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Christiansen DH, Petersen PE, Dahl MM, Vest N, Aamelfot M, Kristoffersen AB, Jansen MD, Matejusova I, Gallagher MD, Jónsson G, Rodriguez E, Fosse JH, Falk K. No Evidence of the Vertical Transmission of Non-Virulent Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV-HPR0) in Farmed Atlantic Salmon. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122428. [PMID: 34960697 PMCID: PMC8708482 DOI: 10.3390/v13122428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonvirulent infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV-HPR0) is the putative progenitor for virulent-ISAV, and a potential risk factor for the development of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA). Understanding the transmission dynamics of ISAV-HPR0 is fundamental to proper management and mitigation strategies. Here, we demonstrate that ISAV-HPR0 causes prevalent and transient infections in all three production stages of Atlantic salmon in the Faroe Islands. Phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin-esterase gene from 247 salmon showed a clear geographical structuring into two significantly distinct HPR0-subgroups, which were designated G2 and G4. Whereas G2 and G4 co-circulated in marine farms, Faroese broodfish were predominantly infected by G2, and smolt were predominantly infected by G4. This infection pattern was confirmed by our G2- and G4-specific RT-qPCR assays. Moreover, the HPR0 variants detected in Icelandic and Norwegian broodfish were never detected in the Faroe Islands, despite the extensive import of ova from both countries. Accordingly, the vertical transmission of HPR0 from broodfish to progeny is uncommon. Phylogenetic and statistical analysis suggest that HPR0 persists in the smolt farms as “house-strains”, and that new HPR0 variants are occasionally introduced from the marine environment, probably by HPR0-contaminated sea-spray. Thus, high biosecurity—including water and air intake—is required to avoid the introduction of pathogens to the smolt farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debes Hammershaimb Christiansen
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish and Animal Diseases, Faroese Food and Veterinary Authority, 110 Torshavn, Faroe Islands; (P.E.P.); (M.M.D.); (N.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Petra Elisabeth Petersen
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish and Animal Diseases, Faroese Food and Veterinary Authority, 110 Torshavn, Faroe Islands; (P.E.P.); (M.M.D.); (N.V.)
| | - Maria Marjunardóttir Dahl
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish and Animal Diseases, Faroese Food and Veterinary Authority, 110 Torshavn, Faroe Islands; (P.E.P.); (M.M.D.); (N.V.)
| | - Nicolina Vest
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish and Animal Diseases, Faroese Food and Veterinary Authority, 110 Torshavn, Faroe Islands; (P.E.P.); (M.M.D.); (N.V.)
| | - Maria Aamelfot
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 0454 Oslo, Norway; (M.A.); (A.B.K.); (M.D.J.); (J.H.F.); (K.F.)
| | | | - Mona Dverdal Jansen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 0454 Oslo, Norway; (M.A.); (A.B.K.); (M.D.J.); (J.H.F.); (K.F.)
| | - Iveta Matejusova
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK;
| | - Michael D. Gallagher
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK;
| | - Gísli Jónsson
- Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority, 220 Hafnarfjordur, Iceland;
| | | | - Johanna Hol Fosse
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 0454 Oslo, Norway; (M.A.); (A.B.K.); (M.D.J.); (J.H.F.); (K.F.)
| | - Knut Falk
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 0454 Oslo, Norway; (M.A.); (A.B.K.); (M.D.J.); (J.H.F.); (K.F.)
