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Liu ZY, Tang JM, Yang MQ, Yang ZH, Xia JZ. The role of LncRNA-mediated autophagy in cancer progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1348894. [PMID: 38933333 PMCID: PMC11199412 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1348894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a sort of transcripts that are more than 200 nucleotides in length. In recent years, many studies have revealed the modulatory role of lncRNAs in cancer. Typically, lncRNAs are linked to a variety of essential events, such as apoptosis, cellular proliferation, and the invasion of malignant cells. Simultaneously, autophagy, an essential intracellular degradation mechanism in eukaryotic cells, is activated to respond to multiple stressful circumstances, for example, nutrient scarcity, accumulation of abnormal proteins, and organelle damage. Autophagy plays both suppressive and promoting roles in cancer. Increasingly, studies have unveiled how dysregulated lncRNAs expression can disrupt autophagic balance, thereby contributing to cancer progression. Consequently, exploring the interplay between lncRNAs and autophagy holds promising implications for clinical research. In this manuscript, we methodically compiled the advances in the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs and autophagy and briefly summarized the implications of the lncRNA-mediated autophagy axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-yuan Liu
- Gastroenterological Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Jia-ming Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Meng-qi Yang
- Gastroenterological Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhi-hui Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Jia-zeng Xia
- Gastroenterological Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China
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Gholami F, Seyedalipour B, Heidari-Kalvani N, Nabi-Afjadi M, Yaghoubzad-Maleki M, Fathi Z, Alipourfard I, Barjesteh F, Bahreini E. Catharanthine, an anticancer vinca alkaloid: an in silico and in vitro analysis of the autophagic system as the major mechanism of cell death in liver HepG2 cells. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03191-8. [PMID: 38856913 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Catharanthine, a component of the anticancer drug vinblastine along with vindoline, disrupts the cell cycle by interfering with mitotic spindle formation. Apart from their antioxidant properties, vinca alkaloids like catharanthine inhibit phosphodiesterase activity and elevate intracellular cAMP levels. The aim of this study was to investigate how catharantine affects apoptosis and autophagy. This study conducted experiments on HepG2 liver carcinoma cells with varying doses of catharanthine to evaluate cell death rates and viability and determine the IC50 concentration via MTT assays. The apoptotic and autophagic effects of catharanthine were assessed using flow cytometry with annexin V and PI staining, while the expression of autophagy-related genes was analyzed through quantitative PCR. Additionally, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were employed to further investigate catharanthine's impact on autophagy mechanisms. The study showed that catharanthine reduced oxidative stress and triggered apoptosis in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Catharanthine also upregulated the expression of autophagy-related genes like LC3, Beclin1, and ULK1. Notably, catharanthine increased sirtuin-1 levels, a known autophagy inducer, while decreasing Akt expression compared to untreated cells. Molecular docking results indicated rapamycin had a stronger binding affinity with FRB (-10.7 KJ/mol-1) than catharanthine (-7.3 KJ/mol-1). Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that catharanthine interacted effectively with the FRB domain of mTOR, displaying stability and a strong binding affinity, although not as potent as rapamycin. In summary, besides its cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects, catharanthine activates autophagy signaling pathways and induces autophagic necrosis by inhibiting mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnoosh Gholami
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Bagher Seyedalipour
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Heidari-Kalvani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yaghoubzad-Maleki
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Fathi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Alipourfard
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fereshte Barjesteh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Bahreini
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Cai H, Meng Z, Yu F. The involvement of ROS-regulated programmed cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 197:104361. [PMID: 38626849 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxidative species (ROS) is a crucial factor in the regulation of cellular biological activity and function, and aberrant levels of ROS can contribute to the development of a variety of diseases, particularly cancer. Numerous discoveries have affirmed that this process is strongly associated with "programmed cell death (PCD)," which refers to the suicide protection mechanism initiated by cells in response to external stimuli, such as apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, etc. Research has demonstrated that ROS-induced PCD is crucial for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These activities serve a dual function in both facilitating and inhibiting cancer, suggesting the existence of a delicate balance within healthy cells that can be disrupted by the abnormal generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby influencing the eventual advancement or regression of a tumor. In this review, we summarize how ROS regulates PCD to influence the tumorigenesis and progression of HCC. Studying how ROS-induced PCD affects the progression of HCC at a molecular level can help develop better prevention and treatment methods and facilitate the design of more effective preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchen Cai
- The First Afliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ziqi Meng
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fujun Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Li J, Liu Y, Zheng R, Qu C, Li J. Molecular mechanisms of TACE refractoriness: Directions for improvement of the TACE procedure. Life Sci 2024; 342:122540. [PMID: 38428568 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation (TACE) is the standard of care for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma and selected patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. However, TACE does not achieve a satisfactory objective response rate, and the concept of TACE refractoriness has been proposed to identify patients who do not fully benefit from TACE. Moreover, repeated TACE is necessary to obtain an optimal and sustained anti-tumour response, which may damage the patient's liver function. Therefore, studies have recently been performed to improve the effectiveness of TACE. In this review, we summarise the detailed molecular mechanisms associated with TACE responsiveness and relapse after this treatment to provide more effective targets for adjuvant therapy while helping to improve TACE regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Li
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China; The Public Laboratory Platform of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingnan Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruipeng Zheng
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Qu
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China; The Public Laboratory Platform of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
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Yin Y, Wang B, Yang M, Chen J, Li T. Gastric cancer prognosis: unveiling autophagy-related signatures and immune infiltrates. Transl Cancer Res 2024; 13:1479-1492. [PMID: 38617515 PMCID: PMC11009815 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-23-1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Autophagy played a crucial regulatory role in tumor initiation and progression. Therefore, we aimed to comprehensively analyze autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in gastric cancer, focusing on their expression, prognostic value, and potential functions. Methods The gastric cancer gene chip datasets (GSE79973 and GSE54129) were collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Subsequently, the Limma package was employed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the normal and disease groups. The selected ARGs were further authenticated using the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and GSE19826 database. Results A total of 15 autophagy-related DEGs, eight of which were upregulated [FKBP1A, IL24, PEA15, HSP90AB1, cathepsin B (CTSB), ITGB1, SPHK1, HIF1A], while seven were downregulated (DAPK2, EIF2AK3, FKBP1B, PTK6, NKX2-3, NFE2L2, PRKCD). Analysis revealed that CTSB was specifically associated with the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showcased a significant enrichment of CTSB-related genes within immune-related pathways. Moreover, correlation analysis demonstrated a clear association between the expression of CTSB and immune infiltration. The upregulation of CTSB in gastric cancer was linked to poor survival and increased immune infiltration. Conclusions We conjectured that CTSB likely played a critical role in regulating immunity and autophagy in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Yin
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance (Ningxia Medical University), Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, China
| | - Baozhen Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance (Ningxia Medical University), Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mingzhe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance (Ningxia Medical University), Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance (Ningxia Medical University), Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tumor Hospital, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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ZHANG LU, CHU JINGUO, YU YUSHAN. Developing risk models and subtypes of autophagy-associated LncRNAs for enhanced prognostic prediction and precision in therapeutic approaches for liver cancer patients. Oncol Res 2024; 32:703-716. [PMID: 38560571 PMCID: PMC10972734 DOI: 10.32604/or.2023.030988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Limited research has been conducted on the influence of autophagy-associated long non-coding RNAs (ARLncRNAs) on the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods We analyzed 371 HCC samples from TCGA, identifying expression networks of ARLncRNAs using autophagy-related genes. Screening for prognostically relevant ARLncRNAs involved univariate Cox regression, Lasso regression, and multivariate Cox regression. A Nomogram was further employed to assess the reliability of Riskscore, calculated from the signatures of screened ARLncRNAs, in predicting outcomes. Additionally, we compared drug sensitivities in patient groups with differing risk levels and investigated potential biological pathways through enrichment analysis, using consensus clustering to identify subgroups related to ARLncRNAs. Results The screening process identified 27 ARLncRNAs, with 13 being associated with HCC prognosis. Consequently, a set of signatures comprising 8 ARLncRNAs was successfully constructed as independent prognostic factors for HCC. Patients in the high-risk group showed very poor prognoses in most clinical categories. The Riskscore was closely related to immune cell scores, such as macrophages, and the DEGs between different groups were implicated in metabolism, cell cycle, and mitotic processes. Notably, high-risk group patients demonstrated a significantly lower IC50 for Paclitaxel, suggesting that Paclitaxel could be an ideal treatment for those at elevated risk for HCC. We further identified C2 as the Paclitaxel subtype, where patients exhibited higher Riskscores, reduced survival rates, and more severe clinical progression. Conclusion The 8 signatures based on ARLncRNAs present novel targets for prognostic prediction in HCC. The drug candidate Paclitaxel may effectively treat HCC by impacting ARLncRNAs expression. With the identification of ARLncRNAs-related isoforms, these results provide valuable insights for clinical exploration of autophagy mechanisms in HCC pathogenesis and offer potential avenues for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- LU ZHANG
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - JINGUO CHU
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - YUSHAN YU
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Li S, Gao K, Yao D. Comprehensive analysis of autophagy associated genes and immune infiltrates in cervical cancer. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:813-824. [PMID: 38800011 PMCID: PMC11127083 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2024.74431.16168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Cervical cancer (CC) is the most common gynecological malignant tumor and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in women. The progression of CC is significantly affected by autophagy. Our objective was to use bioinformatics analysis to explore the expression, prognostic significance, and immune infiltration of autophagy-related genes in CC. Materials and Methods We identified a set of autophagy-related differentially expressed genes (ARDEGs) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. ARDEGs were further validated by The Human Protein Atlas (HPA), GSE52903, and GSE39001 dataset. Hub genes were found by the STRING network and Cytoscape. We performed Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Gene ontology analysis (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, and immune infiltration analysis to further understand the functions of the hub genes. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) were used to check the hub genes. Results A total of 10 up-regulated (CXCR4, BAX, SPHK1, EIF2AK2, TBK1, TNFSF10, ITGB4, CDKN2A, IL24, and BIRC5) and 19 down-regulated (PINK1, ATG16L2, ATG4D, IKBKE, MLST8, MAPK3, ERBB2, ULK3, TP53INP2, MTMR14, BNIP3, FOS, CCL2, FAS, CAPNS1, HSPB8, PTK6, FKBP1B , and DNAJB1) ARDEGs were identified. The ARDEGs were enriched in cell growth, apoptosis, human papillomavirus infection, and cytokine-mediated. Then, we found that low expression of MAPK3 was associated with poor prognosis in CC patients and was significantly enriched in immune pathways. In addition, the expression of MAPK3 was significantly positively correlated with the infiltration levels of macrophages, B cells, mast cell activation, and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Furthermore, MAPK3 was positively correlated with LGALS9, and negatively correlated with CTLA4 and CD40. Conclusion Our results show that MAPK3 can be used as a new prognostic biomarker to predict the prognosis of patients with CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China
| | - Kun Gao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China
| | - Desheng Yao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China
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Li Q, Lin Y, Liang G, Xiao N, Zhang H, Yang X, Yang J, Liu A. Autophagy and Senescence: The Molecular Mechanisms and Implications in Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16880. [PMID: 38069199 PMCID: PMC10706096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the primary organ accountable for complex physiological functions, including lipid metabolism, toxic chemical degradation, bile acid synthesis, and glucose metabolism. Liver function homeostasis is essential for the stability of bodily functions and is involved in the complex regulation of the balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Cell proliferation-halting mechanisms, including autophagy and senescence, are implicated in the development of several liver diseases, such as cholestasis, viral hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Among various cell death mechanisms, autophagy is a highly conserved and self-degradative cellular process that recycles damaged organelles, cellular debris, and proteins. This process also provides the substrate for further metabolism. A defect in the autophagy machinery can lead to premature diseases, accelerated aging, inflammatory state, tumorigenesis, and cellular senescence. Senescence, another cell death type, is an active player in eliminating premalignant cells. At the same time, senescent cells can affect the function of neighboring cells by secreting the senescence-associated secretory phenotype and induce paracrine senescence. Autophagy can promote and delay cellular senescence under different contexts. This review decodes the roles of autophagy and senescence in multiple liver diseases to achieve a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms and implications of autophagy and senescence in various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anding Liu
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan 430100, China; (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (G.L.); (N.X.); (H.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.Y.)
