truncating mutations, one in BRCA2 and two in BRIP1 in three African American men diagnosed with early-onset prostate cancer. Furthermore, we observed five rare, mostly private, missense variants among four genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, PMS2, and ATM) that were predicted to be deleterious and hence likely pathogenic in our patient sample. CONCLUSIONS Protein-truncating mutations in BRCA2 and BRIP1 were discovered in African American men diagnosed with early-onset prostate cancer. Further study is necessary to determine the role of rare, missense variants to prostate cancer incidence, and progression in this group of high-risk men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Beebe-Dimmer
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 48201
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201
| | - Kimberly A Zuhlke
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Anna M Johnson
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Daniel Liesman
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Kathleen A Cooney
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine and the Huntsman Cancer, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132
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Bateman NW, Dubil EA, Wang G, Hood BL, Oliver JM, Litzi TA, Gist GD, Mitchell DA, Blanton B, Phippen NT, Tian C, Zahn CM, Cohn DE, Havrilesky LJ, Berchuck A, Shriver CD, Darcy KM, Hamilton CA, Conrads TP, Maxwell GL. Race-specific molecular alterations correlate with differential outcomes for black and white endometrioid endometrial cancer patients. Cancer 2017; 123:4004-4012. [PMID: 28654152 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to identify molecular alterations associated with disease outcomes for white and black patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC). METHODS EEC samples from black (n = 17) and white patients (n = 13) were analyzed by proteomics (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) and transcriptomics (RNA-seq). Coordinate alterations were validated with RNA-seq data from black (n = 49) and white patients (n = 216). Concordantly altered candidates were further tested for associations with race-specific progression-free survival (PFS) in black (n = 64) or white patients (n = 267) via univariate and multivariate Cox regression modeling and log-rank testing. RESULTS Discovery analyses revealed significantly altered candidate proteins and transcripts between black and white patients, suggesting modulation of tumor cell viability in black patients and cell death signaling in black and white patients. Eighty-nine candidates were validated as altered between these patient cohorts, and a subset significantly correlated with differential PFS. White-specific PFS candidates included serpin family A member 4 (SERPINA4; hazard ratio [HR], 0.89; Wald P value = .02), integrin subunit α3 (ITGA3; HR, 0.76; P = .03), and Bet1 Golgi vesicular membrane trafficking protein like (BET1L; HR, 0.48; P = .04). Black-specific PFS candidates included family with sequence similarity 228 member B (FAM228B; HR, 0.13; P = .001) and HEAT repeat containing 6 (HEATR6; HR, 4.94; P = .047). Several candidates were also associated with overall survival (SERPINA4 and ITGA3) as well as PFS independent of disease stage, grade and myometrial invasion (SERPINA4, BET1L and FAM228B). CONCLUSIONS This study has identified and validated molecular alterations in tumors from black and white EEC patients, including candidates significantly associated with altered disease outcomes within these patient cohorts. Cancer 2017;123:4004-12. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Bateman
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.,John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth A Dubil
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Guisong Wang
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brian L Hood
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julie M Oliver
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tracy A Litzi
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Glenn D Gist
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David A Mitchell
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brian Blanton
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Neil T Phippen
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chunqiao Tian
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - David E Cohn
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Laura J Havrilesky
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Craig D Shriver
- John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kathleen M Darcy
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.,John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chad A Hamilton
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.,John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas P Conrads
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.,John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.,Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Inova Center for Personalized Health, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - G Larry Maxwell
- Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.,John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Uniformed Services University and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.,Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Inova Center for Personalized Health, Falls Church, Virginia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, Virginia
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Lukong KE, Ogunbolude Y, Kamdem JP. Breast cancer in Africa: prevalence, treatment options, herbal medicines, and socioeconomic determinants. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 166:351-365. [PMID: 28776284 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. GLOBOCAN estimated about 1.7 million new cases of breast cancer diagnoses worldwide and about 522,000 deaths in 2012. The burden of breast cancer mortality lies in the developing low-income and middle-income countries, where about 70% of such deaths occur. The incidence of breast cancer is also rising in low-income and middle-income countries in Africa as trend towards urbanization, and adoption of Western lifestyles increases. In general, the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype tends to be frequent in women of African ancestry. What are the factors contributing to this prevalence? Are there genetic predispositions to TNBC in African women? This review addresses these questions and provides an update on the incidence, survival, and mortality of breast cancer in Africans, with a focus on sub-Saharan Africans. We have also addressed factors that could account for ethical disparities in incidence and mortality. Further, we have highlighted challenges associated with access to essential drug and to healthcare treatment in some African countries and outlined alternative/herbal treatment methods that are increasingly implemented in Africa and other developing nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiven Erique Lukong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Yetunde Ogunbolude
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Jean Paul Kamdem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Campus Pimenta, Crato, Ceará, CEP: 63105-000, Brazil
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Alleyne D, Witonsky D, Mapes B, Nakagome S, Sommars M, Hong E, Muckala KA, Rienzo AD, Kupfer SS. Colonic transcriptional response to 1α,25(OH) 2 vitamin D 3 in African- and European-Americans. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 168:49-59. [PMID: 28163244 PMCID: PMC5642973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant health burden especially among African Americans (AA). Epidemiological studies have correlated low serum vitamin D with CRC risk, and, while hypovitaminosis D is more common and more severe in AA, the mechanisms by which vitamin D modulates CRC risk and how these differ by race are not well understood. Active vitamin D (1α,25(OH)2D3) has chemoprotective effects primarily through transcriptional regulation of target genes in the colon. We hypothesized that transcriptional response to 1α,25(OH)2D3 differs between AA and European Americans (EA) irrespective of serum vitamin D and that regulatory variants could impact transcriptional response. We treated ex vivo colon cultures from 34 healthy subjects (16 AA and 18 EA) with 0.1μM 1α,25(OH)2D3 or vehicle control for 6h and performed genome-wide transcriptional profiling. We found 8 genes with significant differences in transcriptional response to 1α,25(OH)2D3 between AA and EA with definitive replication of inter-ethnic differences for uridine phosphorylase 1 (UPP1) and zinc finger-SWIM containing 4 (ZSWIM4). We performed expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping and identified response cis-eQTLs for ZSWIM4 as well as for histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), the latter of which showed a trend toward significant inter-ethnic differences in transcriptional response. Allele frequency differences of eQTLs for ZSWIM4 and HDAC3 accounted for observed transcriptional differences between populations. Taken together, our results demonstrate that transcriptional response to 1α,25(OH)2D3 differs between AA and EA independent of serum 25(OH)D levels. We provide evidence in support of a genetic regulatory mechanism underlying transcriptional differences between populations for ZSWIM4 and HDAC3. Further work is needed to elucidate how response eQTLs modify vitamin D response and whether genotype and/or transcriptional response correlate with chemopreventive effects. Relevant biomarkers, such as tissue-specific 1α,25(OH)2D3 transcriptional response, could identify individuals likely to benefit from vitamin D for CRC prevention as well as elucidate basic mechanisms underlying CRC disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereck Alleyne