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van den Driessche P, Yakubu AA. Age structured discrete-time disease models with demographic population cycles. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2020; 14:308-331. [PMID: 32301682 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2020.1743885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We use juvenile-adult discrete-time infectious disease models with intrinsically generated demographic population cycles to study the effects of age structure on the persistence or extinction of disease and the basic reproduction number, [Formula: see text]. Our juvenile-adult Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) and Infectious-Salmon Anemia-Virus (ISA[Formula: see text] models share a common disease-free system that exhibits equilibrium dynamics for the Beverton-Holt recruitment function. However, when the recruitment function is the Ricker model, a juvenile-adult disease-free system exhibits a range of dynamic behaviours from stable equilibria to deterministic period k population cycles to Neimark-Sacker bifurcations and deterministic chaos. For these two models, we use an extension of the next generation matrix approach for calculating [Formula: see text] to account for populations with locally asymptotically stable period k cycles in the juvenile-adult disease-free system. When [Formula: see text] and the juvenile-adult demographic system (in the absence of the disease) has a locally asymptotically stable period k population cycle, we prove that the juvenile-adult disease goes extinct whenever [Formula: see text]. Under the same period k juvenile-adult demographic assumption but with [Formula: see text], we prove that the juvenile-adult disease-free period k population cycle is unstable and the disease persists. When [Formula: see text], our simulations show that the juvenile-adult disease-free period k cycle dynamics drives the juvenile-adult SIR disease dynamics, but not the juvenile-adult ISAv disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P van den Driessche
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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Bona fide evidence for natural vertical transmission of infectious salmon anemia virus in freshwater brood stocks of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Southern Chile. J Virol 2014; 88:6012-8. [PMID: 24623436 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03670-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Infectious salmon anemia (ISA) is a severe disease that affects farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), causing outbreaks in seawater in most salmon-producing countries worldwide, with particular aggressiveness in southern Chile. The etiological agent of this disease is a virus belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae family, named infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV). Although it has been suggested that this virus can be vertically transmitted, even in freshwater, there is a lack of compelling experimental evidence to confirm this. Here we demonstrate significant putative viral loads in the ovarian fluid as well as in the eggs of two brood stock female adult specimens that harbored the virus systemically but without clinical signs. The target virus corresponded to a highly polymorphic region 3 (HPR-3) variant, which is known to be virulent in seawater and responsible for recent and past outbreaks of this disease in Chile. Additionally, the virus recovered from the fluid as well as from the interior of the eggs was fully infective to a susceptible fish cell line. To our knowledge, this is the first robust evidence demonstrating mother-to-offspring vertical transmission of the infective virus on the one hand and the asymptomatic transmission of a virulent form of the virus in freshwater fish on the other hand. IMPORTANCE The robustness of the data presented here will contribute to a better understanding of the biology of the virus but most importantly will constitute a key management tool in the control of an aggressive agent constantly threatening the sustainability of the global salmon industry.
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Kuo HC, Wang TY, Hsu HH, Chen PP, Lee SH, Chen YM, Tsai TJ, Wang CK, Ku HT, Lee GB, Chen TY. Nervous necrosis virus replicates following the embryo development and dual infection with iridovirus at juvenile stage in grouper. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36183. [PMID: 22563447 PMCID: PMC3338570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of virus (such as nodavirus and iridovirus) and bacteria (such as Vibrio anguillarum) in farmed grouper has been widely reported and caused large economic losses to Taiwanese fish aquaculture industry since 1979. The multiplex assay was used to detect dual viral infection and showed that only nervous necrosis virus (NNV) can be detected till the end of experiments (100% mortality) once it appeared. In addition, iridovirus can be detected in a certain period of rearing. The results of real-time PCR and in situ PCR indicated that NNV, in fact, was not on the surface of the eggs but present in the embryo, which can continue to replicate during the embryo development. The virus may be vertically transmitted by packing into eggs during egg development (formation) or delivering into eggs by sperm during fertilization. The ozone treatment of eggs may fail to remove the virus, so a new strategy to prevent NNV is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Che Kuo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Research Center of Ocean Environment and Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Hsuan Hsu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Peng Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Hsien Lee
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Microsystems Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Young-Mao Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Research Center of Ocean Environment and Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tieh-Jung Tsai
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Kai Wang
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Tung Ku
- Research Division I, Taiwan Institute of Economic Research, Taipei, Taiwan
- Office for Energy Strategy Development, National Science Council, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Bin Lee
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Microsystems Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (TYC); (GBL)
| | - Tzong-Yueh Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Research Center of Ocean Environment and Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (TYC); (GBL)
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Infectious salmon anemia virus--genetics and pathogenesis. Virus Res 2010; 155:10-9. [PMID: 20979983 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is the causative agent of the ISA syndrome that affects mainly Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and has caused high mortality epidemics in Norway, Scotland, Canada, the United States and Chile. It is classified as an Orthomyxoviridae, its genome is composed of 8 single-strand RNA segments with negative polarity that code for 11 polypeptides. Through functional studies of the coded proteins it has been established that RNA segments 5 and 6 code for a fusion protein and hemagglutinin, respectively, while two polypeptides coded by segments 7 and 8 inhibit interferon induction. The functions of the rest of the possible proteins coded by the viral genome have been assigned by comparison with the corresponding ones of the influenza virus genome. As to its pathogenicity, some growth parameters such as incubation period, resistance to chemical and physical factors, establishment of the infection in other marine species, and dissemination ability among the different organs have been evaluated in several salmonids. Genomic analysis has shown (i) the existence of a high polymorphism region (HPR) in segment 6, and (ii) sequence insertion in segment 5. More than 20 HPR variants have been determined, all originating from HPR0, which is associated with low pathogenicity, while 4 different sequence insertions in segment 5 have not been related with some characteristic of the virus infection. Much progress has been made in the characterization of the virus in 20 years of study, but more detailed knowledge of the specific function of the proteins coded by all the viral genes is still missing, including the pathogenicity mechanism at the molecular level.
