1
|
Fang H, Li J, Wen X, Ren L, Liu E. Next-generation reference interval for total IgE in the United States: A retrospective real-world analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2024:119895. [PMID: 39074651 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a next-generation reference interval (RI) for total IgE (tIgE) and evaluate its usefulness. METHODS A new allergen-specific IgE (sIgE)-based tIgE RI, including a continuous RI in children, was established using the NHANES 2005-2006 project. The usefulness of the RI was evaluated by sensitivity (Sen), specificity (Spec), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), κ coefficient and consistency. RESULTS The new tIgE RI showed better performance in identifying allergic sensitization (Sen 0.53, Spec 0.90, PPV 0.83, NPV 0.68, κ 0.44, consistency 0.72) than allergic diseases (Sen 0.37, Spec 0.75, PPV 0.55, NPV 0.60, κ 0.13, consistency 0.59). The 2014 U.S. tIgE RI was more effective in identifying allergic diseases (consistency 0.63 vs. 0.54, P<0.001) but less accurate in identifying allergic sensitization (consistency 0.59 vs. 0.67, P<0.001) in children than in adults. The new RI improved the accuracy of identifying allergic sensitization in children to a level similar to that in adults (consistency 0.72 vs 0.73, P=0.37) and maintained its advantage in identifying allergic diseases in children (consistency 0.64 vs 0.55, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The established next-generation tIgE RI is useful for identifying allergic sensitization, especially in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heping Fang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, China
| | - Luo Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, China.
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oprițescu S, Nițescu GV, Cîrnațu D, Trifunschi S, Munteanu M, Golumbeanu M, Boghițoiu D, Dărăban AM, Ilie EI, Moroșan E. Elevated Immunoglobulin E Serum Levels: Possible Underlying Factors That Can Cause an Inborn Error of Immunity in the Pediatric Population with Recurrent Infections. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:47. [PMID: 38920971 PMCID: PMC11201012 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels are commonly associated with allergies. However, high IgE levels are also found in several other infectious and non-infectious disorders. Elevated IgE levels typically suggest allergies, eczema, or recurrent skin infections. Hyperimmunoglobulin E (hyper-IgE) levels typically reflect a monogenic atopic condition or inborn immune defects with an atopic phenotype. The aim of our research is to investigate and observe the clinical characteristics of children with increased IgE levels who have previously manifested infectious diseases. Furthermore, the retrospective study considers other factors, such as demographic characteristics (sex, area/environment, and age), and their effect on IgE serum levels. To answer this question, we conducted a one-year hospital-based retrospective study that included 200 hospitalized children who had at least two viral or bacterial infections in the six months preceding hospitalization. Measurements of IgE and allergen panels (respiratory and digestive) using blood samples revealed that individuals who tested positive for the body's synthesis of hyper-IgE were not observably allergic to any potential allergens despite having higher total serum IgE. According to the results, there was a strong correlation between elevated IgE serum levels and a history of infectious diseases among the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sînziana Oprițescu
- Discipline of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania; (S.O.)
| | - Gabriela Viorela Nițescu
- Discipline of Pediatrics, Faculty of Dentistry, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- “Grigore Alexandrescu” Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, 017443 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Cîrnațu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Vasile Goldiș” Western University Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
| | - Svetlana Trifunschi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Vasile Goldiș” Western University Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
| | - Melania Munteanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Vasile Goldiș” Western University Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
| | - Mihaela Golumbeanu
- “Grigore Alexandrescu” Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, 017443 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dora Boghițoiu
- Discipline of Pediatrics, Faculty of Dentistry, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- “Grigore Alexandrescu” Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, 017443 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Maria Dărăban
- Pharmaceutical Science Department Dermatocosmetology and Cosmetics, “Vasile Goldiș” Western University of Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
| | - Elena Iuliana Ilie
- Discipline of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Moroșan
- Discipline of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania; (S.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vinnes EW, Karlsen Sletten IS, Alnæs M, Storaas T, Aarsand AK. A survey of total IgE reference intervals reported by Scandinavian and British medical laboratories - a need for harmonisation. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2023; 83:470-478. [PMID: 37815437 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2023.2261102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There appears to be marked discrepancies between total IgE reference intervals (RIs) in use by many laboratories and those recommended by published studies. The aim of this study was therefore to review total IgE RIs currently reported by Scandinavian and British laboratories and to compare these to published RIs identified by a literature review. METHODS Relevant laboratories were identified by test directories provided by the national accreditation bodies in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and the UK. Total IgE RIs and their sources were acquired by accessing laboratory user handbooks or by an electronic survey. In addition a literature review of published total IgE RI studies was performed. RESULTS From 172 accredited laboratories providing total IgE analysis, data was acquired from 122 laboratories. An adult upper reference limit between 81 to 150 kU/L was reported by 89% of these. Denmark and Sweden reported the most harmonised RIs whilst Norway and the UK exhibited the least degree of harmonisation. Published adult (n = 6) and paediatric (n = 6) RI studies reported markedly higher upper limits than those currently in use by the laboratories included in this study. There were also large variations in the number of age strata in use for paediatric RIs. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates large variations in currently utilised IgE RIs by Scandinavian and British accredited laboratories and most report markedly lower RIs than those recommended by recent RI publications. Many laboratories likely utilise outdated RIs and should consider critically reviewing and updating their RIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Wilhelm Vinnes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Marie Alnæs