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Chicago, IL
- Correspondence to: Sonia S. Kupfer, MD, 900 East 57 Street, MB#9, Chicago, IL 60637, 773-834-1438 (phone), 773-702-2281 (fax),
| | - David Witonsky
- University of Chicago, Department of Human Genetics, Chicago, IL
- Correspondence to: Sonia S. Kupfer, MD, 900 East 57 Street, MB#9, Chicago, IL 60637, 773-834-1438 (phone), 773-702-2281 (fax),
| | - Brandon Mapes
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Chicago, IL
| | - Shigeki Nakagome
- University of Chicago, Department of Human Genetics, Chicago, IL
| | - Meredith Sommars
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Chicago, IL
| | - Ellie Hong
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Chicago, IL
| | - Katy A. Muckala
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Chicago, IL
| | - Anna Di Rienzo
- University of Chicago, Department of Human Genetics, Chicago, IL
| | - Sonia S. Kupfer
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Chicago, IL
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12
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Sekine I. Are there any differences in genomic characterization of non-small cell lung cancer between African Americans and Whites? J Thorac Dis 2017; 8:E1517-E1519. [PMID: 28066648 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.11.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Sekine
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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13
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Ramakodi MP, Devarajan K, Blackman E, Gibbs D, Luce D, Deloumeaux J, Duflo S, Liu JC, Mehra R, Kulathinal RJ, Ragin CC. Integrative genomic analysis identifies ancestry-related expression quantitative trait loci on DNA polymerase β and supports the association of genetic ancestry with survival disparities in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 2016; 123:849-860. [PMID: 27906459 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have a lower survival rate than whites. This study investigated the functional importance of ancestry-informative single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HNSCC and also examined the effect of functionally important genetic elements on racial disparities in HNSCC survival. METHODS Ancestry-informative SNPs, RNA sequencing, methylation, and copy number variation data for 316 oral cavity and laryngeal cancer patients were analyzed across 178 DNA repair genes. The results of expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analyses were also replicated with a Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data set. The effects of eQTLs on overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were evaluated. RESULTS Five ancestry-related SNPs were identified as cis-eQTLs in the DNA polymerase β (POLB) gene (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.01). The homozygous/heterozygous genotypes containing the African allele showed higher POLB expression than the homozygous white allele genotype (P < .001). A replication study using a GEO data set validated all 5 eQTLs and also showed a statistically significant difference in POLB expression based on genetic ancestry (P = .002). An association was observed between these eQTLs and OS (P < .037; FDR < 0.0363) as well as DFS (P = .018 to .0629; FDR < 0.079) for oral cavity and laryngeal cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Genotypes containing the African allele were associated with poor OS/DFS in comparison with homozygous genotypes harboring the white allele. CONCLUSIONS Analyses show that ancestry-related alleles could act as eQTLs in HNSCC and support the association of ancestry-related genetic factors with survival disparities in patients diagnosed with oral cavity and laryngeal cancer. Cancer 2017;123:849-60. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meganathan P Ramakodi
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Computational Genetics and Genomics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karthik Devarajan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for High-Dimensional Statistics, Big Data Institute, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Blackman
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Denise Gibbs
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Danièle Luce
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Unit 1085;, Institute for Research in Health, Environment, and Work (IRSET), Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies
| | - Jacqueline Deloumeaux
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,General Cancer Registry of Guadeloupe, University Hospital of Pointe-à-Pitre, Pointe-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies
| | - Suzy Duflo
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Pointe à Pitre, Pointe-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies
| | - Jeffrey C Liu
- Head and Neck Surgery, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ranee Mehra
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rob J Kulathinal
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Computational Genetics and Genomics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Camille C Ragin
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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14
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Ford ME, Havstad SL, Davis SD. A randomized trial of recruitment methods for older African American men in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial. Clin Trials 2016; 1:343-51. [PMID: 16279272 DOI: 10.1191/1740774504cn029oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Incidence rates for many types of cancer are higher among African American men than in the general population, yet African American men are less likely to participate in cancer screening trials. This paper describes the outcomes of a randomized trial (the AAMEN Project) designed to recruit African American men aged 55–74 years to a prostate, lung and colorectal cancer screening trial. Methods The recruitment interventions address four types of barriers to clinical trial participation: sociocultural barriers, economic barriers, individual barriers and barriers inherent in study design. Subjects were randomized to a control group or one of three increasingly intensive intervention arms, which used different combinations of mail, phone and in person church-based recruitment. Results Of the 39 432 African American men residing in the geographically defined study population (southeastern Michigan and northern Ohio), 17 770 men (45%) could be contacted, and 12 400 (31% of 39 432) were found to be eligible to participate. No statistically significant differences in age, education or income level were found among participants in the four study arms. A significantly greater enrollment yield (3.9%) was seen in the most intensive, church-based intervention arm, compared to the enrollment yields in the other two intervention arms (2.5 and 2.8%) or the control group (2.9%) (P, 0.01). Conclusions The intervention that involved the highest rate of face-to-face contact with the study participants produced the highest enrollment yield, but several strategies that were thought could improve yield had no effect. These findings, which are consistent with current literature on population-based recruitment, should facilitate the development of future recruitment efforts involving older African American men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvella E Ford
- Department of Medicine, Section of Health Services Research, Baylor College of Medicine Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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15
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Tucker CM, Ferdinand LA, Mirsu-Paun A, Herman KC, Delgado-Romero E, van den Berg JJ, Jones JD. The Roles of Counseling Psychologists in Reducing Health Disparities. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0011000007301687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the health disparities problem that exists among individuals from ethnic minority and low-income backgrounds and their majority counterparts. The argument is made that the involvement of counseling psychologists in addressing this health disparities problem presents an opportunity for the field to remain true to its commitment to prevention, multiculturalism, and social justice while becoming more competitive in the health care and health promotion fields. This article highlights the prevalence of health disparities and identifies the primary factors contributing to these disparities. In addition, the roles and approaches that counseling psychologists can adopt to help alleviate this problem are specified.