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Ke H, Yuan R, Liu H, Luo M, Hu H, Zhang E, Zhuang K, Yang Y, Yang R. Serum protein biomarkers for HCC risk prediction in HIV/HBV co-infected people: a clinical proteomic study using mass spectrometry. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1282469. [PMID: 38022651 PMCID: PMC10667720 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1282469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HBV coinfection is frequent in people living with HIV (PLWH) and is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While risk prediction methods for HCC in patients with HBV monoinfection have been proposed, suitable biomarkers for early diagnosis of HCC in PLWH remain uncommon. Methods Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to examine serum protein alterations in HCC and non-HCC patients with HIV and HBV co-infection. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Disease Ontology (DO) enrichment analysis were performed on the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). The risk prediction model was created using five-cross-validation and LASSO regression to filter core DEPs. Results A total of 124 DEPs were discovered, with 95 proteins up-regulated and 29 proteins down-regulated. Extracellular matrix organization and membrane component were the DEPs that were most abundant in the categories of biological processes (BP) and cellular components (CC). Proteoglycans in cancer were one of the top three DEPs primarily enriched in the KEGG pathway, and 60.0% of DEPs were linked to various neoplasms in terms of DO enrichment. Eleven proteins, including GAPR1, PLTP, CLASP2, IGHV1-69D, IGLV5-45, A2M, VNN1, KLK11, ANPEP, DPP4 and HYI, were chosen as the core DEPs, and a nomogram was created to predict HCC risk. Conclusion In HIV/HBV patients with HCC, several differential proteins can be detected in plasma by mass spectrometry, which can be used as screening markers for early diagnosis and risk prediction of HCC. Monitoring protease expression differences can help in the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengning Ke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Center for AIDS Research, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Yuan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingqi Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Center for AIDS Research, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Center for AIDS Research, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Zhuang
- Animal Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Yang
- SpecAlly Life Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Center for AIDS Research, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Yao C, Dai S, Wang C, Fu K, Wu R, Zhao X, Yao Y, Li Y. Luteolin as a potential hepatoprotective drug: Molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115464. [PMID: 37713990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Luteolin is a flavonoid widely present in various traditional Chinese medicines. In recent years, luteolin has received more attention due to its impressive liver protective effect, such as metabolic associated fatty liver disease, hepatic fibrosis and hepatoma. This article summarizes the pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and toxicity of luteolin against liver diseases, and provides prospect. The results indicate that luteolin improves liver lesions through various mechanisms, including inhibiting inflammatory factors, reducing oxidative stress, regulating lipid balance, slowing down excessive aggregation of extracellular matrix, inducing apoptosis and autophagy of liver cancer cells. Pharmacokinetics research manifested that due to metabolic effects, the bioavailability of luteolin is relatively low. It is worth noting that appropriate modification, new delivery systems, and derivatives can enhance its bioavailability. Although many studies have shown that the toxicity of luteolin is minimal, strict toxicity experiments are still needed to evaluate its safety and promote its reasonable development. In addition, this study also discussed the clinical applications related to luteolin, indicating that it is a key component of commonly used liver protective drugs in clinical practice. In view of its excellent pharmacological effects, luteolin is expected to become a potential drug for the treatment of various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ke Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xingtao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yuxin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Jiang B, Cui Y, Ma X, Zhang Y, Feng X, Yang T, Feng L, Guo W, Li Y, Wang T, Guo H, Li H, Duan Y, Su H. Crosstalk between autophagy inhibitor and salidroside-induced apoptosis: A novel strategy for autophagy-based treatment of hepatocellular cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:111040. [PMID: 37839277 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy regulates many cell function related to cancer, including cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis. Therefore, we investigated the potential value of crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis. The present study demonstrated that seven autophagy related genes were screened from the biological network of salidroside (Sal) acting on liver cancer. The GO analysis showed that these genes were mainly involved in apoptosis and autophagy. The KEGG analysis showed that these genes regulated the process of liver cancer through Th17 cell differentiation, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and other pathways. Moreover, seven genes were positively correlated with tumor purity, number of B cells, number of CD4+ T cells, number of CD8+ T cells, number of macrophages, number of dendritic cells and number of neutrophils. The overall survival time of liver cancer patients in the high expression group of BIRC5, HSP90AB1 and MTOR was lower than that in the low expression group (P < 0.05), while the overall survival time of the liver cancer patients in the high expression group of DLC1 and FOXO1 was higher than that in the low expression group (P < 0.05). In the pan-cancer analysis, we also found that BIRC5, HSP90AB1, MTOR, and ITGA6 were highly expressed in various cancers, while DLC1, FOXO1, and FOS were low expressed in various cancers. In the molecule docking analysis, we found that FOS, HSP90AB1, and MTOR had the best binding ability. Notably, in the vitro validation experiments, Sal was confirmed to induce autophagy and apoptosis, inhibite invasion and metastasis of liver cancer cells through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Meanwhile, inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine diphosphate (CQ) promoted Sal-induced mitochondrial apoptosis via corresponding cell and animal experiments. We speculated that Sal-induced autophagy might be a protective mechanism, inhibition of autophagy could further promote the progression of liver cancer. It may provide important insight into the molecular mechanism of crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis, and provide a new theoretical basis of Sal combined with autophagy inhibitors as a adjuvant chemotherapeutic strategy for human liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Jiang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yangyang Cui
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xinxin Ma
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Longfei Feng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Wenjing Guo
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Translational Medicine Research Center, Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Haining Li
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Ying Duan
- Department of Ultrasound, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Haixiang Su
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Translational Medicine Research Center, Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China.
