1
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Renukdas NN, Kelly AM, Zinta G, Sinha AK. Hepatic transcriptome profiling of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides Lacépède) injected with Flavobacterium covae or lipopolysaccharide. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e13948. [PMID: 38558407 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Flavobacterium covae (columnaris) is the most detrimental bacterial disease affecting the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides Lacépède) aquaculture industry. In the current study, fish received an intraperitoneal injection of either 1× PBS (100 μL), LPS in PBS (100 μL, 10 μg/mL), or F. covae (100 μL, 2.85 × 1011 CFU/mL) to simulate immunological challenges. After 24 h post-injection, liver tissue from the control and treated groups were then collected for transcriptome analysis. Results of the Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses for the F. covae and LPS-injected groups found differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched primarily in toll-like receptors (TLRs), cytokine-cytokine receptors, complement and coagulation cascades, and the PPAR signalling pathways. This suggests that the liver immune system is enhanced by these five combined pathways. Additionally, the DEGs TLR5, MYD88, and IL-1 were significantly upregulated in F. covae and LPS-injected fish compared to the controls, whereas IL-8 was downregulated. The upregulation of TLR5 was unexpected as F. covae lacks flagellin, the protein that binds to TLR5. Additionally, it is unknown whether the TLR5 is upregulated by LPS. Further research into the upregulation of TLR5 is warranted. These results provide insight into immune responses and associated pathways contributing to the immune system in the liver during columnaris infection and induced response to LPS in largemouth bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilima N Renukdas
- Aquaculture Laboratory, Arkansas Department of Agriculture, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, USA
| | - Anita M Kelly
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, USA
- Alabama Fish Farming Center, Auburn University, Greensboro, Alabama, USA
| | - Gaurav Zinta
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar Sinha
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, USA
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2
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Qian Q, Chen Z, Xu J, Zhu Y, Xu W, Gao X, Jiang Q, Zhang X. Pathogenicity of Plesiomonas shigelloides causing mass mortalities of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and its induced host immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108487. [PMID: 36503060 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of mass mortality of M. salmoides occurred in an aquaculture farm in Jiangsu province of China, showing signs of skin ulceration and haemorrhages. The bacteria were isolated from diseased largemouth bass, and identified as Plesiomonas shigelloides based on morphological, physiological and biochemical features, as well as 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The pathogenicity of P. shigelloides was determined by challenge experiments, and the median lethal dosage (LD50) of the isolate NJS1 for M. salmoides was calculated as 1.6 × 105 CFU/mL at 7 d post-infection. Histopathological analysis revealed that extensive necrosis, vacuolization and inflammation were presented in the kidney, liver and gill of the diseased fish. Detection of virulence-related genes showed that P. shigelloides NJS1 was positive for astA, astB, astD, astE, actP and 6 ahpA. Additionally, the host defensive response of M. salmoides infected by P. shigelloides was analyzed by quantitive real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and the results showed that the expression levels of Cas3, Hep1, HIF, IgM, IL15 and TGF were significantly up-regulated in head kidney, liver and spleen in different hours post-infection, which revealed varying expression profiles and clear transcriptional activation of immune related genes. The results suggested that P. shigelloides was an etiological element in the mass mortalities of M. salmoides and this study provided deeper insights for the pathogenesis and host defensive system in P. shigelloides invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qieqi Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojian Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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3
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De Silva LADS, Heo GJ. Biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria isolated from aquatic animals. Arch Microbiol 2022; 205:36. [PMID: 36565346 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm formation is one of the dynamic processes, which facilitates bacteria cells to attach to a surface and accumulate as a colony. With the help of biofilm formation, pathogenic bacteria can survive by adapting to their external environment. These bacterial colonies have several resistance properties with a higher survival rate in the environment. Especially, pathogenic bacteria can grow as biofilms and can be protected from antimicrobial compounds and other substances. In aquaculture, biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria has emerged with an increased infection rate in aquatic animals. Studies show that Vibrio