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Cano I, Blaker E, Hartnell D, Farbos A, Moore KA, Cobb A, Santos EM, van Aerle R. Transcriptomic Responses to Koi Herpesvirus in Isolated Blood Leukocytes from Infected Common Carp. Viruses 2024; 16:380. [PMID: 38543746 PMCID: PMC10974277 DOI: 10.3390/v16030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV, CyHV-3) causes severe economic losses in carp farms. Its eradication is challenging due to the establishment of latency in blood leukocytes and other tissues. To understand the molecular mechanisms leading to KHV infection in leukocytes, common carp were bath-exposed to KHV at 17 °C. After confirming the presence of viral transcripts in blood leukocytes at ten days post infection, RNA-Seq was performed on peripheral blood leukocytes on the Illumina NovaSeq. KHV infection triggered a robust immune response mediated by pattern recognition receptors, mainly toll-like receptors (tlr2, tlr5, tlr7, and tlr13), urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor-like, galectin proteins, and lipid mediators such as leukotriene B4 receptor 1. Enriched pathways showed increased mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation and the activation of signalling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). KHV-infected leukocytes showed low production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione metabolism, high iron export and phagocytosis activity, and low autophagy. Macrophage polarization was deduced from the up-regulation of genes such as arginase non-hepatic 1-like, macrophage mannose receptor-1, crem, il-10, and il-13 receptors, while markers for cytotoxic T cells were observed to be down-regulated. Further work is required to characterise these leukocyte subsets and the molecular events leading to KHV latency in blood leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cano
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (E.B.); (D.H.); (A.C.); (R.v.A.)
- Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK;
| | - Ellen Blaker
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (E.B.); (D.H.); (A.C.); (R.v.A.)
| | - David Hartnell
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (E.B.); (D.H.); (A.C.); (R.v.A.)
| | - Audrey Farbos
- Biosciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK; (A.F.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Karen A. Moore
- Biosciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK; (A.F.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Adele Cobb
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (E.B.); (D.H.); (A.C.); (R.v.A.)
| | - Eduarda M. Santos
- Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK;
- Biosciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK; (A.F.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (E.B.); (D.H.); (A.C.); (R.v.A.)
- Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK;
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Machat R, Pojezdal L, Gebauer J, Matiasovic J, Tesarik R, Minarova H, Hodkovicova N, Faldyna M. Early immune response of two common carp breeds to koi herpesvirus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:206-215. [PMID: 35940535 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Economic importance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) increases every year. Viral diseases are major threat for carp aquaculture and cause significant economic losses. Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is one of the most serious carp diseases. Current study is focused on confirmation of possible differences in early immune response to KHV depending on level of resistance. Class I interferon signalling, complement cascade and cell-mediated cytotoxicity are hypothesized as major mechanisms of early innate immune response against KHV. Different breeds of common carp show distinct level of resistance to KHV. Two breeds of common carp with completely different susceptibility to KHV were chosen for current research: amur wild carp (AS) as highly resistant and koi carp (KOI) as very susceptible breed. KHV infection caused no mortalities, but the viral load in selected tissues increased during infection. Levels of expressions of chosen genes was examined using qRT-PCR and overall change in protein expression profiles was analysed by mass spectrometry. Significant differences in immune response between AS and KOI were detected mostly at the level of protein expression. Although cell-mediated cytotoxicity showed minimal influence during KHV infection, many immune response parameters related to class I interferon signalling pathway and complement cascade were increased earlier during KHV infection in AS comparing to KOI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Machat
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomir Pojezdal
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gebauer
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Matiasovic
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Tesarik
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Minarova
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic; Department of Ecology & Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, 612 42, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Hodkovicova
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic.
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Torzewski M. C-Reactive Protein: Friend or Foe? Phylogeny From Heavy Metals to Modified Lipoproteins and SARS-CoV-2. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:797116. [PMID: 35402541 PMCID: PMC8987351 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.797116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal C-reactive protein (CRP) has a widespread existence throughout phylogeny implying that these proteins have essential functions mandatory to be preserved. About 500 million years of evolution teach us that there is a continuous interplay between emerging antigens and components of innate immunity. The most archaic physiological roles of CRP seem to be detoxication of heavy metals and other chemicals followed or accompanied by an acute phase response and host defense against bacterial, viral as well as parasitic infection. On the other hand, unusual antigens have emerged questioning the black-and-white perception of CRP as being invariably beneficial. Such antigens came along either as autoantigens like excessive tissue-stranded modified lipoprotein due to misdirected food intake linking CRP with atherosclerosis with an as yet open net effect, or as foreign antigens like SARS-CoV-2 inducing an uncontrolled CRP-mediated autoimmune response. The latter two examples impressingly demonstrate that a component of ancient immunity like CRP should not be considered under identical “beneficial” auspices throughout phylogeny but might effect quite the reverse as well.
