miR-379 Inhibits Cell Proliferation, Invasion, and Migration of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Targeting Insulin-Like Factor-1

Unlocking novel therapeutic avenues in glioblastoma: Harnessing 4-amino cyanine and miRNA synergy for next-gen treatment convergence

Glioblastoma (GBM) poses a formidable challenge in oncology due to its aggressive nature and dismal prognosis, with average survival rates around 15 months despite conventional treatments. This review proposes a novel therapeutic strategy for GBM by integrating microRNA (miRNA) therapy with 4-amino cyanine molecules possessing near-infrared (NIR) properties. miRNA holds promise in regulating gene expression, particularly in GBM, making it an attractive therapeutic target. 4-amino cyanine molecules, especially those with NIR properties, have shown efficacy in targeted tumor cell degradation. The combined approach addresses gene expression regulation and precise tumor cell degradation, offering a breakthrough in GBM treatment. Additionally, the review explores noncoding RNAs classification and characteristics, highlighting their role in GBM pathogenesis. Advanced technologies such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), locked nucleic acids (LNAs), and peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) show potential in targeting noncoding RNAs therapeutically, paving the way for precision medicine in GBM. This synergistic combination presents an innovative approach with the potential to advance cancer therapy in the challenging landscape of GBM.

Pathogenic role of microRNAs in atherosclerotic ischemic stroke: Implications for diagnosis and therapy

Ischemic stroke resulting from atherosclerosis (particularly in the carotid artery) is one of the major subtypes of stroke and has a high incidence of death. Disordered lipid homeostasis, lipid deposition, local macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and plaque rupture are the main pathological processes of atherosclerotic ischemic stroke. Hepatocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells are the main cell types participating in these processes. By inhibiting the expression of the target genes in these cells, microRNAs play a key role in regulating lipid disorders and atherosclerotic ischemic stroke. In this article, we listed the microRNAs implicated in the pathology of atherosclerotic ischemic stroke and aimed to explain their pro- or antiatherosclerotic roles. Our article provides an update on the potential diagnostic use of miRNAs for detecting growing plaques and impending clinical events. Finally, we provide a perspective on the therapeutic use of local microRNA delivery and discuss the challenges for this potential therapy.

The Cellular and Molecular Effects of Fetoscopic Endoluminal Tracheal Occlusion in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a complex disease associated with pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Great strides have been made in our ability to care for CDH patients, specifically in the prenatal improvement of lung volume and morphology with fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO). While the anatomic effects of FETO have been described in-depth, the changes it induces at the cellular and molecular level remain a budding area of CDH research. This review will delve into the cellular and molecular effects of FETO in the developing lung, emphasize areas in which further research may improve our understanding of CDH, and highlight opportunities to optimize the FETO procedure for improved postnatal outcomes.

Circ_0002984 Enhances Growth, Invasion, and Migration in PDGF-bb-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Through miR-379-5p/FRS2 Axis

ABSTRACT

The accumulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is considered to play important roles in atherosclerosis (AS) development and progression. Circ_0002984 was found to be increased in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) human VSMCs (HVSMCs). However, the function and mechanism of circ_0002984 in VSMC dysfunction remain unknown. In this study, the expression of circ_0002984, microRNA (miR)-379-5p, and fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2) was detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Cell proliferation, cell cycle, migration, and invasion were detected using Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry, and transwell assays. The binding interaction between miR-379-5p and circ_0002984 or FRS2 was confirmed by the dual-luciferase reporter assay. Collectively, this study found that circ_0002984 was elevated in platelet-derived growth factor type bb (PDGF-bb)-induced HVSMCs. Circ_0002984 knockdown abrogated PDGF-bb-induced proliferation, migration, and invasion in HVSMCs. Mechanistically, circ_0002984 was confirmed to target miR-379-5p, and miR-379-5p upregulation reversed the protective effects of circ_0002984 knockdown on PDGF-bb-induced HVSMCs. Besides, when FRS2 was a target of miR-379-5p, miR-379-5p restoration abolished PDGF-bb-evoked HVSMC dysfunction, which was attenuated by the overexpression of FRS2. Moreover, circ_0002984 could regulate FRS2 expression through sponging miR-379-5p in HVSMCs. Collectively, these results demonstrated that circ_0002984 promoted PDGF-bb-induced VSMC proliferation, migration, and invasion through the regulation of miR-379-5p/FRS2 axis, suggesting a new insight into the pathogenesis of AS and the potential application of circ_0002984 in AS treatment.