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16
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Waghray A, Jain A, Waghray N. Colorectal cancer screening in African Americans: practice patterns in the United States. Are we doing enough? Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2016; 4:136-40. [PMID: 27071411 PMCID: PMC4863193 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/gow005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common form of malignancy and a leading cause of death in the United States. Screening decreases CRC incidence and mortality. African Americans are at an increased risk of developing CRC, and recommendations are to initiate screening at the age of 45. This study aims to assess the rate of screening for colorectal cancer in African Americans between the ages of 45–49. Methods: African Americans between the ages of 45–49 were identified in the Explorys national database. Patients who completed a colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy or fecal occult blood test were identified and stratified by sex and insurance status. A P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 181 200 African Americans were identified as eligible for screening. Only 31 480 patients (17.4%) received at least one screening procedure for CRC. The majority of patients (66.7%) were screened via colonoscopy. African American females were more likely to complete a screening test (17.8% vs 16.7%; P < 0.01). The majority of patients (66.0%) who completed a screening test had private insurance. Conclusion: Race, gender and barriers to medical care contribute to disparities in CRC screening rates. Among African Americans, CRC screening remains suboptimal. Tailored public health initiatives, medical record alerts and improved communication between providers and patients are fundamental to addressing issues that impact poor adherence to CRC screening in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Waghray
- Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alok Jain
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, MetroHealth Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nisheet Waghray
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, MetroHealth Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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17
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De Marco MM, Smith TW, Kearney W, Ammerman A. Harvest of Hope: The impact of a church garden project on African American youth and adults in the rural American South. JOURNAL OF HUNGER & ENVIRONMENTAL NUTRITION 2016; 11:317-327. [PMID: 28496559 DOI: 10.1080/19320248.2016.1146193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A pilot study was conducted of the feasibility of a church garden program to impact health outcomes in rural African American youth and adults. Thirty-six workdays were held at a Black church. Pre and post-intervention attitudes, diet, weight and blood pressure were measured. T-tests were used to test for significant within group differences. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were used to test for significant bivariate associations. Youth showed improved attitudes about farming and gardening. No statistically significant changes were observed in adults. Church garden interventions can improve farming and gardening attitudes for rural, African American youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Michelle De Marco
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Center for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Bl, CB #7426, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Chapel Hill, 27599-7426 United States
| | - Tosha Woods Smith
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, Chapel Hill, 27599-7426 United States. Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition, 135 Dauer Drive, 2200 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, 27599-7461 United States
| | - William Kearney
- Coley Springs Missionary Baptist Church, Warrenton, United States
| | - Alice Ammerman
- UNC-CH Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Chapel Hill, United States
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18
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Ramakodi MP, Kulathinal RJ, Chung Y, Serebriiskii I, Liu JC, Ragin CC. Ancestral-derived effects on the mutational landscape of laryngeal cancer. Genomics 2015; 107:76-82. [PMID: 26721311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Laryngeal cancer disproportionately affects more African-Americans than European-Americans. Here, we analyze the genome-wide somatic point mutations from the tumors of 13 African-Americans and 57 European-Americans from TCGA to differentiate between environmental and ancestrally-inherited factors. The mean number of mutations was different between African-Americans (151.31) and European-Americans (277.63). Other differences in the overall mutational landscape between African-American and European-American were also found. The frequency of C>A, and C>G were significantly different between the two populations (p-value<0.05). Context nucleotide signatures for some mutation types significantly differ between these two populations. Thus, the context nucleotide signatures along with other factors could be related to the observed mutational landscape differences between two races. Finally, we show that mutated genes associated with these mutational differences differ between the two populations. Thus, at the molecular level, race appears to be a factor in the progression of laryngeal cancer with ancestral genomic signatures best explaining these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meganathan P Ramakodi
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA; African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium; Center for Computational Genetics and Genomics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Rob J Kulathinal
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA; African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium; Center for Computational Genetics and Genomics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Yujin Chung
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA; Center for Computational Genetics and Genomics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Ilya Serebriiskii
- Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center- Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Jeffrey C Liu
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Camille C Ragin
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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19
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Chen Q, Ayer T, Nastoupil LJ, Koff JL, Staton AD, Chhatwal J, Flowers CR. Population-specific prognostic models are needed to stratify outcomes for African-Americans with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:842-51. [PMID: 26415108 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1083098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) demonstrates significant racial differences in age of onset, stage, and survival. To examine whether population-specific models improve prediction of outcomes for African-American (AA) patients with DLBCL, we utilized Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data and compared stratification by the international prognostic index (IPI) in general and AA populations. We also constructed and compared prognostic models for general and AA populations using multivariable logistic regression (LR) and artificial neural network approaches. While the IPI adequately stratified outcomes for the general population, it failed to separate AA DLBCL patients into distinct risk groups. Our AA LR model identified age ≥ 55 (odds ratio 0.45, [95% CI: 0.36, 0.56], male sex (0.75, [0.60, 0.93]), and stage III/IV disease (0.43, [0.34, 0.54]) as adverse predictors of 5-year survival for AA patients. In addition, general-population prognostic models were poorly calibrated for AAs with DLBCL, indicating a need for validated AA-specific prognostic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Chen
- a H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Turgay Ayer
- a H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Loretta J Nastoupil
- b Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Jean L Koff
- c Department of Hematology/Oncology , Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Ashley D Staton
- c Department of Hematology/Oncology , Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Jagpreet Chhatwal
- d Department of Health Services Research , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Christopher R Flowers
- c Department of Hematology/Oncology , Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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20
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African Americans should be screened at an earlier age for colorectal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 82:878-83. [PMID: 25952088 PMCID: PMC5300147 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2015.03.1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans (AAs) have been shown to exhibit a higher incidence of colorectal cancer and experience lower survival compared with whites. There is disagreement regarding the age at which to initiate screening in AAs. OBJECTIVES To calculate the age-specific incidence in AAs compared with whites while controlling for differences in socioeconomic status (SES) and to calculate the joinpoint at which the incidence begins to increase in each race. DESIGN Retrospective database review. SETTING Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. PATIENTS All patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum from 2000 through 2011 in the SEER 18 database. INTERVENTIONS We calculated the joinpoint of the upward trend of the age-adjusted incidence rate to determine the age at which the slope of the incidence curve began to increase in each race, while controlling for differences in SES by using a composite socioeconomic index. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Age-adjusted incidence of colon and rectal cancer. RESULTS The age-specific incidence of colorectal cancer (cases per 100,000 population) was 0.3 versus 0.4 in whites compared with AAs at 20 years of age. At 50 years of age, the incidence was 44.2 compared with 62.6 in whites compared with AAs. The model indicated a joinpoint at 47 years of age for whites (95% confidence interval, 45-49) and 43 for AAs (95% confidence interval, 42-45) (P < .001.) When SES was considered in stratification, joinpoints for whites were 48, 47, and 46 at high, middle, and low SES, respectively. Conversely, joinpoints of 43, 44, and 42 in the corresponding SES for AAs were noted (P ≤ .001). LIMITATIONS There was no intervention, and we cannot conclude that changing screening policy would affect this disparity. CONCLUSION There is a disparity in the age-specific incidence of colorectal cancer in AAs compared with whites beginning at 45 years of age. These differences persist across socioeconomic strata.
