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Stilwell JM, Camus AC, Woodyard ET, Ware C, Rosser TG, Gunn MA, López-Porras A, Khoo LH, Wise DJ, Griffin MJ. Species-specific in situ hybridization confirms arrested development of Henneguya ictaluri in hybrid catfish (Channel Catfish × Blue Catfish) under experimental conditions, with notes on mixed-species infections in clinical cases of proliferative gill disease from Mississippi catfish aquaculture. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2023; 35:223-237. [PMID: 37965694 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proliferative gill disease (PGD) in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus and hybrid catfish (Channel Catfish × Blue Catfish I. furcatus) is attributed to the myxozoan Henneguya ictaluri. Despite evidence of decreased H. ictaluri transmission and impaired parasite development in hybrid catfish, PGD still occurs in hybrid production systems. Previous metagenomic assessments of clinical PGD cases revealed numerous myxozoans within affected gill tissues in addition to H. ictaluri. The objective of this study was to investigate the development and pathologic contributions of H. ictaluri and other myxozoans in naturally and experimentally induced PGD. METHODS Henneguya species-specific in situ hybridization (ISH) assays were developed using RNAscope technology. Natural infections were sourced from diagnostic case submissions in 2019. Experimental challenges involved Channel Catfish and hybrid catfish exposed to pond water from an active PGD outbreak, and the fish were sampled at 1, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 weeks postchallenge. RESULT Nine unique ISH probes were designed, targeting a diagnostic variable region of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene of select myxozoan taxa identified in clinical PGD cases. Partial validation from pure H. ictaluri, H. adiposa, H. postexilis, and H. exilis infections illustrated species-specific labeling and no cross-reactivity between different myxozoan species or the catfish hosts. After experimental challenge, mature plasmodia of H. ictaluri and H. postexilis formed in Channel Catfish but were not observed in hybrids, suggesting impaired or delayed sporogenesis in the hybridized host. These investigations also confirmed the presence of mixed infections in clinical PGD cases. CONCLUSION Although H. ictaluri appears to be the primary cause of PGD, presporogonic stages of other myxozoans were also present, which may contribute to disease pathology and exacerbate respiratory compromise by further altering normal gill morphology. This work provides molecular confirmation and more resolute developmental timelines of H. ictaluri and H. postexilis in Channel Catfish and supports previous research indicating impaired or precluded H. ictaluri sporogony in hybrid catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Stilwell
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Alvin C Camus
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ethan T Woodyard
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Cynthia Ware
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Thomas G Rosser
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mackenzie A Gunn
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Adrián López-Porras
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Lester H Khoo
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - David J Wise
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhao Y. The description of Myxobolus meijiangensis n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) and its pathogenicity to the gills of goldfish. Parasitol Int 2023; 97:102795. [PMID: 37574004 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 is the most speciose myxozoan genus, although some species have only been described according to the morphological characteristics of spores. In the present study, a new Myxobolus species infecting the gill lamellae of goldfish from Chongqing, China, was described using a comprehensive analysis of morphological, molecular, and histological data. Mature spores were flat-pear in valvular view with tapering anterior and rounded posterior ends, measuring 11.0 ± 0.4 (10.4-11.6) μm in length and 10.3 ± 0.3 (9.6-11.0) μm in width. Two equal-sized elongate pyriform polar capsules were 5.6 ± 0.6 (4.5-6.4) μm long and 3.5 ± 0.5 (2.4-4.1) μm wide. Polar tubules were coiled with 8 or 9 turns. The small-subunit ribosomal DNA gene sequence length of the present species was 1951 nt, and the highest similarity was 97.99% with M. pyramidis. Comparative analysis of the morphological and molecular data revealed that the present species was distinct from other known myxosporeans. Plasmodia were located at the interlamellar troughs nearing the top of the primary gills. Infection by the present species destroyed the original structure of gill lamellae and caused an inflammatory response, eventually leading to fish dyspnea. The morphological, molecular, and pathological data from the present study can be used for aquaculture since they provide guidance for easy detection and future control of this myxosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinye Zhang
- Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueru Wang
- Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjun Zhao
- Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China.