Senescent cells suppress innate smooth muscle cell repair functions in atherosclerosis

Senescent cells (SNCs) degenerate the fibrous cap that normally prevents atherogenic plaque rupture, a leading cause of myocardial infarction and stroke. Here we explored the underlying mechanism using pharmacological or transgenic approaches to clear SNCs in the Ldlr ^-/- mouse model of atherosclerosis. SNC clearance reinforced fully deteriorated fibrous caps in highly advanced lesions, as evidenced by restored vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) numbers, elastin content, and overall cap thickness. We found that SNCs inhibit VSMC promigratory phenotype switching in the first interfiber space of the arterial wall directly beneath atherosclerotic plaque, thereby limiting lesion entry of medial VSMCs for fibrous cap assembly or reinforcement. SNCs do so by antagonizing IGF-1 through the secretion of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (Igfbp3). These data indicate that the intermittent use of senolytic agents or IGFBP-3 inhibition in combination with lipid lowering drugs may provide therapeutic benefit in atherosclerosis.

An update on the role of miR-379 in human disorders

miR-379 is a miRNA transcribed from the MIR379 locus on 14q32.31. This miRNA is located in an evolutionarily conserved miRNA cluster in an imprinted region that contains DLK1 and DIO3 genes. The mouse homolog of this miRNA has been shown to be under-expressed in response to glucocorticoid receptor deficiency. Moreover, miR-379 has a tumor-suppressive role in a wide variety of tissues including the brain, breast, lung, and liver. In addition to restraining cell proliferation and migration, miR-379 can suppress the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process. Abnormal expression of this miRNA implies the pathogenesis of Duchene muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injury, diabetic nephropathy, acute myocardial infarction, and premature ovarian failure. This review aims to the summarization of the role of miR-379 in neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions.

miRNAs through β-ARR2/p-ERK1/2 pathway regulate the VSMC proliferation and migration

BACKGROUND

miRNAs are involved in plaque formation of atherosclerosis and vessel restenosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of miR-599, miR-204, and miR-181b on VSMC proliferation, and migration through TGFβ receptor 2 (TGFβR2), β-arrestin 2 (β-ARR2), SMAD2/p-SMAD2, and ERK1/2/p-ERK1/2.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Genes and miRNAs were predicted by bioinformatics tools and were transfected by PEI-miRNAs (miR-599, miR-204, and miR-181b) complexes into VSMCs. The gene and protein expression levels were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR and western blotting techniques, respectively. The VSMC proliferation and migration were studied by MTT and scratch assay, respectively.

RESULTS

The miR-181b and miR-204 downregulated significantly β-ARR2 gene and protein expression levels and p-ERK1/2 values. Moreover, TGFβR2 gene and protein expression levels and p-SMAD2 values were not significantly affected by miR-181b and miR-204. The VSMC proliferation (p = 0.0019, p = 0.0054, respectively) and migration (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, respectively) were inhibited by the miR-181b and miR-204. The miR-599 inhibited VSMC proliferation (p = 0.044) and migration (p = 0.0055) but it did not affect significantly the β-ARR2 and TGFβR2 gene and protein expression levels.

CONCLUSION

The results suggested that the inhibitory effects of miR-181b and miR-204 on VSMC proliferation and migration are mediated by the β-ARR2/p-ERK1/2 pathway. Since VSMC proliferation and migration are involved in plaque growth, therefore this pathway can be a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.

MicroRNA-212-5p and its target PAFAH1B2 suppress vascular proliferation and contraction via the downregulation of RhoA

Vascular remodeling and contraction contribute to the development of hypertension. We investigated the role of miR-212-5p and its downstream target in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, migration, and contraction. MicroRNA microarray and PCR analyses showed that miR-212-5p expression was increased with angiotensin II treatment in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, miR-212-5p mimic treatment attenuated and miR-212-5p inhibitor treatment increased VSMC proliferation and migration. Additionally, miR-212-5p mimic treatment suppressed VSMC contraction and related gene expression [Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) and Rho-associated protein kinase 2], while miR-212-5p inhibitor treatment exerted opposite effects. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1B2 (PAFAH1B2) is a target of miR-212-5p. miR-212-5p mimic treatment significantly reduced and miR-212-5p inhibitor treatment increased PAFAH1B2 expression. Furthermore, PAFAH1B2 expression was decreased in angiotensin II-treated aortic tissues and VSMCs. PAFAH1B2 was ubiquitously expressed in most adult rat tissues. In the vasculature, PAFAH1B2 was only distributed in the cytoplasm. PAFAH1B2 overexpression decreased A10 cell proliferation, while PAFAH1B2 knockdown increased A10 cell proliferation and cyclin D1 mRNA levels. PAFAH1B2 knockdown stimulated VSMC contraction and RhoA expression. These results suggest that miR-212-5p and PAFAH1B2 are novel negative regulators of VSMC proliferation, migration, and contraction in hypertension.

