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Grezzi L, Martínez YE, Barrios AA, Díaz Á, Casaravilla C. Characterization of the immunosuppressive environment induced by larval Echinococcus granulosus during chronic experimental infection. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0027623. [PMID: 38174942 PMCID: PMC10863420 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00276-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus causes the chronic infection known as cystic echinococcosis, deploying strong inhibitory mechanisms on host immune responses. Using experimental intraperitoneal infection in C57BL/6 mice, we carried out an in-depth analysis of the local changes in macrophage populations associated with chronic infection. In addition, we analyzed T cells and relevant soluble mediators. Infected animals showed an increase in local cell numbers, mostly accounted for by eosinophils, T cells, and macrophages. Within macrophage populations, the largest increases in cell numbers corresponded to resident large peritoneal macrophages (LPM). Monocyte recruitment appeared to be active, as judged by the increased number of monocytes and cells in the process of differentiation towards LPM, including small (SPM) and converting peritoneal macrophages (CPM). In contrast, we found no evidence of macrophage proliferation. Infection induced the expression of M2 markers in SPM, CPM, and LPM. It also enhanced the expression of the co-inhibitor PD-L1 in LPM, SPM, and CPM and induced the co-inhibitor PD-L2 in SPM and CPM. Therefore, local macrophages acquire M2-like phenotypes with probable suppressive capacities. Regarding T cells, infection induced an increase in the percentage of CD4+ cells that are PD-1+, which represent a potential target of suppression by PD-L1+/PD-L2+ macrophages. In possible agreement, CD4+ T cells from infected animals showed blunted proliferative responses to in vitro stimulation with anti-CD3. Further evidence of immune suppression in the parasite vicinity arose from the observation of an expansion in FoxP3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells and increases in the local concentrations of the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and IL-1Ra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Grezzi
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias/Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química/Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Yamila E. Martínez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias/Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química/Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Anabella A. Barrios
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química/Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Álvaro Díaz
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química/Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Casaravilla
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias/Instituto de Higiene, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Zhu J, Zhou T, Menggen M, Aimulajiang K, Wen H. Ghrelin regulating liver activity and its potential effects on liver fibrosis and Echinococcosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1324134. [PMID: 38259969 PMCID: PMC10800934 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1324134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin widely exists in the central nervous system and peripheral organs, and has biological activities such as maintaining energy homeostasis, regulating lipid metabolism, cell proliferation, immune response, gastrointestinal physiological activities, cognition, memory, circadian rhythm and reward effects. In many benign liver diseases, it may play a hepatoprotective role against steatosis, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis, and improve liver cell autophagy and immune response to improve disease progression. However, the role of Ghrelin in liver Echinococcosis is currently unclear. This review systematically summarizes the molecular mechanisms by which Ghrelin regulates liver growth metabolism, immune-inflammation, fibrogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis, as well as its protective effects in liver fibrosis diseases, and further proposes the role of Ghrelin in liver Echinococcosis infection. During the infectious process, it may promote the parasitism and survival of parasites on the host by improving the immune-inflammatory microenvironment and fibrosis state, thereby accelerating disease progression. However, there is currently a lack of targeted in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence for this viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tanfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Meng Menggen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Yang HC, Xing ZK, Shao H, Tan XW, Wang EQ, Liao Y, Chen HJ, Wu XW, Chen XL, Zhang SJ. The expression of cytokeratin and apoptosis-related molecules in echinococcosis related liver injury. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 248:111455. [PMID: 35016896 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the expression of cytokeratin and apoptosis-related molecules in the livers of two types of hepatic echinococcosis mice models and to preliminarily explore the relationship between the expression of cytokeratin and apoptosis in echinococcosis related liver injury. We established a mouse model infected by Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis and observed the expression of cytokeratin and apoptosis related proteins in the two types of hepatic echinococcosis tissues during different stages by immunohistochemical staining. A co-culture model was established using normal hepatocytes and different concentrations of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis protoscoleces. Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to detect cell proliferation, flow cytometry was used to detect hepatocyte apoptosis, and western blot was used to quantify cytokeratin and apoptosis-related proteins, such as caspase3, caspase9, Bcl-2, and Bax. Surgical specimens were obtained from patients with hepatic echinococcosis to analyze the expressions of cytokeratin, caspase3, caspase9, Bcl-2, and Bax by western blot. The expressions of cytokeratin and caspase3 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The qRT-PCR method was used to determine the expression of CK8 and CK18 in the liver tissues. In vivo experiments showed that compared to that in the control group, the cytokeratin and caspase3 proteins in the liver tissues of the two types of hepatic echinococcosis were strongly expressed around the lesions of liver echinococcosis; there was a difference between cytokeratin expression of the two different echinococcosis parasites in the liver. Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis in the co-culture model in vitro could promote the expression of CK, caspase3, caspase9, and Bax protein, decrease the expression of Bcl-2, promote hepatocyte apoptosis, and inhibit cell proliferation; in clinical samples, we found that compared with that in the normal tissues, the expression of cytokeratin, caspase3, caspase9, and Bax in echinococcus tissues was high, but that in Bcl-2 was low. Furthermore, the expression of CK8 and CK18 mRNA were higher in echinococcus tissues than that in the normal tissues and immunohistochemistry analysis also showed that cytokeratin and caspase3 levels were higher in echinococcus tissues than that in the normal tissues. The expression of cytokeratin and apoptosis-related molecules, reflecting liver damage, is high in the liver and is caused due to hepatic echinococcosis. This study provides the first evidence of cytokeratin could be useful for evaluating liver tissue damage caused by echinococcus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Yang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China
| | - Z K Xing
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China
| | - H Shao
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China
| | - X W Tan
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China
| | - E Q Wang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China
| | - Y Liao
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China
| | - H J Chen
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China
| | - X W Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China
| | - X L Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - S J Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China.
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CD3/TCRE Expression and Immunoregulatory Milieu Induced in a Secondary Intermediate Host by Different Phases of Hydatid Cyst. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1490-1498. [PMID: 34110592 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis is a common health problem in the Mediterranean and the Middle East, and manifests without any symptoms, even in the advanced stages. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the cell mediated-immunoregulatory milieu in rats' echinococcosis induced by three different viability status of Echinococcus granulosus especially in the semi-calcareous stage, which can be used as novel biomarkers to monitor disease progression and open the door to a deeper understanding of the pathways that could contribute to complementary echinococcosis therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat infection with echinococcosis was induced by three different viable statuses of Echinococcus granulosus (G6) camel strain. During the different stages of parasitic infection, blood serum was harvested from rats containing low-, high-, and not viable (not completely transformed to the calcareous status) protoscoleces fluid. The host Th1/Th2 cytokines-mediated immune cell activation, as well as CD3/TCRE immunoregulation, and proliferation responses were investigated; especially in the semi-calcareous stage as this is the first report characterizing this stage. RESULTS Both IFN-γ and IL-6 levels significantly increased in the infected groups (P < 0.05), in addition, increased positive immunoreactions in splenic tissue for both CD3/TCRE and Ki-67 monoclonal antibodies. CONCLUSION E. granuloses infection-induced immune tolerance is involved in disease progression, and modulates the activation and regulation of host immune response, even in the early stages of infection, rather than the last stages of viability (semi-calcareous) is not neglected stage. This study is the first to report that the semi-calcareous stage causes a severe immunological response.