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Jia Z, Wu N, Jiang X, Li H, Sun J, Shi M, Li C, Ge Y, Hu X, Ye W, Tang Y, Shan J, Cheng Y, Xia XQ, Shi L. Integrative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Immune Mechanism for a CyHV-3-Resistant Common Carp Strain. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687151. [PMID: 34290708 PMCID: PMC8287582 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-disease breeding is becoming the most promising solution to cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) infection, the major threat to common carp aquaculture. Virus challenging studies suggested that a breeding strain of common carp developed resistance to CyHV-3 infection. This study illustrates the immune mechanisms involved in both sensitivity and anti-virus ability for CyHV3 infection in fish. An integrative analysis of the protein-coding genes and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) using transcriptomic data was performed. Tissues from the head kidney of common carp were extracted at days 0 (the healthy control) and 7 after CyHV-3 infection (the survivors) and used to analyze the transcriptome through both Illumina and PacBio sequencing. Following analysis of the GO terms and KEGG pathways involved, the immune-related terms and pathways were merged. To dig out details on the immune aspect, the DEGs were filtered using the current common carp immune gene library. Immune gene categories and their corresponding genes in different comparison groups were revealed. Also, the immunological Gene Ontology terms for lncRNA modulation were retained. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis was used to reveal the regulation of immune genes by lncRNA. The results demonstrated that the breeding carp strain develops a marked resistance to CyHV-3 infection through a specific innate immune mechanism. The featured biological processes were autophagy, phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, and virus blockage by lectins and MUC3. Moreover, the immune-suppressive signals, such as suppression of IL21R on STAT3, PI3K mediated inhibition of inflammation by dopamine upon infection, as well as the inhibition of NLRC3 on STING during a steady state. Possible susceptible factors for CyHV-3, such as ITGB1, TLR18, and CCL4, were also revealed from the non-breeding strain. The results of this study also suggested that Nramp and PAI regulated by LncRNA could facilitate virus infection and proliferation for infected cells respectively, while T cell leukemia homeobox 3 (TLX3), as well as galectin 3 function by lncRNA, may play a role in the resistance mechanism. Therefore, immune factors that are immunogenetically insensitive or susceptible to CyHV-3 infection have been revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Jia
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaona Jiang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Harbin, China
| | - Heng Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Sun
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Harbin, China
| | - Mijuan Shi
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chitao Li
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Harbin, China
| | - Yanlong Ge
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Harbin, China
| | - Xuesong Hu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Harbin, China
| | - Weidong Ye
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Junwei Shan
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Yingyin Cheng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Xia
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianyu Shi
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Freshwater Fish Breeding, Harbin, China
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Modulation of the Tissue Expression Pattern of Zebrafish CRP-Like Molecules Suggests a Relevant Antiviral Role in Fish Skin. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020078. [PMID: 33498981 PMCID: PMC7912335 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The clinical use of the human short pentraxin C-reactive protein as a health biomarker is expanded worldwide. The acute increase of the serum levels of short pentraxins in response to bacterial infections is evolutionarily conserved, as are the main functions of pentraxins. Interestingly, fish orthologs have been found to increase similarly after bacterial and viral stimuli, thus becoming promising candidates for health biomarkers of both types of infection in this group of vertebrates. To preliminarily assess their adequacy for this application, zebrafish and a fish rhabdovirus were chosen as infection model systems for the analysis of the levels of gene expression of all short pentraxins in healthy and infected animals in a wide range of tissues. Because some significant increases were found in skin (a very suitable sampling source for testing purposes), further transcript analyses were carried out in this tissue. Due to the functional similarities between pentraxins and antibodies, it was also checked whether short pentraxins can compensate for the deficiencies in adaptive immunity by using mutant zebrafish lacking this system. In conclusion, the obtained results suggest that short pentraxins are highly reactant against viruses in skin and their overexpression seems to reflect a mechanism to compensate for the loss of adaptive immunity. Abstract Recent studies suggest that short pentraxins in fish might serve as biomarkers for not only bacterial infections, as in higher vertebrates including humans, but also for viral ones. These fish orthologs of mammalian short pentraxins are currently attracting interest because of their newly discovered antiviral activity. In the present work, the modulation of the gene expression of all zebrafish short pentraxins (CRP-like proteins, CRP1-7) was extensively analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Initially, the tissue distribution of crp1-7 transcripts and how the transcripts varied in response to a bath infection with the spring viremia of carp virus, were determined. The expression of crp1-7 was widely distributed and generally increased after infection (mostly at 5 days post infection), except for crp1 (downregulated). Interestingly, several crp transcription levels significantly increased in skin. Further assays in mutant zebrafish of recombinant activation gene 1 (rag1) showed that all crps (except for crp2, downregulated) were already constitutively highly expressed in skin from rag1 knockouts and only increased moderately after viral infection. Similar results were obtained for most mx isoforms (a reporter gene of the interferon response), suggesting a general overcompensation of the innate immunity in the absence of the adaptive one.