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12
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Marcondes-de-Castro IA, Reis-Barbosa PH, Marinho TS, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. AMPK/mTOR pathway significance in healthy liver and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its progression. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:1868-1876. [PMID: 37438882 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is related to several organs, but the liver is particularly affected. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor and regulator of liver lipid dysfunction and glucose metabolism. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase regulating cell growth, survival, metabolism, and immunity. Together, these pathways are involved in obesity, insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progression, and autophagy. During energy demand, liver kinase B (LKB) phosphorylation helps activate the AMPK/mTOR pathways. Likewise, the protein forkhead box O family (FOXO) negatively regulates adipogenesis by binding to the promoter sites of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha, initiating adipogenesis. In addition, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which regulates de novo lipogenesis, is linked to LKB and FOXO in developing NAFLD. The kinase complex, consisting of Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1 or 2 (ULK1, ULK2) by stimulating autophagy, and eliminating fat droplets in NAFLD, is regulated by mTORC1 and negatively regulated by AMPK that suppresses liver lipogenesis and increases fatty acid oxidation. Also, ULK1 is essential for initiating phagophore formation, establishing macrophagy, and generating autophagosomes. The selective breakdown of lipid droplets through macroautophagy, or macrolipophagy, occurs on a cellular energy level using free fatty acids. In addition, mTORC1 promotes lipogenesis by activating sterol regulatory element-binding protein. Finding new components and novel regulatory modes in signaling is significant for a better understanding of the AMPK/mTOR pathways, potentially facilitating the development of future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for NAFLD and its progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilitch Aquino Marcondes-de-Castro
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Centre, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Reis-Barbosa
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Centre, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thatiany Souza Marinho
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Centre, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Centre, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Centre, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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Wang X, Zhou L, Wang H, Chen W, Jiang L, Ming G, Wang J. Metabolic reprogramming, autophagy, and ferroptosis: Novel arsenals to overcome immunotherapy resistance in gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer Med 2023; 12:20573-20589. [PMID: 37860928 PMCID: PMC10660574 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal cancer poses a serious health threat owing to its high morbidity and mortality. Although immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies have achieved meaningful success in most solid tumors, the improvement in survival in gastrointestinal cancers is modest, owing to sparse immune response and widespread resistance. Metabolic reprogramming, autophagy, and ferroptosis are key regulators of tumor progression. METHODS A literature review was conducted to investigate the role of the metabolic reprogramming, autophagy, and ferroptosis in immunotherapy resistance of gastrointestinal cancer. RESULTS Metabolic reprogramming, autophagy, and ferroptosis play pivotal roles in regulating the survival, differentiation, and function of immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. These processes redefine the nutrient allocation blueprint between cancer cells and immune cells, facilitating tumor immune evasion, which critically impacts the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy for gastrointestinal cancers. Additionally, there exists profound crosstalk among metabolic reprogramming, autophagy, and ferroptosis. These interactions are paramount in anti-tumor immunity, further promoting the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment and resistance to immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Consequently, it is imperative to conduct comprehensive research on the roles of metabolic reprogramming, autophagy, and ferroptosis in the resistance of gastrointestinal tumor immunotherapy. This understanding will illuminate the clinical potential of targeting these pathways and their regulatory mechanisms to overcome immunotherapy resistance in gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwen Wang
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Liwen Zhou
- Department of StomatologyThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Hongpeng Wang
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Guangtao Ming
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
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14
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Qian H, Ding WX. SQSTM1/p62 and Hepatic Mallory-Denk Body Formation in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1415-1426. [PMID: 36906265 PMCID: PMC10642158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62; hereafter p62) is an autophagy receptor protein for selective autophagy primarily due to its direct interaction with the microtubule light chain 3 protein that specifically localizes on autophagosome membranes. As a result, impaired autophagy leads to the accumulation of p62. p62 is also a common component of many human liver disease-related cellular inclusion bodies, such as Mallory-Denk bodies, intracytoplasmic hyaline bodies, α1-antitrypsin aggregates, as well as p62 bodies and condensates. p62 also acts as an intracellular signaling hub, and it involves multiple signaling pathways, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, NF-κB, and the mechanistic target of rapamycin, which are critical for oxidative stress, inflammation, cell survival, metabolism, and liver tumorigenesis. This review discusses the recent insights of p62 in protein quality control, including the role of p62 in the formation and degradation of p62 stress granules and protein aggregates as well as regulation of multiple signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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15
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Azher ZL, Suvarna A, Chen JQ, Zhang Z, Christensen BC, Salas LA, Vaickus LJ, Levy JJ. Assessment of emerging pretraining strategies in interpretable multimodal deep learning for cancer prognostication. BioData Min 2023; 16:23. [PMID: 37481666 PMCID: PMC10363299 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-023-00338-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep learning models can infer cancer patient prognosis from molecular and anatomic pathology information. Recent studies that leveraged information from complementary multimodal data improved prognostication, further illustrating the potential utility of such methods. However, current approaches: 1) do not comprehensively leverage biological and histomorphological relationships and 2) make use of emerging strategies to "pretrain" models (i.e., train models on a slightly orthogonal dataset/modeling objective) which may aid prognostication by reducing the amount of information required for achieving optimal performance. In addition, model interpretation is crucial for facilitating the clinical adoption of deep learning methods by fostering practitioner understanding and trust in the technology. METHODS Here, we develop an interpretable multimodal modeling framework that combines DNA methylation, gene expression, and histopathology (i.e., tissue slides) data, and we compare performance of crossmodal pretraining, contrastive learning, and transfer learning versus the standard procedure. RESULTS Our models outperform the existing state-of-the-art method (average 11.54% C-index increase), and baseline clinically driven models (average 11.7% C-index increase). Model interpretations elucidate consideration of biologically meaningful factors in making prognosis predictions. DISCUSSION Our results demonstrate that the selection of pretraining strategies is crucial for obtaining highly accurate prognostication models, even more so than devising an innovative model architecture, and further emphasize the all-important role of the tumor microenvironment on disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarif L Azher
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Anish Suvarna
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Ji-Qing Chen
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
- Program in Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Ze Zhang
- Program in Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Brock C Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Lucas A Salas
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
- Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth (IND) Graduate Program, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Louis J Vaickus
- Emerging Diagnostic and Investigative Technologies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Joshua J Levy
- Program in Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Emerging Diagnostic and Investigative Technologies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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16
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Zhao W, Xi L, Yu G, Wang G, Chang C. High expression of GPR50 promotes the proliferation, migration and autophagy of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00772-9. [PMID: 37378811 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play important roles in tumorigenesis and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). GPR50 is an orphan GPCR. Previous studies have indicated that GPR50 could protect against breast cancer development and decrease tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. However, its role in HCC remains indistinct. To detect the role and the regulation mechanism of GPR50 in HCC, GPR50 expression was analyzed in HCC patients (gene expression omnibus database (GEO) (GSE45436)) and detected in HCC cell line CBRH-7919, and the results showed that GPR50 was significantly up-regulated in HCC patients and CBRH-7919 cell line compared to the corresponding normal control. Gpr50 cDNA was transfected into HCC cell line CBRH-7919, and we found that Gpr50 promoted the proliferation, migration, and autophagy of CBRH-7919. The regulation mechanism of GPR50 in HCC was detected by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) analysis, and we found that GPR50 promoted HCC was closely related to CCT6A and PGK1. Taken together, GPR50 may promote HCC progression via CCT6A-induced proliferation and PGK1-induced migration and autophagy, and GPR50 could be an important target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Henan Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Lingling Xi
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Guoying Yu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Henan Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Gaiping Wang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Henan Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Cuifang Chang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Henan Xinxiang, 453007, China.
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17
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Song Y, Wang B, Wang W, Shi Q. Regulatory effect of orexin system on various diseases through mTOR signaling pathway. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:292-302. [PMID: 36934048 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Orexin (OX)A and OXB are a pair of neuropeptides secreted by orexin-producing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. The orexin system can regulate many physiological processes through these two receptor pathways, such as feeding behavior, sleep/wake state, energy homeostasis, reward, and the coordination of emotion. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) can coordinate upstream signals with downstream effectors, thereby regulating fundamental cellular processes and also plays an essential role in the signaling network downstream of the orexin system. In turn, the orexin system can activate mTOR. Here, we review the association of the orexin system with the mTOR signaling pathway mainly by discussing that drugs in various diseases exert their effects on the orexin system, indirectly affecting the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Beibei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiwen Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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18
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Kumar A, Girisa S, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Hegde M, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Targeting Autophagy Using Long Non-Coding RNAs (LncRNAs): New Landscapes in the Arena of Cancer Therapeutics. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050810. [PMID: 36899946 PMCID: PMC10000689 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become a global health hazard accounting for 10 million deaths in the year 2020. Although different treatment approaches have increased patient overall survival, treatment for advanced stages still suffers from poor clinical outcomes. The ever-increasing prevalence of cancer has led to a reanalysis of cellular and molecular events in the hope to identify and develop a cure for this multigenic disease. Autophagy, an evolutionary conserved catabolic process, eliminates protein aggregates and damaged organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis. Accumulating evidence has implicated the deregulation of autophagic pathways to be associated with various hallmarks of cancer. Autophagy exhibits both tumor-promoting and suppressive effects based on the tumor stage and grades. Majorly, it maintains the cancer microenvironment homeostasis by promoting viability and nutrient recycling under hypoxic and nutrient-deprived conditions. Recent investigations have discovered long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as master regulators of autophagic gene expression. lncRNAs, by sequestering autophagy-related microRNAs, have been known to modulate various hallmarks of cancer, such as survival, proliferation, EMT, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. This review delineates the mechanistic role of various lncRNAs involved in modulating autophagy and their related proteins in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Electronics and Communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 35712, Egypt
| | - Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (A.B.K.); Tel.: +91-789-600-5326 (G.S.); +91-361-258-2231 (A.B.K.)
| | - Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (A.B.K.); Tel.: +91-789-600-5326 (G.S.); +91-361-258-2231 (A.B.K.)