Effect of Football on Fatigue of Patients with Breast Cancer Treated with Nano-Chemotherapy

Cancer-related fatigue is one of the most common and uncontrollable subjective and persistent fatigue feelings in patients after breast cancer surgery, which seriously affects the rehabilitation effect and quality of life of patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of football intervention on cancer-related fatigue and quality of life in patients with breast cancer after nano-chemotherapy. The objective of this study is to explore the exercise program that can make patients actively carry out rehabilitation exercise and achieve good rehabilitation effect, so as to provide a theoretical and empirical basis for the study of cancer fatigue and quality of life of patients after breast cancer surgery. In this study, a quasi-experimental study method was used to conveniently select 60 breast cancer outpatients with tumor-related fatigue symptoms in a tertiary hospital in Liaoning Province. According to the convenience group, they were divided into a control group and an intervention group, 30 cases in each group. The control group received routine hospital nursing, while the intervention group received football intervention for 6 months on the basis of routine hospital nursing. The intervention measures include explaining the related knowledge of cancer-related fatigue, helping patients develop football projects, guiding patients to record football sports diaries, checking patients’ football sports diary records at the beginning of each chemotherapy cycle, and discussing football sports feelings with patients. After six months of intervention, the researchers assessed cancer-related fatigue symptoms and quality of life. Football can improve the fatigue, physiological, psychological, and psychological states of breast cancer patients after nano-chemotherapy; reduce fatigue, anxiety, and depression; improve sleep; and ultimately improve the quality of life.

miR-381-3p inhibits high glucose-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration by targeting HMGB1

BACKGROUND

Hyperglycemia increases the risk of many cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and the dysregulation of proliferation and migration in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) also participates in the pathogenesis of CVD. miR-381-3p is known to suppress the proliferation and migration of multiple human cell types. Nevertheless, the function of miR-381-3p in VSMCs remains largely indistinct.

METHODS

A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to investigate miR-381-3p expression in high-glucose-induced VSMCs. Inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6, as well as oxidative stress markers SOD and MDA, were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reactive oxygen species generation was examined using a 2,7'-dichlorofluorescein kit. The proliferation, migration and apoptosis of VSMCs were monitored by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazl2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetazolium bromide (MTT), transwell and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays. The TargetScan database (http://www.targetscan.org) was employed to seek the potential target gene of miR-381-3p. Interaction between miR-381-3p and HMGB1 was determined by a qRT-PCR, western blotting and a luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

miR-381-3p expression was significantly reduced in a VSMCs dysfunction model induced by high-glucose in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Transfection of miR-381-3p mimics suppressed the inflammation, oxidative stress, proliferation and migration of VSMCs, whereas apoptosis of VSMCs was promoted, and the transfection of miR-381-3p inhibitors had the opposite effect. Mechanistically, HMGB1, an important factor in inflammation response, was confirmed as a target gene of miR-381-3p.

CONCLUSIONS

miR-381-3p targets HMGB1 to suppress the inflammation, oxidative stress, proliferation and migration of high-glucose-induced VSMCs by targeting HMGB1.

A SNP in the 3'UTR of the porcine IGF-1 gene interacts with miR-new14 to affect IGF-1 expression, proliferation and apoptosis of PK-15 cells

The kidney of miniature pigs has been considered the most likely potential kidney source for patients needing kidney transplantation. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is involved in regulating the growth of miniature pigs and inducing growth of kidneys. There are evidences showing that the SNPs in the 3'UTR of a gene may affect the gene expression by affecting the binding to a miRNA target site. In this study, one SNP (rs34142920) was screened in the IGF-1 3'UTR between 2 different body types of porcine breeds, Bama Xiang (BX) pigs, a miniature pig breed, and Large White (LW) pigs by sequencing. The secondary structure of the IGF-1 3'UTR mRNA containing the SNP in BX pigs is different from that of LW pigs. We then verified that there was a porcine miRNA (miR-new14) binding to this SNP in the 3'UTR of IGF-1 via cotransfecting the 3'UTR from the 2 breeds and miR-new14. We further found that the SNP downregulated mRNA and protein levels of IGF-1 by affecting the binding of miR-new14. To understand the function of miR-new14 in porcine kidney (PK-15) cells and its mechanism, cell proliferation and cell apoptosis assays were employed and results showed that proliferation viability of PK-15 cells was weakened and the apoptotic percentage of PK-15 cells was higher in the miR-new14 group. Porcine miRNA reduced the mRNA expression of AKT/ERK and protein levels of p-AKT/p-ERK. These results suggested that the expression of IGF-1 is influenced by this SNP and miR-new14 and that miR-new14 may suppress cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis in PK-15 cells through regulating AKT and ERK signaling pathways, in which IGF-1 is involved.

MicroRNA-532-5p protects against atherosclerosis through inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration

Background

The present study aimed to explore the expression and clinical value of miR-532-5p in atherosclerosis (AS) patients, and analyze its regulating effect on biological behaviors of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).

Methods

A total of 103 AS patients and 77 healthy controls were included. The expression level of miR-532-5p was measured using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was counted to assess the diagnostic value of miR-532-5p in AS. CCK-8 and Transwell assay were used to detect the role of miR-532-5p in VSMCs proliferation and migration.