anguillarum, V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, V. campbellii, V. fischeri, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri, Flavobacterium columnare, F. psychrophilum, Piscirickettsia salmonis, Edwardsiella tarda, E. ictaluri, E. piscicida, Streptococcus parauberis, and S. iniae can survive in the environment by transforming their planktonic form to biofilm form. Therefore, the present review was intended to highlight the principles behind biofilm formation, major biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria found in aquaculture systems, gene expression of those bacterial biofilms and possible controlling methods. In addition, the possibility of these pathogenic bacteria can be a serious threat to aquaculture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A D S De Silva
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-Ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang-Joon Heo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-Ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Damasceno MRA, Lemes CGDC, Braga LSSB, Tizioto PC, Montenegro H, Paduan M, Pereira JG, Cordeiro IF, Rocha LCM, da Silva SA, Sanchez AB, Lima WG, Yazbeck GM, Moreira LM, Garcia CCM. Hatchery tanks induce intense reduction in microbiota diversity associated with gills and guts of two endemic species of the São Francisco River. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:966436. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.966436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The São Francisco River (SFR), one of the main Brazilian rivers, has suffered cumulative anthropogenic impacts, leading to ever-decreasing fish stocks and environmental, economic, and social consequences. Rhinelepis aspera and Prochilodus argenteus are medium-sized, bottom-feeding, and rheophilic fishes from the SFR that suffer from these actions. Both species are targeted for spawning and restocking operations due to their relevance in artisanal fisheries, commercial activities, and conservation concerns. Using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we characterized the microbiome present in the gills and guts of these species recruited from an impacted SFR region and hatchery tanks (HT). Our results showed that bacterial diversity from the gill and gut at the genera level in both fish species from HT is 87% smaller than in species from the SFR. Furthermore, only 15 and 29% of bacterial genera are shared between gills and guts in R. aspera and P. argenteus from SFR, respectively, showing an intimate relationship between functional differences in organs. In both species from SFR, pathogenic, xenobiont-degrading, and cyanotoxin-producer bacterial genera were found, indicating the critical pollution scenario in which the river finds itself. This study allowed us to conclude that the conditions imposed on fish in the HT act as important modulators of microbial diversity in the analyzed tissues. It also raises questions regarding the effects of these conditions on hatchery spawn fish and their suitability for restocking activities, aggravated by the narrow genetic diversity associated with such freshwater systems.
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Prior BS, Lange MD, Salger SA, Reading BJ, Peatman E, Beck BH. The effect of piscidin antimicrobial peptides on the formation of Gram-negative bacterial biofilms. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:99-105. [PMID: 34590712 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fish-derived antimicrobial peptides are an important part of the innate immune system due to their potent antimicrobial properties. Piscidins are a class of antimicrobial peptides first described in hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x Morone saxatilis) but have also been identified in many other fish species. Previous work demonstrated the broad antimicrobial activity of piscidins against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species. This study sought to determine the extent to which class I (striped bass piscidin 1, white bass piscidin 1 and striped bass/white bass piscidin 3) and class II (striped bass piscidin 4 and white bass piscidin 5) piscidins inhibit biofilm formation of different Gram-negative bacteria. In general, the class I and II piscidins demonstrate potent activity against Escherichia coli and Flavobacterium columnare biofilms. The class II piscidins showed more activity against E. coli and F. columnare isolates than did the class I piscidins. The piscidins in general were much less effective against inhibiting Aeromonas hydrophila and A. veronii biofilm growth. Only the class I piscidins showed significant growth inhibition among the Aeromonas spp. examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Prior
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Aquatic Genetics and Genomics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Miles D Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Benjamin J Reading
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Aquatic Genetics and Genomics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
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Lange MD, Abernathy J, Farmer BD, Beck BH. Use of an immersion adjuvant with a Flavobacterium columnare recombinant protein vaccine in channel catfish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:136-139. [PMID: 34339820 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Jason Abernathy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| | - Bradley D Farmer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