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Feudjio-Dongmo B, Lekeufack-Folefack GB, Tene-Fossog B, Fomena A, Wondji CS, Yurakhno VM, Alomar S, Mansour L. Myxobolus makombensis n. sp. infection in African carp Labeobarbus batesii from the Makombè River, Cameroon: morphological and molecular characterization. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 151:75-84. [PMID: 36173118 DOI: 10.3354/dao03691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined myxozoan infections of Labeobarbus batesii sampled from the Makombè River in Cameroon. Fish were infected with Myxobolus makombensis n. sp. in the gill filament and M. dibombensis in the fins. Mature myxospores of M. makombensis n. sp. are pyriform in frontal view and biconvex in lateral view, with a truncated and slightly narrow anterior end. Spore dimensions (mean ± SD, with range in parentheses) are 17.5 ± 0.22 (16.2-18.9) μm length, 13.4 ± 0.25 (12-14.9) μm width, and 7 ± 0.21 (6.7-7.5) μm thickness, and spores exhibit a conspicuous anterior intercapsular appendix of 4.4 ± 0.18 (3.9-5.5) µm length. Myxospores have 2 pyriform polar capsules of unequal size; the larger one is 9.8 ± 0. 22 (8.2-10.9) μm long × 4.7 ± 0.15 (3.5-5.2) µm wide, and the smaller one is 8.8 ± 0.22 (7-10) µm long × 4.3 ± 0.12 (3.5-5.2) µm wide. Polar filaments possess 10 to 11 coils in the large polar capsule and 8 to 10 coils in the small polar capsule. Phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences showed clustering of M. makombensis n. sp. close to M. dibombensis recently reported from the fins of the same host within a clade composed exclusively of parasites infecting cyprinid fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bienvenu Feudjio-Dongmo
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Stilwell JM, Griffin MJ, Waldbieser GC, Stanton JB, Leary JH, Khoo LH, Steadman JM, Ware C, Wise DJ, Camus AC. Myxozoan Community Composition and Diversity in Clinical Cases of Proliferative Gill Disease in Mississippi Catfish Aquaculture. J Parasitol 2022; 108:132-140. [DOI: 10.1645/21-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Stilwell
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Matt J. Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 127 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776
| | - Geoffrey C. Waldbieser
- USDA-ARS, Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776
| | - James B. Stanton
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - John H. Leary
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Lester H. Khoo
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 127 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776
| | - James M. Steadman
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 127 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776
| | - Cynthia Ware
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 127 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776
| | - David J. Wise
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, 127 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776
| | - Alvin C. Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Morphological and molecular characterization of the cryptic species Myxobolus cataractae n. sp. (Cnidaria: Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) parasitizing Imparfinis mirini (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae). Parasitol Int 2022; 88:102560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Padrós F, Constenla M. Diseases Caused by Amoebae in Fish: An Overview. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:991. [PMID: 33916144 PMCID: PMC8065943 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic and amphizoic amoebae are ubiquitous and can affect a huge variety of hosts, from invertebrates to humans, and fish are not an exception. Most of the relationships between amoebae and fish are based on four different types: ectocommensals, ectoparasites, endocommensals and endoparasites, although the lines between them are not always clear. As ectocommensals, they are located specially on the gills and particularly the amphizoic Neoparamoeba perurans is the most relevant species, being a real pathogenic parasite in farmed salmon. It causes amoebic gill disease, which causes a progressive hyperplasia of epithelial cells in the gill filaments and lamellae. Nodular gill disease is its analogue in freshwater fish but the causative agent is still not clear, although several amoebae have been identified associated to the lesions. Other species have been described in different fish species, affecting not only gills but also other organs, even internal ones. In some cases, species of the genera Naegleria or Acanthamoeba, which also contain pathogenic species affecting humans, are usually described affecting freshwater fish species. As endocommensals, Entamoebae species have been described in the digestive tract of freshwater and marine fish species, but Endolimax nana can reach other organs and cause systemic infections in farmed Solea senegalensis. Other systemic infections caused by amoebae are usually described in wild fish, although in most cases these are isolated cases without clinical signs or significance.
