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Bober Z, Podgórski R, Aebisher D, Cieślar G, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Bartusik-Aebisher D. Cellular 1H MR Relaxation Times in Healthy and Cancer Three-Dimensional (3D) Breast Cell Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4735. [PMID: 36902163 PMCID: PMC10002569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive measurements of 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MR) relaxation times in a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture construct are presented. Trastuzumab was used as a pharmacological component delivered to the cells in vitro. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Trastuzumab delivery by relaxation times in 3D cell cultures. The bioreactor has been designed and used for 3D cell cultures. Four bioreactors were prepared, two with normal cells and two with breast cancer cells. The relaxation times of HTB-125 and CRL 2314 cell cultures were determined. An immunohistochemistry (IHC) test was performed before MRI measurements to confirm the amount of HER2 protein in the CRL-2314 cancer cells. The results showed that the relaxation time of CRL2314 cells is lower than normal HTB-125 cells in both cases, before and after treatment. An analysis of the results showed that 3D culture studies have potential in evaluating treatment efficacy using relaxation times measurements with a field of 1.5 Tesla. The use 1H MRI relaxation times allows for the visualization of cell viability in response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Bober
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College, Rzeszów University, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Rafał Podgórski
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College, Rzeszów University, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College, Rzeszów University, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College, Rzeszów University, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
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Islam J, So KH, Kc E, Moon HC, Kim A, Hyun SH, Kim S, Park YS. Transplantation of human embryonic stem cells alleviates motor dysfunction in AAV2-Htt171-82Q transfected rat model of Huntington's disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:585. [PMID: 34809707 PMCID: PMC8607638 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) transplantation had shown to provide a potential source of cells in neurodegenerative disease studies and lead to behavioral recovery in lentivirus transfected or, toxin-induced Huntington's disease (HD) rodent model. Here, we aimed to observe if transplantation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION)-labeled hESCs could migrate in the neural degenerated area and improve motor dysfunction in an AAV2-Htt171-82Q transfected Huntington rat model. METHODS All animals were randomly allocated into three groups at first: HD group, sham group, and control group. After six weeks, the animals of the HD group and sham group were again divided into two subgroups depending on animals receiving either ipsilateral or contralateral hESCs transplantation. We performed cylinder test and stepping test every two weeks after AAV2-Htt171-82Q injection and hESCs transplantation. Stem cell tracking was performed once per two weeks using T2 and T2*-weighted images at 4.7 Tesla MRI. We also performed immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining to detect the presence of hESCs markers, huntingtin protein aggregations, and iron in the striatum. RESULTS After hESCs transplantation, the Htt virus-injected rats exhibited significant behavioral improvement in behavioral tests. SPION labeled hESCs showed migration with hypointense signal in MRI. The cells were positive with βIII-tubulin, GABA, and DARPP32. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results suggested that hESCs transplantation can be a potential treatment for motor dysfunction of Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisan Islam
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ha So
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Elina Kc
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Cheol Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gammaknife Icon Center, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Aryun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hwan Hyun
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochong Kim
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Park
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gammaknife Icon Center, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 776, 1 Sunhwanro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Moonshi SS, Wu Y, Ta HT. Visualizing stem cells in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 14:e1760. [PMID: 34651465 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell (SC) therapies displayed encouraging efficacy and clinical outcome in various disorders. Despite this huge hype, clinical translation of SC therapy has been disheartening due to contradictory results from clinical trials. The ability to monitor migration and engraftment of cells in vivo represents an ideal strategy in cell therapy. Therefore, suitable imaging approach to track MSCs would allow understanding of migratory and homing efficiency, optimal route of delivery and engraftment of cells at targeted location. Hence, longitudinal tracking of SCs is crucial for the optimization of treatment parameters, leading to improved clinical outcome and translation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents a suitable imaging modality to observe cells non-invasively and repeatedly. Tracking is achieved when cells are incubated prior to implantation with appropriate contrast agents (CA) or tracers which can then be detected in an MRI scan. This review explores and emphasizes the importance of monitoring the distribution and fate of SCs post-implantation using current contrast agents, such as positive CAs including paramagnetic metals (gadolinium), negative contrast agents such as superparamagnetic iron oxides and 19 F containing tracers, specifically for the in vivo tracking of MSCs using MRI. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehzahdi Shebbrin Moonshi
- Queensland Microtechnology and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuao Wu
- Queensland Microtechnology and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hang Thu Ta
- Queensland Microtechnology and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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Mamani JB, Souza TKF, Nucci MP, Oliveira FA, Nucci LP, Alves AH, Rego GNA, Marti L, Gamarra LF. In Vitro Evaluation of Hyperthermia Magnetic Technique Indicating the Best Strategy for Internalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles Applied in Glioblastoma Tumor Cells. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1219. [PMID: 34452180 PMCID: PMC8399657 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study aims to evaluate the magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) technique and the best strategy for internalization of magnetic nanoparticles coated with aminosilane (SPIONAmine) in glioblastoma tumor cells. SPIONAmine of 50 and 100 nm were used for specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis, performing the MHT with intensities of 50, 150, and 300 Gauss and frequencies varying between 305 and 557 kHz. The internalization strategy was performed using 100, 200, and 300 µgFe/mL of SPIONAmine, with or without Poly-L-Lysine (PLL) and filter, and with or without static or dynamic magnet field. The cell viability was evaluated after determination of MHT best condition of SPIONAmine internalization. The maximum SAR values of SPIONAmine (50 nm) and SPIONAmine (100 nm) identified were 184.41 W/g and 337.83 W/g, respectively, using a frequency of 557 kHz and intensity of 300 Gauss (≈23.93 kA/m). The best internalization strategy was 100 µgFe/mL of SPIONAmine (100 nm) using PLL with filter and dynamic magnet field, submitted to MHT for 40 min at 44 °C. This condition displayed 70.0% decreased in cell viability by flow cytometry and 68.1% by BLI. We can conclude that our study is promising as an antitumor treatment, based on intra- and extracellular MHT effects. The optimization of the nanoparticles internalization process associated with their magnetic characteristics potentiates the extracellular acute and late intracellular effect of MHT achieving greater efficiency in the therapeutic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier B. Mamani
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Taylla K. F. Souza
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Mariana P. Nucci
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
- LIM44-Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando A. Oliveira
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Leopoldo P. Nucci
- Centro Universitário do Planalto Central, Brasília 72445-020, DF, Brazil;
| | - Arielly H. Alves
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Gabriel N. A. Rego
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Luciana Marti
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Lionel F. Gamarra
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
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Amirshaghaghi A, Cheng Z, Josephson L, Tsourkas A. Magnetic Nanoparticles. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Tam J, Pilozzi A, Mahmood U, Huang X. Simultaneous Monitoring of Multi-Enzyme Activity and Concentration in Tumor Using a Triply Labeled Fluorescent In Vivo Imaging Probe. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3068. [PMID: 32349205 PMCID: PMC7246609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of fluorescent imaging probes that monitor the activity of proteases that experience an increase in expression and activity in tumors is well established. These probes can be conjugated to nanoparticles of iron oxide, creating a multimodal probe serving as both a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agent and an indicator of local protease activity. Previous works describe probes for cathepsin D (CatD) and metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) protease activity grafted to cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles (CLIO). Herein, we have synthesized a triply labeled fluorescent iron oxide nanoparticle molecular imaging (MI) probe, including an AF750 substrate concentration reporter along with probes for cathepsin B (CatB) sand MMP2 protease activity. The reporter provides a baseline signal from which to compare the activity of the two proteases. The activity of the MI probe was verified through incubation with the proteases and tested in vitro using the human HT29 tumor cell line and in vivo using female nude mice injected with HT29 cells. We found the MI probe had the appropriate specificity to the activity of their respective proteases, and the reporter dye did not activate when incubated in the presence of only MMP2 and CatB. Probe fluorescent activity was confirmed in vitro, and reporter signal activation was also noted. The fluorescent activity was also visible in vivo, with injected HT29 cells exhibiting fluorescence, distinguishing them from the rest of the animal. The reporter signal was also observable in vivo, which allowed the signal intensities of the protease probes to be corrected; this is a unique feature of this MI probe design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Tam