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Abdelhamed H, Nho SW, Karsi A, Lawrence ML. The role of denitrification genes in anaerobic growth and virulence of Flavobacterium columnare. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1062-1074. [PMID: 32955778 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Comparative genomics analyses indicated that the Flavobacterium columnare genome has unique denitrification genes relative to Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Flavobacterium johnsoniae, including nasA (nitrate reductase), nirS (nitrite reductase), norB (nitric oxide reductase) and nosZ (nitrous oxide reductase). The current study determines the roles of nasA, nirS, norB and nosZ in anaerobic growth, nitrate reduction, biofilm formation and virulence. METHODS AND RESULTS Four in-frame deletion mutants in virulent F. columnare strain 94-081 were constructed by allelic exchange using pCP29 plasmid. Compared with parent strain 94-081, FcΔnasA,FcΔnirS and FcΔnosZ mutants did not grow as well anaerobically, whereas the growth of FcΔnorB strain was similar to the parent strain (FcWT). Exogenous nitrate was not significantly consumed under anaerobic conditions in FcΔnasA, FcΔnirS and FcΔnosZ compared to parent strain 94-081. Under anaerobic conditions, Fc∆nasA, Fc∆norB and Fc∆nosZ formed significantly less biofilm than the wild type strain at 24 and 96 h, but FcΔnirS was not significantly affected. The nitrite reductase mutant FcΔnirS was highly attenuated in catfish, whereas FcΔnasA, FcΔnorB and FcΔnosZ had similar virulence to FcWT. CONCLUSIONS These results show, for the first time, that denitrification genes enable F. columnare to grow anaerobically using nitrate as an electron acceptor, and nitrite reductase contributes to F. columnare virulence. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These findings indicate potential for F. columnare to grow in nitrate-rich anaerobic zones in catfish production ponds, and they suggest that a Fc∆nirS strain could be useful as a safe live vaccine if it protects catfish against columnaris disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Abdelhamed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - S W Nho
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - A Karsi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - M L Lawrence
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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8
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Lange MD, Farmer BD, Abernathy J. Vertebrate mucus stimulates biofilm development and upregulates iron acquisition genes in Flavobacterium columnare. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:101-110. [PMID: 31709555 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Columnaris disease is responsible for substantial losses throughout the production of many freshwater fish species. One of the ways in which the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare is so effective in initiating disease is through the formation of biofilms on fish skin and gills. To further explore the interaction between host factors and bacterial cells, we assayed the ability of vertebrate mucus to enhance F. columnare biofilm development. Different concentrations of catfish, tilapia and pig mucus (5-60 µg/ml) increased biofilm growth at varying degrees among F. columnare isolates. Our data suggest that vertebrate mucus acts as a signalling molecule for the development of F. columnare biofilms; however, there are clear disparities in how individual isolates respond to different mucus fractions to stimulate biofilms. The expression of iron acquisition genes among two genomovar II isolates showed that ferroxidase, TonB receptor and the siderophore synthetase gene were all significantly upregulated among F. columnare biofilms. Interestingly, the siderophore acetyltransferase gene was only shown to be significantly upregulated in one of the genomovar II isolates. This work provides insight into our understanding of the interaction between F. columnare and vertebrate mucus, which likely contributes to the growth of planktonic cells and the transition into biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| | - Bradley D Farmer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| | - Jason Abernathy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR, USA
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Draft Genome Sequences of Flavobacterium columnare Strains ARS1 and BGFS27, Isolated from Channel Catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus). Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/26/e00648-19. [PMID: 31248995 PMCID: PMC6597689 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00648-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium columnare strain BGFS27 was isolated from an apparently healthy wild channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) collected from the Mobile River in 2005. F. columnare strain ARS1 was isolated from a channel catfish suffering from columnaris disease in a commercial farm in 1996. BGFS27 belongs to genomovar II (genetic group 2), while ARS1 belongs to genomovar III (genetic group 3). Here, we report the draft genome sequences of F. columnare BGFS27 and ARS1, obtained by PacBio sequencing.