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Liu S, Zhang H, Yan J, Zhu J, Bai Z, Li X. FOXP3 and SQSTM1/P62 correlate with prognosis and immune infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 242:154292. [PMID: 36630868 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common highly malignant tumours worldwide. FOXP3 and SQSTM1/P62 have been shown to be abnormally expressed in tumour cells, but their function in different tumours remains controversial. The present study was designed to evaluate the expression of FOXP3 and P62 in HCC and their prognostic value as well as their relationship with immune infiltration in HCC patients. METHODS The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and TNMplot.com platform were used to analyse the expression of FOXP3 and P62. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Kaplan-Meier plotter were used to assess the impacts of FOXP3 and P62 on clinical prognosis. In addition, TCGA database was also used to examine the correlation between the expression of FOXP3 and P62 and tumour immune infiltration using the CIBERSORT algorithm. Finally, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to determine expression levels of FOXP3 and P62 in 89 HCC and adjacent normal liver tissues, and their effects on clinicopathological features and prognosis were verified. RESULTS FOXP3 expression was downregulated in HCC tissues, while P62 expression was upregulated. FOXP3 underexpression and P62 overexpression were closely related to decreased overall survival (OS) in HCC patients. Additionally, the abnormal expression of FOXP3 and P62 was closely related to the infiltration levels of 12 types of immune cells, including regulatory T cells (Tregs), M2 macrophages, M0 macrophages, and CD8 T cells. Notably, in the validation model, abnormal FOXP3 and P62 expression was significantly associated with adverse clinicopathological factors in HCC patients, including elevated α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, poor tumour differentiation, and increased Ki67 levels. Furthermore, low FOXP3 and high P62 expression were independent risk factors for predicting OS prognosis in HCC patients. CONCLUSION FOXP3 and P62 have been shown to be important prognostic factors in HCC patients and are associated with immune cell infiltration in HCC. These findings suggest that FOXP3 and P62 may be valuable prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuohui Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglong Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yan
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China; Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China; Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Donggang District, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongtian Bai
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China; Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China; Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Li
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China; Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China; Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Tan CT, Soh NJH, Chang HC, Yu VC. p62/SQSTM1 in liver diseases: the usual suspect with multifarious identities. FEBS J 2023; 290:892-912. [PMID: 34882306 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
p62/Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1) is a selective autophagy receptor that recruits and delivers intracellular substrates for bulk clearance through the autophagy lysosomal pathway. Interestingly, p62 also serves as a signaling scaffold to participate in the regulation of multiple physiological processes, including oxidative stress response, metabolism, inflammation, and programmed cell death. Perturbation of p62 activity has been frequently found to be associated with the pathogenesis of many liver diseases. p62 has been identified as a critical component of protein aggregates in the forms of Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) or intracellular hyaline bodies (IHBs), which are known to be frequently detected in biopsy samples from alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Importantly, abundance of these p62 inclusion bodies is increasingly recognized as a biomarker for NASH and HCC. Although the level of p62 bodies seems to predict the progression and prognosis of these liver diseases, understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which p62 regulates and contributes to the development and progression of these diseases remains incomplete. In this review, we will focus on the function and regulation of p62, and its pathophysiological roles in the liver, by critically reviewing the findings from preclinical models that recapitulate the pathogenesis and manifestation of these liver diseases in humans. In addition, we will also explore the suitability of p62 as a predictive biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of liver diseases, including NASH and HCC, as well as recent development of small-molecule compounds for targeting the p62 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Teik Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Hao-Chun Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor C Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Sun Q, Guo Y, Li X, Luo X, Qiu Y, Liu G. A tyrosinase fluorescent probe with large Stokes shift and high fluorescence enhancement for effective identification of liver cancer cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 285:121831. [PMID: 36150261 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is widely regarded as an important biomarker for melanocytic and liver cancer. However, most currently reported tyrosinase probes have been focused on malignant melanoma study, and few tyrosinase probe have been applied for liver cancer investigation. Herein, we developed a novel probe HFC-TYR for sensitive and selective tracking of tyrosinase activity at enzyme and cellular level, and investigated its application for liver cancer diagnosis. As expected, HFC-TYR has excellent response ability for tyrosinase sensing at enzyme level, such as large Stokes shift (170 nm), high fluorescence enhancement (178-fold), low detection limit (0.12 U/mL), which indicates its potential for efficient identification of endogenous tyrosinase activity at cellular levels. Unsurprisingly, HFC-TYR is proved to be able detect endogenous tyrosinase levels in various living cells. More importantly, HFC-TYR is successfully used to distinguish HepG2 cells from other cells (SKOV3, HeLa and 293T), indicating that tyrosinase is overexpressed in HepG2 cells and HFC-TYR can specifically identify HepG2 cells at cellular level. Meanwhile, HFC-TYR is able to further monitor the endogenous tyrosinase activity in zebrafish models. Therefore, all the findings confirm that HFC-TYR has the application potential of liver cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry and School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Yun Guo
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry and School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry and School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry and School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry and School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Genyan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry and School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
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22
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Mou L, Pu Z, Luo Y, Quan R, So Y, Jiang H. Construction of a lipid metabolism-related risk model for hepatocellular carcinoma by single cell and machine learning analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1036562. [PMID: 36936948 PMCID: PMC10014552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1036562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most common cancers is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Numerous studies have shown the relationship between abnormal lipid metabolism-related genes (LMRGs) and malignancies. In most studies, the single LMRG was studied and has limited clinical application value. This study aims to develop a novel LMRG prognostic model for HCC patients and to study its utility for predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine. We used the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset and TCGA dataset of HCC samples and discovered differentially expressed LMRGs between primary and metastatic HCC patients. By using the least absolute selection and shrinkage operator (LASSO) regression machine learning algorithm, we constructed a risk prognosis model with six LMRGs (AKR1C1, CYP27A1, CYP2C9, GLB1, HMGCS2, and PLPP1). The risk prognosis model was further validated in an external cohort of ICGC. We also constructed a nomogram that could accurately predict overall survival in HCC patients based on cancer status and LMRGs. Further investigation of the association between the LMRG model and somatic tumor mutational burden (TMB), tumor immune infiltration, and biological function was performed. We found that the most frequent somatic mutations in the LMRG high-risk group were CTNNB1, TTN, TP53, ALB, MUC16, and PCLO. Moreover, naïve CD8+ T cells, common myeloid progenitors, endothelial cells, granulocyte-monocyte progenitors, hematopoietic stem cells, M2 macrophages, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were significantly correlated with the LMRG high-risk group. Finally, gene set enrichment analysis showed that RNA degradation, spliceosome, and lysosome pathways were associated with the LMRG high-risk group. For the first time, we used scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq to construct an LMRG-related risk score model, which may provide insights into more effective treatment strategies for predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Mou
- Imaging Department, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- MetaLife Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zuhui Pu
- Imaging Department, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongxiang Luo
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Qinzhou/The Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Qinzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Ryan Quan
- MetaLife Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunhu So
- MetaLife Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Qinzhou/The Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Qinzhou, Guangxi, China
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23
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Zhang SR, Li J, Chen JX, Chen G, Chen JY, Fu HW, Zhou B. SMC4 enhances the chemoresistance of hepatoma cells by promoting autophagy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:1308. [PMID: 36660610 PMCID: PMC9843382 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Drug resistance is a major contributing factor to chemotherapy failure in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, the exact mechanism underlying the chemoresistance of HCC remains unknown. Methods HepG2 cells were incubated with different concentrations of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to test the cell survival rate. The expression level of structural maintenance of chromosome 4 (SMC4) in drug-resistant cells was analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting. To assess autophagy, immunofluorescence was applied to detect the light chain 3 beta (LC3B) level in HepG2/5-FU cells. To further study the upstream regulation of miR (microRNA)-219/SMC4, a gene chip assay was performed. A luciferase reporter assay was used to determine whether long non-coding RNA-XIST (lncRNA-XIST) functions as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-219. Cellular proliferation was evaluated using MTT [3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-2,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide] and colony formation assays, wound healing and invasion assays were performed to study the invasion and migration ability of the cells, and flow cytometry assays were carried out to evaluate cell apoptosis. Results In the present study, we established a drug-resistant hepatoma cell line named HepG2/5-FU. We confirmed that SMC4 may play an important role in hepatoma cell autophagy and could promote autophagy to increase the drug resistance of hepatoma cells. We also demonstrated that lncRNA-XIST may competitively bind to miR-219 by acting as a miRNA sponge, thereby preventing miR-219 from effectively reducing the expression of SMC4 and further affecting the autophagy and drug resistance of hepatoma cells via the adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase/mechanistic target of rapamycin (AMPK/mTOR) pathway. Conclusions Our study suggests that SMC4 may be a potential marker of a poor HCC response to chemotherapy and a novel therapeutic target for HCC chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ran Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing-Xiang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Ninth People’s Hospital of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun-Ying Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hang-Wei Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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24
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Gao S, Jiang X, Wang L, Jiang S, Luo H, Chen Y, Peng C. The pathogenesis of liver cancer and the therapeutic potential of bioactive substances. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1029601. [PMID: 36278230 PMCID: PMC9581229 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1029601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world and has become an urgent problem for global public health. Bioactive substances are widely used for the treatment of liver cancer due to their widespread availability and reduced side effects. This review summarizes the main pathogenic factors involved in the development of liver cancer, including metabolic fatty liver disease, viral infection, and alcoholic cirrhosis, and focuses on the mechanism of action of bioactive components such as polysaccharides, alkaloids, phenols, peptides, and active bacteria/fungi. In addition, we also summarize transformation methods, combined therapy and modification of bioactive substances to improve the treatment efficiency against liver cancer, highlighting new ideas in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingyue Jiang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanyuan Luo
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Chen, ; Cheng Peng,
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Chen, ; Cheng Peng,
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25