Results

MiR-532-5p was downregulated in AS patients compared with that in healthy controls. Serum miR-532-5p was inversely related to the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in AS patients. A ROC curve was conducted with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.897, with high sensitivity and specificity. Overexpression of miR-532-5p inhibited cell proliferation and migration in VSMCs, whereas miR-532-5p downregulation had a reverse effect.

Conclusions

Decreased expression of miR-532-5p might be a potential diagnostic biomarker for AS. Overexpression of miR-532-5p inhibits the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. The present results indicate a therapeutic potential of miR-532-5p for AS.

Serum miR-379 expression is related to the development and progression of hypercholesterolemia in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Introduction

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a wide spectrum, eventually leading to cirrhosis and hepatic carcinogenesis. We previously reported that a series of microRNAs (miRNAs) mapped in the 14q32.2 maternally imprinted gene region (Dlk1-Dio3 mat) are related to NAFLD development and progression in a mouse model. We examined the suitability of miR-379, a circulating Dlk1-Dio3 mat miRNA, as a human NAFLD biomarker.

Methods

Eighty NAFLD patients were recruited for this study. miR-379 was selected from the putative Dlk1-Dio3 mat miRNA cluster because it exhibited the greatest expression difference between NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in our preliminary study. Real-time PCR was used to examine the expression levels of miR-379 and miR-16 as an internal control. One patient was excluded due to low RT-PCR signal.

Results

Compared to normal controls, serum miR-379 expression was significantly up-regulated in NAFLD patients. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested that miR-379 is a suitable marker for discriminating NAFLD patients from controls, with an area under the curve value of 0.72. Serum miR-379 exhibited positive correlations with alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients with early stage NAFLD (Brunt fibrosis stage 0 to 1). The correlation between serum miR-379 and cholesterol levels was lost in early stage NAFLD patients treated with statins. Software-based predictions indicated that various energy metabolism–related genes, including insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor, are potential targets of miR-379.

Conclusions

Serum miR-379 exhibits high potential as a biomarker for NAFLD. miR-379 appears to increase cholesterol lipotoxicity, leading to the development and progression of NAFLD, via interference with the expression of target genes, including those related to the IGF-1 signaling pathway. Our results could facilitate future research into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of NAFLD.

MiR-638 Repressed Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Glycolysis by Targeting LDHA

Background

Abnormal proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) accelerated vascular diseases progression, like atherosclerosis and restenosis. MicroRNAs were reported to participate in modulating diverse cellular processes. Here, we focused on exploring the role of miR-638 in VSMCs glycolysis and underlying mechanism.

Methods

Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to measure cell viability. Western blot assay was conducted to determine the expression of cell proliferation markers proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67, as well as Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA). VSMCs migration and invasion were evaluated by Transwell assay. Luciferase reporter gene assay and RNA immunoprecipitation were performed to validate the target relationship between miR-638 and LDHA. LDHA and miR-638 expression were also determined. Glycolysis of VSMCs was tested by corresponding Kits.

Results

Platelet-derived growth factor-bb (PDGF-bb) promoted the VSMCs viability and down-regulated miR-638. Overexpression of miR-638 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion of VSMCs. LDHA was identified as a target of miR-638, and counter-regulated by miR-638. Loss of miR-638 attenuated the suppressor effects on the proliferation, migration and invasion of VSMCs induced by LDHA down-regulation. MiR-638 inhibited the glycolysis of VSMCs by targeting LDHA.

Conclusion

MiR-638 is down-regulated by PDGF-bb treatment and suppressed the glycolysis of VSMCs via targeting LDHA.

Effects of IGF-1 on the Cardiovascular System

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Cardiovascular (CV) diseases are the most common health problems worldwide, with a permanent increase in incidence. Growing evidence underlines that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a very important hormone responsible for normal CV system physiology. IGF-1 is an anabolic growth hormone, responsible for cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, and survival. Despite systemic effects, IGF-1 exerts a wide array of influences in the CV system affecting metabolic homeostasis, vasorelaxation, cardiac contractility and hypertrophy, autophagy, apoptosis, and antioxidative processes. The vasodilatory effect of IGF-1, is achieved through the regulation of the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and, at least partly, through enhancing inducible NOS (iNOS) activity. Also, IGF-1 stimulates vascular relaxation through regulation of sodium/potassiumadenosine- triphosphatase. Numerous animal studies provided evidence of diverse influences of IGF-1 in the CV system such as vasorelaxation, anti-apoptotic and prosurvival effects. Human studies indicate that low serum levels of free or total IGF-1 contribute to an increased risk of CV and cerebrovascular disease. Large human trials aiming at finding clinical efficacy and outcome of IGF-1-related therapy are of great interest.

