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Goulioumis AK, Kourelis K, Gkorpa M, Danielides V. Pathogenesis of Nasal Polyposis: Current Trends. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 75:733-741. [PMID: 37206761 PMCID: PMC10188681 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-022-03247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) is characterized by edema of the sub-epithelial layers, but, only specific types of CRS are developing polyps. Nasal polyposis may develop under different pathogenetic mechanisms rendering the typical macroscopic classification of CRS, with or without nasal polyps, rather deficient. Currently, we approach nasal polyposis, in terms of diagnosis and treatment, according to its endotype, which means that we focus on the specific cells and cytokines that are participating in its pathogenesis. It appears that the molecular procedures that contribute to polyp formation, initiating with a Th-2 response of the adaptive immune system, are local phenomena occurring in the sub-epithelial layers of the mucosa. Several hypotheses are trying to approach the etiology that drives the immune response towards Th-2 type. Extrinsic factors, like fungi, Staphylococcus superantigens, biofilms, and altered microbiome can contribute to a modified and intense local reaction of the immune system. Some hypotheses based on intrinsic factors like the elimination of Treg lymphocytes, low local vitamin-D levels, high levels of leukotrienes, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by hypoxia, and altered levels of NO, add pieces to the puzzle of the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. Currently, the most complete theory is that of epithelial immune barrier dysfunction. Intrinsic and extrinsic conditions can damage the epithelial barrier rendering sub-epithelial layers more vulnerable to invasion by pathogens that trigger a Th-2 response of the adaptive immune system. Th2 cytokines, subsequently, induce the accumulation of eosinophils and IgE together with the remodeling of the stroma in the sub-epithelial layers leading, eventually, to the formation of nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios K. Goulioumis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, “Karamandanion” Pediatric Hospital of Patras, Erythrou Stavrou 40, 26331 Patras, Greece
- Anatomy Department, School of Medicine of the University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kourelis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, “Karamandanion” Pediatric Hospital of Patras, Erythrou Stavrou 40, 26331 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Vasilios Danielides
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Bayar Muluk N, Arikan OK, Atasoy P, Kiliç R, Tuna Yalçinozan E. The Role of CD68 (+) Histiocytic Macrophages in Nasal Polyp Development. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2021; 82:700-708. [PMID: 34745840 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CD68 (+) histiocytic macrophages (H-M) in the nasal polyp pathogenesis. Materials and Methods The study group consisted of 24 adult patients with nasal polyposis. The control group consisted of 11 adult patients without nasal polyps. A total of 36 nasal polyp samples (10-nasal cavity, 10-maxillary sinus, and 16-ethmoid sinus) from the study group and 11 inferior turbinate samples from the control group were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining, with monoclonal antibodies against CD68 (+) H-M. Results CD68 positivity was significantly higher than the control group in the subepithelial (SE) layer of the ethmoid sinus, and deep layers of nasal cavity, maxillary, and ethmoid sinuses. In SE and deep layers of ethmoid and maxillary sinuses, CD68 positivity was significantly higher than that of the epithelial layer. In the deep layer, histiocytic macrophages tended to gather around eosinophils. Conclusion The high numbers of CD68 (+) histiocytic macrophages mainly located in deep layer of lamina propria may be responsible for the phagocytosis of eosinophils within the polyp tissue. Therefore, it may be concluded that increased macrophages in nasal polyps do not trigger the growth of nasal polyps. Instead, they may serve to reduce the number of eosinophils in already-developed nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Bayar Muluk
- Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat, Kirikkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Osman Kürşat Arikan
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Private Adana Ortadoğu Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Pınar Atasoy
- Department of Pathology, Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rahmi Kiliç
- Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinics, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eda Tuna Yalçinozan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Near East University School of Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Liu Z, Chen J, Cheng L, Li H, Liu S, Lou H, Shi J, Sun Y, Wang D, Wang C, Wang X, Wei Y, Wen W, Yang P, Yang Q, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Zhao C, Zhu D, Zhu L, Chen F, Dong Y, Fu Q, Li J, Li Y, Liu C, Liu F, Lu M, Meng Y, Sha J, She W, Shi L, Wang K, Xue J, Yang L, Yin M, Zhang L, Zheng M, Zhou B, Zhang L. Chinese Society of Allergy and Chinese Society of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Guideline for Chronic Rhinosinusitis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2020; 12:176-237. [PMID: 32009319 PMCID: PMC6997287 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2020.12.2.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The current document is based on a consensus reached by a panel of experts from the Chinese Society of Allergy and the Chinese Society of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology Group. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects approximately 8% of Chinese adults. The inflammatory and remodeling mechanisms of CRS in the Chinese population differ from those observed in the populations of European descent. Recently, precision medicine has been used to treat inflammation by targeting key biomarkers that are involved in the process. However, there are no CRS guidelines or a consensus available from China that can be shared with the international academia. The guidelines presented in this paper cover the epidemiology, economic burden, genetics and epigenetics, mechanisms, phenotypes and endotypes, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, management, and the current status of CRS in China. These guidelines-with a focus on China-will improve the abilities of clinical and medical staff during the treatment of CRS. Additionally, they will help international agencies in improving the verification of CRS endotypes, mapping of eosinophilic shifts, the identification of suitable biomarkers for endotyping, and predicting responses to therapies. In conclusion, these guidelines will help select therapies, such as pharmacotherapy, surgical approaches and innovative biotherapeutics, which are tailored to each of the individual CRS endotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- International Centre for Allergy Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huabin Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shixi Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongfei Lou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dehui Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengshuo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping Wen
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingchang Yang
- Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qintai Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gehua Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changqing Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dongdong Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fenghong Chen
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Qingling Fu
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqing Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyao Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiping Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Meng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Jichao Sha
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyu She
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kuiji Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Jinmei Xue
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Luoying Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- International Centre for Allergy Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lichuan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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