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Zhang Z, He F, Yang W, Yang L, Huang S, Mao H, Hou Y, Xiao R. Pu-erh tea extraction alleviates intestinal inflammation in mice with flora disorder by regulating gut microbiota. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4883-4892. [PMID: 34532000 PMCID: PMC8441289 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pu-erh tea is very popular in Southwestern China and South Asian countries and is now becoming increasingly popular in Europe due to its well-documented beneficial effects on human health. Pu-erh tea aqueous extracts can maintain intestinal homeostasis. However, the mechanism of its beneficial effects on intestinal flora disorder is not clear. In this study, we focused on the effects of ripe Pu-erh tea aqueous extracts on the intestinal microbiota in an intestinal flora disorder mouse model. Physiological indexes and the tissue section staining results showed that feeding Pu-erh tea extract could help mice regain weight and alleviate intestinal inflammation. Further assessment of the intestinal microflora found that Pu-erh tea extract could promote the growth of intestinal probiotics and inhibit pathogenic bacteria, thereby achieving a treatment effect for enteritis. This study provides new evidence for the therapeutic effect of Pu-erh tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Zhang
- College of Food Science and TechnologyYunnan Agriculture UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Fei He
- College of Food Science and TechnologyYunnan Agriculture UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Weixing Yang
- College of Biological Resource and Food EngineeringQujing Normal UniversityQujingChina
| | - Li Yang
- College of Food Science and TechnologyYunnan Agriculture UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Siqi Huang
- College of Food Science and TechnologyYunnan Agriculture UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Hongling Mao
- College of Food Science and TechnologyYunnan Agriculture UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Yan Hou
- College of Food Science and TechnologyYunnan Agriculture UniversityKunmingChina
- College of Longrun Pu‐erh TeaYunnan Agriculture UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Rong Xiao
- College of Food Science and TechnologyYunnan Agriculture UniversityKunmingChina
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Wang E, Liao Z, Wang L, Liao Y, Xu X, Liu P, Wang X, Hou J, Jiang H, Wu X, Chen X. A combination of pirfenidone and TGF-β inhibition mitigates cystic echinococcosis-associated hepatic injury. Parasitology 2021; 148:767-778. [PMID: 33583470 PMCID: PMC11010163 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) occurs in the intermediate host's liver, assuming a bladder-like structure surrounded by the host-derived collagen capsule mainly derived from activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). However, the effect of CE on liver natural killer (NK) cells and the potential of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling inhibition on alleviating CE-related liver damage remain to be explored. Here, by using the CE-mouse model, we revealed that the inhibitory receptors on the surface of liver NK cells were up-regulated, whereas the activating receptors were down-regulated over time. TGF-β1 secretion was elevated in liver tissues and mainly derived from macrophages. A combination of TGF-β signalling inhibitors SB525334 and pirfenidone could reduce the expression of TGF-β1 signalling pathway-related proteins and collagen production. Based on the secretion of TGF-β1, only the pirfenidone group showed a depressing effect. Also, the combination of SB525334 and pirfenidone exhibited a higher potential in effectively alleviating the senescence of the hepatocytes and restoring liver function. Together, TGF-β1 may be a potential target for the treatment of CE-associated liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erqiang Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
- Department of Hunan Children's Research Institute, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenyu Liao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Lianghai Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Xiaodan Xu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Huijiao Jiang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Xueling Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
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Proteomic analysis of plasma exosomes from Cystic Echinococcosis patients provides in vivo support for distinct immune response profiles in active vs inactive infection and suggests potential biomarkers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008586. [PMID: 33017416 PMCID: PMC7535053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The reference diagnostic method of human abdominal Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is imaging, particularly ultrasound, supported by serology when imaging is inconclusive. However, current diagnostic tools are neither optimal nor widely available. The availability of a test detecting circulating biomarkers would considerably improve CE diagnosis and cyst staging (active vs inactive), as well as treatments and follow-up of patients. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles involved in intercellular communication, including immune system responses, and are a recognized source of biomarkers. With the aim of identifying potential biomarkers, plasma pools from patients infected by active or inactive CE, as well as from control subjects, were processed to isolate exosomes for proteomic label-free quantitative analysis. Results were statistically processed and subjected to bioinformatics analysis to define distinct features associated with parasite viability. First, a few parasite proteins were identified that were specifically associated with either active or inactive CE, which represent potential biomarkers to be validated in further studies. Second, numerous identified proteins of human origin were common to active and inactive CE, confirming an overlap of several immune response pathways. However, a subset of human proteins specific to either active or inactive CE, and central in the respective protein-protein interaction networks, were identified. These include the Src family kinases Src and Lyn, and the immune-suppressive cytokine TGF-β in active CE, and Cdc42 in inactive CE. The Src and Lyn Kinases were confirmed as potential markers of active CE in totally independent plasma pools. In addition, insights were obtained on immune response profiles: largely consistent with previous evidence, our observations hint to a Th1/Th2/regulatory immune environment in patients with active CE and a Th1/inflammatory environment with a component of the wound healing response in the presence of inactive CE. Of note, our results were obtained for the first time from the analysis of samples obtained in vivo from a well-characterized, large cohort of human subjects.
