1
|
Tang H, Li Y, Dong W, Guo X, Wu S, Chen C, Lu G. The relationship between childhood trauma and internet addiction in adolescents: A meta-analysis. J Behav Addict 2024; 13:36-50. [PMID: 38340148 PMCID: PMC10988395 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2024.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Many studies have explored the relationship between childhood trauma and internet addiction from different theoretical perspectives; however, the results have been inconsistent. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the relationship between childhood trauma and internet addiction. Methods The PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP electronic databases were searched to identify studies examining the correlation between childhood trauma and adolescent internet addiction. The databases were searched from inception to December 31, 2022. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted the data, and evaluated the risk of bias of the included studies. Then, Stata 17.0 software was used to perform meta-analysis. Results This study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023388699). A total of 19 studies involving 21,398 adolescents were included in this meta-analysis. The random effects model was used for pooled analysis, and the results revealed a strong positive association between childhood trauma and internet addiction (r = 0.395, 95% CI [0.345, 0.442]). The relationship between childhood trauma and internet addiction was moderated by sample size, survey area, and internet addiction measurement tools. There were significant differences between the associations based on the various child trauma measurement tools and study quality scores. However, interstudy heterogeneity was not significantly affected by study year, sample source, or participant age. Conclusion Internet addiction is positively correlated with childhood trauma. Therefore, it is extremely important for parents to provide a good growth environment during childhood to enhance the physical and mental development of adolescents. A warm family atmosphere helps individuals develop a healthy personality, thereby reducing or preventing the occurrence of internet addiction. Due to the limited number and low quality of the included studies, the above conclusions need to be verified by additional high-quality studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Tang
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Wanglin Dong
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Xiajun Guo
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Sijia Wu
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Chaoran Chen
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Guangli Lu
- Institute of Business Administration, School of Business, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song YX, Huang YC, Li YY, Bao YP, Zhou GD, Lu L, Shi J, Sun Y. Risk factors for poor progression of addictive internet use across different COVID-19 periods in China. Am J Addict 2023; 32:593-605. [PMID: 37615548 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Addictive behaviors are serious factors for mental health and usually increase during public crises. We identified the vulnerable characteristics for bad prognosis of addictive internet use across different periods of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS Self-reported questionnaires were delivered in three waves through jdh.com during the outbreak (n = 17,960), remission (n = 15,666), and dynamic zero (n = 12,158) periods of COVID-19 pandemic in China. Internet addiction degree was assessed using the Internet Addiction Test. The different progression groups were divided using a latent class growth model among 1679 longitudinal participants. Risk factors for bad progression were identified by two-step logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 40.16% of participants reported an increase in the addictive degree of internet use compared with prepandemic. Across different COVID-19 periods, the overall trend of addictive internet use was downward among general Chinese study participants (Mslope = -1.56). Childhood traumatic experiences, deterioration of physical health, depression, and anxiety during remission and dynamic periods were the main risk factors for the bad progression of pandemic-induced addictive internet use. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Addictive internet use was remitted following relaxed control policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Negative childhood experiences and bad mental status during the recovery period were harmful to coping with pandemic-related addictive internet use. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Our findings profiled the general trend of addictive internet use and the vulnerable characteristics of its bad progression across different periods of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in China. Our findings provide valuable insights for preventing the long-term adverse effects of negative public events on Internet addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xuan Song
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Chen Huang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Yang Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ping Bao
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Dong Zhou
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ghali S, Afifi S, Suryadevara V, Habab Y, Hutcheson A, Panjiyar BK, Davydov GG, Nashat H, Nath TS. A Systematic Review of the Association of Internet Gaming Disorder and Excessive Social Media Use With Psychiatric Comorbidities in Children and Adolescents: Is It a Curse or a Blessing? Cureus 2023; 15:e43835. [PMID: 37736454 PMCID: PMC10509728 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Internet gaming and social media usage (SMU), particularly among children and teenagers, have witnessed a remarkable surge over the past decade. However, it remains uncertain whether this widespread usage has a positive or negative impact. The primary objective of this systematic review was to investigate the diverse effects of excessive video game playing and extensive SMU, both favorable and detrimental, on the psychological and mental well-being of children and adolescents. To assess the influence of internet gaming disorder (IGD) and disordered SMU on the mental health of children aged 6-12 years and adolescents aged 13-18 years, we conducted a systematic review of 20 studies on the subject. These studies utilized a substantial sample size of 48,652 participants, encompassing online and in-person questionnaires administered to children, teenagers, and their parents in educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and online platforms. Our findings suggest that multiple factors contribute to the intricate relationship between SMU, video game playing, and mental health outcomes. The majority of research indicates that excessive gaming or SMU among children and teenagers leads to adverse consequences on their mental well-being. Furthermore, certain studies have even reported fatal consequences, while others have identified a worsening of preexisting mental health issues. A few studies have explored the potential positive impacts of SMU and gaming on individuals and society at large. In light of this, we have concluded that it is inappropriate to categorize internet gaming and SMU as solely beneficial or detrimental without considering the broader context and the interplay of various factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Ghali
- Psychiatry/Neuroscience, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Shadin Afifi
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Vineet Suryadevara