- Wyss Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Alexander Pilozzi
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
| | - Umar Mahmood
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
| | - Xudong Huang
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
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Kotzabasaki MI, Sotiropoulos I, Sarimveis H. QSAR modeling of the toxicity classification of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in stem-cell monitoring applications: an integrated study from data curation to model development. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5385-5391. [PMID: 35498319 PMCID: PMC9049038 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09475j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of in silico approaches for the prediction of biomedical properties of nano-biomaterials (NBMs) can play a significant role in guiding and reducing wetlab experiments. Computational methods, such as data mining and machine learning techniques, can increase the efficiency and reduce the time and cost required for hazard and risk assesment and for designing new safer NBMs. A major obstacle in developing accurate and well-validated in silico models such as Nano Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (Nano-QSARs) is that although the volume of data published in the literature is increasing, the data are fragmented in many different publications and are not sufficiently curated for modelling purposes. Moreover, NBMs exhibit high complexity and heterogeneity in their structures, making data collection and curation and QSAR model development more challenging compared to traditional small molecules. The aim of this study was to construct and fully validate a Nano-QSAR model for the prediction of toxicological properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), focusing on their application as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) contrast agents for non-invasive stem cell labelling and tracking. To achieve this goal, we first performed an extensive search through the literature for collecting and curating relevant data and we developed a dataset containing both physicochemical and toxicological properties of SPIONs. The data were analysed next, using Automated machine learning (Auto-ML) approaches for optimising the development and validation of nanotoxicity classification QSAR models of SPIONs. Further analysis of relative attribute importances revealed that physicochemical properties such as the size and the magnetic core are the dominant attributes correlated to the toxicity of SPIONs. Our results suggest that as more systematic information from NBM experimental tests becomes available, computational tools could play an important role in supporting the safety-by-design (SbD) concept in regenerative medicine and disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna I Kotzabasaki
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens 9 Heroon Polytechneiou Street, Zografou Campus 15780 Athens Greece +302107723138 +302107723236 +306936396688 +302107723237
| | - Iason Sotiropoulos
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens 9 Heroon Polytechneiou Street, Zografou Campus 15780 Athens Greece +302107723138 +302107723236 +306936396688 +302107723237
| | - Haralambos Sarimveis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens 9 Heroon Polytechneiou Street, Zografou Campus 15780 Athens Greece +302107723138 +302107723236 +306936396688 +302107723237
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8
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In Vivo MRI Tracking of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Labeled with Ultrasmall Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Particles after Intramyocardial Transplantation in Patients with Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:2754927. [PMID: 31814830 PMCID: PMC6877937 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2754927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While regenerative stem cell therapy for ischemic heart disease has moved into phase 3 studies, little is still known about retention and migration of cell posttransplantation. In human studies, the ability to track transplanted cells has been limited to labeling with radioisotopes and tracking using nuclear imaging. This method is limited by low resolution and short half-lives of available radioisotopes. Longitudinal tracking using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of myocardial injected cells labeled with iron oxide nanoparticles has shown promising results in numerous preclinical studies but has yet to be evaluated in human studies. We aimed to evaluate MRI tracking of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) labeled with ultrasmall paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles after intramyocardial transplantation in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Methods Five no-option patients with chronic symptomatic IHD underwent NOGA-guided intramyocardial transplantation of USPIO-labeled MSCs. Serial MRI scans were performed to track labeled cells both visually and using semiautomated T2∗ relaxation time analysis. For safety, we followed symptoms, quality of life, and myocardial function for 6 months. Results USPIO-labeled MSCs were tracked for up to 14 days after transplantation at injection sites both visually and using semiautomated regional T2∗ relaxation time analysis. Labeling of MSCs did not impair long-term safety of treatment. Conclusion This was a first-in-man clinical experience aimed at evaluating the utility of MRI tracking of USPIO-labeled bone marrow-derived autologous MSCs after intramyocardial injection in patients with chronic IHD. The treatment was safe, and cells were detectable at injection sites up to 14 days after transplantation. Further studies are needed to clarify if MSCs migrate out of the injection area into other areas of the myocardium or if injected cells are washed out into the peripheral circulation. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03651791.
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Ma W, Gehret PM, Hoff RE, Kelly LP, Suh WH. The Investigation into the Toxic Potential of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Utilizing Rat Pheochromocytoma and Human Neural Stem Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E453. [PMID: 30889833 PMCID: PMC6474111 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide (Magnetite, Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles are widely utilized in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and drug delivery applications due to their superparamagnetism. Surface coatings are often employed to change the properties of the magnetite nanoparticles or to modulate their biological responses. In this study, magnetite nanoparticles were fabricated through hydrothermal synthesis. Hydrophobicity is often increased by surface modification with oleic acid. In this study, however, hydrophobicity was introduced through surface modification with n-octyltriethoxysilane. Both the uncoated (hydrophilic) and coated (hydrophobic) individual nanoparticle sizes measured below 20 nm in diameter, a size range in which magnetite nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetism. Both types of nanoparticles formed aggregates which were characterized by SEM, TEM, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The coating process significantly increased both individual particle diameter and aggregate sizes. We tested the neurotoxicity of newly synthesized nanoparticles with two mammalian cell lines, PC12 (rat pheochromocytoma) and ReNcell VM (human neural stem cells). Significant differences were observed in cytotoxicity profiles, which suggests that the cell type (rodent versus human) or the presence of serum matters for nanoparticle toxicology studies. Differences in nanoparticle associations/uptake between the two cell types were observed with Prussian Blue staining. Finally, safe concentrations which did not significantly affect neuronal differentiation profiles were identified for further development of the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Paul M Gehret
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Richard E Hoff
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Liam P Kelly
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Won Hyuk Suh
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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Mallett CL, Shuboni-Mulligan DD, Shapiro EM. Tracking Neural Progenitor Cell Migration in the Rodent Brain Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:995. [PMID: 30686969 PMCID: PMC6337062 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of neurogenesis and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is important across the biomedical spectrum, from learning about normal brain development and studying disease to engineering new strategies in regenerative medicine. In adult mammals, NPCs proliferate in two main areas of the brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone, and continue to migrate even after neurogenesis has ceased within the rest of the brain. In healthy animals, NPCs migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) from the SVZ to the olfactory bulb, and in diseased animals, NPCs migrate toward lesions such as stroke and tumors. Here we review how MRI-based cell tracking using iron oxide particles can be used to monitor and quantify NPC migration in the intact rodent brain, in a serial and relatively non-invasive fashion. NPCs can either be labeled directly in situ by injecting particles into the lateral ventricle or RMS, where NPCs can take up particles, or cells can be harvested and labeled in vitro, then injected into the brain. For in situ labeling experiments, the particle type, injection site, and image analysis methods have been optimized and cell migration toward stroke and multiple sclerosis lesions has been investigated. Delivery of labeled exogenous NPCs has allowed imaging of cell migration toward more sites of neuropathology, which may enable new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for as-of-yet untreatable neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane L. Mallett
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Dorela D. Shuboni-Mulligan
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Erik M. Shapiro
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Vorobyova S, Rzheussky S. Nanoprticles of metals and their inorganic compounds obtained through interphase and redox-transmetalation interaction: application in medicine and pharmacology. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2018.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of nanoparticles of metals and their compounds with given morphology and dispersity for use in medicine, pharmacology, microelectronics, as well as subsequent research of their properties, is one of the current problems in the field of preparative inorganic chemistry. Interphase synthesis and redox-transmetalation reduction are as promising as the traditional precipitation from aqueous solutions, but not as researched. This study presents the results of a physicochemical analysis of nanoparticles of metals and their compounds obtained through chemical precipitation from aqueous solutions, interphase and redox-transmetalation interaction. Data describing the influence of phase composition and dispersity of copper and copper oxide (II) nanoparticles on their antimicrobial properties, as well as the results of researching the possibility to use magnetite magnetic fluids for mesenchymal stem cells marking, illustrate the application options synthe-sized nanoparticles find in pharmacology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Vorobyova