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Seroconversion and Skin Mucosal Parameters during Koi Herpesvirus Shedding in Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228482. [PMID: 33187217 PMCID: PMC7696817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Seroconversion and the mucosal lysozyme G (lysG), complement 3 (c3), and immunoglobulins M (IgMsec) and Z2 (IgZ2) were measured for up to 900 degree days (DD) in skin swabs from common carp exposed to koi herpesvirus (KHV or CyHV-3) at either a non-permissive temperature (12 °C) or permissive temperatures (17 and 22 °C), and in survivors subjected to temperature increase to 22 °C 500 DD after the initial exposure. The survival rate at 22 °C varied from 100% in fish initially exposed at 12 °C, to 20% at 17 °C and 0% at 22 °C. Viral shedding episodes lasted for up to 29 days (493 DD) for fish clinically infected at 17 °C, and up to 57 days (684 DD) for asymptomatic fish held at 12 °C. Up-regulation of lysG transcripts was measured at 17 and 22 °C. Down-regulation of c3 and IgMsec transcripts was measured independent of the water temperature, followed by up-regulation after the temperature increase coinciding with seroconversion and clearance of KHV from the skin mucus. IgZ2 mRNA showed a negative correlation with IgM transcripts. KHV subversion of the complement system at the mucosal site coupled with poor immunoglobulin secretion during the viral replication might contribute to the long window of viral shedding, thus facilitating viral transmission.
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7
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Bello-Perez M, Pereiro P, Coll J, Novoa B, Perez L, Falco A. Zebrafish C-reactive protein isoforms inhibit SVCV replication by blocking autophagy through interactions with cell membrane cholesterol. Sci Rep 2020; 10:566. [PMID: 31953490 PMCID: PMC6969114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the mechanisms involved in the recently reported antiviral activity of zebrafish C-reactive protein-like protein (CRP1-7) against the spring viraemia of carp rhabdovirus (SVCV) in fish are explored. The results neither indicate blocking of the attachment or the binding step of the viral replication cycle nor suggest the direct inhibition of G protein fusion activity or the stimulation of the host’s interferon system. However, an antiviral state in the host is induced. Further results showed that the antiviral protection conferred by CRP1-7 was mainly due to the inhibition of autophagic processes. Thus, given the high affinity of CRPs for cholesterol and the recently described influence of the cholesterol balance in lipid rafts on autophagy, both methyl-β-cyclodextrin (a cholesterol-complexing agent) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (a cholesterol molecule with antiviral properties) were used to further describe CRP activity. All the tested compounds exerted antiviral activity by affecting autophagy in a similar manner. Further assays indicate that CRP reduces autophagy activity by initially disturbing the cholesterol ratios in the host cellular membranes, which in turn negatively affects the intracellular regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases lysosomal pH as a consequence. Ultimately, here we propose that such pH changes exert an inhibitory direct effect on SVCV replication by disrupting the pH-dependent membrane-fusogenic ability of the viral glycoprotein G, which allows the release of the virus from endosomes into cytoplasm during its entry phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bello-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, 03202, Spain
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Tecnologías Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA), Dpto. Biotecnología, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - Luis Perez
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, 03202, Spain.
| | - Alberto Falco
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, 03202, Spain.