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Yaman Habab
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Alana Hutcheson
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Binay K Panjiyar
- Cardiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Gershon G Davydov
- Nephrology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
- Internal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er Sheva, ISR
| | - Hiba Nashat
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee MS, Bhang SY. Attention, Externalizing and Internalizing Problems Mediated Differently on Internet Gaming Disorder Among Children and Adolescents With a Family History of Addiction as an Adverse Childhood Experience. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e221. [PMID: 37431544 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to examine the factors associated with internet gaming disorder (IGD) and the mediating role of pediatric symptoms (attention, externalizing problems and internalizing problems) in children and adolescents with a family history of addiction as an adverse childhood experience (ACE). METHODS A total of 2,586 children and adolescents (mean age = 14.04 ± 2.34; age range = 11-19 years; 50.5% boys) completed the Internet Game Use-Elicited Symptom Screen and the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17. IBM SPSS Statistics 21 was used to calculate descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients and to conduct multiple regression analyses. Mediation analysis was performed using the Sobel test and the SPSS PROCESS macro. Serial multiple mediation analysis was performed using bootstrapping with 5,000 replications. RESULTS The higher levels of Attention problems (β = -0.228, P < 0.001) and externalizing problems (β = -0.213, P < 0.001) were associated with IGD. Furthermore, the indirect effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable through the mediators was significant (Sobel's T: Z = -5.006, P < 0.001). These findings suggest that attention and externalizing problems mediate the effect of family history of addiction on IGD. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the associations among the family history of addiction, IGD, and pediatric symptoms (attention, externalizing problems, and internalizing problems) among Korean children and adolescents. Therefore, we need to pay attention to pediatric symptoms and develop systematic alternatives to improve mental health among Korean children and adolescents with a family history of addiction as ACEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Center for School Mental Health, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Young Bhang
- Center for School Mental Health, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Nowon Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen D, Lin L, Feng X, Luo S, Xiang H, Qin K, Guo X, Chen W, Guo VY. Adverse childhood experiences, problematic internet use, and health-related quality of life in Chinese adolescents. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2218248. [PMID: 37335002 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2218248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The influence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on an individual's health is substantial. However, the associations between ACEs, problematic internet use (PIU), and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents remain underexplored.Objective: To assess the association between ACEs and HRQOL in Chinese adolescents and to evaluate the mediating role of PIU in this association.Method: A sample of 6,639 adolescents (3,457 boys and 3,182 girls) aged between 11-20 years (mean [SD] age: 14.5 [1.6] years) were recruited from 6 junior and senior middle schools using a proportional sampling approach in a cross-sectional study. Data on ACE exposure was collected through the short form of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the ACE-International Questionnaire, and two additional questions. HRQOL was assessed by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0. The associations between ACEs and HRQOL were estimated using linear regression models. Mediation analysis was further conducted to explore the possible mediating role of PIU in the association between ACEs and HRQOL.Results: Our study collected 13 different ACEs. We found that adolescents exposed to any ACE had significantly lower scores in all HRQOL dimensions, psychosocial health summary scale, and total scale, than those without such exposure. Specifically, adolescents with ≥ 3 ACE exposure had a total scale score that was 14.70 (95%CI: 15.53 to 13.87) points lower than their non-exposed counterparts. Mediation analysis identified PIU as a significant mediator, with the proportion of the total effect attributable to PIU ranging from 14.38% for social functioning to 17.44% for physical functioning.Conclusions: Exposure to ACEs was associated with poorer HRQOL in Chinese adolescents, underscoring the importance to prevent ACEs and their negative impacts on adolescent well-being. These findings also highlighted the need of promoting appropriate internet use among adolescents exposed to ACEs, in order to avert potential impairment in their HRQOL.HIGHLIGHTSAdolescents with adverse childhood experiences have poorer health-related quality of life.The association between adverse childhood experiences and health-related quality of life shows a dose-response pattern.Problematic internet use partially mediates the associations between adverse childhood experiences and health-related quality of life in adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dezhong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqiong Feng
- Department of Public Health, Guangzhou Huangpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyu Luo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Qin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Guo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Vivian Yawei Guo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Messena M, Everri M. Unpacking the relation between children's use of digital technologies and children's well-being: A scoping review. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 28:161-198. [PMID: 36138339 PMCID: PMC9902989 DOI: 10.1177/13591045221127886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, a substantial number of studies have addressed children's use of technologies and their impact on well-being. Nonetheless, there is still a lack of clarity on the operationalisation of technology use, well-being, and the relation between the two. This scoping review intended to shed lights on Digital Technologies Use, its operationalisation, and the relation between Digital Technologies Negative Use (DTNU) and children's well-being. For the scope of the special issue we focused on negative use. Results showed two conceptualisations of DTNU: compulsive/addictive use of devices and the Internet (e.g., Internet addiction) and negative online experiences/risky behaviours (e.g., cyberbullying). Well-being in relation to DTNU was mainly studied in terms of psycho/social dimensions (e.g., depression), and a gap in cognitive well-being studies was identified. Study designs were largely quantitative, and, in most studies, well-being was considered as a predictor of DTNU. Also, research with children under 12 years was lacking. Future research on DTNU should look at: how dimensions of addiction and negative online experiences relate; provide more evidence on cognitive well-being; explore the interplay of well-being multiple components relying on integrative conceptual frameworks. The recent notion of digital well-being should also be explored considering the results of this review.