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Balog A, Rampulla R, Martin GS, Krystek SR, Attar R, Dell-John J, DiMarco JD, Fairfax D, Gougoutas J, Holst CL, Nation A, Rizzo C, Rossiter LM, Schweizer L, Shan W, Spergel S, Spires T, Cornelius G, Gottardis M, Trainor G, Vite GD, Salvati ME. Discovery of BMS-641988, a Novel Androgen Receptor Antagonist for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:908-12. [PMID: 26288692 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BMS-641988 (23) is a novel, nonsteroidal androgen receptor antagonist designed for the treatment of prostate cancer. The compound has high binding affinity for the AR and acts as a functional antagonist in vitro. BMS-641988 is efficacious in multiple human prostate cancer xenograft models, including CWR22-BMSLD1 where it displays superior efficacy relative to bicalutamide. Based on its promising preclinical profile, BMS-641988 was selected for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Balog
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Richard Rampulla
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Gregory S. Martin
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Stanley R. Krystek
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ricardo Attar
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Janet Dell-John
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - John D. DiMarco
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - David Fairfax
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Jack Gougoutas
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Christian L. Holst
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Andrew Nation
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Cheryl Rizzo
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Lana M. Rossiter
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Liang Schweizer
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Weifang Shan
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Steven Spergel
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Thomas Spires
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Georgia Cornelius
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Marco Gottardis
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - George Trainor
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Gregory D. Vite
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mark E. Salvati
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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Racial Differences in the Overall Survival of Hairy Cell Leukemia in the United States: A Population-Based Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2015; 15:484-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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23
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Racial Disparities in Treatment of High-Grade Endometrial Cancer in the Medicare Population. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 125:843-851. [DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Maxwell GL, Shoji Y, Darcy K, Litzi T, Berchuck A, Hamilton CA, Conrads TP, Risinger JI. MicroRNAs in endometrial cancers from black and white patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 212:191.e1-10. [PMID: 25174797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have identified differences in gene mutations among endometrial cancers from whites and blacks suggesting that differences in tumor biology may explain racial disparities in patient outcome. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as regulators of transcript expression and their aberrant expression has been discovered in many diseases, including endometrial cancer. We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based analysis in a set of endometrial cancers to identify whether there are racial differences in miRNA expression. STUDY DESIGN Tumor cells from 50 stage-I endometrioid endometrial cancer specimens from 41 white and 9 black patients were prepared by laser microdissection and miRNA extracts were analyzed using TaqMan (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) low-density arrays. Statistically significant, differentially expressed miRNAs between blacks and whites were identified using multidimensional scaling, Wilcoxon testing, and analysis of variance. RESULTS There were no global differences in miRNA expression between endometrial cancers from 41 white and 9 black patients. To minimize potential bias introduced by unbalanced sample size, we performed a subset analysis with stage- and histology-matched specimens from 9 whites and 9 blacks that identified 18 differentially abundant miRNAs (>2-fold at P < .005). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction validated miRNA-337-3p in an independent set of endometrial cancer specimens from 23 white and 24 black women. There were no racial differences in hsa-miR-337-3p expression in normal endometrium. CONCLUSION These data indicate that hsa-mir-337-3p is more frequently down-regulated in endometrial cancers from whites compared to blacks. Future studies are focused on determining the phenotypic impact of miR-337-3p and whether its differential expression is associated with clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Larry Maxwell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA; Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Department of Defense Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Annandale, VA.
| | - Yutaka Shoji
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - Kathleen Darcy
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Department of Defense Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Annandale, VA
| | - Tracy Litzi
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Department of Defense Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Annandale, VA
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Chad A Hamilton
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD
| | - Thomas P Conrads
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Department of Defense Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, Annandale, VA
| | - John I Risinger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI
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Kandra P, Kalangi HPJ. Current understanding of synergistic interplay of chitosan nanoparticles and anticancer drugs: merits and challenges. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2055-64. [PMID: 25698508 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have been made in cancer chemotherapy through the development of conjugates for anticancer drugs. Many drugs have problems of poor stability, water insolubility, low selectivity, high toxicity, and side effects. Most of the chitosan nanoparticles showed to be good drug carriers because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and it can be readily modified. The anticancer drug with chitosan nanoparticles displays efficient anticancer effects with a decrease in the adverse effects of the original drug due to the predominant distribution into the tumor site and a gradual release of free drug from the conjugate which enhances drug solubility, stability, and efficiency. In this review, we discuss wider applications of numerous modified chitosan nanoparticles against different tumors and also focusing on the administration of anticancer drugs through various routes. We propose the interaction between nanosized drug carrier and tumor tissue to understand the synergistic interplay. Finally, we elaborate merits of drug delivery system at the tumor site, with emphasizing future challenges in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prameela Kandra
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530045, India,
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26
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Racial/ethnic disparities in human DNA methylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:258-62. [PMID: 25016140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The racial/ethnic disparities in DNA methylation patterns indicate that molecular markers may play a role in determining the individual susceptibility to diseases in different ethnic groups. Racial disparities in DNA methylation patterns have been identified in prostate cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer and are related to racial differences in cancer prognosis and survival.
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27
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Decreased miR-30b-5p expression by DNMT1 methylation regulation involved in gastric cancer metastasis. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5693-700. [PMID: 24913034 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs have emerged as crucial regulators in the regulation of development as well as human diseases, especially tumorigenesis. The aims of this study are to evaluate miR-30b-5p expression pattern and mechanism in gastric carcinogenesis due to which remains to be determined. Expression of miR-30b-5p was analyzed in 51 gastric cancer cases and 4 cell lines by qRT-PCR. The effect of DNA methylation on miR-30b-5p expression was assessed by MSP and BGS. In order to know whether DNMT1 increased miR-30b-5p promoter methylation, DNMT1 was depleted in cell lines AGS and BGC-823. The role of miR-30b-5p on cell migration was evaluated by wound healing assays. Decreased expression of miR-30b-5p was found in gastric cancer samples. In tumor, the expression level of miR-30b-5p was profound correlated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.019). The level of miR-30b-5p may be restored by DNA demethylation and DNMT1 induced miR-30b-5p promoter methylation. In vitro functional assays implied that enforced miR-30b-5p expression affected cell migration, consistent with tissues analysis. Our findings uncovered that miR-30b-5p is significantly diminished in gastric cancer tissues, providing the first insight into the epigenetic mechanism of miR-30b-5p down-regulation, induced by DNMT1, and the role of miR-30b-5p in gastric cancer carcinogenesis. Overexpression of miR-30b-5p inhibited cell migration. Thus, miR-30b-5p may represent a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer therapy.