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - S.E. Rzheussky
- Vitebsk State Order Of Peoples’ Friendship Medical University, Vitebsk, Belarus
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12
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Mohanty S, Jain KG, Nandy SB, Kakkar A, Kumar M, Dinda AK, Singh H, Ray A. Iron oxide labeling does not affect differentiation potential of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells exhibited by their differentiation into cardiac and neuronal cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 448:17-26. [PMID: 29450799 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown promising outcomes in cardiac and neuronal diseases. Efficient and noninvasive tracking of MSCs is essential to harness their therapeutic potential. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have emerged as effective means to label stem cells and visualize them using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is known that IONPs do not affect viability and cell proliferation of stem cells. However, very few studies have demonstrated differentiation potential of iron oxide-labeled MSCs and their differentiation into specific lineages that can contribute to cellular therapies. The differentiation of IONP-labeled human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) into cardiac and neuronal lineages has never been studied. In this study, we have shown that IONP-labeled hBM-MSCs retain their differentiation potential to cardiac and neuronal cell lineages. We also confirmed that labeling hBM-MSCs with IONP does not affect their characteristic properties such as viability, cellular proliferation rate, surface marker profiling, and trilineage differentiation capacity. This study shows that IONP can be efficiently tracked, and its labeling does not alter stemness and differentiation potential of hBM-MSCs. Thus, the labeled hBM-MSCs can be used in clinical therapies and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell Facility, Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
| | - Krishan Gopal Jain
- Stem Cell Facility, Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushmita Bose Nandy
- Stem Cell Facility, Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Northern New Mexico College, Espanola, NM, USA
| | - Anupama Kakkar
- Stem Cell Facility, Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Harpal Singh
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Ray
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Goodfellow F, Simchick GA, Mortensen LJ, Stice SL, Zhao Q. Tracking and Quantification of Magnetically Labeled Stem Cells using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2016; 26:3899-3915. [PMID: 28751853 PMCID: PMC5526633 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201504444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell based therapies have critical impacts on treatments and cures of diseases such as neurodegenerative or cardiovascular disease. In vivo tracking of stem cells labeled with magnetic contrast agents is of particular interest and importance as it allows for monitoring of the cells' bio-distribution, viability, and physiological responses. Herein, recent advances are introduced in tracking and quantification of super-paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles-labeled cells with magnetic resonance imaging, a noninvasive approach that can longitudinally monitor transplanted cells. This is followed by recent translational research on human stem cells that are dual-labeled with green fluorescence protein (GFP) and SPIO nanoparticles, then transplanted and tracked in a chicken embryo model. Cell labeling efficiency, viability, and cell differentiation are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory A Simchick
- Bioimaging Research Center, Regenerative Bioscience Center, and Department of Physics University of Georgia, Athens, GA. 30602, USA
| | | | | | - Qun Zhao
- Bioimaging Research Center, Regenerative Bioscience Center, and Department of Physics University of Georgia, Athens, GA. 30602, USA
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Tefft BJ, Uthamaraj S, Harburn JJ, Klabusay M, Dragomir-Daescu D, Sandhu GS. Cell Labeling and Targeting with Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. J Vis Exp 2015:e53099. [PMID: 26554870 DOI: 10.3791/53099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of cells and therapeutic agents would benefit a wide range of biomedical applications by concentrating the therapeutic effect at the target site while minimizing deleterious effects to off-target sites. Magnetic cell targeting is an efficient, safe, and straightforward delivery technique. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are biodegradable, biocompatible, and can be endocytosed into cells to render them responsive to magnetic fields. The synthesis process involves creating magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles followed by high-speed emulsification to form a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) coating. The PLGA-magnetite SPIONs are approximately 120 nm in diameter including the approximately 10 nm diameter magnetite core. When placed in culture medium, SPIONs are naturally endocytosed by cells and stored as small clusters within cytoplasmic endosomes. These particles impart sufficient magnetic mass to the cells to allow for targeting within magnetic fields. Numerous cell sorting and targeting applications are enabled by rendering various cell types responsive to magnetic fields. SPIONs have a variety of other biomedical applications as well including use as a medical imaging contrast agent, targeted drug or gene delivery, diagnostic assays, and generation of local hyperthermia for tumor therapy or tissue soldering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martin Klabusay
- Regional Center for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute
| | - Dan Dragomir-Daescu
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic;
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15
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Zhang G, Na Z, Ren B, Zhao X, Liu W. Impacts of fluorescent superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labeled materials on biological characteristics and osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:12172-12181. [PMID: 26550127 PMCID: PMC4612812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of fluorescent superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (Molday ION Rhodamine B, MIRB) on bioactivities and osteogenetic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method was used to detect the proliferation of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labeled BMSCs and observed the distribution of MIRB in cells; real time -polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was used to analyze the expressions of such osteogenesis-related genes as bone sialoprotein, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), RUNX2, bonemorphogeneticprotein-2 (BMP-2), type 1 collagen (COL-1) and type 3 collagen (COL-3); ALP-Alizarin red staining and poly-biochemical analyzer were used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the osteogenetic metabolites. The labeled MIRB particles distributed in the cytoplasm of BMSCs, the diameter of larger particles could be up to several hundred nanometers, and concentrated around the nuclei, the particles far away from the nuclei were smaller, but the labeled-cells' skeletons and adherent morphology did not change significantly; under the concentration of 25 μg Fe/mL of, MIRB did not affect cellular viabilities of BMSCs, but the gene expressions of bone sialoprotein, ALP, RUNX2 and BMP-2 were decreased, and the secretion amount of ALP and osteocalcin were also declined. MIRB would not affect the proliferation and cell structures of BMSCs, but the SPIO particles aggregated and formed larger granules around the nuclei, which might affect the osteogenesis of BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShengyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhenwen Na
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShengyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bin Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShengyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Prosthetics, School of Stomatology, China Medical UniversityShenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Weixian Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShengyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
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16
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Barrow M, Taylor A, Nieves DJ, Bogart LK, Mandal P, Collins CM, Moore LR, Chalmers JJ, Lévy R, Williams SR, Murray P, Rosseinsky MJ, Adams DJ. Tailoring the surface charge of dextran-based polymer coated SPIONs for modulated stem cell uptake and MRI contrast. Biomater Sci 2015. [PMID: 26222421 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00011d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tracking stem cells in vivo using non-invasive techniques is critical to evaluate the efficacy and safety of stem cell therapies. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) enable cells to be tracked using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but to obtain detectable signal cells need to be labelled with a sufficient amount of iron oxide. For the majority of SPIONs, this can only be obtained with the use of transfection agents, which can adversely affect cell health. Here, we have synthesised a library of dextran-based polymer coated SPIONs with varying surface charge from -1.5 mV to +18.2 mV via a co-precipitation approach and investigated their ability to be directly internalised by stem cells without the need for transfection agents. The SPIONs were colloidally stable in physiological solutions. The crystalline phase of the particles was confirmed with powder X-ray diffraction and their magnetic properties were characterised using SQUID magnetometry and magnetic resonance. Increased surface charge led to six-fold increase in uptake of particles into stem cells and higher MRI contrast, with negligible change in cell viability. Cell tracking velocimetry was shown to be a more accurate method for predicting MRI contrast of stem cells compared to measuring iron oxide uptake through conventional bulk iron quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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17