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Tahir UB, Guo Q, Gu Z. Fins infestation induced by Myxobolus xiantaoensis in yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco Richardson, 1846: Some pathophysiological and molecular insights. Microb Pathog 2021; 153:104772. [PMID: 33529735 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The myxozoan parasite Myxobolus xiantaoensis is a fin pathogen of commercially important yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco Richardson, 1846, in the freshwater ponds of China. In the present work, four geographical isolates of M. xiantaoensis were sampled from the fins of yellow catfish. It was found that the spores of four isolates exhibited few markable differences in morphometrics. The small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences of four isolates were conspecific to the SSU rDNA sequence of M. xiantaoensis. No genetic level variation was observed, even in the characteristically more variable internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. This absence of variability suggests high gene flow as a result of panmixia in the parasitic populations. ITS phylogeny placed four isolates of M. xiantaoensis in a clade together with myxozoans species infecting Siluriformes. The M. xiantaoensis infection inflicted severe hemorrhages on epidermis of ray-fins, which grew into inflammatory epithelial hyperplasia and lytic cartilage signs. The histochemical analysis of infected fins biopsies is characterized by damage of collagen components of cartilage, resulting in weakness, breaks, and missing fin rays. These tissue sections also had a remarkable inflammatory response around the fin cartilage, with the absence of mature spores and chondrocytes. These results indicate that the fin cartilage damage appeared before the development of tissue inflammation and the parasitic infestation of the fins. The present four geographical isolates of M. xiantaoensis were identified by a holistic approach of species characterization based on biological, morphological, and molecular evidence. These four isolates showed some morphological and genetic variations but within the intraspecific range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urfa Bin Tahir
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Control, and Prevention, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingxiang Guo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Control, and Prevention, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zemao Gu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Control, and Prevention, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Gjessing MC, Steinum T, Olsen AB, Lie KI, Tavornpanich S, Colquhoun DJ, Gjevre AG. Histopathological investigation of complex gill disease in sea farmed Atlantic salmon. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222926. [PMID: 31581255 PMCID: PMC6776330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Various agents including Ca. Piscichlamydia salmonis, Ca. Branchiomonas cysticola, Desmozoon lepeophtherii, Paramoeba perurans and salmon gill poxvirus may be associated with complex gill disease in Atlantic salmon. Co-infections involving two or more of these agents are common and histopathological interpretation of lesions is therefore challenging. In this study, we developed a semi-quantitative scoring system for examination of histopathological gill lesions in sea-farmed Atlantic salmon suffering from gill disease. Following qPCR analysis of gills sampled for Ca. P. salmonis, Ca. B. cysticola, D. lepeophtherii and P. perurans from 22 geographically spread outbreaks, five cases representing different infectious loads and combinations of agents were chosen for histopathological scoring. Twenty-eight histological features were evaluated and potential associations between individual pathological changes and the occurrence of individual agents studied. The inter-observer agreement in interpretation of histological parameters between the three pathologists involved, was calculated to validate robustness of the scoring scheme. Seventeen histological parameters met the criteria for inter-observer agreement analysis and were included in the calculation. The three most frequent findings were identification of subepithelial leukocytes, epithelial cell hyperplasia and mucus cell hyperplasia. While few findings could be specifically related to particular agents, necrosis in hyperplastic lesions, pustules and necrosis of subepithelial cells appeared to be associated with the presence of Ca. B. cysticola. Further, lesion profiles clearly support the previously identified association between P. perurans and pathological changes associated with AGD. Very few pathological changes were observed in the single case in which Ca. P. salmonis was the dominating agent. Some lesions were only very rarely observed e.g. chloride cell necrosis, epithelial cell apoptosis, lamellar deposition of melanin and haemophagocytosis. The scoring scheme developed and applied was robust and sensitive. A less extensive scheme for routine diagnostic use is proposed.