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Askari F, Parizi MK, Jessri M, Rashidkhani B. Dietary Patterns in Relation to Prostate Cancer in Iranian Men: A Case-Control Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:2159-63. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.5.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Racial Disparities in Uterine Clear Cell Carcinoma: A Multi-Institution Study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014; 24:541-8. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of race on the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of white and African-American patients with uterine clear cell carcinoma (UCCC).MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of all primary UCCC cases treated at 1 of 4 major gynecologic cancer centers between 1982 and 2012. Patients and tumor characteristics were retrieved from the cancer databases of the respective institutions and based on a retrospective review of the medical records. Differences in the OS and PFS between African-American and white women were compared using the Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test for univariate analysis. Cox regression models for the multivariate analyses were built to evaluate the relative impact of the various prognostic factors.ResultsOne hundred seventy women with UCCC were included in the study, including 118 white and 52 African-American women. Both groups were comparable with respect to age (P= 0.9), stage at diagnosis (P= 0.34), angiolymphatic invasion (P= 0.3), and depth of myometrial invasion (P= 0.84). In the multivariate analyses for known prognostic factors, OS and PFS were significantly different between white and African-American patients in the early-stage disease (hazard ratio [HR], 5.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–23.2;P= 0.023 and HR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.60–7.77;P= 0.0016, respectively) but not in the advanced-stage disease (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.40–1.67;P= 0.61 and HR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.84–2.78;P= 0.15, respectively).ConclusionsIn the current study, African-American patients have a prognosis worse than that of white patients in early-stage UCCC. We could not prove the same difference in advanced-stage disease.
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Matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression in the progression of colorectal adenoma to carcinoma : Matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression in the colorectal adenoma and carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5653-8. [PMID: 24563279 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) are considered to arise from conventional adenoma based on the concept of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to be overexpressed as normal mucosa progresses to adenomas and carcinomas. There has been little previous investigation about MMP-13 expression in adenoma-carcinoma sequence. In this study, we aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of MMP-13 in colorectal adenoma and CRC specimens using tissue microarray (TMA) technique. A total of 40 cases of CRC associated with adenoma were collected from files of the Pathology laboratory at Mansoura Gastroenterology Center between January 2007 and January 2012. Sections from TMA blocks were prepared and stained for MMP-13. Immunoreactivity to MMP-13 staining was localized to the cytoplasm of mildly, moderately, and severely dysplatic cells of adenomas and CRC tumor cells that were either homogenous or heterogeneous. There was no significant difference in MMP-13 expression between adenomas and CRCs either non-mucinous or mucinous. Adenomas with high MMP-13 expression were significantly associated with moderate to marked degree of inflammatory cellular infiltrate and presence of familial adenomatous polyps. In conclusion, MMP-13 may be a potential biological marker of early tumorigenesis in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence.
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Cuevas AG, Reitzel LR, Adams CE, Cao Y, Nguyen N, Wetter DW, Watkins KL, Regan SD, McNeill LH. Discrimination, affect, and cancer risk factors among African Americans. Am J Health Behav 2014; 38:31-41. [PMID: 24034678 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.38.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether stress or depressive symptoms mediated associations between perceived discrimination and multiple modifiable behavioral risk factors for cancer among 1363 African American adults. METHODS Nonparametric bootstrapping procedures, adjusted for sociodemographics, were used to assess mediation. RESULTS Stress and depressive symptoms each mediated associations between discrimination and current smoking, and discrimination and the total number of behavioral risk factors for cancer. Depressive symptoms also mediated the association between discrimination and overweight/obesity (p values < .05). CONCLUSIONS Discrimination may influence certain behavioral risk factors for cancer through heightened levels of stress and depressive symptoms. Interventions to reduce cancer risk may need to address experiences of discrimination, as well as the stress and depression they engender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo G Cuevas
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
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Miller DB. Pre-screening age African-American males: what do they know about prostate cancer screening, knowledge, and risk perceptions? SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 2014; 53:268-288. [PMID: 24628119 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2013.875503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men and the second most common cause of cancer mortality among men in America. African-American men have a mortality rate from prostate cancer twice that of Caucasian men. Although prostate screening remains controversial, it provides an opportunity for the cancer to be detected early when treatment is most effective. Limited research has been conducted regarding prostate cancer awareness and knowledge among African-American men under 50. This article highlights a pilot study assessing the knowledge, attitudes, risk perceptions, and reasons for participating in prostate cancer screening among African-American males between the ages of 30-45. Study findings suggest these participants recognized an awareness of risk factors associated with the disease, yet underestimated their risk of developing the disease. Additionally they present uneven knowledge of the prostate and its function and possess positive perceptions of their general health beliefs and practices. Practice implications and directions for future research regarding prostate cancer among this population are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Miller
- a Jack, Joseph & Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) denied coverage for screening computed tomography colonography (CTC) in March 2009, little is understood about whether CTC was targeted to the appropriate patient population prior to this decision. OBJECTIVE Evaluate patient characteristics and known relative clinical indications for screening CTC among patients who received CTC compared to optical colonoscopy (OC). DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional study of all 10,538 asymptomatic Medicare beneficiaries who underwent CTC between January 2007 and December 2008, compared to a cohort of 160,113 asymptomatic beneficiaries who underwent OC, matched on county of residence and year of examination. MAIN MEASURES Patient characteristics and known relative appropriate and inappropriate clinical indications for screening CTC. KEY RESULTS CTC utilization was higher among women, patients > 65 years of age, white patients, and those with household income > 75 % (p = 0.001). Patients with relatively appropriate clinical indications for screening CTC were more likely to undergo CTC than OC including presumed incomplete OC (OR 80.7, 95 % CI 76.01-85.63); sedation risk (OR 1.11, 95 % CI 1.05-1.17); and chronic anticoagulation risk (OR 1.46, 95 % CI 1.38-1.54), after adjusting for patient characteristics and known clinical indications. Conversely, patients undergoing high-risk screening, an inappropriate indication, were less likely to receive CTC (OR 0.4, 95 % CI 0.37-0.42). Overall, 83 % of asymptomatic patients referred to CTC had at least one clinical indication relatively appropriate for CTC (8,772/10,538). CONCLUSION During the 2 years preceding CMS denial for screening, CTC was targeted to asymptomatic patients with relatively appropriate clinical indications for CTC/not receiving OC. However, CTC utilization was lower among certain demographic groups, including minority patients. These findings raise the possibility that future coverage of screening CTC might exacerbate disparities in colorectal cancer screening while increasing overall screening rates.