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Verma VK, Kamaraju SR, Kancherla R, Kona LK, Beevi SS, Debnath T, Usha SP, Vadapalli R, Arbab AS, Chelluri LK. Fluorescent magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for cardiac precursor cell selection from stromal vascular fraction and optimization for magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:711-26. [PMID: 25653519 PMCID: PMC4309779 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s75445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have been used to label cells for imaging as well as for therapeutic purposes. The purpose of this study was to modify the approach to develop a nanoprobe for cell selection and imaging with a direct therapeutic translational focus. The approach involves physical coincubation and adsorption of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-polyethylene glycol (SPION-PEG) complexes with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) or a set of antibodies. Flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, iron staining, and magnetic resonance imaging were used to assess cell viability, function, and labeling efficiency. This process has been validated by selecting adipose tissue-derived cardiac progenitor cells from the stromal vascular fraction using signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPA)/kinase domain receptor (KDR) mAbs. These markers were chosen because of their sustained expression during cardiomyocyte differentiation. Sorting of cells positive for SIRPA and KDR allowed the enrichment of cardiac progenitors with 90% troponin-I positivity in differentiation cultures. SPION labeled cardiac progenitor cells (1×10(5) cells) was mixed with gel and used for 3T magnetic resonance imaging at a concentration, as low as 12.5 μg of iron. The toxicity assays, at cellular and molecular levels, did not show any detrimental effects of SPION. Our study has the potential to achieve moderate to high specific cell selection for the dual purpose of imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Verma
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Suguna Ratnakar Kamaraju
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ravindranath Kancherla
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Lakshmi K Kona
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Syed Sultan Beevi
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tanya Debnath
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shalini P Usha
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Ali Syed Arbab
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Kiran Chelluri
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
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Weinberg D, Adams CF, Chari DM. Deploying clinical grade magnetic nanoparticles with magnetic fields to magnetolabel neural stem cells in adherent versus suspension cultures. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07481a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the first demonstration that oscillating magnetic fields safely promote the uptake of a clinical-grade magnetic nanoparticle (Lumirem/Ferumoxsil) into neural stem cells for non-invasive cell tracking capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Weinberg
- Cellular and Neural Engineering Group
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine
- Keele University
- Staffordshire
- UK
| | - C. F. Adams
- Cellular and Neural Engineering Group
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine
- Keele University
- Staffordshire
- UK
| | - D. M. Chari
- Cellular and Neural Engineering Group
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine
- Keele University
- Staffordshire
- UK
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Hajikarimi Z, Khoei S, Khoee S, Mahdavi SR. Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Effects of PLGA Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Carrier of 5- Fluorouracil and Mega-Voltage X-Ray Radiation in DU145 Prostate Cancer Cell Line. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2014; 13:403-8. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2014.2328868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Anti-oxidative effects and harmlessness of asymmetric Au@Fe3O4 Janus particles on human blood cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6986-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Effects of silica and titanium oxide particles on a human neural stem cell line: morphology, mitochondrial activity, and gene expression of differentiation markers. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:11742-59. [PMID: 24992594 PMCID: PMC4139811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150711742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several in vivo studies suggest that nanoparticles (smaller than 100 nm) have the ability to reach the brain tissue. Moreover, some nanoparticles can penetrate into the brains of murine fetuses through the placenta by intravenous administration to pregnant mice. However, it is not clear whether the penetrated nanoparticles affect neurogenesis or brain function. To evaluate its effects on neural stem cells, we assayed a human neural stem cell (hNSCs) line exposed in vitro to three types of silica particles (30 nm, 70 nm, and <44 μm) and two types of titanium oxide particles (80 nm and < 44 μm). Our results show that hNSCs aggregated and exhibited abnormal morphology when exposed to the particles at concentrations ≥ 0.1 mg/mL for 7 days. Moreover, all the particles affected the gene expression of Nestin (stem cell marker) and neurofilament heavy polypeptide (NF-H, neuron marker) at 0.1 mg/mL. In contrast, only 30-nm silica particles at 1.0 mg/mL significantly reduced mitochondrial activity. Notably, 30-nm silica particles exhibited acute membrane permeability at concentrations ≥62.5 μg/mL in 24 h. Although these concentrations are higher than the expected concentrations of nanoparticles in the brain from in vivo experiments in a short period, these thresholds may indicate the potential toxicity of accumulated particles for long-term usage or continuous exposure.
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Hansen L, Hansen AB, Mathiasen AB, Ng M, Bhakoo K, Ekblond A, Kastrup J, Friis T. Ultrastructural characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells labeled with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles for clinical tracking studies. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2014; 74:437-46. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2014.900698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle prelabelling of human neural precursor cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5549-64. [PMID: 24726535 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells prelabelled with iron oxide nanoparticles can be visualised using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This technique allows for noninvasive long-term monitoring of migration, integration and stem cell fate following transplantation into living animals. In order to determine biocompatibility, the present study investigated the biological impact of introducing ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIOs) into primary human fetal neural precursor cells (hNPCs) in vitro. USPIOs with a mean diameter of 10-15 nm maghemite iron oxide core were sterically stabilised by 95% methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) and either 5% cationic (NH2) end-functionalised, or 5% Rhodamine B end-functionalised, polyacrylamide. The stabilising polymer diblocks were synthesised by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisation. Upon loading, cellular viability, total iron capacity, differentiation, average distance of migration and changes in intracellular calcium ion concentration were measured to determine optimal loading conditions. Taken together we demonstrate that prelabelling of hNPCs with USPIOs has no significant detrimental effect on cell biology and that USPIOs, when utilised at an optimised dosage, are an effective means of noninvasively tracking prelabelled hNPCs.
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Song M, Kim YJ, Kim YH, Roh J, Kim EC, Lee HJ, Kim SU, Yoon BW. Long-term effects of magnetically targeted ferumoxide-labeled human neural stem cells in focal cerebral ischemia. Cell Transplant 2013; 24:183-90. [PMID: 24380414 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x675755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term effect of magnetically targeted neural stem cells in a rat focal cerebral ischemia model was investigated. In middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) stroke model rats, ferumoxide-labeled human neural stem cells (hNSCs) were injected into the tail vein. MCAO rats were divided into three groups: ischemia only (IO), ischemia with NSC injection (IC), and ischemia with NSC injection and the use of magnet targeting (IM). Four weeks after MCAO and 3 weeks posttransplantation, a greater number of hNSCs were found in ischemic lesion sites in IM rat brain compared with IO and IC animals. In addition, differentiation of hNSCs into neurons or astrocytes and angiogenesis were markedly increased. In IM rats, infarct volume was considerably reduced, and function was significantly improved. The present study indicates that long-term use of magnetic fields may be a useful way to improve the efficacy of targeted migration of stem cells and functional deficits in stem cell-based therapy for ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyeoun Song
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Hachani R, Lowdell M, Birchall M, Thanh NTK. Tracking stem cells in tissue-engineered organs using magnetic nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11362-11373. [PMID: 24108444 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03861k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of human stem cells (SCs) in tissue engineering holds promise in revolutionising the treatment of numerous diseases. There is a pressing need to comprehend the distribution, movement and role of SCs once implanted onto scaffolds. Nanotechnology has provided a platform to investigate this through the development of inorganic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). MNPs can be used to label and track SCs by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) since this clinically available imaging modality has high spatial resolution. In this review, we highlight recent applications of iron oxide and gadolinium based MNPs in SC labelling and MRI; and offer novel considerations for their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Hachani
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Li L, Jiang W, Luo K, Song H, Lan F, Wu Y, Gu Z. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents for non-invasive stem cell labeling and tracking. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:595-615. [PMID: 23946825 PMCID: PMC3741608 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells hold great promise for the treatment of multiple human diseases and disorders. Tracking and monitoring of stem cells in vivo after transplantation can supply important information for determining the efficacy of stem cell therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with contrast agents is believed to be the most effective and safest non-invasive technique for stem cell tracking in living bodies. Commercial superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in the aid of transfection agents (TAs) have been applied to labeling stem cells. However, owing to the potential toxicity of TAs, more attentions have been paid to develop novel SPIONs with specific surface coating or functional moieties which facilitate effective cell internalization in the absence of TAs. This review aims to summarize the recent progress in the design and preparation of SPIONs as cellular MRI probes, to discuss their applications and current problems facing in stem cell labeling and tracking, and to offer perspectives and solutions for the future development of SPIONs in this field.