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8
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Acute phase protein response to viral infection and vaccination. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 671:196-202. [PMID: 31323216 PMCID: PMC7094616 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organisms respond in multiple ways to microbial infections. Pathogen invasion tipically triggers an inflammatory response where acute phase proteins (APP) have a key role. Pentraxins (PTX) are a family of highly conserved APP that play a part in the host defense against infection. The larger proteins of the family are simply named pentraxins, while c-reactive proteins (CRP) and serum amyloid proteins (SAA, SAP) are known as short pentraxins. Although high APP levels have been broadly associated with bacterial infections, there is a growing body of evidence revealing increased PTX, CRP and SAP expression upon viral infection. Furthermore, CRP, PTX and SAP have shown their potential as diagnostic markers and predictors of disease outcome. Likewise, the measurement of APP levels can be valuable to determine the efficacy of antiviral therapies and vaccines. From the practical point of view, the ability of APP to reduce viral infectivity has been observed in several virus-host models. This has prompted investigation efforts to assess the role of acute phase response proteins as immunoregulatory molecules and their potential as therapeutic reagents. This work aims to present an overview of the APP response to viral infections reviewing the current knowledge in the field.
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Tarnawska M, Augustyniak M, Łaszczyca P, Migula P, Irnazarow I, Krzyżowski M, Babczyńska A. Immune response of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) exposed to a mixture of sewage chemicals. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:17-27. [PMID: 30831244 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and household chemicals are important components of municipal sewage. Many of them are biologically active, disrupting not only hormonal regulation of aquatic animals but also, indirectly, disturbing their immunological protection. In the environment, chemicals rarely act as individual substances, but as elements of mixtures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to check whether the acute laboratory exposure of common carp juveniles to a mixture of ibuprofen, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 17 α-ethynylestradiol in increasing concentrations, modifies the levels of innate immunity (lysozyme, C-reactive protein) as well as general stress (metallothioneins, heat shock proteins HSP70) markers in brain, liver, gills, spleen and mucus. The levels of the markers were measured by an immunodetection technique. Not only do the pharmaceuticals and household chemicals impair immunological reactions of young carp in various tissues but also do that in a concentration-dependent manner in the liver, gills, spleen and mucus. This has a very important implication, since it may result in higher sensitivity of young fish to pathogens due to energy allocation to defence processes. The comparisons of the pattern of stress reactions in the studied organ samples indicated that mucus appeared to be a good, non-invasive material for monitoring of environmental state and fish conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tarnawska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - M Augustyniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - P Łaszczyca
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - P Migula
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - I Irnazarow
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology & Aquaculture in Gołysz, Kalinowa 2, 43-520 Chybie, Poland
| | - M Krzyżowski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - A Babczyńska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an evolutionarily conserved protein. From arthropods to humans, CRP has been found in every organism where the presence of CRP has been sought. Human CRP is a pentamer made up of five identical subunits which binds to phosphocholine (PCh) in a Ca2+-dependent manner. In various species, we define a protein as CRP if it has any two of the following three characteristics: First, it is a cyclic oligomer of almost identical subunits of molecular weight 20–30 kDa. Second, it binds to PCh in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Third, it exhibits immunological cross-reactivity with human CRP. In the arthropod horseshoe crab, CRP is a constitutively expressed protein, while in humans, CRP is an acute phase plasma protein and a component of the acute phase response. As the nature of CRP gene expression evolved from a constitutively expressed protein in arthropods to an acute phase protein in humans, the definition of CRP became distinctive. In humans, CRP can be distinguished from other homologous proteins such as serum amyloid P, but this is not the case for most other vertebrates and invertebrates. Literature indicates that the binding ability of CRP to PCh is less relevant than its binding to other ligands. Human CRP displays structure-based ligand-binding specificities, but it is not known if that is true for invertebrate CRP. During evolution, changes in the intrachain disulfide and interchain disulfide bonds and changes in the glycosylation status of CRP may be responsible for different structure-function relationships of CRP in various species. More studies of invertebrate CRP are needed to understand the reasons behind such evolution of CRP. Also, CRP evolved as a component of and along with the development of the immune system. It is important to understand the biology of ancient CRP molecules because the knowledge could be useful for immunodeficient individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Pathak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Alok Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
