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Zhou L. Homocysteine and Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14420. [PMID: 37641911 PMCID: PMC10848096 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is an important metabolite in methionine metabolism. When the metabolic pathway of homocysteine is abnormal, it will accumulate in the body and eventually lead to hyperhomocysteinemia. In recent years, many studies have found that hyperhomocysteinemia is related to the occurrence and development of Parkinson's disease. This study reviews the roles of homocysteine in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and illustrates the harmful effects of hyperhomocysteinemia on Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhou
- Department of NeurologyShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanShandongChina
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2
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Guo RY, Wang WY, Huang JY, Jia Z, Sun YF, Li B. Deciphering prognostic indicators in AQP4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: An integrative review of demographic and laboratory factors. Mult Scler 2024; 30:7-15. [PMID: 37982449 DOI: 10.1177/13524585231212832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a group of inflammatory diseases affecting the central nervous system, characterized by optic neuritis and myelitis. The complex nature of NMOSD and varied patient response necessitates personalized treatment and efficient patient stratification strategies. OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive review of recent advances in clinical and biomarker research related to aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-immunoglobulin G (IgG)-seropositive NMOSD prognosis and identify key areas for future research. METHODS A comprehensive review and synthesis of recent literature were conducted, focusing on demographic factors and laboratory investigations. RESULTS Demographic factors, such as age, ethnicity, and sex, influence NMOSD prognosis. Key biomarkers for NMOSD prognosis include homocysteine, antinuclear antibodies, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, thyroid hormone levels, neurofilament light chain levels, and serum glial fibrillary acidic protein might also predict NMOSD attack prognosis. CONCLUSION Further investigation is required to understand sex-related disparities and biomarker inconsistencies. Identification and understanding of these factors can aid in the development of personalized therapeutic strategies, thereby improving outcomes for NMOSD patients. Future studies should focus on unifying research design for consistent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yi Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wen-Ya Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing-Ying Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhen Jia
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ya-Fei Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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Spirina NN, Spirin NN, Kiseleva EV, Dubchenko EA, Boyko AN. [Homocysteine and markers of endothelial dysfunction in multiple sclerosis]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:90-93. [PMID: 34387453 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112107290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify hyperhomocysteinemia and to assess its possible association with the course and other markers of endothelial damage in multiple sclerosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Analysis of blood serum for homocysteine, for the content of adhesion molecules sPECAM-1, matrix metalloproteinase 9, blood plasma test for von Willebrand factor antigen in patients with multiple sclerosis. The values of these indicators were analyzed depending on the course and activity of the demyelinating process, the severity of neurological disorders, as also depending on the therapy received. RESULTS Hyperhomocysteinemia was found in more than half of patients with multiple sclerosis. A significantly higher homocysteine level was found in male patients, and hyperhomocysteinemia was associated with the activity of the process in patients with highly active multiple sclerosis. CONCLUSION The results of the study suggest a possible association of hyperhomocysteinemia with high process activity and disease progression, as well as with mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Determination of homocysteine concentration may be one potential marker for predicting the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Spirina
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - N N Spirin
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - E V Kiseleva
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - E A Dubchenko
- Pirogov Russian National Research University, Moscow, Russia.,Federal Center for Brain Research and Neurotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A N Boyko
- Pirogov Russian National Research University, Moscow, Russia.,Federal Center for Brain Research and Neurotechnology, Moscow, Russia
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Zhang J, Li Y, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Xie H, Duan R, Yao Y, Gong Z, Teng J, Jia Y. Serum Homocysteine Level Is a Predictor of Relapse and Prognosis in Patients With First-Attack Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. Front Neurol 2021; 12:667651. [PMID: 34122309 PMCID: PMC8187771 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.667651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) experience the adverse consequences of relapse and disability aggravation. Thus, it is necessary to identify sensitive and reliable biomarkers for early prognosis. This study investigated whether serum homocysteine (Hcy) level was associated with the risk of relapse or poor prognosis in first-attack NMOSD patients. Methods: We enrolled 161 first-attack NMOSD patients in this retrospective study. We reviewed their medical records and evaluated their initial Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Clinical outcomes were measured by the final EDSS and the relapse rate. The association between Hcy levels and EDSS score at last follow-up was analyzed by binary logistic regression. The association between Hcy levels and relapse rate was assessed by Cox regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to predict the target value of Hcy reduction. Results: Compared with the high Hcy group, the final EDSS score in the low Hcy group was significantly lower (median: 0.5 vs. 2.5, P < 0.001). The relapse rate differed significantly between these groups (30.6 vs. 50.0%, P = 0.023). Multivariate analysis showed that the initial EDSS score (odds ratio [OR] 3.