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10
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Lange MD, Abernathy J, Farmer BD. Evaluation of a Recombinant Flavobacterium columnare DnaK Protein Vaccine as a Means of Protection Against Columnaris Disease in Channel Catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus). Front Immunol 2019; 10:1175. [PMID: 31244827 PMCID: PMC6562308 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium columnare causes substantial losses among cultured finfish species. The Gram-negative bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen that manifests as biofilms on the host's mucosal surfaces as the disease progresses. We previously demonstrated that the dominant mucosal IgM antibody response to F. columnare is to the chaperone protein DnaK that is found in the extracellular fraction. To establish the efficacy of using recombinant protein technology to develop a new vaccine against columnaris disease, we are reporting on two consecutive years of vaccine trials using a recombinant F. columnare DnaK protein (rDnaK). In year one, three groups of channel catfish (n = 300) were immunized by bath immersion with a live attenuated F. columnare isolate, rDnaK or sham immunized. After 6 weeks, an F. columnare laboratory challenge showed a significant increase in survival (>30%) in both the live attenuated and rDnaK vaccines when compared to the non-immunized control. A rDnaK-specific ELISA revealed significant levels of mucosal IgM antibodies in the skin of catfish immunized with rDnaK at 4- and 6-weeks post immunization. In the second year, three groups of channel catfish (n = 300) were bath immunized with rDnaK alone or with rDnaK after a brief osmotic shock or sham immunized. After 6 weeks a laboratory challenge with F. columnare was conducted and showed a significant increase in survival in the rDnaK (> 25%) and in rDnaK with osmotic shock (>35%) groups when compared to the non-immunized control. The rDnaK-specific ELISA demonstrated significant levels of mucosal IgM antibodies in the skin of catfish groups immunized with rDnaK at 4- and 6-weeks post immunization. To further understand the processes which have conferred immune protection in the rDnaK group, we conducted RNA sequencing of skin samples from the non-immunized (n = 6) and rDnaK treated channel catfish at 1-week (n = 6) and 6 weeks (n = 6) post immunization. Significantly altered gene expression was identified and results will be discussed. Work to further enhance the catfish immune response to F. columnare rDnaK is underway as this protein remains a promising candidate for additional optimization and experimental trials in a production setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Lange
- Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Stuttgart, AR, United States
| | - Jason Abernathy
- Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Stuttgart, AR, United States
| | - Bradley D Farmer
- Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Stuttgart, AR, United States
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11
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Camus A, Griffin M, Armwood A, Soto E. A Spontaneous Outbreak of Systemic Edwardsiella piscicida Infection in Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède, 1802) in California, USA. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:759-763. [PMID: 30801740 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Al Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Matt Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi
| | - Abigail Armwood
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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12
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Mohammed HH, Peatman E. Winter kill in intensively stocked channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): Coinfection with Aeromonas veronii, Streptococcus parauberis and Shewanella putrefaciens. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1339-1347. [PMID: 29882217 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Unusual persistent natural mortality occurred in a floating in-pond raceway system intensively stocked with channel and hybrid catfish beginning in early November 2016 up until March 2017. The temperature during the period of outbreak ranged from 7.2 to 23.7°C. Gross examination of freshly dead and moribund fish revealed pale gills, slight abdominal distension and swollen inflamed vents. Comprehensive necropsy of 20 fish demonstrated vast amounts of bloody ascitic fluid in the coelomic cavity, visceral congestion, splenomegaly and pale friable livers but macroscopically normal kidneys, suggesting systemic bacterial infection. Bacterial cultures were initiated from skin, gills and major internal organs. Following incubation, a mixture of three bacterial colony phenotypes was observed on agar plates. Presumptive biochemical characterization of the isolates followed by 16S-rRNA sequence analysis resulted in the identification of Aeromonas veronii, Streptococcus parauberis and Shewanella putrefaciens. Channel catfish juveniles were experimentally infected with the recovered isolates to fulfil Koch's postulates. Moreover, an antibiogram was used to evaluate the susceptibility of the isolates to antimicrobial drugs approved for use in aquaculture. Aquaflor was used successfully for treatment. Here, we report bacterial coinfection lead by A. veronii and the first identification of S. parauberis and S. putrefaciens from cultured catfish in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham H Mohammed
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Aquatic Animals Medicine and Management, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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Zhou T, Yuan Z, Tan S, Jin Y, Yang Y, Shi H, Wang W, Niu D, Gao L, Jiang W, Gao D, Liu Z. A Review of Molecular Responses of Catfish to Bacterial Diseases and Abiotic Stresses. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1113. [PMID: 30210354 PMCID: PMC6119772 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Catfish is one of the major aquaculture species in the United States. However, the catfish industry is threatened by several bacterial diseases such as enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), columnaris disease and Aeromonas disease, as well as by abiotic stresses such as high temperature and low oxygen. Research has been conducted for several decades to understand the host responses to these diseases and abiotic stresses. With the development of sequencing technologies, and the application of genome-wide association studies in aquaculture species, significant progress has been made. This review article summarizes recent progress in understanding the molecular responses of catfish after bacterial infection and stress challenges, and in understanding of genomic and genetic basis for disease resistance and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Zihao Yuan