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11
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Miest JJ, Politis SN, Adamek M, Tomkiewicz J, Butts IAE. Molecular ontogeny of larval immunity in European eel at increasing temperatures. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:105-119. [PMID: 30590168 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is a major factor that modulates the development and reactivity of the immune system. Only limited knowledge exists regarding the immune system of the catadromous European eel, Anguilla anguilla, especially during the oceanic early life history stages. Thus, a new molecular toolbox was developed, involving tissue specific characterisation of 3 housekeeping genes, 9 genes from the innate and 3 genes from the adaptive immune system of this species. The spatial pattern of immune genes reflected their function, e.g. complement component c3 was mainly produced in liver and il10 in the head kidney. Subsequently, the ontogeny of the immune system was studied in larvae reared from hatch to first-feeding at four temperatures, spanning their thermal tolerance range (16, 18, 20, and 22 °C). Expression of some genes (c3 and igm) declined post hatch, whilst expression of most other genes (mhc2, tlr2, il1β, irf3, irf7) increased with larval age. At the optimal temperature, 18 °C, this pattern of immune-gene expression revealed an immunocompromised phase between hatch (0 dph) and teeth-development (8 dph). The expression of two of the studied genes (mhc2, lysc) was temperature dependent, leading to increased mRNA levels at 22 °C. Additionally, at the lower end of the thermal spectrum (16 °C) immune competency appeared reduced, whilst close to the upper thermal limit (22 °C) larvae showed signs of thermal stress. Thus, protection against pathogens is probably impaired at temperatures close to the critical thermal maximum (CTmax), impacting survival and productivity in hatcheries and natural recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna J Miest
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fish, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, Germany; School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Sebastian N Politis
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonna Tomkiewicz
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ian A E Butts
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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12
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Sun P, Yu F, Lu J, Zhang M, Wang H, Xu D, Lu L. In vivo effects of neomycin sulfate on non-specific immunity, oxidative damage and replication of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Bello-Perez M, Falco A, Medina-Gali R, Pereiro P, Encinar JA, Novoa B, Perez L, Coll J. Neutralization of viral infectivity by zebrafish c-reactive protein isoforms. Mol Immunol 2017; 91:145-155. [PMID: 28915434 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This work explores the unexpected in vivo and in vitro anti-viral functions of the seven c-reactive protein (crp1-7) genes of zebrafish (Danio rerio). First results showed heterogeneous crp1-7 transcript levels in healthy wild-type zebrafish tissues and organs and how those levels heterogeneously changed not only after bacterial but also after viral infections, including those in adaptive immunity-deficient rag1-/- mutants. As shown by microarray hybridization and proteomic techniques, crp2/CRP2 and crp5/CRP5 transcripts/proteins were among the most modulated during in vivo viral infection situations including the highest responses in the absence of adaptive immunity. In contrast crp1/CRP1/and crp7/CRP7 very often remained unmodulated. All evidences suggested that zebrafish crp2-6/CRP2-6 may have in vivo anti-viral activities in addition to their well known anti-bacterial and/or physiological functions in mammalians. Confirming those expectations, in vitro neutralization and in vivo protection against spring viremia carp virus (SVCV) infections were demonstrated by crp2-6/CRP2-6 using crp1-7 transfected and/or CRP1-7-enriched supernatant-treated fish cells and crp2-5-injected one-cell stage embryo eggs, respectively. All these findings discovered a crp1-7/CRP1-7 primitive anti-viral functional diversity.These findings may help to study similar functions on the one-gene-coded human CRP, which is widely used as a clinical biomarker for bacterial infections, tissue inflammation and coronary heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bello-Perez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández (IBMC-UMH). Elche, Spain.
| | - Alberto Falco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández (IBMC-UMH). Elche, Spain.
| | - Regla Medina-Gali
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández (IBMC-UMH). Elche, Spain.
| | | | - Jose Antonio Encinar
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández (IBMC-UMH). Elche, Spain.
| | | | - Luis Perez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández (IBMC-UMH). Elche, Spain.
