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Jurjević I, Orešković D, Radoš M, Brgić K, Klarica M. Changes of cerebrospinal fluid pressure gradient in different body positions under experimental impairment of cerebrospinal fluid pathway: new insight into hydrocephalus development. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1397808. [PMID: 38947218 PMCID: PMC11212498 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1397808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that hydrocephalus is a consequence of the disbalance between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion and absorption which should in turn lead to CSF pressure gradient development and ventricular enlargement. To test CSF pressure gradient role in hydrocephalus development, we experimentally caused CSF system impairment at two sites in cats. In the first group of animals, we caused Sylvian aqueduct obstruction and recorded CSF pressure changes pre and post obstruction at three measuring sites (lateral ventricle -LV, cortical-CSS and lumbar subarachnoid space -LSS) during 15 min periods and in different body positions over 360 degrees. In the second group of experiments, we caused cervical stenosis by epidural plastic semiring implantation and monitored CSF pressure changes pre and post stenosis implantation at two measuring sites (lateral ventricle and lumbar subarachnoid space) during 15 min periods in different body positions over 360 degrees. Both groups of experimental animals had similar CSF pressures before stenosis or obstruction at all measuring points in the horizontal position. During head-up verticalization, CSF pressures inside the cranium gradually became more subatmospheric with no significant difference between LV and CSS, as they are measured at the same hydrostatic level, while CSF pressure inside LSS became more positive, causing the development of a large hydrostatic gradient between the cranial and the spinal space. With cervical stenosis, CSF pressure inside the cranium is positive during head-up verticalization, while in cats with aqueductal obstruction CSF pressure inside the CSS remains negative, as it was during control period. Concomitantly, CSF pressure inside LV becomes less negative, thus creating a small hydrostatic gradient between LV and CSS. Since CSF pressure and gradient changes occur only by shifting body position from the horizontal plane, our results indicate that cervical stenosis in a head-up vertical position reduces blood perfusion of the whole brain, while aqueductal obstruction impairs only the perfusion of the local periventricular brain tissue. It seems that, for evolutionary important bipedal activity, free craniospinal communication and good spinal space compliance represent crucial biophysical parameters for adequate cerebral blood perfusion and prevention of pathophysiological changes leading to the development of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jurjević
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Orešković
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milan Radoš
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Klara Brgić
- Department of Neurosurgery, Univesity Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Klarica
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Xu K, Jiang X, Ariston Gabriel AN, Li X, Wang Y, Xu S. Evolving Landscape of Long Non-coding RNAs in Cerebrospinal Fluid: A Key Role From Diagnosis to Therapy in Brain Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:737670. [PMID: 34692695 PMCID: PMC8529119 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.737670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNAs that act as molecular fingerprints and modulators of many pathophysiological processes, particularly in cancer. Specifically, lncRNAs can be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of brain tumors, affecting stemness/differentiation, replication, invasion, survival, DNA damage response, and chromatin dynamics. Furthermore, the aberrations in the expressions of these transcripts can promote treatment resistance, leading to tumor recurrence. The development of next-generation sequencing technologies and the creation of lncRNA-specific microarrays have boosted the study of lncRNA etiology. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) directly mirrors the biological fluid of biochemical processes in the brain. It can be enriched for small molecules, peptides, or proteins released by the neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) or immune cells. Therefore, strategies that identify and target CSF lncRNAs may be attractive as early diagnostic and therapeutic options. In this review, we have reviewed the studies on CSF lncRNAs in the context of brain tumor pathogenesis and progression and discuss their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghong Xu
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | | | - Xiaomeng Li
- Department of Hematology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Hutton D, Fadelalla MG, Kanodia AK, Hossain-Ibrahim K. Choroid plexus and CSF: an updated review. Br J Neurosurg 2021; 36:307-315. [PMID: 33821737 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2021.1903390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we review the available literature about the functions of the choroid plexus (ChP), including its basic role in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion, renewal and absorption. We discuss more recently described, lesser-known functions of the ChP, such as its role in circadian rhythm regulation, chemical and immune surveillance and functional implications of ChP disruption, as occurs in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Hutton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
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DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF AN ENTEROCOCCUS FECALIS ABSCESS IN THE CRANIAL VAULT OF A SPOTTED EAGLE RAY ( AETOBATUS NARINARI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:249-252. [PMID: 32212573 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An adult female spotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari) presented for medical evaluation due to a swelling located on the dorsal head. Ultrasound revealed that the swelling originated from a large pocket of fluid in the cranial vault. The swelling was aspirated, and purulent discharge was obtained; Enterococcus faecalis was cultured. An incision was made over the swelling in an attempt to drain fluid but was unsuccessful. Multiple aspirates were performed to drain the abscess, and the animal was treated with oxytetracycline injections. The initial incision sloughed and resulted in a large defect in the cranium that allowed exhibit water to come into the cranial vault and come in contact with the protective membrane of the brain. Forty-two days after initial presentation, the defect in the cranium was healed; fluid from the cranial vault was sampled and appeared normal. During and after treatment, the ray exhibited no abnormal neurologic signs.