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Sudhakaran R, Ishaq Ahmed VP, Haribabu P, Mukherjee SC, Sri Widada J, Bonami JR, Sahul Hameed AS. Experimental vertical transmission of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV) from brooders to progeny in Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Artemia. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2007; 30:27-35. [PMID: 17241402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
White tail disease (WTD) is a serious problem in hatcheries and nursery ponds of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in India. Experiments were carried out to determine the possibility of vertical transmission of M. rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV) in M. rosenbergii and Artemia. Prawn broodstock inoculated with MrNV and XSV by oral or immersion challenge survived without any clinical signs of WTD. The brooders spawned 5-7 days after inoculation and the eggs hatched. The survival rate of larvae gradually decreased, and 100% mortality was observed at the post-larvae (PL) stage. Whitish muscle, the typical sign of WTD, was seen in advanced larval developmental stages. The ovarian tissue and fertilized eggs were found to be positive for MrNV/XSV by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) whereas the larval stages showed positive by RT nested PCR (nRT-PCR). In Artemia, reproductive cysts and nauplii derived from challenged brooders were normal and survival rates were within the expected range for normal rearing conditions. The reproductive cysts were found to be positive for MrNV/XSV by RT-PCR whereas the nauplii showed MrNV/XSV-positive by nRT-PCR. The PL of M. rosenbergii fed nauplii derived from challenged Artemia brooders died at 9 days post-inoculum with clinical signs of WTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sudhakaran
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Division, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamil Nadu, India
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Barbosa-Solomieu V, Dégremont L, Vázquez-Juárez R, Ascencio-Valle F, Boudry P, Renault T. Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) detection among three successive generations of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Virus Res 2005; 107:47-56. [PMID: 15567033 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Revised: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) was likely detected in Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, at different stages of development. Viral infections were associated with high mortality rates in the spat and larvae. Furthermore, the persistance of OsHV-1 in asymptomatic adults was demonstrated by detection of viral DNA and proteins. In the present study, three successive generations of C. gigas (G0 and G1 parental oysters, G1 and G2 larvae) were screened for OsHV-1 by PCR. Viral DNA was detected in 2-day-old larvae, indicating that infection may take place at very early stages. Although results strengthen the hypothesis of a vertical transmission, it was not possible to predict the issue of a particular type of cross. Indeed, the detection of viral DNA in parental oysters did not systematically correspond to a productive infection or result in a successful transmission to the progeny. However, the infective status of the parents appeared to have an influence on both the infection and the survival rates of the progeny. Crosses involving an OsHV-1 infected male and a non-infected female resulted in hatching and larval survival rates statistically lower than those observed in the other types of cross. These results suggest that OsHV-1-infected females may transmit to their offspring some kind of protection or resistance against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Barbosa-Solomieu
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, 17390 La Tremblade, France
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Abstract
Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is a commercially important orthomyxovirus causing disease in farmed Atlantic salmon. The cumulative mortality in a net pen during an outbreak may vary from insignificant to more than 90%. The infection is spread by management activity such as well-boat traffic, but possibly also through contact with wild fish. In many of its aspects, including the structure of the virus particle and replication strategy, the ISAV is similar to the influenza viruses. Variations between ISAV and the influenza viruses can mostly be related to differences in the temperature at which replication occurs and the immune response of their respective host animals. ISAV shows both haemagglutinating and receptor-destroying activity. The variability of the ISAV haemagglutinin molecule is concentrated around a small domain close to the transmembrane region. The function of this variable region is unknown, but it may be related to a recent or ongoing crossing of a species barrier. Alignment studies based on genetic data indicate that the phylogenetic relationship to the influenza viruses is distant, and that ISAV therefore could possibly warrant a new genus within Orthomyxoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Rimstad
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Oslo, Norway.
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Molecular Diagnosis of Infectious Salmon Anaemia. REVIEWS: METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2315-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Essbauer S, Ahne W. Viruses of lower vertebrates. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2001; 48:403-75. [PMID: 11550762 PMCID: PMC7159363 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Viruses of lower vertebrates recently became a field of interest to the public due to increasing epizootics and economic losses of poikilothermic animals. These were reported worldwide from both wildlife and collections of aquatic poikilothermic animals. Several RNA and DNA viruses infecting fish, amphibians and reptiles have been studied intensively during the last 20 years. Many of these viruses induce diseases resulting in important economic losses of lower vertebrates, especially in fish aquaculture. In addition, some of the DNA viruses seem to be emerging pathogens involved in the worldwide decline in wildlife. Irido-, herpes- and polyomavirus infections may be involved in the reduction in the numbers of endangered amphibian and reptile species. In this context the knowledge of several important RNA viruses such as orthomyxo-, paramyxo-, rhabdo-, retro-, corona-, calici-, toga-, picorna-, noda-, reo- and birnaviruses, and DNA viruses such as parvo-, irido-, herpes-, adeno-, polyoma- and poxviruses, is described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Essbauer
- WHO Centre for Comparative Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infectious and Epidemic Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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