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Suxu Tan
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Yulin Jin
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Yujia Yang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Huitong Shi
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Wenwen Wang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Donghong Niu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Lei Gao
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Wansheng Jiang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Dongya Gao
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Art and Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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Buján N, Mohammed H, Balboa S, Romalde JL, Toranzo AE, Arias CR, Magariños B. Genetic studies to re-affiliate Edwardsiella tarda fish isolates to Edwardsiella piscicida and Edwardsiella anguillarum species. Syst Appl Microbiol 2017; 41:30-37. [PMID: 29150173 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Until 2012, the genus Edwardsiella was composed by three species Edwardsiella tarda, Edwardsiella hoshinae and Edwardsiella ictaluri. In 2013, Edwardsiella piscicida, compiling fish pathogenic strains previously identified as E. tarda was described, and more recently a new species isolated from diseased eel was reported, namely Edwardsiella anguillarum. The incorporation of these species into the genus makes necessary a revision of the taxonomic position of the isolates previously identified as E. tarda. Using AFLP technique, MLSA studies and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization, 46 of 49 E. tarda isolates were re-assigned as E. piscicida and 2 as E. anguillarum, whereas it was confirmed previous classification of the Edwardsiella types and reference strains used. The study of the taxonomic resolution of the genes 16S rRNA, adk, atpD, dnaJ, glnA, hsp60, tuf as well as the possible combinations among housekeeping genes, showed that the gene dnaJ was the more resolutive. In conclusion, the use of molecular techniques is necessary to accurately identify Edwardsiella isolates, especially when differentiating new species from E. tarda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Buján
- Departamento de Microbioloxía y Parasitoloxía, CIBUS-Facultade de Bioloxía and Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - Haitham Mohammed
- Aquatic Microbiology Laboratory, SFAAS, Center for Advanced Science, Innovation, and Commerce, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Sabela Balboa
- Departamento de Microbioloxía y Parasitoloxía, CIBUS-Facultade de Bioloxía and Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Jesús L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbioloxía y Parasitoloxía, CIBUS-Facultade de Bioloxía and Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Alicia E Toranzo
- Departamento de Microbioloxía y Parasitoloxía, CIBUS-Facultade de Bioloxía and Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Cova R Arias
- Aquatic Microbiology Laboratory, SFAAS, Center for Advanced Science, Innovation, and Commerce, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Beatriz Magariños
- Departamento de Microbioloxía y Parasitoloxía, CIBUS-Facultade de Bioloxía and Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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Lange MD, Farmer BD, Declercq AM, Peatman E, Decostere A, Beck BH. Sickeningly Sweet: L-rhamnose stimulates Flavobacterium columnare biofilm formation and virulence. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1613-1624. [PMID: 28581211 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium columnare, the causative agent of columnaris disease, causes substantial mortality worldwide in numerous freshwater finfish species. Due to its global significance and impact on the aquaculture industry continual efforts to better understand basic mechanisms that contribute to disease are urgently needed. The current work sought to evaluate the effect of L-rhamnose on the growth characteristics of F. columnare. While we initially did not observe any key changes during the total growth of F. columnare isolates tested when treated with L-rhamnose, it soon became apparent that the difference lies in the ability of this carbohydrate to facilitate the formation of biofilms. The addition of different concentrations of L-rhamnose consistently promoted the development of biofilms among different F. columnare isolates; however, it does not appear to be sufficient as a sole carbon source for biofilm growth. Our data also suggest that iron acquisition machinery is required for biofilm development. Finally, the addition of different concentrations of L-rhamnose to F. columnare prior to a laboratory challenge increased mortality rates in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) as compared to controls. These results provide further evidence that biofilm formation is an integral virulence factor in the initiation of disease in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Lange
- Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| | - B D Farmer
- Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart, AR, USA
| | - A M Declercq
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Stress Physiology Research Group, Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - A Decostere
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B H Beck
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, AL, USA