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We look forward to the development of new IGF 1 therapies with minor side effects. In this review, we discuss the latest literature data regarding the function of IGF-1 in the CV system in the physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

TRIM7 promotes proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis through activating c-Jun/AP-1

Atherosclerosis (AS), with associated risk of stroke or cerebrovascular disease, is one of the most common causes of death globally. It has been well established that tripartite motif-containing protein 7 Tripartite Motif-containing 7 (Trim7), as an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase, is involved in protein ubiquitination and thus regulating cellular proliferation. Moreover, TRIM7 is upregulated in advanced carotid AS. However, the detailed mechanism of TRIM7 on regulation of AS remains unclear. In the present study, we firstly discovered that TRIM7 expression was robustly induced in platelet-derived growth factor type BB-treated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and human atherosclerotic plaques. Functional approaches established that knockdown of TRIM7 inhibited proliferation and migration of VSMCs, as well as arrested the cell cycle at G1-S, thus suppressing AS progression. Our results also identified that c-Jun/activator protein 1 (AP-1) signaling pathway was activated by TRIM7. Moreover, gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that TRIM7 could promote proliferation and migration of VSMCs via activation of c-Jun/AP-1 signaling pathway. Finally, by using atherogenic apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) C57BL/6 mice with high-fat diet AS model, we demonstrated that interference of TRIM7 could effectively mitigate in vivo AS via inactivation of c-Jun/AP-1 signaling pathway. In general, activation of c-Jun/AP-1 signaling pathway via TRIM7 could be an important mechanism in AS progression, thus shedding light on the development of novel therapeutics to the treatment of the disease.

MiR-93 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and neointimal formation through targeting Mfn2

Background/Aims: Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hyperplasia plays important roles in the pathogenesis of many vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. Many microRNAs (miRs) have recently been reported to regulate the proliferation and migration of VSMC. In the current study, we aimed to explore the function of miR-93 in VSMCs and its molecular mechanism. Methods: First, qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence assays were performed to determine miR-93 expression in rat VSMCs following carotid artery injury in vivo and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) stimulation in vitro. Next, the biological role of miR-93 in rat VSMC proliferation and migration was examined in vivo and vitro. EdU incorporation assay and MTT assay for measuring cell proliferation, Transwell cell invasion assay and Cell scratch wound assay for measuring cell migration. Then, the targets of miR-93 were identified. Finally, the expression levels of proteins in the Raf-ERK1/2 pathway were measured by western blot. Results: MiR-93 was upregulated in rat VSMCs following carotid artery injury in vivo. Similar results were observed in ex vivo cultured VSMCs after PDGF-BB treatment. MiR-93 inhibition suppressed neointimal formation after carotid artery injury. Moreover, our results demonstrated that a miR-93 inhibitor suppressed the PDGF-BB induced proliferation and migration of in VSMC. This inhibitor also decreased the expression levels of MMP2 and cyclin D1. Mechanistically, we discovered that mitofusin 2(Mfn2) is a direct target of miR-93. Furthermore, an analysis of the signaling events revealed that miR-93-mediated VSMC proliferation and migration occurred via the Raf-ERK1/2 pathway. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that miR-93 promotes VSMCs proliferation and migration by targeting Mfn2. MiR-93 may be a new target for treating in-stent restenosis.

miR‑379 inhibits cell proliferation and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition by targeting CHUK through the NF‑κB pathway in non‑small cell lung cancer

An increasing body of evidence has demonstrated that microRNA (miR) deregulation serves pivotal roles in tumor progression and metastasis. However, the function of miR‑379 in lung cancer remains understudied, particularly in non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Bioinformatics and luciferase reporter analyses confirmed that conserved helix‑loop‑helix ubiquitous kinase (CHUK) is a target of miR‑379, which may directly bind to the 3'‑untranslated region of CHUK and significantly downregulate its expression in NSCLC cells. Transwell assays were used to evaluate the role of miR‑379 in cell migration and invasion, and western blotting was used to address the association between miR‑379 and epithelial‑mesenchymal markers, including E‑cadherin, cytokeratin and Vimentin. In the present study, miR‑379 expression in NSCLC tissues and cell lines was downregulated, which may be associated with the poor survival of patients with NSCLC. miR‑379 may act as a tumor suppressor in NSCLC, potentially by suppressing cell growth and proliferation, delaying G1‑S transition, enhancing cell apoptosis and suppressing NSCLC cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, it was also observed that CHUK may function as an oncogene, and downregulation of CHUK induced by miR‑379 may partially rescue the malignant characteristics of tumors, indicating that miR‑379 may be suppressed in tumorigenesis. The overexpression of miR‑379 may prevent the growth of NSCLC tumors via CHUK suppression and the downstream nuclear factor‑κB pathway. The results of the present study demonstrated that miR‑379 may act as a tumor suppressor, and may constitute a potential biomarker and a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment for NSCLC.

Placental expression of microRNAs in infants born small for gestational age

INTRODUCTION

The molecular mechanisms behind poor foetal growth are not fully known. The aim of this study was to explore global microRNA expression in placentas of infants born small for gestational age (SGA) compared to infants with a normal birth weight (NBW).