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Optimal labeling dose, labeling time, and magnetic resonance imaging detection limits of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticle labeled mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:353105. [PMID: 23577035 PMCID: PMC3614076 DOI: 10.1155/2013/353105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Regenerative therapy is an emerging treatment modality. To determine migration and retention of implanted cells, it is crucial to develop noninvasive tracking methods. The aim was to determine ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detection limits of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide (USPIO) labeled mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Materials and Methods. 248 gel-phantoms were constructed and scanned on a 1.5T MRI-scanner. Phantoms contained human MSCs preincubated with USPIO nanoparticles for 2, 6, or 21 hours using 5 or 10 μg USPIO/105 MSCs. In addition, porcine hearts were scanned after injection of USPIO labeled MSCs. Results. Using 21 h incubation time and 10 μg USPIO/105 MSCs, labeled cells were clearly separated from unlabeled cells on MRI using 250.000 (P < 0.001), 500.000 (P = 0.007), and 1.000.000 MSCs (P = 0.008). At lower incubation times and doses, neither labeled nor unlabeled cells could be separated. In porcine hearts labeled, but not unlabeled, MSCs were identified on MRI. Conclusions. As few as 250.000 MSCs can be detected on MRI using 21 h incubation time and 10 μg USPIO/105 MSCs. At lower incubation times and doses, several million cells are needed for MRI detection. USPIO labeled cells can be visualized by MRI in porcine myocardial tissue.
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28
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Moraes L, Vasconcelos-dos-Santos A, Santana FC, Godoy MA, Rosado-de-Castro PH, Jasmin, Azevedo-Pereira RL, Cintra WM, Gasparetto EL, Santiago MF, Mendez-Otero R. Neuroprotective effects and magnetic resonance imaging of mesenchymal stem cells labeled with SPION in a rat model of Huntington's disease. Stem Cell Res 2012; 9:143-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Yallapu MM, Othman SF, Curtis ET, Bauer NA, Chauhan N, Kumar D, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC. Curcumin-loaded magnetic nanoparticles for breast cancer therapeutics and imaging applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1761-79. [PMID: 22619526 PMCID: PMC3356199 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s29290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The next generation magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with theranostic applications have attracted significant attention and will greatly improve nanomedicine in cancer therapeutics. Such novel MNP formulations must have ultra-low particle size, high inherent magnetic properties, effective imaging, drug targeting, and drug delivery properties. To achieve these characteristic properties, a curcumin-loaded MNP (MNP-CUR) formulation was developed. Methods MNPs were prepared by chemical precipitation method and loaded with curcumin (CUR) using diffusion method. The physicochemical properties of MNP-CUR were characterized using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and spectroscopy. The internalization of MNP-CUR was achieved after 6 hours incubation with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The anticancer potential was evaluated by a tetrazolium-based dye and colony formation assays. Further, to prove MNP-CUR results in superior therapeutic effects over CUR, the mitochondrial membrane potential integrity and reactive oxygen species generation were determined. Magnetic resonance imaging capability and magnetic targeting property were also evaluated. Results MNP-CUR exhibited individual particle grain size of ~9 nm and hydrodynamic average aggregative particle size of ~123 nm. Internalized MNP-CUR showed a preferential uptake in MDA-MB-231 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and demonstrated accumulation throughout the cell, which indicates that particles are not attached on the cell surface but internalized through endocytosis. MNP-CUR displayed strong anticancer properties compared to free CUR. MNP-CUR also amplified loss of potential integrity and generation of reactive oxygen species upon treatment compared to free CUR. Furthermore, MNP-CUR exhibited superior magnetic resonance imaging characteristics and significantly increased the targeting capability of CUR. Conclusion MNP-CUR exhibits potent anticancer activity along with imaging and magnetic targeting capabilities. This approach can be extended to preclinical and clinical use and may have importance in cancer treatment and cancer imaging in the future. Further, if these nanoparticles can functionalize with antibody/ligands, they will serve as novel platforms for multiple biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali M Yallapu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57104-0589, USA
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Labeling of cynomolgus monkey bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for cell tracking by multimodality imaging. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:981-7. [PMID: 22173303 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-011-4239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, transplantation of allogeneic and autologous cells has been used for regenerative medicine. A critical issue is monitoring migration and homing of transplanted cells, as well as engraftment efficiency and functional capability in vivo. Monitoring of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used in animal models and clinical settings to track labeled cells. A major limitation of MRI is that the signals do not show biological characteristics of transplanted cells in vivo. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively investigated for their various therapeutic properties, and exhibit the potential to differentiate into cells of diverse lineages. In this study, cynomolgus monkey MSCs (cMSCs) were labeled with Molday ION Rhodamine-B™ (MIRB), a new SPIO agent, to investigate and characterize the biophysical and MRI properties of labeled cMSCs in vitro and in vivo. The results indicate that MIRB is biocompatible and useful for cMSCs labeling and cell tracking by multimodality imaging. Our method is helpful for detection of transplanted stem cells in vivo, which is required for understanding mechanisms of cell therapy.
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Jiang J, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Yao X, Qi J. Efficient in vitro labeling of human prostate cancer cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26:461-7. [PMID: 21812654 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2010.0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and optimization of protocols using superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles to label human prostate cancer cell lines PC3 in vitro. The PC3 cells were labeled with different concentrations (28-252 μg Fe/mL) of SPIO and increasing incubation time (6-24 hours), in the presence or absence of a transfection agent poly-l-lysine (PLL). The cell labeling efficiency was analyzed by Prussian blue stain method. The cellular viability was evaluated using trypan blue dye exclusion test. The signal intensity change of the labeled cells was assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The results demonstrated that the iron oxide uptake by PC3 cells was dependent on dose and time. The PLL significantly increased the iron load of cells (p<0.01). A final concentration of SPIO nanoparticles of 42-126 μg/mL with 12-24 hours incubation times could be sufficient to label PC3 cells for cellular MRI without impairment of cell viability. This technology may allow for further study into the mechanisms underlying prostate cancer progression as well as permit the real-time imaging of the effectiveness of cancer therapies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital/Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, China
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Wang YXJ, Quercy-Jouvet T, Wang HH, Li AW, Chak CP, Xuan S, Shi L, Wang DF, Lee SF, Leung PC, Lau CBS, Fung KP, Leung KCF. Efficacy and Durability in Direct Labeling of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Organosilica, Dextran, and PEG Coatings. MATERIALS 2011; 4:703-715. [PMID: 28879947 PMCID: PMC5448517 DOI: 10.3390/ma4040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We herein report a comparative study of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) labeling using spherical superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles containing different coatings, namely, organosilica, dextran, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). These nanomaterials possess a similar SPIO core size of 6–7 nm. Together with their coatings, the overall sizes are 10–15 nm for all SPIO@SiO2, SPIO@dextran, and SPIO@PEG nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were investigated for their efficacies to be uptaken by rabbit bone marrow-derived MSCs without any transfecting agent. Experimentally, both SPIO@SiO2 and SPIO@PEG nanoparticles could be successfully uptaken by MSCs while the SPIO@dextran nanoparticles demonstrated limited labeling efficiency. The labeling durability of SPIO@SiO2 and SPIO@PEG nanoparticles in MSCs after three weeks of culture were compared by Prussian blue staining tests. SPIO@SiO2 nanoparticles demonstrated more blue staining than SPIO@PEG nanoparticles, rendering them better materials for MSCs labeling by direct uptake when durable intracellullar retention of SPIO is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiang J. Wang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (Y.-X.J.W.); (H.-H.W.); (L.S.); (D.-F.W.)
| | - Thibault Quercy-Jouvet
- Center of Novel Functional Molecules and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (A.-W.L.); (C.-P.C.); (S.X.); (S.-F.L.); (T.Q.-J.)