- Section of Clinical Allergy, Department of Occupational Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Torgeir Storaas
- Section of Clinical Allergy, Department of Occupational Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aasne K Aarsand
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Organization for Quality Improvement of Laboratory Examinations, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lando V, Calciano L, Minelli C, Bombieri C, Ferrari M, Malerba G, Margagliotti A, Murgia N, Nicolis M, Olivieri M, Potts J, Tardivo S, Accordini S. IL18 Gene Polymorphism Is Associated with Total IgE in Adult Subjects with Asthma. J Clin Med 2023; 12:3963. [PMID: 37373658 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12123963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The allergic asthma phenotype is characterized by a T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response, based on Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. Total IgE is the sum of all IgE types produced by the human body and is used as a biomarker of inflammation in asthma. We analysed data collected in 143 asthma cases (median age 42.1 years) from the general Italian population (GEIRD survey; 2008-2010) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes that are associated with total IgE in adult subjects with asthma. These patients reported respiratory symptoms in response to perennial allergens and provided data on 166 SNPs tagging 50 candidate genes or gene regions. Replication of the statistically significant results was performed in 842 asthma cases from other European countries (ECRHS II survey; 1998-2002). SNP rs549908 in interleukin 18 (IL18) gene was significantly associated with total IgE in GEIRD, and this result was replicated in ECRHS II. SNP rs1063320 in the human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) gene was identified in GEIRD, but this association was not replicated in ECRHS II. Further investigating IL18 and its biological pathways could be important for developing new therapeutic targets, due to its involvement in inflammatory response processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lando
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Lucia Calciano
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Cosetta Minelli
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LR, UK
| | - Cristina Bombieri
- Biology and Genetics Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Marcello Ferrari
- Respiratory Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Biology and Genetics Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Antonino Margagliotti
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Murgia
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Morena Nicolis
- Unit of Hygiene and Preventive, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Olivieri
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - James Potts
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LR, UK
| | - Stefano Tardivo
- Unit of Hygiene and Preventive, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Accordini
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Blöndal V, Sundbom F, Zhou X, Movérare R, Borres MP, Högman M, Alving K, Malinovschi A, Janson C. Allergic sensitisation and type-2 inflammation is associated with new-onset and persistent allergic disease. Clin Transl Allergy 2023; 13:e12240. [PMID: 37186426 PMCID: PMC10080081 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic disease is common. The aim of this study was to look at the change in asthma and rhinitis over time and to characterise factors contributing to remission and persistence of disease. METHODS This cohort study included 255 individuals with or without asthma and or rhinitis that participated in a population survey and a follow-up 10 years later. The participants were tested for allergic sensitisation, total IgE, multiplex allergen component analysis and type-2 inflammatory markers: exhaled nitric oxide (FE NO), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). RESULTS Of the 132 healthy individuals, 112 remained healthy, 16 developed rhinitis, 4 asthma and rhinitis over the 10 years. Out of 82 subjects with rhinitis, 26 went into remission, 53 remained unchanged and 3 developed asthma in addition to rhinitis. None of the 41 participants with asthma and rhinitis went into remission. Subjects with persistent rhinitis and asthma had higher levels of total IgE (odds ratio [OR] 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.16 [3.05-12.5]) at baseline and after 10 years, and FE NO and ECP at baseline (OR per log unit increase, 95% CI 5.21 [1.20-22.7] and 6.32 [1.52-26.4], respectively), compared with those that remained healthy. Subjects with persistent rhinitis were more likely to be sensitised to grass pollen and had higher total IgE levels than those that went into remission. Individuals with persistent asthma were more likely to be sensitised to tree pollen and furry animals than those with only persistent rhinitis (OR 95% CI: 3.50 [1.29-9.49] and 6.73 [2.00-22.6], respectively). CONCLUSION IgE sensitisation and total IgE levels are associated with the persistence of rhinitis and asthma. Participants with persistent allergic disease had higher levels of allergen sensitisation and type 2 inflammation markers at baseline than those who remained healthy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viiu Blöndal
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Sundbom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xingwu Zhou
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Movérare