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Guo J, Nie J, Chen Z, Wang X, Hu H, Xu J, Lu J, Ma L, Ji H, Yuan J, Xu B. Cold exposure-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress regulates autophagy through the SIRT2/FoxO1 signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3960-3970. [PMID: 35938526 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cold is a factor affecting health in humans and animals. The liver, a major metabolic center, is highly susceptible to ambient air temperature. Recent studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with the liver, and regulates the occurrence and development of liver injury and autophagy. However, the mechanism underlying the relationship between cold exposure and ER stress in the liver is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of ER stress on liver autophagy and its mechanism under cold exposure. AML12 cells were treated with Tg to construct an ER stress model, and the level of autophagy increased. To further explore the mechanism through which ER stress regulates autophagy, we knocked down SIRT2 with shRNA in Tg-treated AML12 cells. Knockdown of SIRT2 significantly increased ER stress and autophagy, increased FoxO1 acetylation, and promoted its entry into the nucleus. To further verify the results of in vitro experiments, we exposed mice to 4°C for 3 h per day for 3 weeks to exacerbate the burden on the liver after cold exposure. Cold exposure damaged the structure and function of the liver and promoted the inflammatory response. It also activated ER stress and promoted autophagy. In addition, cold exposure inhibited the expression of SIRT2, promoted FoxO1 acetylation, and enhanced the interaction with autophagy. Our findings indicated that cold exposure induces liver damage, ER stress, and autophagy through the SIRT2/FoxO1 pathway. These findings suggest that SIRT2 may be a potential target for regulating health under cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Guo
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Junshu Nie
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xian Wang
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Huijie Hu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Li Ma
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Hong Ji
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jianbin Yuan
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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Chao X, Williams SN, Ding WX. Role of mechanistic target of rapamycin in autophagy and alcohol-associated liver disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1100-C1111. [PMID: 36062877 PMCID: PMC9550572 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00281.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine-threonine kinase and a cellular sensor for nutrient and energy status, which is critical in regulating cell metabolism and growth by governing the anabolic (protein and lipid synthesis) and catabolic process (autophagy). Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a major chronic liver disease worldwide that carries a huge financial burden. The spectrum of the pathogenesis of ALD includes steatosis, fibrosis, inflammation, ductular reaction, and eventual hepatocellular carcinoma, which is closely associated with metabolic changes that are regulated by mTOR. In this review, we summarized recent progress of alcohol consumption on the changes of mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity, the potential mechanisms and possible impact of the mTORC1 changes on autophagy in ALD. We also discussed the potential beneficial effects and limitations of targeting mTORC1 against ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Sha Neisha Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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27
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Wang Y, Yi Y, Yao J, Wan H, Yu M, Ge L, Zeng X, Wu M, Mei L. Isoginkgetin Synergizes with Doxorubicin for Robust Co-delivery to Induce Autophagic Cell Death in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:518-528. [PMID: 36152910 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) widely used in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can induce serious side effects and drug resistance. Herein, we aimed to seek a strategy to improve the efficacy and reduce the side effects of DOX in HCC based on an autophagy inducer drug called isoginkgetin (ISO). The design of multifunctional nanocarriers based on hyaluronic acid-conjugated and manganese-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HM) for the co-delivery of antitumor drugs against HCC provided an effective and promising antitumor strategy. Our results showed that HM@ISO@DOX could efficiently inhibit HCC cell proliferation through activating autophagy through AMPKa-ULK1 pathway. Moreover, intravenous injection of HM@ISO@DOX significantly suppressed HCC tumor progression in nude mouse HCC model. Collectively, our findings revealed an anti-HCC mechanism of HM@ISO@DOX through autophagy and provide an effective therapeutic strategy for HCC. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In our study, we constructed a co-delivery system by loading ISO and DOX in the mesoporous channels of manganese-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles, which could be further conjugated with hyaluronic acid to obtain HM@ISO@DOX. The nanocarriers had been demonstrated to be biodegradable under the acidic and reducing tumor microenvironment, as well as to possess the tumor targeting capability via the conjugated hyaluronic acid. In addition, HM@ISO@DOX enhanced the therapeutic efficacy against human HCC tumor through the combinatorial therapies of chemotherapeutics, Mn2+-mediated chemodynamic therapeutics and autophagic cell death, which might be achieved through AMPK-ULK1 signaling. This work revealed that such a nanomedicine exhibited superior tumor accumulation and antitumor efficiency against HCC with extremely low systemic toxicity in an autophagy-boosted manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China; Central Laboratory of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Yunfei Yi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Central Laboratory of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Haoqiang Wan
- Central Laboratory of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Mian Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Lanlan Ge
- Central Laboratory of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Xiaobin Zeng
- Central Laboratory of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, China.
| | - Meiying Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Lin Mei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China.
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28
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Kim SK, Fujii T, Kim SR, Nakai A, Lim YS, Hagiwara S, Kudo M. Hepatitis B Virus Treatment and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Controversies and Approaches to Consensus. Liver Cancer 2022; 11:497-510. [PMID: 36589728 PMCID: PMC9801176 DOI: 10.1159/000525518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) such as entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) favorably affects the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on the basis of data from randomized or matched control studies. Recent data suggest a lower HCC incidence after 5 years of ETV or TDF therapy in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, especially those with baseline cirrhosis. SUMMARY Three controversial issues remain to be resolved regarding hepatitis B virus (HBV) treatment and HCC. (1) The efficacy of antiviral treatment for the prevention of HCC is not established. The guidelines of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL), and the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) for the management of HBV infection state that antiviral treatment of HBV with interferon and NAs prevents the development of HCC. Among experts in CHB treatment, however, there is disagreement on the HCC prevention effects of antiviral treatment. (2) The rationale for antiviral management in patients with high HBV DNA and normal levels of alanine aminotransferase is unclear. The AASLD, EASL, and APASL guidelines do not recommend antiviral treatment for immune-tolerant CHB patients, and the terms and methods of treating such patients remain to be clarified. (3) The efficacy of first-line treatment with NAs, including ETV, TDF, and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF), to prevent HCC in CHB patients remains unknown. Several studies have produced controversial results regarding the effects of NAs on the risk and prevention of HCC. In the present review, we discuss these 3 issues, citing recent studies and clinical management guidelines from major international associations. KEY MESSAGES Suggested approaches for reaching a consensus including applying the propensity score matching method, performing randomized controlled studies, and performing clinical studies with larger numbers of subjects and longer follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ki Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe Asahi Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takako Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe Asahi Hospital, Kobe, Japan,*Takako Fujii,
| | - Soo Ryang Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe Asahi Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe Asahi Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Young-Suk Lim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,**Young-Suk Lim,
| | - Satoru Hagiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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29
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Liu K, Li Y, Iqbal M, Tang Z, Zhang H. Thiram exposure in environment: A critical review on cytotoxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133928. [PMID: 35149006 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thiram is used in large quantities in agriculture and may contaminate the environment by improper handling or storage in chemical plants and warehouses. A review of the literature has shown that thiram can affect different organs in animals and its toxic mechanisms can be elucidated in more detail at molecular level. We have summarized several impacts of thiram on animals: the effects of the perspectives of oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, autophagy, apoptosis, and the IHH/PTHrP pathway on regulating abnormal skeletal development in particular tibial dyschondroplasia and kyphosis; angiogenesis inhibition was investigated from the perspective of angiogenesis factor inhibition, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and CD147; the inhibition effect of thiram on fibroblasts and erythrocytes via the perspective of oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and inhibition of growth factors in animal skin fibroblasts and erythrocytes; studied fertilized egg size, reduced fertility, neurodegeneration, and immune damage from the perspectives of CYP51 inhibition and dopamine-b-hydroxylase inhibition in the reproductive system, vitamin D deficiency in the nervous system, and inflammatory damage in the immune system; embryonic dysplasia in terms of thyroid hormone repression in animal embryonic development and repression of the SOX9a transcription factor. The elucidation of the mechanisms of toxicity of thiram on various organs of animals at molecular level will enable a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity of thiram in animals and will facilitate the exploration of the treatment of thiram poisoning at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mujahid Iqbal
- Department of Pathology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CUVAS), Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Fu H, Zhao D, Sun L, Huang Y, Ma X. Identification of autophagy-related biomarker and analysis of immune infiltrates in oral carcinoma. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24417. [PMID: 35421271 PMCID: PMC9102594 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy plays a vital role in the progression of the tumor. We aimed to investigate the expression, prognostic value, and immune infiltration of autophagy‐related genes in oral carcinoma via bioinformatics analysis. Methods The microarray datasets (GSE146483 and GSE23558) of oral carcinoma were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between normal and diseased groups were identified by the Limma package. The screened autophagy‐related gene was further validated by the human protein atlas (HPA) database, TCGA database, and GSE78060 dataset. Results A total of 18 upregulated (top 10: EGFR, TNF, FADD, AURKA, E2F1, CHEK1, BRCA1, BIRC5, EIF2AK2, and CSF2) and 31 downregulated (top 10: MAP1LC3A, PARK2, AGT, IGF1, TP53INP1, CXCL12, IKBKB, SESN1, ULK2, and RRAGD) autophagy‐related (DEGs) were identified, and FADD was found to be related to the prognosis of oral cancer patients. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that FADD‐associated genes were significantly enriched in immune‐related pathways. Moreover, correlation analysis revealed that FADD expression was associated with immune infiltrates. Upregulation of FADD is associated with poor survival and immune infiltrates in oral cancer. Conclusion We speculated that FADD is involved in the immune regulation of oral cancer, as well as autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Fu
- Department of Oral and Maxiillofacial Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dianguo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Legang Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxiillofacial Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Huang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiangrui Ma
- Department of Oral and Maxiillofacial Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, P.R. China
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The Role of Macroautophagy and Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in the Pathogenesis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030760. [PMID: 35159028 PMCID: PMC8833636 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem with the second highest mortality among all cancers and a continuous increase worldwide. HCC is highly resistant to available chemotherapeutic agents, leaving patients with no effective therapeutic option and a poor prognosis. Although an increasing number of studies have elucidated the potential role of autophagy underlying HCC, the complete regulation is far from understood. The different forms of autophagy constitute important cell survival mechanisms that could prevent hepatocarcinogenesis by limiting hepatocyte death and the associated hepatitis and fibrosis at early stages of chronic liver diseases. On the other hand, at late stages of hepatocarcinogenesis, they could support the malignant transformation of (pre)neoplastic cells by facilitating their survival. Abstract Hepatocarcinogenesis is a long process with a complex pathophysiology. The current therapeutic options for HCC management, during the advanced stage, provide short-term survival ranging from 10–14 months. Autophagy acts as a double-edged sword during this process. Recently, two main autophagic pathways have emerged to play critical roles during hepatic oncogenesis, macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Mounting evidence suggests that upregulation of macroautophagy plays a crucial role during the early stages of carcinogenesis as a tumor suppressor mechanism; however, it has been also implicated in later stages promoting survival of cancer cells. Nonetheless, chaperone-mediated autophagy has been elucidated as a tumor-promoting mechanism contributing to cancer cell survival. Moreover, the autophagy pathway seems to have a complex role during the metastatic stage, while induction of autophagy has been implicated as a potential mechanism of chemoresistance of HCC cells. The present review provides an update on the role of autophagy pathways in the development of HCC and data on how the modulation of the autophagic pathway could contribute to the most effective management of HCC.