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Korytář T, Wiegertjes GF, Zusková E, Tomanová A, Lisnerová M, Patra S, Sieranski V, Šíma R, Born-Torrijos A, Wentzel AS, Blasco-Monleon S, Yanes-Roca C, Policar T, Holzer AS. The kinetics of cellular and humoral immune responses of common carp to presporogonic development of the myxozoan Sphaerospora molnari. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:208. [PMID: 31060624 PMCID: PMC6501462 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphaerospora molnari is a myxozoan parasite causing skin and gill sphaerosporosis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in central Europe. For most myxozoans, little is known about the early development and the expansion of the infection in the fish host, prior to spore formation. A major reason for this lack of information is the absence of laboratory model organisms, whose life-cycle stages are available throughout the year. RESULTS We have established a laboratory infection model for early proliferative stages of myxozoans, based on separation and intraperitoneal injection of motile and dividing S. molnari stages isolated from the blood of carp. In the present study we characterize the kinetics of the presporogonic development of S. molnari, while analyzing cellular host responses, cytokine and systemic immunoglobulin expression, over a 63-day period. Our study shows activation of innate immune responses followed by B cell-mediated immune responses. We observed rapid parasite efflux from the peritoneal cavity (< 40 hours), an initial covert infection period with a moderate proinflammatory response for about 1-2 weeks, followed by a period of parasite multiplication in the blood which peaked at 28 days post-infection (dpi) and was associated with a massive lymphocyte response. Our data further revealed a switch to a massive anti-inflammatory response (up to 1456-fold expression of il-10), a strong increase in the expression of IgM transcripts and increased number of IgM+ B lymphocytes, which produce specific antibodies for the elimination of most of the parasites from the fish at 35 dpi. However, despite the presence of these antibodies, S. molnari invades the liver 42 dpi, where an increase in parasite cell number and indistinguishable outer cell membranes are indicative of effective exploitation and disguise mechanisms. From 49 dpi onwards, the acute infection changes to a chronic one, with low parasite numbers remaining in the fish. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first time myxozoan early development and immune modulation mechanisms have been analyzed along with innate and adaptive immune responses of its fish host, in a controlled laboratory system. Our study adds important information on host-parasite interaction and co-evolutionary adaptation of early metazoans (Cnidaria) with basic vertebrate (fish) immune systems and the evolution of host adaptation and parasite immune evasion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Korytář
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Geert F. Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eliška Zusková
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Tomanová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Lisnerová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sneha Patra
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Sieranski
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Radek Šíma
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Born-Torrijos
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Annelieke S. Wentzel
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Blasco-Monleon
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Yanes-Roca
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Policar
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Astrid S. Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Stilwell JM, Camus AC, Leary JH, Mohammed HH, Griffin MJ. Molecular confirmation of Henneguya adiposa (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) and associated histologic changes in adipose fins of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Teleost). Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1639-1645. [PMID: 30903347 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Henneguya adiposa is one of ten known, closely related myxozoan species that parasitize a variety of tissue sites in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Reported to specifically target the adipose fin, H. adiposa is not associated with morbidity or mortality, although detailed descriptions of its associated histologic pathology are lacking. The objective of this work was to confirm the presence of H. adiposa within fin lesions of affected channel catfish using DNA sequenced from histologic sections obtained by laser capture microdissection, as well as to describe pathologic changes induced by infection. The parasite formed large, white, elongate, nodular plasmodia that caused localized tissue damage and incited a granulomatous inflammatory response within a deep connective tissue layer at the base of the adipose fin. Myxospores released from ruptured plasmodia into adjacent tissue were observed to migrate superficially in tracts through the skin, indicating a portal of exit for environmental dispersal. Defects in the connective tissue layer created by ruptured plasmodia were infiltrated by granulomatous inflammation and fibroplasia, suggesting lesion resolution by scar formation over time. Sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene amplified from excised myxospores confirmed the myxozoan's identity as H. adiposa, with 100% similarity to the reference sequence from previous published work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Stilwell
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Alvin C Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - John H Leary
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Haitham H Mohammed
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