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Nono JK, Lutz MB, Brehm K. Expansion of Host Regulatory T Cells by Secreted Products of the Tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:798. [PMID: 32457746 PMCID: PMC7225322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the metacestode larval stage of the fox-tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, is a chronic zoonosis associated with significant modulation of the host immune response. A role of regulatory T-cells (Treg) in generating an immunosuppressive environment around the metacestode during chronic disease has been reported, but the molecular mechanisms of Treg induction by E. multilocularis, particularly parasite immunoregulatory factors involved, remain elusive so far. Methodology/Principal Findings We herein demonstrate that excretory/secretory (E/S) products of the E. multilocularis metacestode promote the formation of Foxp3+ Treg from CD4+ T-cells in vitro in a TGF-β-dependent manner, given that this effect was abrogated by treatment with antibody to mammalian TGF-β. We also show that host T-cells secrete elevated levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in response to metacestode E/S products. Within the E/S fraction of the metacestode we identified an E. multilocularis activin A homolog (EmACT) that displays significant similarities to mammalian Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β/activin subfamily members. EmACT obtained from heterologous expression failed to directly induce Treg expansion from naïve T cells but required addition of recombinant host TGF-β to promote CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg conversion in vitro. Furthermore, like in the case of metacestode E/S products, EmACT-treated CD4+ T-cells secreted higher levels of IL-10. These observations suggest a contribution of EmACT to in vitro expansion of Foxp3+ Treg by the E. multilocularis metacestode. Using infection experiments we show that intraperitoneally injected metacestode tissue expands host Foxp3+ Treg, confirming the expansion of this cell type in vivo during parasite establishment. Conclusion/Significance In conclusion, we herein demonstrate that E. multilocularis larvae secrete factors that induce the secretion of IL-10 by T-cells and contribute to the expansion of TGF-b-driven Foxp3+ Treg, a cell type that has been reported crucial for generating a tolerogenic environment to support parasite establishment and proliferation. Among the E/S factors of the parasite we identified a factor with structural and functional homologies to mammalian activin A which might play an important role in these activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Komguep Nono
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- The Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Manfred B. Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Brehm
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Tian F, Liu Y, Gao J, Yang N, Shang X, Lv J, Ba D, Zhou X, Zhang C, Ma X. Study on the association between TGF-β1 and liver fibrosis in patients with hepatic cystic echinococcosis. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:1275-1280. [PMID: 32010299 PMCID: PMC6966196 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the role of the cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in liver fibrosis among patients with hepatic cystic echinococcosis (hepatic CE). Hepatic tissue specimens and serum samples from 30 patients with hepatic CE were collected and TGF-β1 levels were compared between the two groups. The degree of liver fibrosis was assessed by Masson staining. The expression levels of cytokine TGF-β1 in liver tissue and serum were detected by immunohistochemistry and ELISA, respectively. Masson staining of liver lesion tissue in patients with hepatic CE indicated different degrees of fibrosis in the liver and the World Health Organization classification was positively correlated with the severity of liver fibrosis (P<0.05). In addition, the expression of cytokine TGF-β1 was higher in liver lesion tissue specimens compared with that in the adjacent control samples (P<0.05). At the same time, cytokine TGF-β1 in serum specimens of patients was higher than that in the healthy control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the expression of TGF-β1 is upregulated in patients with hepatic CE, which was closely associated to liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Jie Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Derong Ba
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Chuntao Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Xiumin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China.,College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