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Episodic Detectable Viremia Does Not Affect Prognosis in Untreated Compensated Cirrhosis With Serum Hepatitis B Virus DNA <2,000 IU/mL. Am J Gastroenterol 2022; 117:288-294. [PMID: 34506308 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The necessity of antiviral therapy (AVT) for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected compensated cirrhosis with low-level viremia (LLV) is controversial. Herein, we evaluated its natural history. METHODS From 3 tertiary hospitals, we enrolled untreated patients with compensated cirrhosis with persistent serum HBV-DNA levels <2,000 IU/mL; LLV was defined as having at least 1 detectable serum HBV-DNA (20-2,000 IU/mL) episode, whereas maintained virological response (MVR) was defined as having persistently undetectable serum HBV-DNA (<20 IU/mL). When serum HBV-DNA was ≥2,000 IU/mL during follow-up, AVT was administered according to guidelines. Study end points were development of cirrhotic complication event (CCE) or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RESULTS Among 567 patients analyzed, cumulative HCC risk at 3, 5, and 7 years was comparable between LLV (n = 391) vs MVR (n = 176) groups (5.7%, 10.7%, and 17.3% vs 7.2%, 15.5%, and 19.4%, respectively [P = 0.390]). CCE risk was also comparable between 2 groups (7.5%, 12.8%, and 13.7% vs 7.8%, 12.3%, and 14.6%, respectively [P = 0.880]). By multivariate analysis, LLV (vs MVR) was not associated with HCC or CCE risks, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.422 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.694-2.913; P = 0.336) and 1.816 (95% CI: 0.843-3.911; P = 0.128), respectively. Inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis yielded comparable outcomes between 2 groups, regarding HCC and CCE risks with hazard ratios of 0.903 (95% CI: 0.528-1.546; P = 0.711) and 1.192 (95% CI: 0.675-2.105; P = 0.545), respectively. DISCUSSION Episodic LLV among untreated patients with compensated cirrhosis does not increase the risk of disease progression compared with MVR status. Thus, the benefits of AVT for episodic LLV should be re-evaluated.
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Lee JS, Lee HW, Lim TS, Min IK, Lee HW, Kim SU, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Kim BK. External Validation of the FSAC Model Using On-Therapy Changes in Noninvasive Fibrosis Markers in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B: A Multicenter Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030711. [PMID: 35158982 PMCID: PMC8833581 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We externally validated the recently suggested FSAC prediction model for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in treatment-naïve Asian chronic hepatitis B patients starting potent antiviral therapy (AVT). The model reflects age, sex, presence of cirrhosis, and on-therapy changes in non-invasive fibrosis markers (NFMs) after 12 months of antiviral therapy, such as APRI and FIB-4. Our results highlighted better predictive performance for the FSAC model for HCC (Harrell’s c-index: 0.770) than the PAGE-B, modified PAGE-B, modified REACH-B, LSM-HCC, and CAMD models, which only use baseline parameters. A simplified version of FSAC score (i.e., FSAC (2)), including only NFMs at 12 months, also showed a high c-index value (0.763). Our retrospective study suggests that the accurate measurement of intra-hepatic fibrotic burden during adequate AVT is necessary for predicting HCC development. Abstract Antiviral therapy (AVT) induces the regression of non-invasive fibrosis markers (NFMs) and reduces hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk among chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. We externally validated the predictive performance of the FSAC prediction model for HCC using on-therapy NFM responses. Our multicenter study consecutively recruited treatment-naïve CHB patients (n = 3026; median age, 50.0 years; male predominant (61.3%); cirrhosis in 1391 (46.0%) patients) receiving potent AVTs for >18 months between 2007 and 2018. During follow-up (median 64.0 months), HCC developed in 303 (10.0%) patients. Patients with low FIB-4 or APRI levels at 12 months showed significantly lower HCC risk than those with high NFM levels at 12 months (all p < 0.05). Cumulative 3-, 5-, and 8-year HCC probabilities were 0.0%, 0.3% and 1.2% in the low-risk group (FSAC ≤ 2); 2.1%, 5.2%, and 11.1% in the intermediate-risk group (FSAC 3−8); and 5.2%, 15.5%, and 29.8% in the high-risk group (FSAC ≥ 9) (both p < 0.001 between each adjacent pair). Harrell’s c-index value for FSAC score (0.770) was higher than those for PAGE-B (0.725), modified PAGE-B (0.738), modified REACH-B (0.737), LSM-HCC (0.734), and CAMD (0.742). Our study showed that the FSAC model, which incorporates on-therapy changes in NFMs, had better predictive performance than other models using only baseline parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (T.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (S.U.K.); (J.Y.P.); (D.Y.K.); (S.H.A.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyun Woong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (T.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (S.U.K.); (J.Y.P.); (D.Y.K.); (S.H.A.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea
| | - Tae Seop Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (T.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (S.U.K.); (J.Y.P.); (D.Y.K.); (S.H.A.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin-si 16995, Korea
| | - In Kyung Min
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (T.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (S.U.K.); (J.Y.P.); (D.Y.K.); (S.H.A.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seung Up Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (T.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (S.U.K.); (J.Y.P.); (D.Y.K.); (S.H.A.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (T.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (S.U.K.); (J.Y.P.); (D.Y.K.); (S.H.A.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (T.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (S.U.K.); (J.Y.P.); (D.Y.K.); (S.H.A.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (T.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (S.U.K.); (J.Y.P.); (D.Y.K.); (S.H.A.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Beom Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (T.S.L.); (H.W.L.); (S.U.K.); (J.Y.P.); (D.Y.K.); (S.H.A.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-1932; Fax: +82-2-393-6884
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Chao X, Wang S, Hlobik M, Ballabio A, Ni HM, Ding WX. Loss of Hepatic Transcription Factor EB Attenuates Alcohol-Associated Liver Carcinogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:87-103. [PMID: 34717896 PMCID: PMC8747011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol is a well-known risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. Autophagy plays a dual role in liver cancer, as it suppresses tumor initiation and promotes tumor progression. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy, which is impaired in alcohol-related liver disease. However, the role of TFEB in alcohol-associated liver carcinogenesis is unknown. Liver-specific Tfeb knockout (KO) mice and their matched wild-type (WT) littermates were injected with the carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN), followed by chronic ethanol feeding. The numbers of both total and larger tumors increased significantly in DEN-treated mice fed ethanol diet than in mice fed control diet. Although the number of tumors was not different between WT and L-Tfeb KO mice fed either control or ethanol diet, the number of larger tumors was less in L-Tfeb KO mice than in WT mice. No differences were observed in liver injury, steatosis, inflammation, ductular reaction, fibrosis, and tumor cell proliferation in DEN-treated mice fed ethanol. However, the levels of glypican 3, a marker of malignant hepatocellular carcinoma, markedly decreased in DEN-treated L-Tfeb KO mice fed ethanol in comparison to the WT mice. These findings indicate that chronic ethanol feeding promotes DEN-initiated liver tumor development, which is attenuated by genetic deletion of hepatic TFEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Shaogui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Madeline Hlobik
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hong-Min Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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Kim MJ, Choi B, Kim JY, Min Y, Kwon DH, Son J, Lee JS, Lee JS, Chun E, Lee KY. USP8 regulates liver cancer progression via the inhibition of TRAF6-mediated signal for NF-κB activation and autophagy induction by TLR4. Transl Oncol 2022; 15:101250. [PMID: 34688043 PMCID: PMC8546492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we aimed to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanism in which ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8) is implicated in liver cancer progression via TRAF6-mediated signal. USP8 induces the deubiquitination of TRAF6, TAB2, TAK1, p62, and BECN1, which are pivotal roles for NF-κB activation and autophagy induction. Notably, the LIHC patient with low USP8 mRNA expression showed markedly shorter survival time, whereas there was no significant difference in the other 18-human cancers. Importantly, the TCGA data analysis on LIHC and transcriptome analysis on the USP8 knockout (USP8KO) SK-HEP-1 cells revealed a significant correlation between USP8 and TRAF6, TAB2, TAK1, p62, and BECN1, and enhanced NF-κB-dependent and autophagy-related cancer progression/metastasis-related genes in response to LPS stimulation. Furthermore, USP8KO SK-HEP-1 cells showed an increase in cancer migration and invasion by TLR4 stimulation, and a marked increase of tumorigenicity and metastasis in xenografted NSG mice. The results demonstrate that USP8 is negatively implicated in the LIHC progression through the regulation of TRAF6-mediated signal for the activation of NF-κB activation and autophagy induction. Our findings provide useful insight into the LIHC pathogenesis of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Kim
- Department of Immunology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongkum Choi
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Department of Immunology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Min
- Department of Immunology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hee Kwon
- Department of Immunology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Son
- Department of Immunology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Lee
- Department of Immunology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Sang Lee
- Department of Precision medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Chun
- CHA Vaccine Institute, 560 Dunchon-daero, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13230, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Immunology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Cho K, Moon H, Seo SH, Ro SW, Kim BK. Pharmacological Inhibition of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Suppresses Tumor Development in a Murine Model of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413214. [PMID: 34948011 PMCID: PMC8707521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCC) is the second most primary liver cancer with an aggressive biological behavior, and its incidence increases steadily. An aberrant up-regulation of the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway has been reported in a variety of hepatic diseases including hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, as well as cancer. In this study, we determined the effect of a sonic hedgehog inhibitor, vismodegib, on the development of CCC. Through database analyses, we found sonic hedgehog signaling was up-regulated in human CCC, based on overexpression of its target genes, GLI1 and GLI2. Further, human CCC cells were highly sensitive to the treatment with vismodegib in vitro. Based on the data, we investigated the in vivo anti-cancer efficacy of vismodegib in CCC employing a murine model of CCC developed by hydrodynamic tail vein injection method. In the murine model, CCC induced by constitutively active forms of TAZ and PI3K exhibited up-regulated sonic hedgehog signaling. Treatment of vismodegib significantly suppressed tumor development in the murine CCC model, based on comparison of gross morphologies and liver weight/body weight. It is expected that pharmacological inhibition of sonic hedgehog signaling would be an effective molecular target therapy for CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungjoo Cho
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (K.C.); (S.H.S.)
| | - Hyuk Moon
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Sang Hyun Seo
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (K.C.); (S.H.S.)
| | - Simon Weonsang Ro
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.W.R.); (B.K.K.); Tel.: +82-31-201-8640 (S.W.R.); +82-2-2227-4184 (B.K.K.)
| | - Beom Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.W.R.); (B.K.K.); Tel.: +82-31-201-8640 (S.W.R.); +82-2-2227-4184 (B.K.K.)