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.07–4.45, P < 0.001) and serum Hcy level (OR 1.13, 95%CI 1.04–1.22, P = 0.002) were significantly associated with poor prognosis in NMOSD patients. Additionally, multivariate analysis showed that serum Hcy level (hazard ratio 1.06, 95%CI 1.04–1.09, P < 0.001) was an independent predictor of the risk for relapse in NMOSD. The 12-month relapse rate of the high Hcy group was 34.8%, and 50% of high Hcy patients relapsed within 35 months after the first onset. A serum Hcy level exceeding 14.525 μmol/L indicated a high risk of relapse, with a sensitivity of 43.7%, specificity of 90.0%, and area under the ROC curve of 0.674 (95%CI 0.59–0.76, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Serum Hcy level is an independent predictor of relapse and poor prognosis in first-attack NMOSD patients. Early monitoring and reduction of serum Hcy levels may be of great significance in the prevention of disease relapse and severe disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongyan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haojie Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ranran Duan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaobing Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhe Gong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junfang Teng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Jia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Dubchenko E, Ivanov A, Spirina N, Smirnova N, Melnikov M, Boyko A, Gusev E, Kubatiev A. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Endothelial Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090637. [PMID: 32947812 PMCID: PMC7564574 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is recognized as one of the leading factors in the pathogenesis of diseases of the central nervous system of various etiologies. Numerous studies have shown the role of hyperhomocysteinemia in the development of endothelial dysfunction and the prothrombogenic state. The most important condition in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) is a dysregulation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and transendothelial leukocyte migration. It has been proven that homocysteine also contributes to the damage of neurons by the mechanism of excitotoxicity and the induction of the apoptosis of neurons. These processes can be one of the factors of neurodegenerative brain damage, which plays a leading role in the progression of MS. This review describes the pleiotropic effect of homocysteine on these processes and its role in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Dubchenko
- Department of Neuroimmunology of Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.D.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
- Interdistrict Department of Multiple Sclerosis at the State Clinical Hospital VV Veresaeva, 127644 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Ivanov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology”, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Natalia Spirina
- Department of Nervous Diseases with Medical Genetics and Neurosurgery Yaroslavl State Medical University, 150000 Yaroslavl, Russia;
| | - Nina Smirnova
- Department of Neuroimmunology of Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.D.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetic of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Mikhail Melnikov
- Department of Neuroimmunology of Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.D.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetic of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-926-331-8946
| | - Alexey Boyko
- Department of Neuroimmunology of Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.D.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetic of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Evgeniy Gusev
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetic of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Aslan Kubatiev
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology”, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.); (A.K.)
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Nutritional Deficiencies, Bariatric Surgery, and Serum Homocysteine Level: Review of Current Literature. Obes Surg 2020; 29:3735-3742. [PMID: 31471768 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-04100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is currently one of the biggest global health problems. In the case of severe obesity, bariatric surgeries are considered to be the most important method of treatment. The 2 most commonly performed bariatric surgery procedures include Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. However, these methods are not free from complications, and the most common ones (moderately long or long term) are micronutrient deficiencies. The deficiency of vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid as cofactors of the folate cycle contributes to the development of hyperhomocysteinemia. It seems that apart from nutritional factors, there are other aspects that have a significant influence on the concentration of homocysteine in blood, such as the type of conducted bariatric surgery, the post-surgical concentration of betaine and creatinine, and the clearance of methionine (i.e., the mutations of the gene that encodes the MTHFR reductase as well as other genes associated with the process of methylation, e.g., methionine synthase). Their presence might be one of the causes of the increased concentration of homocysteine after surgery despite the fact that patients take vitamin-mineral supplementation.