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Azevedo C, Feltran R, Rocha S, Matos E, Maciel E, Oliveira E, Al-Quraishy S, Casal G. Simultaneous occurrence of two new myxosporean species infecting the central nervous system of Hypopygus lepturus from Brazil. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 131:143-156. [PMID: 30460920 DOI: 10.3354/dao03283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes 2 new myxosporean species, Henneguya lepturus sp. nov. and Thelohanellus lepturus sp. nov., simultaneously infecting the brain and spinal cord of Hypopygus lepturus Hoedeman, 1962 (Teleostei, Hypopomidae) from the Brazilian Amazon (Roraima State). Several spherical cysts of varying dimensions (up to 135 µm) were microscopically observed. The myxospores of H. lepturus sp. nov. measured 25.8 µm in total length, having an ellipsoidal body (12.4 × 6.4 × 2.2 µm) and 2 equal tapering tails (13.4 µm in length). Each of the 2 pyriform polar capsules measured 4.4 × 1.6 µm and possessed a polar filament coiled in 8-9 turns. The myxospores of T. lepturus sp. nov. were pyriform, formed by 2 equal valves (17.7 × 9.1 × 4.3 µm) surrounding a single polar capsule (10.9 × 3.5 µm) that had a coiled polar filament with 13-16 turns and a binucleated sporoplasm that contained several circular sporoplasmosomes. Molecular analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequences of these 2 species were in agreement with the taxonomic classification derived from the ultrastructure of the myxospores. Histopathology of the host tissue showed degradation of the myelinated axons surrounding the cysts of both species, with the hosts displaying behavioural changes and erratic movements when observed in an aquarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS / UP), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Zhang D, Thongda W, Li C, Zhao H, Beck BH, Mohammed H, Arias CR, Peatman E. More than just antibodies: Protective mechanisms of a mucosal vaccine against fish pathogen Flavobacterium columnare. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:160-170. [PMID: 28989091 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A recently developed attenuated vaccine for Flavobacterium columnare has been demonstrated to provide superior protection for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, against genetically diverse columnaris isolates. We were interested in examining the mechanisms of this protection by comparing transcriptional responses to F. columnare challenge in vaccinated and unvaccinated juvenile catfish. Accordingly, 58 day old fingerling catfish (28 days post-vaccination or unvaccinated control) were challenged with a highly virulent F. columnare isolate (BGSF-27) and gill tissues collected pre-challenge (0 h), and 1 h and 2 h post infection, time points previously demonstrated to be critical in early host-pathogen interactions. Following RNA-sequencing and transcriptome assembly, differential expression (DE) analysis within and between treatments revealed several patterns and pathways potentially underlying improved survival of vaccinated fish. Most striking was a pattern of dramatically higher basal expression of an array of neuropeptides (e.g. somatostatin), hormones, complement factors, and proteases at 0 h in vaccinated fish. Previous studies indicate these are likely the preformed mediators of neuroendocrine cells and/or eosinophilic granular (mast-like) cells within the fish gill. Following challenge, these elements fell to almost undetectable levels (>100-fold downregulated) by 1 h in vaccinated fish, suggesting their rapid release and/or cessation of synthesis following degranulation. Concomitantly, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, IL-8, IL-17) were induced in unvaccinated fish. In contrast, in vaccinated catfish, we observed widespread induction of genes needed for collagen deposition and tissue remodeling. Taken together, our results indicate an important component of vaccine protection in fish mucosal tissues may be the sensitization, proliferation and arming of resident secretory cells in the period between primary and secondary challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Wilawan Thongda
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Honggang Zhao
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | - Haitham Mohammed
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Covadonga R Arias
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Zatti SA, Arana S, Maia AAM, Adriano EA. Ultrastructural, ssrDNA sequencing of Myxobolus prochilodus and Myxobolus porofilus and details of the interaction with the host Prochilodus lineatus. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:4573-4585. [PMID: 27623697 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Myxobolus prochilodus and Myxobolus porofilus are parasites of Prochilodus lineatus, an economically important South American fish found in La Plata and Paraiba do Sul river basins. This study focusing on parasite-host interaction provides an ultrastructural and phylogenetic analysis, the latter based on ssrDNA sequencing of these parasites respectively infecting the gill filaments and fins of P. lineatus taken from the Mogi Guaçu River, São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 13 adult specimens were examined in this study. The prevalence of infection was 7.69 % for M. prochilodus and 15.38 % for M. porofilus. Phylogenetic analysis showed M. prochilodus and M. porofilus clustered in a subclade composed of parasites of the Prochilodontidae family. In M. prochilodus infecting gill filaments, where cellular degeneration in the epithelium was observed, the plasmodia were surrounded by a capsule composed of layers of fibrocyte-like cells, with cellular projections joined to the projections of other fibrocyte-like cells by desmosomes, and more externally typical fibroblast layers. Some granular leukocytes were seen interspersed among these layers. In M. porofilus infecting the fins, the capsule of connective tissue was represented only by loosely arranged collagen fibers, and no granular leucocytes were observed. Finally, several unusual vacuoles with filamentous content and some characteristics usually described as degenerative alterations, as myelin figure, were noted in plasmodia and pansporoblasts of both myxosporean species. The possible influence of inflammatory response and xenobiotics was considered to be the explanation for the alterations observed in Myxobolus species and its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen A Zatti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Professor Arthur Riedel, 275, Jardim Eldorado, Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Sarah Arana
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University, l PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Antônio A M Maia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, São Paulo University, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Edson A Adriano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Professor Arthur Riedel, 275, Jardim Eldorado, Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil. .,Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil.