| | - Julio Coll
- Instituto Nacional Investigaciones y Tecnologías Agrarias y Alimentarias, Dpto. Biotecnología. INIA. Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Bello-Perez M, Falco A, Medina R, Encinar JA, Novoa B, Perez L, Estepa A, Coll J. Structure and functionalities of the human c-reactive protein compared to the zebrafish multigene family of c-reactive-like proteins. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 69:33-40. [PMID: 27965017 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Because of the recent discovery of multiple c-reactive protein (crp)-like genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) with predicted heterogeneous phospholipid-binding amino acid sequences and heterogeneous transcript expression levels in viral survivors and adaptive-deficient mutants, zebrafish constitute an attractive new model for exploring the evolution of these protein's functions, including their possible participation in fish trained immunity. Circulating human CRP belongs to the short pentraxin family of oligomeric proteins that are characteristic of early acute-phase innate responses and is widely used as a clinical inflammation marker. In contrast to pentameric human CRP (pCRP), zebrafish CRPs are trimeric (tCRP); however monomeric CRP (mCRP) conformations may also be generated when associated with cellular membranes as occurs in humans. Compared to human CRP, zebrafish CRP-like proteins show homologous amino acid sequence stretches that are consistent with, although not yet demonstrated, cysteine-dependent redox switches, calcium-binding spots, phosphocholine-binding pockets, C1q-binding domains, regions interacting with immunoglobulin Fc receptors (FcR), unique mCRP epitopes, mCRP binding peptides to cholesterol-enriched rafts, protease target sites, and/or binding sites to monocyte, macrophage, neutrophils, platelets and/or endothelial cells. Amino acid variations among the zebrafish CRP-like multiprotein family and derived isoforms in these stretches suggest that functional heterogeneity best fits the wide variety of aquatic pathogens. As occurs in humans, phospholipid-tagged tCRP-like multiproteins might also influence local inflammation and induce innate immune responses; however, in addition, different zebrafish tCRP-like proteins and/or isoforms might fine tune new still unknown functions. The information reviewed here could be of value for future studies not only to comparative but also medical immunologists and/or fisheries sectors. This review also introduces some novel speculations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Falco
- Universidad Miguel Hernández, UMH-IBMC, Elche, Spain.
| | - Regla Medina
- Universidad Miguel Hernández, UMH-IBMC, Elche, Spain.
| | | | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Vigo, España.
| | - Luis Perez
- Universidad Miguel Hernández, UMH-IBMC, Elche, Spain.
| | - Amparo Estepa
- Universidad Miguel Hernández, UMH-IBMC, Elche, Spain.
| | - Julio Coll
- Instituto Nacional Investigación y Tecnología Agrarias y Alimentarias, Dpto. Biotecnología. INIA. Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Vergneau-Grosset C, Nadeau ME, Groff JM. Fish Oncology: Diseases, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2017; 20:21-56. [PMID: 27890290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The scientific literature contains a wealth of information concerning spontaneous fish neoplasms, although ornamental fish oncology is still in its infancy. The occurrence of fish neoplasms has often been associated with oncogenic viruses and environmental insults, making them useful markers for environmental contaminants. The use of fish, including zebrafish, as models of human carcinogenesis has been developed and knowledge gained from these models may also be applied to ornamental fish, although more studies are required. This review summarizes information available about fish oncology pertaining to veterinary clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vergneau-Grosset
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Universitaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Quebec, Canada; Aquarium du Québec, 1675 Avenue des Hôtels, Ville de Québec, QC G1W 4S3, Canada.
| | - Marie-Eve Nadeau
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Universitaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph M Groff
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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16
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Torrent F, Villena A, Lee PA, Fuchs W, Bergmann SM, Coll JM. The amino-terminal domain of ORF149 of koi herpesvirus is preferentially targeted by IgM from carp populations surviving infection. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2653-65. [PMID: 27383208 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recombinantly expressed fragments of the protein encoded by ORF149 (pORF149), a structural protein from the common- and koi-carp-infecting cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) that was previously shown to be antigenic, were used to obtain evidence that its amino-terminal part contains immunodominant epitopes in fish populations that survived the infection. To obtain such evidence, nonspecific binding of carp serum tetrameric IgM had to be overcome by a novel ELISA protocol (rec2-ELISA). Rec2-ELISA involved pre-adsorption of carp sera with a heterologous recombinant fragment before incubation with pORF149 fragments and detection with anti-carp IgM monoclonal antibodies. Only in this way was it possible to distinguish between sera from uninfected and survivor carp populations. Although IgM from survivors recognised pORF149 fragments to a lesser degree than whole virus, specificity was confirmed by correlation of rec2- and CyHV-3-ELISAs, inhibition of rec2-ELISA by an excess of frgIIORF149, ELISA using IgM-capture, Western blotting, and reduction of reactivity in CyHV-3-ELISA by pre-adsorption of sera with frgIIORF149. The similarity of IgM-binding profiles between frgIORF149 (amino acid residues 42-629) and frgIIORF149 (42-159) and their reactivities with previously described anti-CyHV-3 monoclonal antibodies confirmed that most pORF149 epitopes were localised in its amino-terminal part.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Torrent