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Tang Y, Wang L, Yi T, Xu J, Wang J, Qin JJ, Chen Q, Yip KM, Pan Y, Hong P, Lu Y, Shen HM, Chen HB. Synergistic effects of autophagy/mitophagy inhibitors and magnolol promote apoptosis and antitumor efficacy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3966-3982. [PMID: 35024319 PMCID: PMC8727919 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria as a signaling platform play crucial roles in deciding cell fate. Many classic anticancer agents are known to trigger cell death through induction of mitochondrial damage. Mitophagy, one selective autophagy, is the key mitochondrial quality control that effectively removes damaged mitochondria. However, the precise roles of mitophagy in tumorigenesis and anticancer agent treatment remain largely unclear. Here, we examined the functional implication of mitophagy in the anticancer properties of magnolol, a natural product isolated from herbal Magnolia officinalis. First, we found that magnolol induces mitochondrial depolarization, causes excessive mitochondrial fragmentation, and increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS). Second, magnolol induces PTEN-induced putative kinase protein 1 (PINK1)‒Parkin-mediated mitophagy through regulating two positive feedforward amplification loops. Third, magnolol triggers cancer cell death and inhibits neuroblastoma tumor growth via the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Moreover, magnolol prolongs the survival time of tumor-bearing mice. Finally, inhibition of mitophagy by PINK1/Parkin knockdown or using inhibitors targeting different autophagy/mitophagy stages significantly promotes magnolol-induced cell death and enhances magnolol's anticancer efficacy, both in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our study demonstrates that magnolol can induce autophagy/mitophagy and apoptosis, whereas blockage of autophagy/mitophagy remarkably enhances the anticancer efficacy of magnolol, suggesting that targeting mitophagy may be a promising strategy to overcome chemoresistance and improve anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Liming Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Tao Yi
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Qilei Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ka-Man Yip
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yihang Pan
- Department of Medical Research, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Peng Hong
- Department of Medical Research, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yingying Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +852 93590902.
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +852 93590902.
| | - Hu-Biao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +852 93590902.
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Lee HW, Cho YY, Lee H, Lee JS, Kim SU, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Kim BK, Park SY. Effect of tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on hepatocellular carcinoma risk in chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:1570-1578. [PMID: 34435412 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) or tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is more effective for preventing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). In this study, we compared the effectiveness of these two antiviral agents for preventing HCC. We included treatment-naïve CHB patients undergoing antiviral therapy with TDF only (TDF group) or a TAF-based regimen (TAF group) at three academic teaching hospitals from 2012 to 2019. The TAF group included patients receiving TAF as first-line treatment and patients switching from TDF to TAF. Patients with decompensated cirrhosis or HCC at enrollment were excluded. Cumulative probabilities of HCC were assessed using Kaplan-Meier methodology. In total, 2,117 patients were included: 1,832 in the TDF group and 285 in the TAF group. The annual HCC incidence was not significantly different between TDF and TAF groups: 1.66 vs. 1.19 per 100 person-years [PY], respectively (multivariate analysis: adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.774 [reference: TDF group]; p = .438). Male, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis B e antigen negativity, Fibrosis-4 index>3.25 and low albumin were independently associated with a higher risk of HCC. Propensity score-matched and inverse probability of treatment weighting analyses yielded similar results: 1.56 vs. 1.19 per 100 PY, respectively (HR 1.175; p = .708) and 1.66 vs. 1.29 per 100 PY, respectively (HR 0.888; p = .446). The risk of HCC development was not significantly different between TDF and TAF groups of CHB patients. Further studies with a larger sample size and longer follow-up are required to validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Youn Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyein Lee
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Up Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Kim TS, Lee M, Park M, Kim SY, Shim MS, Lee CY, Choi DH, Cho Y. Metformin and Dichloroacetate Suppress Proliferation of Liver Cancer Cells by Inhibiting mTOR Complex 1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810027. [PMID: 34576192 PMCID: PMC8467948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Warburg effect is important for cancer cell proliferation. This phenomenon can be flexible by interaction between glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidation for energy production. We aimed to investigate the anticancer effects of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor, dichloroacetate (DCA) and the mitochondrial respiratory complex I inhibitor metformin in liver cancer cells. The anticancer effect of DCA and/or metformin on HepG2, PLC/PRF5 human liver cancer cell lines, MH-134 murine hepatoma cell lines, and primary normal hepatocytes using MTT assay. Inhibition of lactate/ATP production and intracellular reactive oxygen species generation by DCA and metformin was investigated. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR complex I was evaluated to see whether it occurred through AMPK signaling. Anticancer effects of a combination treatment of DCA and metformin were evaluated in HCC murine model. The results showed that metformin and DCA effectively induced apoptosis in liver cancer cells. A combination treatment of metformin and DCA did not affect viability of primary normal hepatocytes. Metformin upregulated glycolysis in liver cancer cells, thereby increasing sensitivity to the DCA treatment. Metformin and DCA inhibited mTOR complex I signaling through upregulated AMPK-independent REDD1. In addition, metformin and DCA increased reactive oxygen species levels in liver cancer cells, which induced apoptosis. A combination treatment of metformin and DCA significantly suppressed the tumor growth of liver cancer cells using in vivo xenograft model. Taken together, the combined treatment of metformin and DCA suppressed the growth of liver cancer cells. This strategy may be effective for patients with advanced liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Suk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (T.S.K.); (C.Y.L.); (D.H.C.)
| | - Minjong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07804, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul 07804, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (Y.C.); Tel.: +82-2-6986-1761 (M.L.); +82-31-920-1605 (Y.C.)
| | - Minji Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07804, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul 07804, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul 06135, Korea
| | - Sae Yun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Min Suk Shim
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea;
| | - Chea Yeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (T.S.K.); (C.Y.L.); (D.H.C.)
| | - Dae Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (T.S.K.); (C.Y.L.); (D.H.C.)
| | - Yuri Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul 06135, Korea
- Center for Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (Y.C.); Tel.: +82-2-6986-1761 (M.L.); +82-31-920-1605 (Y.C.)
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Impact of tenofovir alafenamide vs. entecavir on hepatocellular carcinoma risk in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Int 2021; 15:1083-1092. [PMID: 34402025 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-021-10234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Whether entecavir (ETV) or tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is better at preventing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development among patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains unclear. The present study was conducted to explore the ability of these two antivirals to prevent HCC. METHODS From 2012 to 2019, treatment-naïve CHB patients undergoing ETV or TAF therapy were recruited at three academic teaching hospitals. The TAF group comprised patients starting TAF as first-line antiviral and those switching antivirals from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to TAF. Patients with decompensated cirrhosis or HCC at enrollment were excluded from the analysis. Cumulative probabilities of HCC were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS In total, 1810 patients (1525 and 285 in ETV and TAF groups, respectively) were recruited. The annual HCC incidence was statistically not different between the ETV and TAF groups (1.67 vs. 1.19 per 100 person-years, respectively) with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.681 (p = 0.255), as determined by multivariate analysis. Male, hypertension, liver cirrhosis, FIB-4 index, and albumin were independent prognostic factors for HCC development. Propensity score-matched and inverse probability of treatment weighting analyses yielded similar results, with non-statistically different HCC incidence between the ETV and TAF groups (1.07 vs. 1.19 per 100 person-years (HR = 0.973; p = 0.953) and 1.67 vs. 1.89 per 100 person-years, respectively (HR = 0.949; p = 0.743). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that ETV- and TAF-treated CHB patients have similar risk of developing HCC. Further studies with the larger sample size and longer follow-up are needed to validate these results.
