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Dos-Santos A, do Nascimento Carvalho B, Da Costa-Santos N, Mello-Silva FQD, Pereira ADA, Jesus NRD, De Angelis K, Irigoyen MC, Bernardes N, Caperuto EC, Scapini KB, Sanches IC. Effects of Exercise Intensity on Cardiometabolic Parameters of Ovariectomized Obese Mice. Int J Sports Med 2023. [PMID: 37146639 DOI: 10.1055/a-2044-8691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of continuous-moderate vs. high-intensity interval aerobic training on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters in ovariectomized high-fat-fed mice. C57BL/6 female ovariectomized were divided into four groups (n=8): low-fat-fed sedentary (SLF); high-fat-fed sedentary (SHF); high-fat-fed moderate-intensity continuous trained (MICT-HF); and high-fat-fed high-intensity interval aerobic trained (HIIT-HF). The high-fat diet lasted 10 weeks. Ovariectomy was performed in the fourth week. The exercise training was carried out in the last four weeks of protocol. Fasting glycemia, oral glucose tolerance, arterial pressure, baroreflex sensitivity, and cardiovascular autonomic modulation were evaluated. Moderate-intensity continuous training prevented the increase in arterial pressure and promoted a reduction in HR at rest, associated with an improvement in the sympathovagal balance in MICT-HF vs. SHF. The high-intensity interval training reduced blood glucose and glucose intolerance in HIIT-HF vs. SHF and MICT-HF. In addition, it improved sympathovagal balance in HIIT-HF vs. SHF. Moderate-intensity continuous training was more effective in promoting cardiovascular benefits, while high-intensity interval training was more effective in promoting metabolic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Dos-Santos
- Human Movement Laboratory, Sao Judas Tadeu University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Claudia Irigoyen
- Heart Institute, department of hypertension, University of Sao Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Bernardes
- Human Movement Laboratory, Sao Judas Tadeu University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Effects of Exercise Training on the Autonomic Nervous System with a Focus on Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidants Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020350. [PMID: 35204231 PMCID: PMC8868289 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies show that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has an important impact on health in general. In response to environmental demands, homeostatic processes are often compromised, therefore determining an increase in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)’s functions and a decrease in the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)’s functions. In modern societies, chronic stress associated with an unhealthy lifestyle contributes to ANS dysfunction. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to the ANS network, its connections to the HPA axis and its stress responses and give an overview of the critical implications of ANS in health and disease—focused specifically on the immune system, cardiovascular, oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA), the SNS and more recently the PNS have been identified as regulating the immune system. The HPA axis and PNS have anti-inflammatory effects and the SNS has been shown to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. The positive impact of physical exercise (PE) is well known and has been studied by many researchers, but its negative impact has been less studied. Depending on the type, duration and individual characteristics of the person doing the exercise (age, gender, disease status, etc.), PE can be considered a physiological stressor. The negative impact of PE seems to be connected with the oxidative stress induced by effort.