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros de Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Piscifactoría, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Villena
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Leon, Spain
| | - P A Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
- GeneReach Biotechnology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - W Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - S M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - J M Coll
- Departamento Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional Investigaciones y Tecnologías Agrarias y Alimentarias, INIA, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Kovacevic N, Hagen MO, Xie J, Belosevic M. The analysis of the acute phase response during the course of Trypanosoma carassii infection in the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:112-122. [PMID: 26116443 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The expression of genes encoding the acute phase proteins (APP) during the course of Trypanasoma carassii infection in the goldfish was determined using quantitative PCR. Significant changes in the mRNA levels of ceruloplasmin (Cp), C-reactive protein (CRP), transferrin (Tf), hemopexin (Hx) and serum amyloid A (SAA) were observed in the kidney, liver and spleen at various days post infection (dpi). Of the five acute phase protein genes examined, CRP and SAA exhibited the highest expression in the tissues during the acute infection. Cp and Tf were up-regulated throughout the acute course of infection in the liver. During the chronic phase of the infection, APP expression in the liver was similar to that in the non-infected control fish. At 7 dpi, Cp, Tf and Hx were down-regulated in the spleen, and Cp and Tf kidney, but their mRNA levels gradually returned to those of control non-infected fish. In contrast, during the chronic phase of the infection, there was an up-regulation of Cp, Hx and Tf in the spleen, and Tf and SAA in the kidney. The goldfish CRP was cloned and functionally characterized. CRP was differentially expressed in normal goldfish immune cells, with highest expression in monocytes and lowest expression in mature macrophages. A recombinant goldfish CRP (rgfCRP) was generated using prokaryotic expression. rgfCRP enhanced complement-mediated killing of trypanosomes in vitro, and the lysis increased after addition of immune serum. rgfCRP did not affect the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates by monocytes and macrophages, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Kovacevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mariel O Hagen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jiasong Xie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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18
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Estepa A, Coll J. Innate Multigene Family Memories Are Implicated in the Viral-Survivor Zebrafish Phenotype. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135483. [PMID: 26270536 PMCID: PMC4535885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since adaptive features such as memory were discovered in mammalian innate immunity, interest in the immunological status of primitive vertebrates after infections has grown. In this context, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio), a primitive vertebrate species suited to molecular and genetic studies to explore transcriptional memories of the immune system in long-term survivors of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus infections. Immune-gene targeted microarrays designed in-house, multipath genes, gene set enrichment, and leading-edge analysis, reveal unexpected consistent correlations between the viral-survivor phenotype and several innate multigene families. Thus, here we describe in survivors of infections the upregulation of the multigene family of proteasome subunit macropains, zebrafish-specific novel gene sets, mitogen activated protein kinases, and epidermal growth factor. We also describe the downregulation of the multigene families of c-reactive proteins, myxovirus-induced proteins and novel immunoglobulin-type receptors. The strength of those immunological memories was reflected by the exceptional similarity of the transcriptional profiles of survivors before and after re-infection compared with primary infected fish. On the other hand, the high levels of neutralizing antibodies in the blood plasma of survivors contrasted with the depletion of transcripts specific for most cell types present in lymphoid organs. Therefore, long-term survivors maintained unexpected molecular/cellular memories of previous viral encounters by modulating the expression levels of innate multigene families as well as having specific adaptive antibodies. The implications of the so-called "trained immunity" for future research in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Estepa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche (UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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19
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Boutier M, Ronsmans M, Rakus K, Jazowiecka-Rakus J, Vancsok C, Morvan L, Peñaranda MMD, Stone DM, Way K, van Beurden SJ, Davison AJ, Vanderplasschen A. Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3: An Archetype of Fish Alloherpesviruses. Adv Virus Res 2015; 93:161-256. [PMID: 26111587 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The order Herpesvirales encompasses viruses that share structural, genetic, and biological properties. However, members of this order infect hosts ranging from molluscs to humans. It is currently divided into three phylogenetically related families. The Alloherpesviridae family contains viruses infecting fish and amphibians. There are 12 alloherpesviruses described to date, 10 of which infect fish. Over the last decade, cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) infecting common and koi carp has emerged as the archetype of fish alloherpesviruses. Since its first description in the late 1990s, this virus has induced important economic losses in common and koi carp worldwide. It has also had negative environmental implications by affecting wild carp populations. These negative impacts and the importance of the host species have stimulated studies aimed at developing diagnostic and prophylactic tools. Unexpectedly, the data generated by these applied studies have stimulated interest in CyHV-3 as a model for fundamental research. This review intends to provide a complete overview of the knowledge currently available on CyHV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boutier