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Abulizi A, Shao Y, Aji T, Li Z, Zhang C, Aini A, Wang H, Tuxun T, Li L, Zhang N, Lin R, Wen H. Echinococcus multilocularis inoculation induces NK cell functional decrease through high expression of NKG2A in C57BL/6 mice. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:792. [PMID: 31500589 PMCID: PMC6734356 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis), and considered as public health issue. Parasite-host immune interaction is pivotal during infection. As a subset of innate lymphoid cells, NK cells are known to play an important role during virus, bacteria, intra/extracellular parasitic infections and tumor progression. However, the possible role of NK cells in E. multilocularis infection in both human and murine is little known. Herein, the functional alteration of hepatic NK cells and their related molecules in E. multilocularis infected mice were studied. METHODS 2000 protoscoleces (PSCs) were injected to C57BL/6 mice via the portal vein to establish secondary E. multilocularis infection. NK cells population and their related molecules (CD69, Ly49D, Ly49G2, Ly49H, Ly49I, NKG2A, NKG2D, granzyme B, IFN-γ, TNF-α) were assessed by using fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) techniques and qRT-PCR. NK cell depletion was performed for further understanding the possible function of NK cells during infection. RESULTS The total frequencies of NK cells and NK-derived IFN-γ production were significantly reduced at designated time points (2, 4, 12 weeks). The liver resident (CD49a+DX5-) NK cells are decreased at 4 weeks after inoculation and which is significantly lower than in control mice. Moreover, in vivo antibody-mediated NK cell depletion increased parasitic load and decreased peri-parasitic fibrosis. Expression of the inhibitory receptor NKG2A was negatively related to NK- derived IFN-γ secretion. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed down regulates of NK cells and upper regulates of NKG2A expression on NK cells during E. multilocularis infection. Reduction of NK cell frequencies and increased NKG2A might result in low cytotoxic activity through decreased IFN-γ secretion in E. multilocularis infection. This result might be helpful to restore NK cell related immunity against E. multilocularis infection to treat alveolar echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abuduaini Abulizi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease Department, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Yingmei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease Department, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China.,WHO Collaborating Center on Prevention and Management of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Tuerganaili Aji
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease Department, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China.,WHO Collaborating Center on Prevention and Management of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Zhide Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease Department, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- WHO Collaborating Center on Prevention and Management of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Echinococcosis, Clinical Medical Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Abudusalamu Aini
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease Department, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Hui Wang
- WHO Collaborating Center on Prevention and Management of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Echinococcosis, Clinical Medical Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Tuerhongjiang Tuxun
- Department of Liver and Laparoscopic Surgery, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Liang Li
- WHO Collaborating Center on Prevention and Management of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Echinococcosis, Clinical Medical Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease Department, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Renyong Lin
- WHO Collaborating Center on Prevention and Management of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Echinococcosis, Clinical Medical Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease Department, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China. .,WHO Collaborating Center on Prevention and Management of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China. .,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Echinococcosis, Clinical Medical Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China.
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Niu F, Chong S, Qin M, Li S, Wei R, Zhao Y. Mechanism of Fibrosis Induced by Echinococcus spp. Diseases 2019; 7:diseases7030051. [PMID: 31409055 PMCID: PMC6787674 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Echinococcus spp. causes fibrosis in various vital organs, including the liver and lungs. Hepatic fibrosis is a pathological feature of Echinococcus infection that destroys normal liver tissue, leading to jaundice, cholecystitis, portal hypertension, etc. Severe Echinococcus multilocularis infections lead to liver failure and hepatic encephalopathy. The formation of peripheral fiberboards around the metacestode is a major reason as to why antiparasitic drugs fail to be effectively transported to the lesion site. Studies on the mechanism of hepatic fibrosis caused by Echinococcus are important for treatment in patients. Recent studies have focused on miRNA and TGF-β. More recent findings have focused on the generation of collagen fibers around the metacestode. In this review paper we focus on the mechanism by which the Echinococcus parasite induces fibrosis in liver and some other organs in intermediate hosts—animals as well as human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiu Niu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Shigui Chong
- School of Stomatology, Guilin Medical University, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Mingqun Qin
- School of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Shenmei Li
- School of Stomatology, Guilin Medical University, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Riming Wei
- Department of Nursing teaching and Research, Guilin Medical University, Guangxi 541004, China.
| | - Yumin Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guangxi 541004, China.