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Laurindo CP, Rego Gregorio KC, Rippi Moreno AC, Viudes Agostinho JM, Campos EC, Nai GA, Nunes MT, Seraphim PM. Resistance training mitigates hepato-cardiac changes and muscle mitochondrial protein reductions in rats with diet-induced obesity. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08374. [PMID: 34841103 PMCID: PMC8605435 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate the effect of resistance training (RT) on hepatocardiovascular and muscle mitochondrial parameters in rats that were fed a high-calorie diet for 12 weeks. Main methods The animals were divided into four groups: control (C), exercise (E), obese (O), and obese plus exercise (OE). Group E and OE rats performed resistance training by climbing on a vertical ladder with load attached to the end of the tail (1×/day, 3×/week, for 12 weeks). Group O and OE rats were fed a high-calorie diet containing chow and a cafeteria diet for 12 weeks. Under anesthesia, the heart and liver were removed for histopathological analysis, and the gastrocnemius muscle was removed for Western blotting. Key findings Group O rats were heavier, with increased fat mass, elevated fasting glycemia, and total triglycerides, and exhibited a significant number of Kupffer cells and diffuse steatosis in the liver. Group O rats also showed increased thickness of the right ventricle, septum, and pulmonary artery. All of these parameters were attenuated by RT. PGC1-α protein levels were increased in both exercise groups. The protein levels of OXPHOS complexes III, IV, and V were reduced in Group O, while RT prevented this alteration. Significance RT exerts a protective effect against hepato-cardiac alterations and prevents changes in the muscle mitochondrial protein profile induced by a high-calorie diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pancera Laurindo
- Department of Physiotherapy - School of Sciences and Technology - Sao Paulo, State University - UNESP, Campus Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Karen C Rego Gregorio
- Department of Physiotherapy - School of Sciences and Technology - Sao Paulo, State University - UNESP, Campus Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Rippi Moreno
- Department of Physiotherapy - School of Sciences and Technology - Sao Paulo, State University - UNESP, Campus Presidente Prudente, Brazil.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics - Institute of Biomedical Sciences I, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Maia Viudes Agostinho
- Department of Physiotherapy - School of Sciences and Technology - Sao Paulo, State University - UNESP, Campus Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Carvalho Campos
- Department of Physiotherapy - School of Sciences and Technology - Sao Paulo, State University - UNESP, Campus Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Gisele Alborghetti Nai
- Department of Pathology - University of Western Sao Paulo, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Nunes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics - Institute of Biomedical Sciences I, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Monteiro Seraphim
- Department of Physiotherapy - School of Sciences and Technology - Sao Paulo, State University - UNESP, Campus Presidente Prudente, Brazil
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Swimming exercise improves gene expression of PPAR-γ and downregulates the overexpression of TLR4, MyD88, IL-6, and TNF-α after high-fat diet in rat skeletal muscle cells. Gene 2021; 775:145441. [PMID: 33482280 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exercise training with anti-inflammatory effects can improve insulin sensitivity in muscle tissue. This study investigated the effects of eight-week swimming exercises on lipid profile, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) in gastrocnemius muscle of rats fed with high-fat diet (HFD). Thirty-two healthy male Wistar rats (8 weeks, 200 ± 20 g) were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8 each group): the control (C), aerobic exercise (E), HFD, and HFD + aerobic exercise (HFD & E). The exercise training protocol consisted of swimming 60 min/day, 5 days/week for eight weeks. Serum levels of glucose, insulin, and lipid profile were measured at end of the study. Protein expressions of TLR4, TNF-α, and IL-6 were determined by immunohistochemical method. Gene expression of TLR4/MyD88, TNF-α, IL-6, and PPAR-γ was evaluated by a real-time polymerase chain reaction in gastrocnemius muscle. HFD fed rats showed higher levels of cholesterol and LDL-c that were similar in weight gain. Meanwhile, the HFD group had a higher gene expression of TLR4, MyD88, TNF-α, IL-6, and lower gene expression of PPAR-γ compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Muscle protein expression of TLR4, TNF-α, IL-6 was lower in the E and HFD&E groups (especially when compared to HFD group, P < 0.05). We also showed a decrease in TLR4/MyD88 mRNA and an increase in PPAR-γ mRNA in gastrocnemius of E and HFD&E groups (compared to HFD group, p < 0.05). Insulin resistance in HFD&E groups show a significant decrease compared to the HFD group (p < 0.05). It seems that swimming aerobic exercise for eight weeks controlled the destructive effects of HFD on muscle inflammatory pathways along with the down-regulation of the TLR4/MyD88, inflammatory cytokine, and up-regulation PPAR-γ mRNA. It appears that the down-regulation in the expression of TLR4/MyD88 mRNA reduces the muscle pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, whose action may be caused by the adaptation of swimming aerobic exercise (an increase of PPAR-γ). Therefore, local and systemic inflammatory changes due to HFD and obesity may be affected by metabolic adaptations of aerobic exercise training, which requires further studies.