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maygane Ronsmans
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Joanna Jazowiecka-Rakus
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Vancsok
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Léa Morvan
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ma Michelle D Peñaranda
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - David M Stone
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Way
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J van Beurden
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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20
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Negenborn J, van der Marel MC, Ganter M, Steinhagen D. Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) disturbs osmotic balance in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)--A potential cause of mortality. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:280-8. [PMID: 25888311 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) causes a fatal disease in carp (Cyprinus carpio) and its ornamental koi varieties which seriously affects production and trade of this fish species globally. Up to now, the pathophysiology of this disease remains unclear. Affected individuals develop most prominent lesions in gills, skin and kidney, in tissues which are involved in the osmotic regulation of freshwater teleosts. Therefore, here serum and urine electrolyte levels were examined during the course of an experimental infection of carp with CyHV-3. In infected carp an interstitial nephritis with a progressive deterioration of nephric tubules developed, which was paralleled by elevated electrolyte losses, mainly Na(+) in the urine. The urine/plasma ratio for Na(+) increased from 0.03 in uninfected carp to 0.43-0.83 in carp under CyHV-3 infection, while concentration of divalent ions were not significantly changed. These electrolyte losses could not be compensated since plasma osmolality and Na(+) concentration dropped significantly in CyHV-3 infected carp. This was most probably caused by the progressive deterioration of the branchial epithelium, which in teleosts plays a prominent role in osmoregulation, and which was seen concomitantly with decreasing electrolyte levels in the serum of carp under CyHV-3 infection. Immediately after infection with CyHV-3, by day 2 post exposure, affected carp showed severe anaemia and prominent leucocytosis indicating the development of an acute inflammation, which could intensify the observed hydro-mineral imbalances. The data presented here show that an infection with CyHV-3 induces an acute inflammation and a severe dysfunction of osmoregulation in affected carp or koi, which may lead to death in particular in the case of acute disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Negenborn
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - M C van der Marel
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Ganter
- Clinic for Pigs, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - D Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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21
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Christiansen EF, Cray C, Lewbart GA, Harms CA. Plasma Protein Electrophoresis and Acute Phase Proteins in Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Following Exploratory Coeliotomy. J Exot Pet Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Miest JJ, Adamek M, Pionnier N, Harris S, Matras M, Rakus KŁ, Irnazarow I, Steinhagen D, Hoole D. Differential effects of alloherpesvirus CyHV-3 and rhabdovirus SVCV on apoptosis in fish cells. Vet Microbiol 2014; 176:19-31. [PMID: 25596969 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Whilst Herpesviridae, which infect higher vertebrates, actively influence host immune responses to ensure viral replication, it is mostly unknown if Alloherpesviridae, which infect lower vertebrates, possess similar abilities. An important antiviral response is clearance of infected cells via apoptosis, which in mammals influences the outcome of infection. Here, we utilise common carp infected with CyHV-3 to determine the effect on the expression of genes encoding apoptosis-related proteins (p53, Caspase 9, Apaf-1, IAP, iNOS) in the pronephros, spleen and gills. The influence of CyHV-3 on CCB cells was also studied and compared to SVCV (a rhabdovirus) which induces apoptosis in carp cell lines. Although CyHV-3 induced iNOS expression in vivo, significant induction of the genetic apoptosis pathway was only seen in the pronephros. In vitro CyHV-3 did not induce apoptosis or apoptosis-related expression whilst SVCV did stimulate apoptosis. This suggests that CyHV-3 possesses mechanisms similar to herpesviruses of higher vertebrates to inhibit the antiviral apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna J Miest
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG Keele, United Kingdom.
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Diseases Research Unit, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Hanover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Pionnier
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG Keele, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah Harris
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG Keele, United Kingdom; Fish Diseases Research Unit, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Hanover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany.
| | - Marek Matras
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Ł Rakus
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology & Aquaculture in Gołysz, Kalinowa 2, 43-520 Chybie, Poland.
| | - Ilgiz Irnazarow
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology & Aquaculture in Gołysz, Kalinowa 2, 43-520 Chybie, Poland.
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Diseases Research Unit, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Hanover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany.
| | - Dave Hoole
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG Keele, United Kingdom.
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