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35
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Falchi L, Keating MJ, Wang X, Coombs CC, Lanasa MC, Strom S, Wierda WG, Ferrajoli A. Clinical characteristics, response to therapy, and survival of African American patients diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: joint experience of the MD Anderson Cancer Center and Duke University Medical Center. Cancer 2013; 119:3177-85. [PMID: 24022787 PMCID: PMC4394603 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known regarding racial disparities in characteristics and outcomes among patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). METHODS The characteristics and outcomes of untreated African American (AA) patients with CLL (n = 84) were analyzed and compared with a reference nonblack (NB) patient population (n = 1571). RESULTS At the time of presentation, AA patients had lower median hemoglobin levels (12.9 g/dL vs 13.7 g/dL), higher β2 microglobulin levels (2.7 mg/dL vs 2.4 mg/dL), greater frequency of constitutional symptoms (27% vs 10%), unmutated immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region (IGHV) mutation status (65% vs 47%), ζ-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70) expression (58% vs 32%), and deletion of chromosome 17p or chromosome 11q (28% vs 17%; P ≤ 02 for each comparison). Fifty-one percent of AA patients and 39% of NB patients required first-line therapy and 91% and 88%, respectively, received chemoimmunotherapy. Overall response rates to treatment were 85% for AA patients and 94% for NB patients (P = .06); and the complete response rates were 56% and 58%, respectively (P = .87). The median survival of AA patients was shorter compared with that of NB patients (event-free survival: 36 months vs 61 months; P = .007; overall survival: 152 months vs not reached; P = .0001). AA race was an independent predictor of shorter event-free and overall survival in multivariable regression models. CONCLUSIONS The current results indicated that AA patients with CLL have more unfavorable prognostic characteristics and shorter survival compared with their NB counterparts.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/analysis
- Academic Medical Centers
- Adult
- Black or African American/genetics
- Black or African American/statistics & numerical data
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Health Status Disparities
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/epidemiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Medical Records Systems, Computerized
- Middle Aged
- North Carolina/epidemiology
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Texas/epidemiology
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/genetics
- beta 2-Microglobulin/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Falchi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael J. Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Catherine C. Coombs
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mark C. Lanasa
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sara Strom
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - William G. Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alessandra Ferrajoli
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Flowers CR, Shenoy PJ, Borate U, Bumpers K, Douglas-Holland T, King N, Brawley OW, Lipscomb J, Lechowicz MJ, Sinha R, Grover RS, Bernal-Mizrachi L, Kowalski J, Donnellan W, The A, Reddy V, Jaye DL, Foran J. Examining racial differences in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma presentation and survival. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:268-76. [PMID: 22800091 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.708751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of 701 (533 white and 144 black) patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated at two referral centers in southern United States between 1981 and 2010. Median age of diagnosis for blacks was 50 years vs. 57 years for whites (p < 0.001). A greater percentage of blacks presented with elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels, B-symptoms and performance status ≥ 2. More whites (8%) than blacks (3%) had a positive family history of lymphoma (p = 0.048). There were no racial differences in the use of R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone; 52% black vs. 47% white, p = 0.73). While black race predicted worse survival among patients treated with CHOP (hazard ratio [HR] 1.8, p < 0.001), treatment with R-CHOP was associated with improved survival irrespective of race (HR 0.61, p = 0.01). Future studies should examine biological differences that may underlie the observed racial differences in presentation and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Flowers
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Batina NG, Trentham-Dietz A, Gangnon RE, Sprague BL, Rosenberg MA, Stout NK, Fryback DG, Alagoz O. Variation in tumor natural history contributes to racial disparities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 138:519-28. [PMID: 23417335 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Black women tend to be diagnosed with breast cancer at a more advanced stage than whites and subsequently experience elevated breast cancer mortality. We sought to determine whether there are racial differences in tumor natural history that contribute to these disparities. We used the University of Wisconsin Breast Cancer Simulation Model, a validated member of the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network, to evaluate the contribution of racial differences in tumor natural history to observed disparities in breast cancer incidence. We fit eight natural history parameters in race-specific models by calibrating to the observed race- and stage-specific 1975-2000 U.S. incidence rates, while accounting for known racial variation in population structure, underlying risk of breast cancer, screening mammography utilization, and mortality from other causes. The best fit models indicated that a number of natural history parameters must vary between blacks and whites to reproduce the observed stage-specific incidence patterns. The mean of the tumor growth rate parameter was 63.6 % higher for blacks than whites (0.18, SE 0.04 vs. 0.11, SE 0.02). The fraction of tumors considered highly aggressive based on their tendency to metastasize at a small size was 2.2 times greater among blacks than whites (0.41, SE 0.009 vs. 0.019, SE 0.008). Based on our simulation model, breast tumors in blacks grow faster and are more likely to metastasize earlier than tumors in whites. These differences suggest that targeted prevention and detection strategies that go beyond equalizing access to mammography may be needed to eliminate breast cancer disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya G Batina
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1513 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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38
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Alvarado LC. Do evolutionary life-history trade-offs influence prostate cancer risk? a review of population variation in testosterone levels and prostate cancer disparities. Evol Appl 2013; 6:117-33. [PMID: 23396824 PMCID: PMC3567477 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An accumulation of evidence suggests that increased exposure to androgens is associated with prostate cancer risk. The unrestricted energy budget that is typical of Western diets represents a novel departure from the conditions in which men's steroid physiology evolved and is capable of supporting distinctly elevated testosterone levels. Although nutritional constraints likely underlie divergent patterns of testosterone secretion between Westernized and non-Western men, considerable variability exists in men's testosterone levels and prostate cancer rates within Westernized populations. Here, I use evolutionary life history theory as a framework to examine prostate cancer risk. Life history theory posits trade-offs between investment in early reproduction and long-term survival. One corollary of life history theory is the 'challenge hypothesis', which predicts that males augment testosterone levels in response to intrasexual competition occurring within reproductive contexts. Understanding men's evolved steroid physiology may contribute toward understanding susceptibility to prostate cancer. Among well-nourished populations of Westerners, men's testosterone levels already represent an outlier of cross-cultural variation. I hypothesize that Westernized men in aggressive social environments, characterized by intense male-male competition, will further augment testosterone production aggravating prostate cancer risk.
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Abstract
Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,660,290 new cancer cases and 580,350 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2013. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data (2005-2009), delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates declined slightly in men (by 0.6% per year) and were stable in women, while cancer death rates decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.5% per year in women. Overall, cancer death rates have declined 20% from their peak in 1991 (215.1 per 100,000 population) to 2009 (173.1 per 100,000 population). Death rates continue to decline for all 4 major cancer sites (lung, colorectum, breast, and prostate). Over the past 10 years of data (2000-2009), the largest annual declines in death rates were for chronic myeloid leukemia (8.4%), cancers of the stomach (3.1%) and colorectum (3.0%), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (3.0%). The reduction in overall cancer death rates since 1990 in men and 1991 in women translates to the avoidance of approximately 1.18 million deaths from cancer, with 152,900 of these deaths averted in 2009 alone. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population, with an emphasis on those groups in the lowest socioeconomic bracket and other underserved populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Siegel
- Surveillance Information, Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30303-1002, USA.