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (P.-C.L.); (K.-P.F.); (C.B.S.L.)
| | - Hao-Hao Wang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (Y.-X.J.W.); (H.-H.W.); (L.S.); (D.-F.W.)
| | - Ak-Wai Li
- Center of Novel Functional Molecules and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (A.-W.L.); (C.-P.C.); (S.X.); (S.-F.L.); (T.Q.-J.)
| | - Chun-Pong Chak
- Center of Novel Functional Molecules and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (A.-W.L.); (C.-P.C.); (S.X.); (S.-F.L.); (T.Q.-J.)
| | - Shouhu Xuan
- Center of Novel Functional Molecules and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (A.-W.L.); (C.-P.C.); (S.X.); (S.-F.L.); (T.Q.-J.)
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (Y.-X.J.W.); (H.-H.W.); (L.S.); (D.-F.W.)
| | - De-Feng Wang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (Y.-X.J.W.); (H.-H.W.); (L.S.); (D.-F.W.)
| | - Siu-Fung Lee
- Center of Novel Functional Molecules and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (A.-W.L.); (C.-P.C.); (S.X.); (S.-F.L.); (T.Q.-J.)
| | - Ping-Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (P.-C.L.); (K.-P.F.); (C.B.S.L.)
| | - Clara B. S. Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (P.-C.L.); (K.-P.F.); (C.B.S.L.)
| | - Kwok-Pui Fung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (P.-C.L.); (K.-P.F.); (C.B.S.L.)
| | - Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- Center of Novel Functional Molecules and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; E-Mails: (A.-W.L.); (C.-P.C.); (S.X.); (S.-F.L.); (T.Q.-J.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +852-2609-6342; Fax: +852-2603-5057
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In Vitro and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Tracking of Sinerem-Labeled Human Umbilical Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Schwann Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 31:365-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Naqvi S, Samim M, Abdin M, Ahmed FJ, Maitra A, Prashant C, Dinda AK. Concentration-dependent toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles mediated by increased oxidative stress. Int J Nanomedicine 2010; 5:983-9. [PMID: 21187917 PMCID: PMC3010160 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles with unique magnetic properties have a high potential for use in several biomedical, bioengineering and in vivo applications, including tissue repair, magnetic resonance imaging, immunoassay, drug delivery, detoxification of biologic fluids, cell sorting, and hyperthermia. Although various surface modifications are being done for making these nonbiodegradable nanoparticles more biocompatible, their toxic potential is still a major concern. The current in vitro study of the interaction of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles of mean diameter 30 nm coated with Tween 80 and murine macrophage (J774) cells was undertaken to evaluate the dose- and time-dependent toxic potential, as well as investigate the role of oxidative stress in the toxicity. A 15–30 nm size range of spherical nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and zeta sizer. MTT assay showed >95% viability of cells in lower concentrations (25–200 μg/mL) and up to three hours of exposure, whereas at higher concentrations (300–500 μg/mL) and prolonged (six hours) exposure viability reduced to 55%–65%. Necrosis-apoptosis assay by propidium iodide and Hoechst-33342 staining revealed loss of the majority of the cells by apoptosis. H2DCFDDA assay to quantify generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicated that exposure to a higher concentration of nanoparticles resulted in enhanced ROS generation, leading to cell injury and death. The cell membrane injury induced by nanoparticles studied using the lactate dehydrogenase assay, showed both concentration- and time-dependent damage. Thus, this study concluded that use of a low optimum concentration of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles is important for avoidance of oxidative stress-induced cell injury and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Naqvi
- Faculty of Engineering and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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Mahmoudi M, Hosseinkhani H, Hosseinkhani M, Boutry S, Simchi A, Journeay WS, Subramani K, Laurent S. Magnetic resonance imaging tracking of stem cells in vivo using iron oxide nanoparticles as a tool for the advancement of clinical regenerative medicine. Chem Rev 2010; 111:253-80. [PMID: 21077606 DOI: 10.1021/cr1001832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tang C, Russell PJ, Martiniello-Wilks R, Rasko JEJ, Khatri A. Concise review: Nanoparticles and cellular carriers-allies in cancer imaging and cellular gene therapy? Stem Cells 2010; 28:1686-702. [PMID: 20629172 PMCID: PMC2996089 DOI: 10.1002/stem.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ineffective treatment and poor patient management continue to plague the arena of clinical oncology. The crucial issues include inadequate treatment efficacy due to ineffective targeting of cancer deposits, systemic toxicities, suboptimal cancer detection and disease monitoring. This has led to the quest for clinically relevant, innovative multifaceted solutions such as development of targeted and traceable therapies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the intrinsic ability to "home" to growing tumors and are hypoimmunogenic. Therefore, these can be used as (a) "Trojan Horses" to deliver gene therapy directly into the tumors and (b) carriers of nanoparticles to allow cell tracking and simultaneous cancer detection. The camouflage of MSC carriers can potentially tackle the issues of safety, vector, and/or transgene immunogenicity as well as nanoparticle clearance and toxicity. The versatility of the nanotechnology platform could allow cellular tracking using single or multimodal imaging modalities. Toward that end, noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is fast becoming a clinical favorite, though there is scope for improvement in its accuracy and sensitivity. In that, use of superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPION) as MRI contrast enhancers may be the best option for tracking therapeutic MSC. The prospects and consequences of synergistic approaches using MSC carriers, gene therapy, and SPION in developing cancer diagnostics and therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tang
- Oncology Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Hou Y, Liu Y, Chen Z, Gu N, Wang J. Manufacture of IRDye800CW-coupled Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their applications in cell labeling and in vivo imaging. J Nanobiotechnology 2010; 8:25. [PMID: 21034487 PMCID: PMC2984479 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-8-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF)-labeled iron nanoparticles have been synthesized and applied in a number of applications, including the labeling of human cells for monitoring the engraftment process, imaging tumors, sensoring the in vivo molecular environment surrounding nanoparticles and tracing their in vivo biodistribution. These studies demonstrate that NIRF-labeled iron nanoparticles provide an efficient probe for cell labeling. Furthermore, the in vivo imaging studies show excellent performance of the NIR fluorophores. However, there is a limited selection of NIRF-labeled iron nanoparticles with an optimal wavelength for imaging around 800 nm, where tissue autofluorescence is minimal. Therefore, it is necessary to develop additional alternative NIRF-labeled iron nanoparticles for application in this area. RESULTS This study manufactured 12-nm DMSA-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles labeled with a near-infrared fluorophore, IRDye800CW (excitation/emission, 774/789 nm), to investigate their applicability in cell labeling and in vivo imaging. The mouse macrophage RAW264.7 was labeled with IRDye800CW-labeled Fe3O4 nanoparticles at concentrations of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100 μg/ml for 24 h. The results revealed that the cells were efficiently labeled by the nanoparticles, without any significant effect on cell viability. The nanoparticles were injected into the mouse via the tail vein, at dosages of 2 or 5 mg/kg body weight, and the mouse was discontinuously imaged for 24 h. The results demonstrated that the nanoparticles gradually accumulated in liver and kidney regions following injection, reaching maximum concentrations at 6 h post-injection, following which they were gradually removed from these regions. After tracing the nanoparticles throughout the body it was revealed that they mainly distributed in three organs, the liver, spleen and kidney. Real-time live-body imaging effectively reported the dynamic process of the biodistribution and clearance of the nanoparticles in vivo. CONCLUSION IRDye800CW-labeled Fe3O4 nanoparticles provide an effective probe for cell-labeling and in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hou