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Ulbricht ASSF, Lima DDD, Werlang-Coelho C, Magro DDD, Donat B, Vieira MR, Poletto MZ, Pereira EM. EFFECTS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE TRAINING ON OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLES OF OBESE RATS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220192505184278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Obesity is a complex and multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by the accumulation of body fat; physical exercise increases energy expenditure and promotes a reparative effect through modulation of endogenous antioxidant defenses. Objective To evaluate the effects of the high-fat diet (HFD) on oxidative stress parameters in skeletal muscles of rats using aerobic exercise training protocols (AETP), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Methods The study was quantitative and experimental. Animals received 8 weeks of HFD or normal diet (ND), followed by 9 weeks of HFD or ND and the two AETPs. Results HFD did not alter the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA-RS), total sulfhydryl and protein carbonyl content in the soleus and plantaris muscles; in contrast, the protocols caused a decrease in TBA-RS levels in the plantaris muscle and increased the sulfhydryl content in the soleus muscle, while MICT increased the sulfhydryl content in the plantaris muscle and reduced protein carbonyl content in both muscles. HFD reduced SOD activity in the plantaris muscle while the MICT protocol enhanced SOD in the soleus muscle and both protocols reversed the decrease in SOD in the plantaris muscle. HFD increased CAT activity in the soleus muscle, the HIIT protocol prevented this alteration and both protocols increased CAT in the plantaris muscle. HFD reduced GSH-Px activity in both muscles, and the MICT protocol prevented this reduction in the soleus muscle, while the HIIT protocol partially prevented this decrease. The MICT protocol did not prevent the reduction of GSH-Px and the HIIT protocol partially prevented this decrease in the plantaris muscle. Conclusions HFD elicited oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle of rats, and both protocols were able to prevent most of the alterations in oxidative stress parameters caused by the HFD. Level of evidence IV; Investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carla Werlang-Coelho
- Universidade da Região de Joinville, Brazil; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Apaijai N, Arinno A, Palee S, Pratchayasakul W, Kerdphoo S, Jaiwongkam T, Chunchai T, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. High‐Saturated Fat High‐Sugar Diet Accelerates Left‐Ventricular Dysfunction Faster than High‐Saturated Fat Diet Alone via Increasing Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Obese‐Insulin Resistant Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 63:e1800729. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nattayaporn Apaijai
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training CenterFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology ResearchChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Apiwan Arinno
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training CenterFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology ResearchChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology UnitDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Siripong Palee
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training CenterFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology ResearchChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Wasana Pratchayasakul
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training CenterFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology ResearchChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology UnitDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Sasiwan Kerdphoo
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training CenterFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology ResearchChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Thidarat Jaiwongkam
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training CenterFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology ResearchChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Titikorn Chunchai
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training CenterFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology ResearchChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology UnitDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training CenterFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology ResearchChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic SciencesFaculty of DentistryChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training CenterFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology ResearchChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology UnitDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