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Thermo Fischer Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Borres
- Thermo Fischer Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marieann Högman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kjell Alving
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrei Malinovschi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar R, Gaur S, Agarwal M, Menon B, Goel N, Mrigpuri P, Spalgais S, Priya A, Kumar K, Meena R, Sankararaman N, Verma A, Gupta V, Sonal, Prakash A, Safwan MA, Behera D, Singh A, Arora N, Prasad R, Padukudru M, Kant S, Janmeja A, Mohan A, Jain V, Nagendra Prasad K, Nagaraju K, Goyal M. Indian Guidelines for diagnosis of respiratory allergy. INDIAN JOURNAL OF ALLERGY, ASTHMA AND IMMUNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-6691.367373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
7
|
林 兴, 许 杨, 沈 翎, 林 宗, 刘 平, 杨 中. [Diagnostic value of total serum IgE for atopy in children and adolescents]. LIN CHUANG ER BI YAN HOU TOU JING WAI KE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF CLINICAL OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD, AND NECK SURGERY 2022; 36:269-274. [PMID: 35511618 PMCID: PMC10128178 DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective:To explore the value of total IgE in the diagnosis of atopy in children and adolescents. Methods:This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2005-2006 included measurement of total and specific IgE levels and allergy questions for 6-19 year old children and adolescents. According to the results of specific IgE, participants were divided into the atopic or non- atopic group. Based on questionnaire, participants were divided into the rhinitis or non-rhinitis group. To compare the difference of total IgE between groups. The relationship between total IgE and atopy was analyzed. The value of total IgE in the diagnosis of atopy was analyzed by ROC curve. Results:①The geometric mean total IgE level in the non-atopic subjects and the atopic subjects were 24.4 kU/L and 153.1 kU/L, respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.01). ②In logistic regression analyses, we observed the adjusted odds ratio(OR) for atopy with a 10-fold increase in total IgE level was 17.6[95%CI:14.1-22.3], statistically significant changes(P<0.01). ③The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve(AUC) of total IgE for diagnosing atopy in the total population were 0.857. The specificity and sensitivity of total IgE at the optimal cutoff of 54.3 kU/L on the ROC curve for diagnosing atopy were76.4%, and 80.0%, respectively. At the optimal cutoff of 54.6 kU/L for diagnosing atopy in the population with rhinitis, AUC, specificity, and sensitivity were 0.888, 86.7% and 77.0%, respectively. At the optimal cutoff of 59.0 kU/L for diagnosing atopy in the population with non-rhinitis, AUC, specificity, and sensitivity were 0.841, 74.8% and 78.6%, respectively. ④The diagnostic specificity of atopy increased with total IgE, while the sensitivity decreased. Conclusion:There was a close relationship between total IgE and atopy. Total IgE level can be used to discriminates children and adolescents with and without atopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- 兴 林
- 福建省福州儿童医院耳鼻咽喉科(福州, 350000)Department of Otolaryngology, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - 杨杨 许
- 福建省福州儿童医院耳鼻咽喉科(福州, 350000)Department of Otolaryngology, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - 翎 沈
- 福建省福州儿童医院耳鼻咽喉科(福州, 350000)Department of Otolaryngology, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - 宗通 林
- 福建省福州儿童医院耳鼻咽喉科(福州, 350000)Department of Otolaryngology, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - 平凡 刘
- 福建省福州儿童医院耳鼻咽喉科(福州, 350000)Department of Otolaryngology, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - 中婕 杨
- 福建省福州儿童医院耳鼻咽喉科(福州, 350000)Department of Otolaryngology, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Altrichter S, Fok JS, Jiao Q, Kolkhir P, Pyatilova P, Romero SM, Scheffel J, Siebenhaar F, Steinert C, Terhorst-Molawi D, Xiang YK, Church MK, Maurer M. Total IgE as a Marker for Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021; 13:206-218. [PMID: 33474856 PMCID: PMC7840871 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2021.13.2.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and its receptor, FcɛRI, importantly contribute to the pathophysiology of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Recent findings point to a possible role of total IgE as a marker of CSU disease activity, endotypes, and responses to treatment. The evidence in support of total IgE included in the diagnostic workup of patients with CSU has not yet been reviewed. METHODS Publications were searched via PubMed. The search terms used were "chronic urticaria" and "total IgE." Studies were screened by titles and abstracts, and 141 were used in the review. RESULTS CSU patients frequently had elevated total IgE serum levels (up to 50%), but normal or very low total IgE levels also occurred. High total IgE may represent high disease activity, longer disease duration, high chance of responding to omalizumab treatment, quick relapse after stopping omalizumab, and lower chance of responding to cyclosporine. Low IgE, in contrast, may suggest Type IIb autoimmune CSU, poor response to treatment with omalizumab and a better chance to benefits from cyclosporine treatment. Furthermore, IgE in different CSU cohorts may have different physicochemical properties that could explain differences in treatment responses to IgE-directed therapies. CONCLUSION The results of our review suggest that total IgE is a valuable marker for CSU, and we recommend its assessment in the routine diagnostic workup of CSU patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Altrichter
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jie Shen Fok
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qingqing Jiao
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Pavel Kolkhir
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Polina Pyatilova
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sherezade Moñino Romero
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Scheffel
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Siebenhaar
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Steinert
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothea Terhorst-Molawi
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yi Kui Xiang
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin K Church
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|