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12
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Subcutaneous Inoculation of Echinococcus multilocularis Induces Delayed Regeneration after Partial Hepatectomy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:462. [PMID: 30679666 PMCID: PMC6345980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the larval stage of echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis), and hepatectomy is the main modality in hepatic AE patients. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PHx) in such patients is challenging, and further investigation is needed. Thus far, knowledge regarding the possible impact of E. multilocularis on liver regeneration after PHx is limited. Herein, a subcutaneous infection model of E. multilocularis was developed in C57 BL/6 mice, and after 3 months, PHx was performed. Plasma and liver samples were harvested under inhalational isofluorane (2%) anaesthesia at designated post-PHx time points (0, 24, 48, 96 and 168 h). The parameters included the future remnant liver/body weight ratio (FLR/BW), liver function tests (AST and ALT) and related cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, Factor V, HMGB1, TGF-β, TSP-1, and TLR4) and proteins (MyD88 and STAT3). To assess the proliferation intensity of hepatocytes, BrdU, Ki67 and PAS staining were carried out in regenerated liver tissue. The FLR/BW in the infected group from 48 h after surgery was lower than that in the control group. The BrdU positive hepatocyte proportions reached their peak at 48 h in the control group and 96 h in the infected group and then gradually decreased. During the first 48 h after surgery, both the AST and ALT levels in the infected group were lower; however, these levels were altered from 96 h after surgery. In the infected group, the concentrations and mRNA expression levels of the pre-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 demonstrated a delayed peak. Moreover, post-operatively, the TGF-β and TSP-1 levels showed high levels in the infected group at each different time-point compared to those in the control group; however, high levels of TGF-β were observed at 96 h in the control group. The MyD88 and STAT3 protein expression levels in the infected group were markedly higher than those in the control group 96 h after surgery. Delayed liver regeneration after PHx was observed in the C57 BL/6 mice with the subcutaneous infection of E. multilocularis in the current study. This phenomenon could be partially explained by the alteration in the pro-inflammatory cytokines in the immunotolerant milieu induced by chronic E. multilocularis infection.
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Weiskirchen R, Weiskirchen S, Tacke F. Recent advances in understanding liver fibrosis: bridging basic science and individualized treatment concepts. F1000Res 2018; 7:F1000 Faculty Rev-921. [PMID: 30002817 PMCID: PMC6024236 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14841.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by the formation and deposition of excess fibrous connective tissue, leading to progressive architectural tissue remodeling. Irrespective of the underlying noxious trigger, tissue damage induces an inflammatory response involving the local vascular system and the immune system and a systemic mobilization of endocrine and neurological mediators, ultimately leading to the activation of matrix-producing cell populations. Genetic disorders, chronic viral infection, alcohol abuse, autoimmune attacks, metabolic disorders, cholestasis, alterations in bile acid composition or concentration, venous obstruction, and parasite infections are well-established factors that predispose one to hepatic fibrosis. In addition, excess fat and other lipotoxic mediators provoking endoplasmic reticulum stress, alteration of mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and modifications in the microbiota are associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and, subsequently, the initiation and progression of hepatic fibrosis. Multidisciplinary panels of experts have developed practice guidelines, including recommendations of preferred therapeutic approaches to a specific cause of hepatic disease, stage of fibrosis, or occurring co-morbidities associated with ongoing loss of hepatic function. Here, we summarize the factors leading to liver fibrosis and the current concepts in anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, Germany
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, Germany
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Díaz Á, Sagasti C, Casaravilla C. Granulomatous responses in larval taeniid infections. Parasite Immunol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Á. Díaz
- Área/Cátedra de Inmunología; Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias); Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - C. Sagasti
- Área/Cátedra de Inmunología; Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias); Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - C. Casaravilla
- Área/Cátedra de Inmunología; Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias); Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
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15
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Wu J, Pan L, Jin X, Li W, Li H, Chen J, Yang W. The role of oxymatrine in regulating TGF-β1 in rats with hepatic fibrosis. Acta Cir Bras 2018; 33:207-215. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020180030000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Ningxia Medical University, China
| | - Lin Pan
- Ningxia Medical University, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Wen Yang
- Ningxia Medical University, China
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16
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Díaz Á. Immunology of cystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease). Br Med Bull 2017; 124:121-133. [PMID: 29253150 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neglected disease cystic echinococcosis is caused by larval Echinococcus granulosus flatworms, which form bladder-like hydatid cysts in liver, lungs, and other organs. SOURCES OF DATA Published literature. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Establishing larvae are susceptible to antibody-dependent killing, as attested by successful animal vaccination, whereas once established they are partially protected by the so-called laminated layer. Host responses are Th2 dominated, with a Th1 component. Diagnostic antigens from cyst fluid are known, but responses appear absent in one-fifth of patients. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Is evasion mainly based on induction of Th2 or regulatory responses by the parasite? GROWING POINTS The parasite induces regulatory responses. The laminated layer has immune-regulatory properties. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Develop tools for functional genomics; characterize immunologically interesting proteins suggested by genomic information; analyse infection in broader context of granulomatous responses; identify molecules secreted/excreted by intact larvae/cysts towards their outside, including diffusible immune-regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Díaz
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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