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Al-Jufaili SH, Freeman MA, Machkevskyi VK, Al-Nabhani A, Palm HW. Morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular description of Unicapsula fatimae n. sp. (Myxosporea: Trilosporidae) of whitespotted rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) in Omani waters. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1173-84. [PMID: 26693719 PMCID: PMC4759220 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Investigations regarding the parasite fauna of wild whitespotted rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) Park, 1797 revealed white, spherical, loosely attached cysts measuring 896 (375-1406) μm in diameter in the inner endothelial wall of the esophagus and stomach. Mature spores inside these cysts corresponded to the original description of spores belonging to the genus Unicapsula Davis, 1924. Unicapsula fatimae n. sp. spores were 6.23 (5.60-6.60) μm in length and 6.80 (6.12-7.39) μm in width. The length of large polar capsule was 2.62 (2.18-2.97) μm and width was 2.65 (2.32-2.90) μm, and the extended large polar capsule filament length was 15.50 (11.71-19.99) μm. Transmission electron microscope images of the plasmodia revealed a complex cyst structure that was unique among other Unicapsula spp. Ultrastructural details of the host-parasite interface and developmental stages of a species from the Unicapsula genus are described for the first time. Histology of an infected esophagus revealed some abnormalities and changes in the host tissue around the infection site, including hypertrophy of host esophagus epithelial cells and hyperplasia of host glandular tubules. The parasite presented here has been added to the genus Unicapsula using comparative morphological analysis and ultrastructural investigations supported by 18S small subunit ribosomal DNA molecular analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Al-Jufaili
- Aquaculture and Sea-Ranching, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 2, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
- Laboratory of microbiology analysis, Fishery quality control center, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Wealth, Al Bustan, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Mark A Freeman
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies, the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Volodymyr K Machkevskyi
- Laboratory of microbiology analysis, Fishery quality control center, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Wealth, Al Bustan, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Nabhani
- Department of Electron Microscopy, College of medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman
| | - Harry W Palm
- Aquaculture and Sea-Ranching, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 2, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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Banajee KH, Gaunt PS, Khoo L, Gaunt SD. Pathology in practice. Henneguya infection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 246:1193-5. [PMID: 25970215 DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.11.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaikhushroo H Banajee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
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Naldoni J, Zatti SA, Capodifoglio KR, Milanin T, Maia AA, Silva MR, Adriano EA. Host-parasite and phylogenetic relationships of Myxobolus filamentum sp. n. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea), a parasite of Brycon orthotaenia (Characiformes: Bryconidae) in Brazil. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2015; 62. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2015.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dickerson HW, Findly RC. Immunity to Ichthyophthirius infections in fish: a synopsis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:290-299. [PMID: 23810781 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a ciliated protozoan parasite that infects freshwater fish. It has been the subject of both applied and basic research for over 100years, which can be attributed to its world-wide distribution and its significant economic impact on both food and aquarium fish production. I. multifiliis serves as a model for studies in fish on innate and acquired immunity, as well as on mucosal immunity. Although an obligate parasite, I. multifiliis is relatively easily passaged from infected to naïve fish in laboratory aquaria, and is easily observed and manipulated under laboratory conditions. It parasitizes the epithelia of the skin and gills, which facilitates in vivo experimentation and quantification of challenge. This review provides a description of both mucosal and systemic innate and adaptive immune responses to parasite infection, a synopsis of host-parasite immunobiology, vaccine research, and suggested areas for future research to address critical remaining questions. Studies in carp and rainbow trout have shown that