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Beals JW, Skinner SK, McKenna CF, Poozhikunnel EG, Farooqi SA, van Vliet S, Martinez IG, Ulanov AV, Li Z, Paluska SA, Burd NA. Altered anabolic signalling and reduced stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis after feeding and resistance exercise in people with obesity. J Physiol 2018; 596:5119-5133. [PMID: 30113718 DOI: 10.1113/jp276210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Lifestyle modifications that include the regular performance of exercise are probably important for counteracting the negative consequences of obesity on postprandial myofibrillar protein synthetic responses to protein dense food ingestion. We show that the interactive effect of resistance exercise and feeding on the stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis rates is diminished with obesity compared to normal weight adults. The blunted myofibrillar protein synthetic response with resistance exercise in people with obesity may be underpinned by alterations in muscle anabolic signalling phosphorylation (p70S6K and 4E-BP1). The results obtained in the present study suggest that further exercise prescription manipulation may be necessary to optimize post-exercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in adults with obesity. ABSTRACT We aimed to determine whether obesity alters muscle anabolic and inflammatory signalling phosphorylation and also muscle protein synthesis within the myofibrillar (MYO) and sarcoplasmic (SARC) protein fractions after resistance exercise. Nine normal weight (NW) (21 ± 1 years, body mass index 22 ± 1 kg m-2 ) and nine obese (OB) (22 ± 1 years, body mass index 36 ± 2 kg m-2 ) adults received l-[ring-13 C6 ]phenylalanine infusions with blood and muscle sampling at basal and fed-state of the exercise (EX) and non-exercise (CON) legs. Participants performed unilateral leg extensions and consumed pork (36 g of protein) immediately after exercise. Basal muscle Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein was similar between OB and NW groups (P > 0.05) but increased at 300 min after pork ingestion only in the OB group (P = 0.03). Resistance exercise reduced TLR4 protein in the OB group at 300 min (EX vs. CON leg in OB: P = 0.04). Pork ingestion increased p70S6K phosphorylation at 300 min in CON and EX of the OB and NW groups (P > 0.05), although the response was lower in the EX leg of OB vs. NW at 300 min (P = 0.05). Basal MYO was similar between the NW and OB groups (P > 0.05) and was stimulated by pork ingestion in the EX and CON legs in both groups (Δ from basal NW: CON 0.04 ± 0.01% h-1 ; EX 0.10 ± 0.02% h-1 ; OB: CON 0.06 ± 0.01% h-1 ; EX 0.06 ± 0.01% h-1 ; P < 0.05). MYO was more strongly stimulated in the EX vs. CON legs in NW (P = 0.02) but not OB (P = 0.26). SARC was feeding sensitive but not further potentiated by resistance exercise in both groups. Our results suggest that obesity may attenuate the effectiveness of resistance exercise to augment fed-state MYO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Beals
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sarah K Skinner
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Colleen F McKenna
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Poozhikunnel
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Samee A Farooqi
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephan van Vliet
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Isabel G Martinez
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Alexander V Ulanov
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zhong Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Carnagarin R, Matthews V, Zaldivia MTK, Peter K, Schlaich MP. The bidirectional interaction between the sympathetic nervous system and immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1839-1852. [PMID: 30129037 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, evidence has accumulated to suggest that hypertension is, at least in part, an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder. Many links between immunity and hypertension have been established and provide a complex framework of mechanistic interactions contributing to the rise in BP. These include immune-mediated inflammatory processes affecting regulatory brain nuclei and interactions with other mediators of cardiovascular regulation such as the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathoexcitation differentially regulates T-cells based upon activation status of the immune cell as well as the resident organ. Exogenous and endogenous triggers activate signalling pathways in innate and adaptive immune cells resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activation of T-lymphocytes in the cardiovascular and renal regions, now considered major factors in the development of essential hypertension. The inflammatory cascade is sustained and exacerbated by the immune flow via the brain-bone marrow-spleen-gastrointestinal axis and thereby further aggravating immune-mediated pathways resulting in a vicious cycle of established hypertension and target organ damage. This review summarizes the evidence and recent advances in linking immune-mediated inflammation, sympathetic activation and their bidirectional interactions with the development of hypertension. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Carnagarin
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Vance Matthews
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Maria T K Zaldivia
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Markus P Schlaich
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
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10