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Kaiser K, Bryja V. Choroid Plexus: The Orchestrator of Long-Range Signalling Within the CNS. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4760. [PMID: 32635478 PMCID: PMC7369786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the liquid that fills the brain ventricles. CSF represents not only a mechanical brain protection but also a rich source of signalling factors modulating diverse processes during brain development and adulthood. The choroid plexus (CP) is a major source of CSF and as such it has recently emerged as an important mediator of extracellular signalling within the brain. Growing interest in the CP revealed its capacity to release a broad variety of bioactive molecules that, via CSF, regulate processes across the whole central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, CP has been also recognized as a sensor, responding to altered composition of CSF associated with changes in the patterns of CNS activity. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the CP as a signalling centre that mediates long-range communication in the CNS. By providing a detailed account of the CP secretory repertoire, we describe how the CP contributes to the regulation of the extracellular environment-in the context of both the embryonal as well as the adult CNS. We highlight the role of the CP as an important regulator of CNS function that acts via CSF-mediated signalling. Further studies of CP-CSF signalling hold the potential to provide key insights into the biology of the CNS, with implications for better understanding and treatment of neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Kaiser
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Klarica M, Radoš M, Orešković D. The Movement of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Its Relationship with Substances Behavior in Cerebrospinal and Interstitial Fluid. Neuroscience 2019; 414:28-48. [PMID: 31279048 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) movement and its influence on substance distribution and elimination from the CSF system have been thoroughly analyzed and discussed in the light of the new hypothesis of CSF physiology. As a result, CSF movement is not presented as a circulation, but a permanent rhythmic systolic-diastolic pulsation in all directions. Such movement also represents the main force of substance distribution inside the CSF system. This distribution occurs in all directions, i.e., in the direction of the imagined circulation, as well as in the opposite direction, and depends on the application site and the resident time of tested substance, where longer resident time means longer distribution distance. Transport mechanisms situated on the microvessels inside the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma play the key role in substance elimination from the CSF and interstitial fluid (ISF) compartments, which freely communicate. If a certain transport mechanism is not available at one site, the substance will be distributed by CSF movement along the CSF system and into the CNS region where that transport mechanism is available. Pharmacological manipulation suggests that the residence time and the substance travel distance along the CSF system depend on the capacity of transport mechanisms situated on CNS blood capillaries. Physiological absorption of the CSF into the venous sinuses and/or lymphatics, due to their small surface area, should be of minor importance in comparison with the huge absorptive surface area of the microvessel network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan Klarica
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Milan Radoš
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Orešković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Orešković D, Maraković J, Varda R, Radoš M, Jurjević I, Klarica M. New Insight into the Mechanism of Mannitol Effects on Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Decrease and Craniospinal Fluid Redistribution. Neuroscience 2018; 392:164-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Orešković D, Radoš M, Klarica M. Cerebrospinal fluid secretion by the choroid plexus? Physiol Rev 2017; 96:1661-2. [PMID: 27630176 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Darko Orešković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milan Radoš
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Klarica
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Zagreb, Croatia; and Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Role of choroid plexus in cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics. Neuroscience 2017; 354:69-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Klarica M, Jukić T, Miše B, Kudelić N, Radoš M, Orešković D. Experimental Spinal Stenosis in Cats: New Insight in Mechanisms of Hydrocephalus Development. Brain Pathol 2016; 26:701-712. [PMID: 26549012 PMCID: PMC8029224 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In our new experimental model of cervical stenosis without inflammation we have tested hypothesis that cranio-spinal communication impairment could lead to hydrocephalus development. Spinal and cranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space separation was obtained with positioning of plastic semiring in epidural space at C2 level in cats. Brain ventricles planimetry, and CSF pressure recording in lateral ventricle (LV) and lumbar subarachnoid space (LSS) were performed in acute and subchronic experiments. In all experiments opening CSF pressures were normal. However, in acute experiments, an infusion of artificial CSF into the LV led to increase of CSF pressure and significant gradient pressure development between LV and LSS due to limited pressure transmission. After 3 or 6 weeks spinal cord atrophy was observed at the site of cervical stenosis, and pressure transmission from LV to LSS was improved as a consequence of spinal tissue atrophy. Planimetry of both the coronal brain slices and the ventricles' surface showed that control ventricular surface was 0.6 ± 0.1% (n = 5), and 1.6 ± 0.2% (n = 4) in animals with subchronic cervical stenosis (P < 0.002). These results support the mentioned hypothesis claiming that CSF volume cranio-spinal displacement impairment could start pathophysiological processes leading to development of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan Klarica
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain ResearchSchool of Medicine University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Tomislav Jukić
- Department of OphthalmologyClinical Hospital Center Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb
| | - Branko Miše
- University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases
| | - Nenad Kudelić
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain ResearchSchool of Medicine University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Milan Radoš
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb
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