METHODS

Placental biopsies from term infants were identified in a biobank and divided into four groups: infants born SGA with (n = 13) or without (n = 9) exposure to low maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) and infants born with NBWs with (n = 20) or without (n = 26) exposure to low GWG. All women and infants were healthy, and no woman smoked during pregnancy. Only vaginal deliveries were included. Next-generation sequencing was performed with single read sequencing of >9 million reads per sample. Differential microRNA expression was analysed using ANOVA for unequal variances (Welch) with multiple testing corrections through the Benjamini-Hochberg method. A fold change >2 and a corrected p value < 0.05 were considered significant. Adjustments for possible confounding factors were made using a linear regression model.

RESULTS

A total of 1870 known, mature human microRNAs were detected in the sample. MiR-3679-5p and miR-193b-3p were significantly upregulated, and miR-379-3p, miR-335-3p, miR-4532, miR-519e-3p, miR-3065-5p, and miR-105-5p were significantly downregulated after adjustment for potential confounding factors in SGA infants with normal GWG compared to infants with NBWs and normal GWG.

DISCUSSION

Infants born unexplained SGA show differential microRNA expression in their placenta. Important pathways for the differentially expressed microRNAs include inflammation and the insulin-IGF system.

Integrated Analysis of miRNA and mRNA Expression Profiles Reveals Functional miRNA-Targets in Development Testes of Small Tail Han Sheep

Small Tail Han Sheep is a highly valued local breed in China because of their precocity, perennial estrus, and high fecundity. The average annual lambing rate of ewes is as high as 180–270%, the semen of ram has characteristics of high yield, high density, and good motility. To reveal the key miRNAs and miRNA-targets underlying testis development and spermatogenesis in male Small Tail Han Sheep, integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in 2-, 6-, and 12-month-old testes was performed by RNA-seq technology and bioinformatics methods. The results showed that total of 153 known sheep miRNAs and 2712 novel miRNAs were obtained in 2-,6 - and 12-month-old Small Tail Han Sheep testes; 5, 1, and 4 differentially expressed (DE) known sheep miRNAs, and 132, 105, and 24 DE novel miRNAs were identified in 2- vs. 6-, 6- vs. 12-, and 2- vs. 12-month-old testes, respectively. We combined miRNA results of this study and the mRNA results obtained in our previous study to predict the target mRNAs of DE known sheep miRNAs; 131, 10, and 15 target mRNAs of DE known sheep miRNAs and 76, 1, and 11 DE miRNA–targets were identified in the three groups, respectively. GO and KEGG analyses showed that: in 2- vs. 6-month-olds, the target genes of DE known sheep miRNAs were involved in 100 biological processes and 11 signaling pathways; in 6- vs. 12-month-olds, the target genes of DE known sheep miRNAs were involved in 4 biological processes; and in 2- vs. 12-month-olds, the target genes of DE known sheep miRNAs were involved in 17 biological processes and 4 signaling pathways. Three miR–target regulatory networks were constructed based on these DE miRNA–targets. The key miRNA-Targets involved in testis development and spermatogenesis were screened. 6 known sheep miRNAs and 6 novel miRNAs were selected to validate the accuracy of miRNA sequencing data by qRT-PCR. The binding sites of oar-miR-379-5p with WNT8A was validated by a dual luciferase reporter gene detection system.

The microRNAs Regulating Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation: A Minireview

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation plays a critical role in atherosclerosis. At the beginning of the pathologic process of atherosclerosis, irregular VSMC proliferation promotes plaque formation, but in advanced plaques VSMCs are beneficial, promoting the stability and preventing rupture of the fibrous cap. Recent studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) expressed in the vascular system are involved in the control of VSMC proliferation. This review summarizes recent findings on the miRNAs in the regulation of VSMC proliferation, including miRNAs that exhibit the inhibition or promotion of VSMC proliferation, and their targets mediating the regulation of VSMC proliferation. Up to now, most of the studies were performed only in cultured VSMC. While the modulation of miRNAs is emerging as a promising strategy for the regulation of VSMC proliferation, most of the effects of miRNAs and their targets in vivo require further investigation.

Comparison of Cardiac miRNA Transcriptomes Induced by Diabetes and Rapamycin Treatment and Identification of a Rapamycin-Associated Cardiac MicroRNA Signature