- State key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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Song M, Kim YJ, Kim YH, Roh J, Kim SU, Yoon BW. Using a neodymium magnet to target delivery of ferumoxide-labeled human neural stem cells in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:603-10. [PMID: 20059319 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficiency of targeted delivery of stem cells via transplantation by intravenous injection is limited because of rapid clearance. Thus, more effective, newer methods are required. We hypothesized that combining the use of ferumoxide labeling and magnetic fields could enhance targeted delivery of stem cells. The effects of a magnetic field on proliferation, viability, and differentiation of human neural stem cells (NSCs) were determined in culture, and the results indicated that the difference between control and cultures exposed to a magnetic field were insignificant. To assess migration in vitro, ferumoxide-labeled cells were seeded into a culture dish that had a neodymium magnet below its center, and the labeled NSCs were found to aggregate above the magnet. To investigate targeted delivery of NSCs in vivo, rats were separated into three groups: ischemia only (IO), ischemia with injection of ferumoxide-labeled cells (IC), and ischemia with injection of labeled cells and magnet exposure (ICM). Twenty-four hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), labeled human NSCs were injected into the tail vein. Seven days after MCAo, ICM rats had a larger number and greater distribution of Prussian blue-positive NSCs as compared with controls. In addition, infarct volume in ICM rats was significantly reduced. Our study suggests that this use of a magnetic field may be useful for improving the efficacy of targeted migration of stem cells in stem-based cell therapy in ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyeoun Song
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, South Korea
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Kim HS, Oh SY, Joo HJ, Son KR, Song IC, Moon WK. The effects of clinically used MRI contrast agents on the biological properties of human mesenchymal stem cells. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2010; 23:514-522. [PMID: 20175151 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to compare the labeling efficiencies of three iron-oxide based MRI contrast agents [Feridex, Resovist and monocrystalline iron oxide (MION)] and to evaluate their effects on the biological properties of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The hMSCs were cultivated for 1 and 7 days after 24-h labeling with iron oxide nanoparticles (12.5 microg Fe/mL) in the presence of poly-L-lysine (0.75 microg/mL). The hMSCs were labeled more efficiently with use of Feridex, Resovist as compared to MION. No significant differences were observed in terms of viability and proliferation of labeled hMSCs. The level of Oct-4 mRNA increased in labeled hMSCs at day 1 and the cellular phenotype changed from CD45-/CD44+/CD29+ to CD45low/CD44+/CD29+ at day 7, which closely resembles the phenotype of fresh bone marrow-derived hMSCs. Our study has demonstrated that the Feridex or Resovist is the preferred labeling agent for hMSCs. There was a change in Oct-4 and CD45 expression after labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoe Suk Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Wang HH, Wang YXJ, Leung KCF, Au DWT, Xuan S, Chak CP, Lee SKM, Sheng H, Zhang G, Qin L, Griffith JF, Ahuja AT. Durable mesenchymal stem cell labelling by using polyhedral superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Chemistry 2010; 15:12417-25. [PMID: 19834937 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Small polyhedral superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles (<10 nm) coated with a thin layer of silica were prepared (SPIO@SiO(2) and SPIO@SiO(2)-NH(2)). Surface modification of the small polyhedral silica-coated SPIO nanoparticles with amines led to substantially higher mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) labelling efficiency without the use of additional transfecting agents. Therefore, amine surface-modified nanoparticles (SPIO@ SiO(2)-NH(2)) appeared to be the preferred candidate for MSC labelling. In vitro studies demonstrated that controlled labelling of SPIO@SiO(2) and SPIO@SiO(2)-NH(2) did not cause MSC death or proliferation inhibition. MSCs labelled with SPIO@SiO(2)-NH(2) nanoparticles retained differentiation potential and showed osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiations. The noncytotoxic polyhedral SPIO@SiO(2)-NH(2) nanoparticle-labelled MSCs were successfully implanted in rabbit brain and erector spinae muscle, and demonstrated long-lasting, durable MRI labelling efficacy after 8-12 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Hao Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Organ Imaging, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Sung CK, Hong KA, Lin S, Lee Y, Cha J, Lee JK, Hong CP, Han BS, Jung SI, Kim SH, Yoon KS. Dual-modal nanoprobes for imaging of mesenchymal stem cell transplant by MRI and fluorescence imaging. Korean J Radiol 2010; 10:613-22. [PMID: 19885318 PMCID: PMC2770830 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2009.10.6.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the feasibility of labeling human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) with bifunctional nanoparticles and assessing their potential as imaging probes in the monitoring of hMSC transplantation. Materials and Methods The T1 and T2 relaxivities of the nanoparticles (MNP@SiO2[RITC]-PEG) were measured at 1.5T and 3T magnetic resonance scanner. Using hMSCs and the nanoparticles, labeling efficiency, toxicity, and proliferation were assessed. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to specify the intracellular localization of the endocytosed iron nanoparticles. We also observed in vitro and in vivo visualization of the labeled hMSCs with a 3T MR scanner and optical imaging. Results MNP@SiO2(RITC)-PEG showed both superparamagnetic and fluorescent properties. The r1 and r2 relaxivity values of the MNP@SiO2(RITC)-PEG were 0.33 and 398 mM-1 s-1 at 1.5T, respectively, and 0.29 and 453 mM-1 s-1 at 3T, respectively. The effective internalization of MNP@SiO2(RITC)-PEG into hMSCs was observed by confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. The transmission electron microscopy images showed that MNP@SiO2(RITC)-PEG was internalized into the cells and mainly resided in the cytoplasm. The viability and proliferation of MNP@SiO2(RITC)-PEG-labeled hMSCs were not significantly different from the control cells. MNP@SiO2(RITC)-PEG-labeled hMSCs were observed in vitro and in vivo with optical and MR imaging. Conclusion MNP@SiO2(RITC)-PEG can be a useful contrast agent for stem cell imaging, which is suitable for a bimodal detection by MRI and optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Kyu Sung
- Department of Radiology, Seoul Metropolitan Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 156-707, Korea.