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Sung PS, Han JW, Seo C, Ahn J, Lee SK, Nam HC, Choi HJ, You YK, Jang JW, Choi JY, Yoon SK. Real-Life Experience of mTOR Inhibitors in Liver Transplant Recipients in a Region Where Living Donation Is Predominant. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:685176. [PMID: 34326770 PMCID: PMC8314303 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.685176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, such as everolimus and sirolimus, may be efficacious in preserving renal function in liver transplantation (LT) recipients while preventing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence. Materials and Methods: In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the safety, efficacy, and renoprotective effects of mTOR inhibitors in LT recipients. Among the 84 patients enrolled, mTOR inhibitor was commenced during the first year after LT. Renal function was measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Results: Regarding the type of mTOR inhibitor, everolimus was used in 71 patients and sirolimus in 13 patients. Concomitant tacrolimus was used in 63 patients (75.0%). For total enrolled patients, kidney function did not significantly change during 12 months after initiation of mTOR inhibitors, although tacrolimus-withdrawn patients (n = 21) showed better kidney function compared to tacrolimus-minimized patients (n = 63) after conversion. However, a significant improvement in kidney function was observed in the eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 group (n = 19) 12 months after initiation of mTOR inhibitors, for both patient groups with early + mid starters (n = 7, stating within 1 year after LT) and late starters (n = 12, starting over 1 year after LT). mTOR inhibitors were safely administered without serious adverse events that led to drug discontinuation. Conclusion: We demonstrated that patients with renal impairment showed significant improvement in renal function regardless of the timing of mTOR inhibitor start, suggesting that switch to mTOR inhibitors may be beneficial when renal function declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Soo Sung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,The Catholic Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Won Han
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,The Catholic Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Changho Seo
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joseph Ahn
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Kyu Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,The Catholic Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Chul Nam
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,The Catholic Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Joong Choi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Kyoung You
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Won Jang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,The Catholic Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Young Choi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,The Catholic Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Kew Yoon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,The Catholic Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Knockdown of Atg7 suppresses Tumorigenesis in a murine model of liver cancer. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101158. [PMID: 34174688 PMCID: PMC8243000 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of autophagy in liver cancer is controversial. Autophagy gene, Atg7 is a key regulator for autophagy process. Transgenic mouse model for liver cancer can be generated via simple transgenic methodology called “Hydrodynamic Tail Vein Injection”. Genetic suppression of Atg7 significantly suppressed development of liver cancer induced by activated RAS.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Studies have shown that autophagy is significantly involved in carcinogenesis, in particular, driven by activated RAS signaling. Autophagy related 7 (Atg7) is a critical component for the formation of autophagosome and required for autophagy processes. We investigated the role of autophagy in RAS-driven tumorigenesis in the liver, via the knockdown of Atg7 in the model. Transposon vectors encoding short hairpin RNAs targeting Atg7 (Atg7 shRNA) were constructed. Inhibition of autophagy via Atg7 knockdown was tested in Hep3B cells cultured in nutrient-starved medium. Formation of autophagosome was suppressed in nutrient-starved Hep3B cells expressing Atg7 shRNA, demonstrating that it efficiently inhibited autophagy in HCC cells. Transposons encoding Atg7 shRNA were mixed with those expressing HRASG12V and p53 shRNA, and subsequently used for hydrodynamic injection to 5-week-old C57BL/6 mice. Tumorigenesis in livers induced by HRASG12V and p53 shRNA was significantly suppressed by Atg7 knockdown. The inhibition of autophagy led to a decreased proliferation of cancer cells, as determined by Ki-67 staining. Our data indicate that knockdown of Atg7 led to a significant decrease in tumorigenesis in a murine HCC model induced by activated RAS. Inhibition of autophagosome formation is expected to be a therapeutic option for liver cancer.
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Qian H, Chao X, Williams J, Fulte S, Li T, Yang L, Ding WX. Autophagy in liver diseases: A review. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:100973. [PMID: 34120768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a highly dynamic metabolic organ that plays critical roles in plasma protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage, cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis as well as drug/xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification. Research from the past decades indicate that autophagy, the cellular catabolic process mediated by lysosomes, plays an important role in maintaining cellular and metabolic homeostasis in the liver. Hepatic autophagy fluctuates with hormonal cues and the availability of nutrients that respond to fed and fasting states as well as circadian activities. Dysfunction of autophagy in liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells can lead to various liver diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, alcohol associated liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, cholestasis, viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, targeting autophagy may be a potential strategy for treating these various liver diseases. In this review, we will discuss the current progress on the understanding of autophagy in liver physiology. We will also discuss several forms of selective autophagy in the liver and the molecular signaling pathways in regulating autophagy of different cell types and their implications in various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jessica Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Sam Fulte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Tiangang Li
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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Sun H, Ni HM, McCracken JM, Akakpo JY, Fulte S, McKeen T, Jaeschke H, Wang H, Ding WX. Liver-specific deletion of mechanistic target of rapamycin does not protect against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. LIVER RESEARCH 2021; 5:79-87. [PMID: 34504721 PMCID: PMC8425470 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose can cause liver injury and liver failure, which is one of the most common causes of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Pharmacological activation of autophagy by inhibiting mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) protects against APAP-induced liver injury likely via autophagic removal of APAP-adducts and damaged mitochondria. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of genetic ablation of mTOR pathways in mouse liver in APAP-induced liver injury and liver repair/regeneration. METHODS Albumin-Cre (Alb-Cre) mice, mTORf/f and Raptorf/f mice (C57BL/6J background) were crossbred to produce liver-specific mTOR knockout (L-mTOR KO, Alb Cre+/-, mTORf/f) and liver-specific Raptor KO (L-Raptor, Alb Cre+/-, Raptor f/f) mice. Alb-Cre littermates were used as wild-type (WT) mice. These mice were treated with APAP for various time points for up to 48 h. Liver injury, cell proliferation, autophagy and mTOR activation were determined. RESULTS We found that genetic deletion of neither Raptor, an important adaptor protein in mTOR complex 1, nor mTOR, in the mouse liver significantly protected against APAP-induced liver injury despite increased hepatic autophagic flux. Genetic deletion of Raptor or mTOR in mouse livers did not affect APAP metabolism and APAP-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, but slightly improved mouse survival likely due to increased hepatocyte proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that genetic ablation of mTOR in mouse livers does not protect against APAP-induced liver injury but may slightly improve liver regeneration and mouse survival after APAP overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong-Min Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jennifer M. McCracken
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Sam Fulte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Tara McKeen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. (W.-X. Ding)
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Ji JH, Park SY, Son WJ, Shin HJ, Lee H, Lee HW, Lee JS, Kim SU, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Kim BK. External validation of CAGE-B and SAGE-B scores for Asian chronic hepatitis B patients with well-controlled viremia by antivirals. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:951-958. [PMID: 33763928 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CAGE-B and SAGE-B scores, consisting of age and fibrotic burden as cirrhosis and/or liver stiffness, were recently proposed to predict hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk among Caucasian chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients undergoing long-term antiviral therapy. We externally validated their predictive performances among an independent cohort from Asia, compared to other conventional prediction models. We consecutively recruited CHB patients with well-controlled viremia (serum HBV DNA < 2000 IU/mL) receiving antiviral therapy. Patients with decompensated cirrhosis or HCC at baseline were excluded. Among 1763 patients, CAGE-B score provided the highest Heagerty's integrated area under the curve (iAUC) (0.820), followed by SAGE-B (0.804), mREACH-B (0.800), CAMD (0.786), mPAGE-B (0.748) and PAGE-B (0.721) scores. CAGE-B score showed a significantly better performance than SAGE-B, CAMD, PAGE-B and mPAGE-B scores, but was similar to mREACH-B. SAGE-B score also showed significantly better performance than mPAGE-B and PAGE-B, but was similar to CAMD and mREACH-B. According to CAGE-B score 0-5, 6-10 and ≥11, the annual HCC incidences were 0.18, 1.34 and 6.03 per 100 person-years, respectively (all p < 0.001 between each pair). Likewise, by SAGE-B score 0-5, 6-10 and ≥11, those were 0.31, 1.49 and 8.96 per 100 person-years, respectively (all p < 0.001 between each pair). Hence, CAGE-B and SAGE-B scores showed acceptable predictive performances for Asian CHB patients undergoing antiviral therapy, with the higher performance by CAGE-B score. They show a trend towards better prognostic capability to predict HCC risk than previous models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Ji
- Department of Internal medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Won Jeong Son
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jung Shin
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyein Lee
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Department of Internal medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Internal medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Up Kim
- Department of Internal medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Department of Internal medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Department of Internal medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ahn
- Department of Internal medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lee HW, Lee HW, Lee JS, Roh YH, Lee H, Kim SU, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Kim BK. The Prognostic Role of On-Treatment Liver Stiffness for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2021; 8:467-476. [PMID: 34079776 PMCID: PMC8164698 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s300382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dynamic changes in fibrosis markers occur under long-term antiviral treatment (AVT) for chronic hepatitis B. We evaluated prognostic values of on-treatment liver stiffness (LS) compared to ultrasonography findings and determined its optimal cutoff. Methods The cumulative probability of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was assessed among 880 patients receiving entecavir or tenofovir for ≥2 years. LS was measured using transient elastography. Results After ≥2 years’ AVT, the proportion of patients with cirrhosis on ultrasonography decreased from 54.7% to 44.9% and the mean LS decreased from 13.6 to 8.2 kPa (both p<0.001). However, unlike cirrhosis on ultrasonography before AVT (p<0.001), that after ≥2 years’ AVT did not discriminate HCC risk (p=0.792). Using the Contal and O’Quigley’s method, pre-AVT and on-treatment LS of 12.0 and 6.4 kPa, respectively, were chosen as optimal cutoffs to successfully discriminate HCC risk (both p<0.001). However, through stratification using both pre-AVT and on-treatment LS, the prognosis was finally determined according to on-treatment LS of 6.4 kPa, regardless of pre-AVT LS of 12.0 kPa. Using on-treatment LS of 12 kPa suggested by Caucasians with CHB receiving long-term AVT, patients with higher LS were more likely to develop HCC than those with lower LS (p=0.017); however, there was no significant difference between those with on-treatment LS of 6.4–11.9 and ≥ 12.0 kPa (p=0.920). Conclusion For HCC risk stratification in patients receiving long-term AVT, on-treatment LS cutoff should be lowered to 6.4 kPa, which is more predictive than 12 kPa or cirrhosis on ultrasonography. Further studies are required for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ho Roh
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyein Lee
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Up Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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