extensive tissue damage occurs when the parasite invades the epithelia of the skin and gills and substantial focal and systemic inflammatory responses are elicited by the innate immune response. The adaptive immune response is initiated when phagocytic cells are activated by antigens released by the parasite. It is not known whether activated T and B cells proliferate locally in the skin and gills following infection or migrate to these sites from the spleen or anterior kidney. I. multifiliis infection elicits both mucosal and systemic antibody production. Fish that survive I. multifiliis infection acquire protective immunity. Memory B cells provide long-term humoral memory. This suggests that protective vaccines are theoretically possible, and substantial efforts have been made toward developing vaccines in various fish species. Exposure of fish to controlled surface infections or by intracoelomic injection of live theronts provides protection. Vaccination with purified immobilization antigens, which are GPI-anchored membrane proteins, also provides protection under laboratory conditions and immobilization antigens are currently the most promising candidates for subunit vaccines against I. multifiliis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Dickerson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - R C Findly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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Gómez D, Bartholomew J, Sunyer JO. Biology and mucosal immunity to myxozoans. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:243-56. [PMID: 23994774 PMCID: PMC4216934 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Myxozoans are among the most abundant parasites in nature. Their life cycles involve two hosts: an invertebrate, usually an annelid, and a vertebrate, usually a fish. They affect fish species in their natural habitats but also constitute a menace for fish aquaculture. Using different strategies they are able to parasitize and cause damage in multiple organs, including mucosal tissues, which they use also as portals of entry. In fish, the main mucosal sites include the intestine, skin and gills. Recently the finding of a specific mucosal immunoglobulin in teleost (IgT), analogous to mammalian IgA, and the capacity of fish to develop a specific mucosal immune response against different pathogens, has highlighted the importance of studying immune responses at mucosal sites. In this review, we describe the major biological characteristics of myxozoan parasites and present the data available regarding immune responses for species that infect mucosal sites. As models for mucosal immunity we review the responses to Enteromyxum spp. and Ceratomyxa shasta, both of which parasitize the intestine. The immune response at the skin and gills is also described, as these mucosal tissues are used by myxozoans as attaching surfaces and portal of entry, and some species also parasitize these sites. Finally, the development of immunoprophylactic strategies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gómez
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jerri Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Fish Disease Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Modulation of leukocytic populations of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) by the intestinal parasite Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa: Myxosporea). Parasitology 2013; 141:425-40. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013001789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe cellular mucosal and systemic effectors of gilthead sea bream (GSB) (Sparus aurata) involved in the acute immune response to the intestinal parasite Enteromyxum leei were studied in fish experimentally infected by the anal route. In the intestinal inflammatory infiltrates and in lymphohaematopoietic organs (head kidney and spleen) of parasitized fish, the number of plasma cells, B cells (IgM immunoreactive) and mast cells (histamine immunoreactive) were significantly higher, whereas the number of acidophilic granulocytes (G7 immunoreactive) decreased, compared with non-parasitized and unexposed fish. These differences were stronger at the posterior intestine, the main target of the parasite, and no differences were found in the thymus. In non-parasitized GSB, the percentage of splenic surface occupied by melanomacrophage centres was significantly higher. These results suggest that the cellular response of GSB to E. leei includes proliferation of leukocytes in lymphohaematopoietic organs and recruitment into intestines via blood circulation involving elements of innate and adaptive immunity. Acidophilic granulocytes and mast cells presented opposite patterns of response to the parasite infection, with an overall depletion of the former and an increased amount of the latter. Some differences between both cell types were also detected in regard to their granule density and cell morphology.
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