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Mohammed HH, Arias CR. Protective efficacy of Nigella sativa seeds and oil against columnaris disease in fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:693-703. [PMID: 26265495 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Columnaris disease, caused by the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare, is currently the most frequently reported bacterial disease affecting farm-raised channel catfish in the USA. Common treatments against the disease include the use of medicated feed that has led to emergent antibiotic resistant strains of F. columnare. Nigella sativa (Black cumin) is a medicinal herb commonly used by many cultures as a natural remedy for numerous disorders. Recently, we have discovered the antibacterial activity of N. sativa and its oil extract against F. columnare. In this study, we showed N. sativa oil (NSO) strongly inhibited the growth of all of the strains of F. columnare tested and yielded significantly larger zones of inhibition than those produced by oxytetracyclin. We tested the protective effect against columnaris disease in vivo by incorporating NSO (5%) or N. sativa seeds (NSS) (5%) into fish feeds. Fishes (Ictalurus punctatus and Danio rerio) fed amended diets displayed significantly lower mortality than those fed control diets. Per cent mortalities in control groups ranged from 77% to 44% and from 70% to 18% in zebrafish and channel catfish, respectively. A dose study using different NSS concentrations showed that 5% NSS offered the most protection against columnaris disease in channel catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Mohammed
- Aquatic Microbiology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Center for Advanced Science, Innovation, and Commerce, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - C R Arias
- Aquatic Microbiology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Center for Advanced Science, Innovation, and Commerce, Auburn, AL, USA
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Ashrafi R, Pulkkinen K, Sundberg LR, Pekkala N, Ketola T. A multilocus sequence analysis scheme for characterization of Flavobacterium columnare isolates. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:243. [PMID: 26518592 PMCID: PMC4628280 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Columnaris disease caused by Flavobacterium columnare is a serious problem in aquaculture, annually causing large economic losses around the world. Despite considerable research, the molecular epidemiology of F. columnare remains poorly understood. Methods We investigated the population structure and spatiotemporal changes in the genetic diversity of F. columnare population in Finland by using a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and analysis (MLSA) based on DNA sequence variation within six housekeeping genes. A total of 83 strains of F. columnare were collected from eight different areas located across the country between 2003 and 2012. Results Partial sequencing of six housekeeping genes (trpB, tuf, atpA, rpoD, gyrB and dnaK) revealed eight sequence types and a moderate level of genetic diversity (H = 0.460). Phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated protein-encoding gene sequence data (ca. 3,509 nucleotides) formed two lineages, which could be further divided into five clusters. All analysed F. columnare strains appeared to have a genetic origin distinct from that of another important fish pathogen form the genus Flavobacterium, F. psychrophilum. Although the value of the index of association between alleles, 0.292 (P < 0.001), supports some degree of clonality for this species in Finland, recombination has introduced molecular diversity to the population almost three times more than mutation. Conclusion The results suggest that Finnish F. columnare strains have an epidemic population structure followed by clonal expansion of successful genotypes. Our study with reproducible methodology and comparable results establishes a robust framework for the discrimination and phylogenetic analysis of F. columnare isolates, which will help to improve our understanding about geographic distribution and epidemiology of columnaris disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0576-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghaieh Ashrafi
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylän yliopisto, FI-40014, Finland.
| | - Katja Pulkkinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylän yliopisto, FI-40014, Finland.
| | - Lotta-Riina Sundberg
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylän yliopisto, FI-40014, Finland.
| | - Nina Pekkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylän yliopisto, FI-40014, Finland.
| | - Tarmo Ketola
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylän yliopisto, FI-40014, Finland.
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Mohammed HH, Arias CR. Potassium permanganate elicits a shift of the external fish microbiome and increases host susceptibility to columnaris disease. Vet Res 2015; 46:82. [PMID: 26170019 PMCID: PMC4501127 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The external microbiome of fish is thought to benefit the host by hindering the invasion of opportunistic pathogens and/or stimulating the immune system. Disruption of those microbial communities could increase susceptibility to diseases. Traditional aquaculture practices include the use of potent surface-acting disinfectants such as potassium permanganate (PP, KMnO4) to treat external infections. This study evaluated the effect of PP on the external microbiome of channel catfish and investigated if dysbiosis leads to an increase in disease susceptibility. Columnaris disease, caused by Flavobacterium columnare, was used as disease model. Four treatments were compared in the study: (I) negative control (not treated with PP nor challenged with F. columnare), (II) treated but not challenged, (III) not treated but challenged, and (IV) treated and challenged. Ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) and pyrosequencing were used to analyze changes in the external microbiome during the experiment. Exposure to PP significantly disturbed the external microbiomes and increased catfish mortality following the experimental challenge. Analysis of similarities of RISA profiles showed statistically significant changes in the skin and gill microbiomes based on treatment and sampling time. Characterization of the microbiomes using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing confirmed the disruption of the skin microbiome by PP at different phylogenetic levels. Loss of diversity occurred during the study, even in the control group, but was more noticeable in fish subjected to PP than in those challenged with F. columnare. Fish treated with PP and challenged with the pathogen exhibited the least diverse microbiome at the end of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham H Mohammed
- Aquatic Microbiology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Center for Advanced Science, Innovation, and Commerce, 559 Devall Drive, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA.
| | - Covadonga R Arias
- Aquatic Microbiology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Center for Advanced Science, Innovation, and Commerce, 559 Devall Drive, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA.
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