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Batacan RB, Duncan MJ, Dalbo VJ, Buitrago GL, Fenning AS. Effect of different intensities of physical activity on cardiometabolic markers and vascular and cardiac function in adult rats fed with a high-fat high-carbohydrate diet. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2018; 7:109-119. [PMID: 30356452 PMCID: PMC6180540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) and diet are 2 lifestyle factors that affect cardiometabolic risk. However, data on how a high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet influences the effect of different intensities of PA on cardiometabolic health and cardiovascular function in a controlled setting are yet to be fully established. This study investigated the effect of sedentary behavior, light-intensity training (LIT), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiometabolic markers and vascular and cardiac function in HFHC-fed adult rats. METHODS Twelve-week-old Wistar rats were randomly allocated to 4 groups (12 rats/group): control (CTL), sedentary (SED), LIT, and HIIT. Biometric indices, glucose and lipid control, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, vascular reactivity, and cardiac electrophysiology of the experimental groups were examined after 12 weeks of HFHC-diet feeding and PA interventions. RESULTS The SED group had slower cardiac conduction (p = 0.0426) and greater thoracic aortic contractile responses (p < 0.05) compared with the CTL group. The LIT group showed improved cardiac conduction compared with the SED group (p = 0.0003), and the HIIT group showed decreased mesenteric artery contractile responses compared with all other groups and improved endothelium-dependent mesenteric artery relaxation compared with the LIT group (both p < 0.05). The LIT and HIIT groups had lower visceral (p = 0.0057 for LIT, p = 0.0120 for HIIT) and epididymal fat (p < 0.0001 for LIT, p = 0.0002 for HIIT) compared with the CTL group. CONCLUSION LIT induced positive adaptations on fat accumulation and cardiac conduction, and HIIT induced a positive effect on fat accumulation, mesenteric artery contraction, and endothelium-dependent relaxation. No other differences were observed between groups. These findings suggest that few positive health effects can be achieved through LIT and HIIT when consuming a chronic and sustained HFHC diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo B. Batacan
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
- Centre for Physical Activity Studies, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mitch J. Duncan
- School of Medicine & Public Health, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Vincent J. Dalbo
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
| | - Geraldine L. Buitrago
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Fenning
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
- Centre for Physical Activity Studies, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
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Heo JW, No MH, Park DH, Kang JH, Seo DY, Han J, Neufer PD, Kwak HB. Effects of exercise on obesity-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:567-577. [PMID: 29200899 PMCID: PMC5709473 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.6.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is known to induce inhibition of glucose uptake, reduction of lipid metabolism, and progressive loss of skeletal muscle function, which are all associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that regulate cellular metabolism and bioenergetics, including ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation. Due to these critical roles of mitochondria, mitochondrial dysfunction results in various diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Obesity is associated with impairment of mitochondrial function (e.g., decrease in O2 respiration and increase in oxidative stress) in skeletal muscle. The balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission is critical to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis in skeletal muscle. Obesity impairs mitochondrial dynamics, leading to an unbalance between fusion and fission by favorably shifting fission or reducing fusion proteins. Mitophagy is the catabolic process of damaged or unnecessary mitochondria. Obesity reduces mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle and increases accumulation of dysfunctional cellular organelles, suggesting that mitophagy does not work properly in obesity. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are reported to trigger apoptosis, and mitochondrial apoptosis is induced by obesity in skeletal muscle. It is well known that exercise is the most effective intervention to protect against obesity. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which exercise protects against obesity-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle are not clearly elucidated, exercise training attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction, allows mitochondria to maintain the balance between mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy, and reduces apoptotic signaling in obese skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Won Heo
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun No
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Park
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicinal Toxicology Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Dae Yun Seo
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville 27834, USA
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
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Guizoni DM, Dorighello GG, Oliveira HCF, Delbin MA, Krieger MH, Davel AP. Aerobic exercise training protects against endothelial dysfunction by increasing nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide production in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Transl Med 2016; 14:213. [PMID: 27435231 PMCID: PMC4950099 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction associated with hypercholesterolemia is an early event in atherosclerosis characterized by redox imbalance associated with high superoxide production and reduced nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. Aerobic exercise training (AET) has been demonstrated to ameliorate atherosclerotic lesions and oxidative stress in advanced atherosclerosis. However, whether AET protects against the early mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in familial hypercholesterolemia remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of AET on endothelial dysfunction and vascular redox status in the aortas of LDL receptor knockout mice (LDLr(-/-)), a genetic model of familial hypercholesterolemia. METHODS Twelve-week-old C57BL/6J (WT) and LDLr(-/-) mice were divided into sedentary and exercised (AET on a treadmill 1 h/5 × per week) groups for 4 weeks. Changes in lipid profiles, endothelial function, and aortic NO, H2O2 and superoxide production were examined. RESULTS Total cholesterol and triglycerides were increased in sedentary and exercised LDLr(-/-) mice. Endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by acetylcholine was impaired in aortas of sedentary LDLr(-/-) mice but not in the exercised group. Inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) activity or H2O2 decomposition by catalase abolished the differences in the acetylcholine response between the animals. No changes were noted in the relaxation response induced by NO donor sodium nitroprusside or H2O2. Neuronal NOS expression and endothelial NOS phosphorylation (Ser1177), as well as NO and H2O2 production, were reduced in aortas of sedentary LDLr(-/-) mice and restored by AET. Incubation with apocynin increased acetylcholine-induced relaxation in sedentary, but not exercised LDLr(-/-) mice, suggesting a minor participation of NADPH oxidase in the endothelium-dependent relaxation after AET. Consistent with these findings, Nox2 expression and superoxide production were reduced in the aortas of exercised compared to sedentary LDLr(-/-) mice. Furthermore, the aortas of sedentary LDLr(-/-) mice showed reduced expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoforms and minor participation of Cu/Zn-dependent SODs in acetylcholine-induced, endothelium-dependent relaxation, abnormalities that were partially attenuated in exercised LDLr(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION The data gathered by this study suggest AET as a potential non-pharmacological therapy in the prevention of very early endothelial dysfunction and redox imbalance in familial hypercholesterolemia via increases in NO bioavailability and H2O2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele M Guizoni
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G Dorighello
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena C F Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Delbin
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta H Krieger
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P Davel
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Škop V, Malínská H, Trnovská J, Hüttl M, Cahová M, Blachnio-Zabielska A, Baranowski M, Burian M, Oliyarnyk O, Kazdová L. Positive effects of voluntary running on metabolic syndrome-related disorders in non-obese hereditary hypertriacylglycerolemic rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122768. [PMID: 25830228 PMCID: PMC4382201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While metabolic syndrome is often associated with obesity, 25% of humans suffering from it are not obese and the effect of physical activity remains unclear in such cases. Therefore, we used hereditary hypertriaclyglycerolemic (HHTg) rats as a unique model for studying the effect of spontaneous physical activity [voluntary running (VR)] on metabolic syndrome-related disorders, such as dyslipidemia, in non-obese subjects. Adult HHTg males were fed standard (CD) or high-sucrose (HSD) diets ad libitum for four weeks. Within both dietary groups, some of the rats had free access to a running wheel (CD+VR, HSD+VR), whereas the controls (CD, HSD) had no possibility of extra physical activity. At the end of the four weeks, we measured the effects of VR on various metabolic syndrome-associated parameters: (i) biochemical parameters, (ii) the content and composition of triacylglycerols (TAG), diacylglycerols (DAG), ceramides and membrane phospholipids, and (iii) substrate utilization in brown adipose tissue. In both dietary groups, VR led to various positive effects: reduced epididymal and perirenal fat depots; increased epididymal adipose tissue lipolysis; decreased amounts of serum TAG, non-esterified fatty acids and insulin; a higher insulin sensitivity index. While tissue ceramide content was not affected, decreased TAG accumulation resulted in reduced and modified liver, heart and skeletal muscle DAG. VR also had a beneficial effect on muscle membrane phospholipid composition. In addition, compared with the CD group, the CD+VR rats exhibited increased fatty acid oxidation and protein content in brown adipose tissue. Our results confirm that physical activity in a non-obese model of severe dyslipidemia has many beneficial effects and can even counteract the negative effects of sucrose consumption. Furthermore, they suggest that the mechanism by which these effects are modulated involves a combination of several positive changes in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Škop
- Center for experimental medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Hana Malínská
- Center for experimental medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Trnovská
- Center for experimental medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hüttl
- Center for experimental medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Cahová
- Center for experimental medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Marcin Baranowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Martin Burian
- Center for experimental medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Oliyarnyk
- Center for experimental medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Kazdová
- Center for experimental medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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