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Coombs CC, Falchi L, Weinberg JB, Ferrajoli A, Lanasa MC. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in African Americans. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:2326-9. [PMID: 22646816 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.698276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most prevalent leukemia in the United States with almost 4390 attributable deaths per year. Epidemiologic data compiled by the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program identifies important differences in incidence and survival for African Americans with CLL. Although the incidence of CLL is lower among African Americans than among Caucasians (4.6 and 6.2 per 100 000 men, respectively), age-adjusted survival is inferior. African American patients with CLL are almost twice as likely to die from a CLL-related complication in the first 5 years after diagnosis as are Caucasian patients with CLL. The biologic basis for these observations is almost entirely unexplored, and a comprehensive clinical analysis of African American patients with CLL is lacking. This is the subject of the present review.
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Allard JE, Chandramouli GVR, Stagliano K, Hood BL, Litzi T, Shoji Y, Boyd J, Berchuck A, Conrads TP, Maxwell GL, Risinger JI. Analysis of PSPHL as a Candidate Gene Influencing the Racial Disparity in Endometrial Cancer. Front Oncol 2012; 2:65. [PMID: 22783543 PMCID: PMC3389395 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most commonly diagnosed gynecologic malignancy in the United States. A well recognized disparity by race in both incidence and survival outcome exists for this cancer. Specifically Caucasians are about two times more likely to develop endometrial cancer than are African-Americans. However, African-American women are more likely to die from this disease than are Caucasians. The basis for this disparity remains unknown. Previous studies have identified differences in the types and frequencies of gene mutations among endometrial cancers from Caucasians and African-Americans suggesting that the tumors from these two groups might have differing underlying genetic defects. We performed a gene expression microarray study in an effort to identify differentially expressed transcripts between African-American and Caucasian women's endometrial cancers. Our gene expression screen identified a list of potential biomarkers that are differentially expressed between these two groups of cancers. Of these we identified a poorly characterized transcript with a region of homology to phospho serine phosphatase (PSPH) and designated phospho serine phosphatase like (PSPHL) as the most differentially over-expressed gene in cancers from African-Americans. We further clarified the nature of expressed transcripts. Northern blot analysis confirmed the message was limited to a transcript of under 1 kB. Sequence analysis of transcripts confirmed two alternate open reading frame (ORF) isoforms due to alternative splicing events. Splice specific primer sets confirmed both isoforms were differentially expressed in tissues from Caucasians and African-Americans. We further examined the expression in other tissues from women to include normal endometrium, normal and malignant ovary. In all cases PSPHL expression was more often present in tissues from African-Americans than Caucasians. Our data confirm the African-American based expression of the PSPHL transcript in endometrial cancer and also identify its expression in other tissues from African-Americans including ovary and ovarian cancer. PSPHL represents a candidate gene that might influence the observed racial disparity in endometrial and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay E Allard
- Walter Reed Army Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
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Lynch EB, Holmes S, Keim K, Koneman SA. Concepts of healthful food among low-income African American women. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2012; 44:154-159. [PMID: 22037147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describe beliefs about what makes foods healthful among low-income African American women. METHODS In one-on-one interviews, 28 low-income African American mothers viewed 30 pairs of familiar foods and explained which food in the pair was more healthful and why. Responses were grouped into codes describing concepts of food healthfulness. RESULTS Nutrient content, physical effects of food, and food categories were used to judge the healthfulness of foods. Fruits, vegetables, and dairy foods were considered the most healthful and starchy foods the least healthful because they were believed to cause weight gain. Beliefs about which foods contain which nutrients and which foods have particular physical effects varied widely across participants. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Participants demonstrated awareness of which foods are healthful but lacked understanding of why those foods are more healthful than others. Knowledge about the health effects of foods may be necessary to motivate individuals to choose healthful foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Lynch
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg Medical School, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Abstract
Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,638,910 new cancer cases and 577,190 deaths from cancer are projected to occur in the United States in 2012. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data (2004-2008), overall cancer incidence rates declined slightly in men (by 0.6% per year) and were stable in women, while cancer death rates decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.6% per year in women. Over the past 10 years of available data (1999-2008), cancer death rates have declined by more than 1% per year in men and women of every racial/ethnic group with the exception of American Indians/Alaska Natives, among whom rates have remained stable. The most rapid declines in death rates occurred among African American and Hispanic men (2.4% and 2.3% per year, respectively). Death rates continue to decline for all 4 major cancer sites (lung, colorectum, breast, and prostate), with lung cancer accounting for almost 40% of the total decline in men and breast cancer accounting for 34% of the total decline in women. The reduction in overall cancer death rates since 1990 in men and 1991 in women translates to the avoidance of about 1,024,400 deaths from cancer. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population, with an emphasis on those groups in the lowest socioeconomic bracket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Siegel
- Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30303-1002, USA.