Rapamycin (Rap), an inhibitor of mTORC1, reduces obesity and improves lifespan in mice. However, hyperglycemia and lipid disorders are adverse side effects in patients receiving Rap treatment. We previously reported that diabetes induces pansuppression of cardiac cytokines in Zucker obese rats (ZO-C). Rap treatment (750 μg/kg/day for 12 weeks) reduced their obesity and cardiac fibrosis significantly; however, it increased their hyperglycemia and did not improve their cardiac diastolic parameters. Moreover, Rap treatment of healthy Zucker lean rats (ZL-C) induced cardiac fibrosis. Rap-induced changes in ZL-C's cardiac cytokine profile shared similarities with that of diabetes-induced ZO-C. Therefore, we hypothesized that the cardiac microRNA transcriptome induced by diabetes and Rap treatment could share similarities. Here, we compared the cardiac miRNA transcriptome of ZL-C to ZO-C, Rap-treated ZL (ZL-Rap), and ZO (ZO-Rap). We report that 80% of diabetes-induced miRNA transcriptome (40 differentially expressed miRNAs by minimum 1.5-fold in ZO-C versus ZL-C; p ≤ 0.05) is similar to 47% of Rap-induced miRNA transcriptome in ZL (68 differentially expressed miRNAs by minimum 1.5-fold in ZL-Rap versus ZL-C; p ≤ 0.05). This remarkable similarity between diabetes-induced and Rap-induced cardiac microRNA transcriptome underscores the role of miRNAs in Rap-induced insulin resistance. We also show that Rap treatment altered the expression of the same 17 miRNAs in ZL and ZO hearts indicating that these 17 miRNAs comprise a unique Rap-induced cardiac miRNA signature. Interestingly, only four miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between ZO-C and ZO-Rap, indicating that, unlike the nondiabetic heart, Rap did not substantially change the miRNA transcriptome in the diabetic heart. In silico analyses showed that (a) mRNA-miRNA interactions exist between differentially expressed cardiac cytokines and miRNAs, (b) human orthologs of rat miRNAs that are strongly correlated with cardiac fibrosis may modulate profibrotic TGF-β signaling, and (c) changes in miRNA transcriptome caused by diabetes or Rap treatment include cardioprotective miRNAs indicating a concurrent activation of an adaptive mechanism to protect the heart in conditions that exacerbate diabetes.

Evaluation of Hypoxia on the Expression of miR-646/IGF-1 Signaling in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells (hPDLCs)

Background

This study aims to investigate the role of miR-646 in hypoxia conditions in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs), exploring the effect of hypoxia on hPDLCs proliferation and apoptosis. In addition, this study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of miR-646/IGF-1 signaling in hPDLCs in hypoxia conditions.

Material/Methods

hPDLCs (fifth passage) cultured by the tissue culture method were randomly assigned to the severe hypoxia (1% O₂) group, the slight hypoxia (5% O₂) group or the control (21% O₂) group. Then reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of miR-646 and IGF-1. hPDLCs infected with lentivirus (LV)-pre-miR-646 or LV-anti-mR-646, and negative controls were cultured. MTT assay, caspase-3 ELISA assay, and wound healing assay were performed to evaluate how miR-646 was influenced by hypoxia. In addition, the relationship between miR-646 and IGF-1 was explored.

Results

The expression of miR-646 was downregulated and IGF-1 was upregulated in hypoxia conditions. MiR-646 was able to suppress hPDLCs proliferation and promote apoptosis in hypoxia conditions. The mRNA and protein expressions of IGF-1 were downregulated when miR-646 was overexpressed and upregulated when miR-646 was downregulated.

Conclusions

This finding identified a significant role of miR-646 in hPDLCs in suppressing cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis by inversely regulating IGF-1 expression. Meanwhile, the regulation of hPDLCs in hypoxia may be through the miR-646/IGF-1 signaling pathway, probably serving as a promising therapeutic target for periodontal diseases.

Integrated Lung and Tracheal mRNA-Seq and miRNA-Seq Analysis of Dogs with an Avian-Like H5N1 Canine Influenza Virus Infection

Avian-like H5N1 canine influenza virus (CIV) causes severe respiratory infections in dogs. However, the mechanism underlying H5N1 CIV infection in dogs is unknown. The present study aimed to identify differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs in the lungs and trachea in H5N1 CIV-infected dogs through a next-generation sequencing-based method. Eighteen 40-day-old beagles were inoculated intranasally with CIV, A/canine/01/Guangdong/2013 (H5N1) at a tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID₅₀) of 10⁶, and lung and tracheal tissues were harvested at 3 and 7 d post-inoculation. The tissues were processed for miRNA and mRNA analysis. By means of miRNA-gene expression integrative negative analysis, we found miRNA–mRNA pairs. Lung and trachea tissues showed 138 and 135 negative miRNA–mRNA pairs, respectively. One hundred and twenty negative miRNA–mRNA pairs were found between the different tissues. In particular, pathways including the influenza A pathway, chemokine signaling pathways, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway were significantly enriched in all groups in responses to virus infection. Furthermore, dysregulation of miRNA and mRNA expression was observed in the respiratory tract of H5N1 CIV-infected dogs and notably, TLR4 (miR-146), NF-κB (miR-34c) and CCL5 (miR-335), CCL10 (miR-8908-5p), and GNGT2 (miR-122) were found to play important roles in regulating pathways that resist virus infection. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to analyze miRNA and mRNA expression in H5N1 CIV-infected dogs; furthermore, the present findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying influenza virus infection.