Collapse
|
7
|
Effects of childhood adversity on smartphone addiction: The multiple mediation of life history strategies and smartphone use motivations. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
8
|
Mustikaningtyas M, Pinandari AW, Setiyawati D, Wilopo SA. Are Adverse Childhood Experiences Associated with Depression in Early Adolescence? An Ecological Analysis Approach Using GEAS Baseline Data 2018 in Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Child and adolescent violence and harassment have frequently happened in Indonesia in the past 5 years. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) at an early age involve traumatic events, which can cause long-term negative effects on mental health and well-being.
AIM: This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the correlation between ACEs and depressive symptoms among early adolescents in Indonesia.
METHODS: Using Indonesia’s Global Early Adolescent Study (GEAS), data analysis included 4684 early adolescents with 2207 boys and 2477 girls from three sites: Semarang, Lampung, and Bali. Depressive symptoms were collected using self-reported questionnaires. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were used to examine how ACEs, individual, family, and peer-level predictors predict depressive symptoms with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).
RESULTS: Nearly 80% of adolescents have experienced at least one ACE; the prevalence of experiencing depressive symptoms in boys and girls was closely similar. Adolescents with ACEs were two times more likely to have depressive symptoms (OR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.70−2.38). Among the family-level predictors, only wealth was significantly associated with depressive symptoms. All variables in peer-level predictors including communication with peers, peer perception of having sex, and dating through unadjusted until adjusted models significantly predict depressive symptoms, (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.20−1.61), (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.14−2.91), and (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.02−1.36), respectively. After adjusting with individual, family, and peer-level, only sex, wealth, and peer-level variables were associated with depressive symptoms.
CONCLUSION: ACEs strongly predict depression when the analysis was adjusted for social-ecological predictors. Recognition of the significant roles of family and peer-level predictors is important to improve adolescent health and well-being.
Collapse
|
9
|
Fang X, Tian M, Wang R, Wang P. Relationships between depression, loneliness and pathological Internet use in adolescents: A cross-lagged analysis. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
10
|
Adverse childhood experiences and problematic technology use: The mediating role of satisfaction with life. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02723-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
11
|
Jhone JH, Song IH, Lee MS, Yoon JY, Bhang SY. Is the I-PACE (Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution) model valid in South Korea? The effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on internet gaming disorder and the mediating effect of stress on adolescents. J Behav Addict 2021; 10:967-982. [PMID: 34935634 PMCID: PMC8987428 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2021.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on internet gaming disorder (IGD) and the mediating effect of stress based on the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. METHODS The 2017 survey data from one community addiction management center in South Korea were analyzed. A sample of 3,593 adolescents (mean age = 13.75 years, SD = 2.22) were recruited from 23 elementary, middle and high schools and 11 local children's centers. The mediating effect was analyzed by the three-step analysis method. RESULTS Our study found that ACEs had a significant effect on the stress score (B = 1.420, P < 0.001) and the stress scale score had a significant effect the IGD score (B = 0.127, P < 0.001). After adjusting for the stress score in the model, ACEs had a significant effect on the IGD score (B = 0.328, P < 0.001), and the stress score had partial mediating effects (B = 0.1802, 95% C. I: 0.131-0.239). DISCUSSION We found that ACEs directly affect IGD and that ACEs directly affect IGD through stress in support of the I-PACE model. In the sensitivity analysis, the mediating effect of stress in the low-risk IGD group was significant, but the mediating effect of stress in the high-risk IGD group was not significant. Prior ACEs should be considered when interviewing IGD clients. In addition, enhancing stress management skills would be beneficial to IGD clients with a history of ACEs, and actions reducing exposure to ACEs in childhood are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Jhone
- Graduate School of Social Welfare, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Suicide and School Mental Health Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - In Han Song
- Graduate School of Social Welfare, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Mi-Sun Lee
- Suicide and School Mental Health Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Center for School Mental Health, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Yoon
- Department of Social Welfare, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Young Bhang
- Center for School Mental Health, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University School of Medicine, Nowon Eulji University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Nowon Community Addiction Management Center, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|