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Ashktorab H, Nouri Z, Nouraie M, Razjouyan H, Lee EE, Dowlati E, El-Seyed EW, Laiyemo A, Brim H, Smoot DT. Esophageal carcinoma in African Americans: a five-decade experience. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:3577-82. [PMID: 21847566 PMCID: PMC3345949 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer accounts for a considerable proportion of carcinomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract in African Americans. Our aim was to describe the epidemiology of esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) among African Americans in the last five decades. METHODS A total of 601 records of patients with documented esophageal cancer between 1959 and 2007 at Howard University Hospital were reviewed. Demographic characteristics, risk factors, clinical stage and histological findings were reviewed. The change in prevalence of the disease and the interaction between main risk factors with tumor stage of the patients were assessed over the years of this study. RESULT A total of 552 patients (91.8%) had ESCC while 49 patients (8.2%) had EA. The mean age at diagnosis was 60.1 and 60.6 years for ESCC and EA, respectively (P = 0.8). The peak incidence was in the 1980-1989 decade. Out of 136 ESCC patients with TNM staging information, 130 (95.6%) were diagnosed in stage 2 and above. The majority (73%) of the ESCC were in the mid- and upper third of the esophagus and associated with smoking and alcohol exposure. The majority (81%) of the EA were in the mid- and lower third. The most common presenting symptoms were dysphagia (77.7%), and weight loss (31.9%). CONCLUSION ESCC is the predominant esophageal cancer in African Americans and diagnosed in late stages, and its diagnosis in our institution has decreased since 1990. A combination of genetic factors, environmental influences (e.g., those related to diet), and the deleterious changes associated with smoking and alcohol consumption, and differences in tumor histology, are the obvious parameters that should be the focus of future studies, and early diagnosis at an earlier stage should be considered among blacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Center, Howard University Cancer Center, Howard University Hospital, Rm#320, 2041 Georgia Ave., Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Zahra Nouri
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Center, Howard University Cancer Center, Howard University Hospital, Rm#320, 2041 Georgia Ave., Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Mehdi Nouraie
- Department of Medicine, Sickle Cell Disease Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hadi Razjouyan
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Center, Howard University Cancer Center, Howard University Hospital, Rm#320, 2041 Georgia Ave., Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Edward E. Lee
- Department of Pathology, Howard University, College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ehsan Dowlati
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Center, Howard University Cancer Center, Howard University Hospital, Rm#320, 2041 Georgia Ave., Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - El-Waleed El-Seyed
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Center, Howard University Cancer Center, Howard University Hospital, Rm#320, 2041 Georgia Ave., Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Adeyinka Laiyemo
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Center, Howard University Cancer Center, Howard University Hospital, Rm#320, 2041 Georgia Ave., Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Hassan Brim
- Department of Pathology, Howard University, College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Duane T. Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Center, Howard University Cancer Center, Howard University Hospital, Rm#320, 2041 Georgia Ave., Washington, DC 20059, USA
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Racial Differences in the Presentation and Outcomes of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Variants in the United States. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2011; 11:498-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Villano JL, Koshy M, Shaikh H, Dolecek TA, McCarthy BJ. Age, gender, and racial differences in incidence and survival in primary CNS lymphoma. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:1414-8. [PMID: 21915121 PMCID: PMC3241537 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare subtype of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma that accounts for ∼4% of newly diagnosed central nervous system (CNS) tumours. The objective of this study was to analyse the epidemiology, incidence, and outcome of these rare tumours. Methods: Primary brain and CNS lymphoma cases were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) research data sets for the years 1980–2008 for analysis of trends in incidence and survival. SEER*Stat v. 7.0.4 software was used to analyse the data. Results: The overall incidence rate of PCNSL was 0.47 per 100 000 person-years. The incidence was significantly higher in males compared with females, blacks aged 0–49 years at diagnosis compared with whites, and whites aged 50 years and older at diagnosis compared with blacks. After a significant decline in incidence between 1995 and 1999, incidence rates rose slightly; those aged 75+ years at diagnosis had the most dramatic increase in incidence rates over time. Five-year survival rates were significantly higher in whites compared with blacks aged 0–49 years at diagnosis, but was primarily driven by white women aged 0–49 years. Conclusion: There is an increase in incidence of PCNSL in the elderly, and elderly blacks have lower incidence compared with white population. Survival remains poor and is negatively dominated by factors associated with HIV infection and advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Villano
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Kim KH, Seo HS, Choi HS, Choi I, Shin YC, Ko SG. Induction of apoptotic cell death by ursolic acid through mitochondrial death pathway and extrinsic death receptor pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1363-72. [PMID: 21910059 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (3-hydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derived from leaves, berries, fruits, and flowers of medicinal plants, such as Rosemarinus officinalis. Ursolic acid has been shown to inhibit tumorigenesis, tumor promotion, and suppress angiogenesis. In our present study, we found that ursolic acid decreased cell proliferation rate and induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. When we checked the expression levels of proteins associated with apoptosis signal by using immunoblotting, we found that ursolic acid induces various apoptotic molecules related to either extrinsic or intrinsic apoptosis signal pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells. In our study, we found that ursolic acid induced the appearance of Fas receptor and cleavage of caspase-8, -3 and PARP. We also found that ursolic acid induced Bax up-regulation and Bcl-2 down-regulation and release of cytochrome C to the cytosol from mitochondria. Moreover, ursolic acid cleaved caspase-9 and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) as shown with JC-1 staining. These data indicate that ursolic acid induce apoptosis through both mitochondrial death pathway and extrinsic death receptor dependent pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells. Our data clearly indicate that ursolic acid could be used as a potential anticancer drug for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hun Kim
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61:212-36. [PMID: 21685461 DOI: 10.3322/caac.20121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3089] [Impact Index Per Article: 237.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,596,670 new cancer cases and 571,950 deaths from cancer are projected to occur in the United States in 2011. Overall cancer incidence rates were stable in men in the most recent time period after decreasing by 1.9% per year from 2001 to 2005; in women, incidence rates have been declining by 0.6% annually since 1998. Overall cancer death rates decreased in all racial/ethnic groups in both men and women from 1998 through 2007, with the exception of American Indian/Alaska Native women, in whom rates were stable. African American and Hispanic men showed the largest annual decreases in cancer death rates during this time period (2.6% and 2.5%, respectively). Lung cancer death rates showed a significant decline in women after continuously increasing since the 1930s. The reduction in the overall cancer death rates since 1990 in men and 1991 in women translates to the avoidance of about 898,000 deaths from cancer. However, this progress has not benefitted all segments of the population equally; cancer death rates for individuals with the least education are more than twice those of the most educated. The elimination of educational and racial disparities could potentially have avoided about 37% (60,370) of the premature cancer deaths among individuals aged 25 to 64 years in 2007 alone. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population with an emphasis on those groups in the lowest socioeconomic bracket. CA Cancer J Clin 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Siegel
- Surveillance Information, Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30303-1002, USA
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Shenoy PJ, Malik N, Nooka A, Sinha R, Ward KC, Brawley OW, Lipscomb J, Flowers CR. Racial differences in the presentation and outcomes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the United States. Cancer 2011; 117:2530-2540. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Yeary KHCK, Mason M, Turner J, Kieber-Emmons T, Chow M, Hine RJ, Henry-Tillman R, Greene P. A community-based approach to translational research addressing breast cancer disparities. Transl Behav Med 2011; 1:224-33. [PMID: 24073047 DOI: 10.1007/s13142-011-0018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Disparities in breast cancer survival rates suggest that biological processes contribute. Translational research addressing health disparities would benefit from using a community-based participatory approach (CBPR) to examine biological processes commonly seen as the proximal causes of illness as well as behavioral and social-ecological "causes of the causes" within an integrated conceptual framework. This paper describes a CBPR study that explored perceptions regarding breast cancer relevant behaviors, and the application of the study's results to develop translational research. Data from eight focus groups of African American (n = 29) and Caucasian women (n = 27) were analyzed, using the framework of the social-ecological model. Nutrition and physical activity were valued over screening and research participation. Treatment of illness was emphasized over prevention. Women's perspectives are presented within a framework that facilitated the collaborative development of translational research to examine associations among biological, behavioral, and societal processes contributing to disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hye-Cheon Kim Yeary
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street #820, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199 USA
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