Employing mesenchymal stem cells to support tumor-targeted delivery of extracellular vesicle (EV)-encapsulated microRNA-379

Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have a well-established tumor-homing capacity, highlighting potential as tumor-targeted delivery vehicles. MSCs secrete extracellular vesicle (EV)-encapsulated microRNAs, which play a role in intercellular communication. The aim of this study was to characterize a potential tumor suppressor microRNA, miR-379, and engineer MSCs to secrete EVs enriched with miR-379 for in vivo therapy of breast cancer. miR-379 expression was significantly reduced in lymph node metastases compared to primary tumor tissue from the same patients. A significant reduction in the rate of tumor formation and growth in vivo was observed in T47D breast cancer cells stably expressing miR-379. In more aggressive HER2-amplified HCC-1954 cells, HCC-379 and HCC-NTC tumor growth rate in vivo was similar, but increased tumor necrosis was observed in HCC-379 tumors. In response to elevated miR-379, COX-2 mRNA and protein was also significantly reduced in vitro and in vivo. MSCs were successfully engineered to secrete EVs enriched with miR-379, with the majority found to be of the appropriate size and morphology of exosomal EVs. Administration of MSC-379 or MSC-NTC cells, or EVs derived from either cell population, resulted in no adverse effects in vivo. While MSC-379 cells did not impact tumor growth, systemic administration of cell-free EVs enriched with miR-379 was demonstrated to have a therapeutic effect. The data presented support miR-379 as a potent tumor suppressor in breast cancer, mediated in part through regulation of COX-2. Exploiting the tumor-homing capacity of MSCs while engineering the cells to secrete EVs enriched with miR-379 holds exciting potential as an innovative therapy for metastatic breast cancer.

MiR-665 regulates VSMCs proliferation via targeting FGF9 and MEF2D and modulating activities of Wnt/β-catenin signaling

Abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Studies have showed the great impact of microRNAs (miRNAs) on the cell proliferation in VSMCs. This study examined the in vitro functional roles of miR-665 in the VSMCs and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. The mRNA and protein expression levels were determined by qRT-PCR and western blot assays, respectively. CCK-8, transwell invasion and wound healing assays were performed to measure VSMCs proliferation, invasion and migration, respectively. The miR-665 targeted-3'UTR of fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) and myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D) was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. Platelet-derived growth factor-bb (PDGF-bb) and 20% serum promoted cell proliferation and suppressed the expression of miR-665 in VSMCs. In vitro functional assays demonstrated that miR-665 inhibited VSMCs proliferation, invasion and migration. Bioinformatics analysis showed that FGF9 and MEF2D were found to be downstream targets of miR-665. Luciferase report assay confirmed that FGF9 and MEF2D 3'UTRs are direct targets of miR-665, and miR-665 overexpression suppressed both the mRNA and protein expression levels of FGF9 and MEF2D. Furthermore, rescue experiments showed that enforced expression of FGF9 or MEF2D attenuated the inhibitory effects of miR-665 on VSMCs proliferation. More importantly, overexpression of miR-665 also suppressed the mRNA and protein expression levels of β-catenin, c-myc and cyclin D1. In summary, miR-665 suppressed the VSMCs proliferation, invasion and migration via targeting FGF9 and MEF2D, and the in vitro effects of miR-665 on VSMCs may be associated with modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling activities.

MiR-137 inhibited cell proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells via targeting IGFBP-5 and modulating the mTOR/STAT3 signaling

Abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Studies have shown the great impact of microRNAs (miRNAs) on the cell proliferation of VSMCs. This study examined the effects of miR-137 on the cell proliferation and migration of VSMCs and also explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. The mRNA and protein expression levels were determined by qRT-PCR and western blot assays, respectively. The CCK-8 assay, wound healing assay and transwell migration assay were performed to measure cell proliferation and migration of VSMCs. The miR-137-targeted 3’untranslated region of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. Platelet-derived growth factor-bb (PDGF-bb) treatment enhanced cell proliferation and suppressed the expression of miR-137 in VSMCs. The gain-of-function and loss-of-function assays showed that overexpression of miR-137 suppressed the cell proliferation and migration, and also inhibited the expression of matrix genes of VSMCs; down-regulation of miR-137 had the opposite effects on VSMCs. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase report assay results showed that IGFBP-5 was a direct target of miR-137, and miR-137 overexpression suppressed the IGFBP-5 expression and down-regulation of miR-137 increased the IGFBP-5 expression in VSMCs. PDGF-bb treatment also increased the IGFBP-5 mRNA expression. In addition, enforced expression of IGFBP-5 reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-137 on cell proliferation and migration of VSMCs. More importantly, overexpression of miR-137 also suppressed the activity of mTOR/STAT3 signaling in VSMCs. Taken together, the results suggest that miR-137 may suppress cell proliferation and migration of VSMCs via targeting IGFBP-5 and modulating mTOR/STAT3 signaling pathway.