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Huang FK, Chen WC, Lai SF, Liu CJ, Wang CL, Wang CH, Chen HH, Hua TE, Cheng YY, Wu MK, Hwu Y, Yang CS, Margaritondo G. Enhancement of irradiation effects on cancer cells by cross-linked dextran-coated iron oxide (CLIO) nanoparticles. Phys Med Biol 2009; 55:469-82. [PMID: 20023329 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/2/009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated iron oxide nanoparticles with two different surface modifications, dextran coating and cross-linked dextran coating, showing that their different internalization affects their capability to enhance radiation damage to cancer cells. The internalization was monitored with an ultrahigh resolution transmission x-ray microscope (TXM), indicating that the differences in the particle surface charge play an essential role and dominate the particle-cell interaction. We found that dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles cannot be internalized by HeLa and EMT-6 cells without being functionalized with amino groups (the cross-linked dextran coating) that modify the surface potential from -18 mV to 13.4 mV. The amount of cross-linked dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles uptaken by cancer cells reached its maximum, 1.33 x 10(9) per HeLa cell, when the co-culture concentration was 40 microg Fe mL(-1) or more. Standard tests indicated that these internalized nanoparticles increased the damaging effects of x-ray irradiation, whereas they are by themselves biocompatible. These results could lead to interesting therapy applications; furthermore, iron oxide also produces high contrast for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis and therapy stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Kuo Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123, University Rd, Sec. 3, Douliu, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Henning TD, Sutton EJ, Kim A, Golovko D, Horvai A, Ackerman L, Sennino B, McDonald D, Lotz J, Daldrup-Link HE. The influence of ferucarbotran on the chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2009; 4:165-73. [PMID: 19670250 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For in vivo applications of magnetically labeled stem cells, biological effects of the labeling procedure have to be precluded. This study evaluates the effect of different ferucarbotran cell labeling protocols on chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) as well as their implications for MR imaging. hMSC were labeled with ferucarbotran using various protocols: cells were labeled with 100 microg Fe/ml for 4 and 18 h and additional samples were cultured for 6 or 12 days after the 18 h labeling. Supplementary samples were labeled by transfection with protamine sulfate. Iron uptake was quantified by ICP-spectrometry and labeled cells were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and by immunostaining for ferucarbotran. The differentiation potential of labeled cells was compared with unlabeled controls by staining with Alcian blue and Hematoxylin and Eosin, then quantified by measurements of glucosaminoglycans (GAG). Contrast agent effect at 3 T was investigated on days 1 and 14 of chondrogenic differentiation by measuring signal-to-noise ratios on T(2)-SE and T(2)*-GE sequences. Iron uptake was significant for all labeling protocols (p < 0.05). The uptake was highest after transfection with protamine sulfate (25.65 +/- 3.96 pg/cell) and lowest at an incubation time of 4 h without transfection (3.21 +/- 0.21 pg/cell). While chondrogenic differentiation was decreased using all labeling protocols, the decrease in GAG synthesis was not significant after labeling for 4 h without transfection. After labeling by simple incubation, chondrogenesis was found to be dose-dependent. MR imaging showed markedly lower SNR values of all labeled cells compared with the unlabeled controls. This contrast agent effect persisted for 14 days and the duration of differentiation. Magnetic labeling of hMSC with ferucarbotran inhibits chondrogenesis in a dose-dependent manner when using simple incubation techniques. When decreasing the incubation time to 4 h, inhibition of chondrogenesis was not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias D Henning
- Department of Radiology, UCSF Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA
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Bernsen MR, Moelker AD, Wielopolski PA, van Tiel ST, Krestin GP. Labelling of mammalian cells for visualisation by MRI. Eur Radiol 2009; 20:255-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-009-1540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zhang Z, Mascheri N, Dharmakumar R, Li D. Cellular magnetic resonance imaging: potential for use in assessing aspects of cardiovascular disease. Cytotherapy 2009; 10:575-86. [PMID: 18608350 DOI: 10.1080/14653240802165699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is rapidly increasing interest in the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to track cell migration in vivo. Iron oxide MR contrast agents can be detected at micromolar concentrations of iron, and offer sufficient sensitivity for T2*-weighted imaging. Cellular MRI shows potential for assessing aspects of cardiovascular disease. Labeling in vivo and tracking macrophages using iron oxide nanoparticles has been a goal for cellular MRI because macrophages play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of many human diseases, including atherosclerosis. Cellular MRI has also been using to track transplanted therapeutic cells in myocardial regeneration. This review looked at iron oxide nanoparticles, methods of cell labeling, image acquisition techniques and limitations encountered for visualization. Particular attention was paid to stem cells and macrophages for the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Doak SH, Griffiths SM, Manshian B, Singh N, Williams PM, Brown AP, Jenkins GJS. Confounding experimental considerations in nanogenotoxicology. Mutagenesis 2009; 24:285-93. [PMID: 19351890 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gep010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of novel nanomaterials with unique physico-chemical properties is increasing at a rapid rate, with potential applications across a broad range of manufacturing industries and consumer products. Nanomaterial safety is therefore becoming an increasingly contentious issue that has intensified over the past 4 years, and in response, a steady stream of studies focusing on nanotoxicology are emerging. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that nanomaterials cannot be treated in the same manner as chemical compounds with regards to their safety assessment, as their unique physico-chemical properties are also responsible for unexpected interactions with experimental components that generate misleading data-sets. In this report, we focus on nanomaterial interactions with colorimetric and fluorometric dyes, components of cell culture growth medium and genotoxicity assay components, and the resultant consequences on test systems are demonstrated. Thus, highlighting some of the potential confounding factors that need to be considered in order to ensure that in vitro genotoxicity assays report true biological impacts in response to nanomaterial exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Doak
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Wales, UK.
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47
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MRI tracking of intravenously transplanted human neural stem cells in rat focal ischemia model. Neurosci Res 2009; 64:235-9. [PMID: 19428705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the ability of 1.5 T clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect ferumoxides- labeled human neural stem cells (NSCs) that had been intravenously (i.v.) injected into a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. To detect transplanted cells, hNSCs were labeled with ferumoxide then followed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) prior to transplantation. In the rat ischemia-human NSC group, human NSCs (4 x 10(6)cells in 5 ml PBS) were injected via tail vein 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), and the brains of the rats were scanned using a 1.5 T MRI unit over a period of 4 weeks (1 day before MCAo, then 1 and 3 days after cell injection, and weekly thereafter). In histologic sections, transplanted cells were identified by Prussian blue and anti-BrdU fluorescence staining. Regions with hypointense signals on T2-weighted and 3D gradient echo MR images corresponded with areas stained by Prussian blue, which suggested the presence of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles within the engrafted cells. Hypointense areas on MR images were observed in peri-infarct areas 3 days after cell injection. The findings indicate that 1.5 T MRI has sufficient sensitivity to track engrafted stem cells in vivo.
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Suh JS, Lee JY, Choi YS, Yu F, Yang V, Lee SJ, Chung CP, Park YJ. Efficient labeling of mesenchymal stem cells using cell permeable magnetic nanoparticles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 379:669-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Thorek DLJ, Tsourkas A. Size, charge and concentration dependent uptake of iron oxide particles by non-phagocytic cells. Biomaterials 2008; 29:3583-90. [PMID: 18533252 PMCID: PMC2518173 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A promising new direction for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging involves tracking the migration and biodistribution of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labeled cells in vivo. Despite the large number of cell labeling studies that have been performed with SPIO particles of differing size and surface charge, it remains unclear which SPIO configuration provides optimal contrast in non-phagocytic cells. This is largely because contradictory findings have stemmed from the variability and imprecise control over surface charge, the general need and complexity of transfection and/or targeting agents, and the limited number of particle configurations examined in any given study. In the present study, we systematically evaluated the cellular uptake of SPIO in non-phagocytic T cells over a continuum of particle sizes ranging from 33nm to nearly 1.5microm, with precisely controlled surface properties, and without the need for transfection agents. SPIO labeling of T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry and contrast enhancement was determined by relaxometry. SPIO uptake was dose-dependent and exhibited sigmoidal charge dependence, which was shown to saturate at different levels of functionalization. Efficient labeling of cells was observed for particles up to 300nm, however, micron-sized particle uptake was limited. Our results show that an unconventional highly cationic particle configuration at 107nm maximized MR contrast of T cells, outperforming the widely utilized USPIO (<50nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L J Thorek
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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In vitro study of CD133 human stem cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 4:330-9. [PMID: 18656426 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are applied in stem cell labeling because of their high magnetic susceptibility as compared with ordinary paramagnetic species, their low toxicity, and their ease of magnetic manipulation. The present work is the study of CD133+ stem cell labeling by SPIONs coupled to a specific antibody (AC133), resulting in the antigenic labeling of the CD133+ stem cell, and a method was developed for the quantification of the SPION content per cell, necessary for molecular imaging optimization. Flow cytometry analysis established the efficiency of the selection process and helped determine that the CD133 cells selected by chromatographic affinity express the transmembrane glycoprotein CD133. The presence of antibodies coupled to the SPION, expressed in the cell membrane, was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Quantification of the SPION concentration in the marked cells using the ferromagnetic resonance technique resulted in a value of 1.70 x 10(-13) mol iron (9.5 pg) or 7.0 x 10(6) nanoparticles per cell (the measurement was carried out in a volume of 2 muL containing about 6.16 x 10(5) pg iron, equivalent to 4.5 x 10(11) SPIONs).
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