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8
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Salagre E, Vizuete A, Leite M, Brownstein D, McGuinness A, Jacka F, Dodd S, Stubbs B, Köhler C, Vieta E, Carvalho A, Berk M, Fernandes B. Homocysteine as a peripheral biomarker in bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 43:81-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackground:Bipolar disorder (BD) is a psychiatric disorder with an uncertain aetiology. Recently, special attention has been given to homocysteine (Hcy), as it has been suggested that alterations in 1-carbon metabolism might be implicated in diverse psychiatric disorders. However, there is uncertainty regarding possible alterations in peripheral Hcy levels in BD.Methods:This study comprises a meta-analysis comparing serum and plasma Hcy levels in persons with BD and healthy controls. We conducted a systematic search for all eligible English and non-English peer-reviewed articles.Results:Nine cross-sectional studies were included in the meta-analyses, providing data on 1547 participants. Random-effects meta-analysis showed that serum and plasma levels of Hcy were increased in subjects with BD in either mania or euthymia when compared to healthy controls, with a large effect size in the mania group (g= 0.98, 95% CI: 0.8–1.17,P< 0.001,n= 495) and a small effect in the euthymia group (g= 0.3, 95% CI: 0.11–0.48,P= 0.002,n= 1052).Conclusions:Our meta-analysis provides evidence that Hcy levels are elevated in persons with BD during mania and euthymia. Peripheral Hcy could be considered as a potential biomarker in BD, both of trait (since it is increased in euthymia), and also of state (since its increase is more accentuated in mania). Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the relationship between bipolar disorder and Hcy, as well as the usefulness of peripheral Hcy as both a trait and state biomarker in BD.
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Dubchenko EA, Ivanov AV, Boiko AN, Spirina NN, Gusev EI, Kubatiev AA. [Hyperhomocysteinemia and endothelial dysfunction in patients with cerebral vascular and autoimmune diseases]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 119:133-138. [PMID: 31851185 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2019119111133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction today is recognized as one of the leading factors in the pathogenesis of diseases of the central nervous system of various etiologies. Numerous studies have shown the role of hyperhomocysteinemia in the development of endothelial dysfunction and prothrombogenic state. The most important condition in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) is dysregulation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and transendothelial leukocyte migration. It has been proven that homocysteine also contributes to the damage of neurons by the mechanism of excitotoxicity and induction of apoptosis of neurons. These processes can be one of the factors of neurodegenerative brain damage, which plays a leading role in the progression of MS. This review describes the pleiotropic effect of homocysteine on these processes and its role in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Dubchenko
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Interdistrict Department of Multiple Sclerosis Veresaev Clinical Hospital Department of Health of Moscow, Russia, Moscow; Federal Institute of Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Russia, Moscow
| | - A V Ivanov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russia, Moscow
| | - A N Boiko
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Federal Institute of Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Russia, Moscow
| | - N N Spirina
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - E I Gusev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Kubatiev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russia, Moscow
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de Carvalho Jennings Pereira WL, Flauzino T, Alfieri DF, Oliveira SR, Kallaur AP, Simão ANC, Lozovoy MAB, Kaimen-Maciel DR, Maes M, Reiche EMV. Immune-inflammatory, metabolic and hormonal biomarkers are associated with the clinical forms and disability progression in patients with multiple sclerosis: A follow-up study. J Neurol Sci 2019; 410:116630. [PMID: 31887671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.116630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of immune-inflammatory, metabolic, hormonal, and oxidative stress biomarkers in disability progression (DP) and clinical forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). The study evaluated 140 MS patients at admission (T0), and eight (T8) and 16 months (T16) later. The Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) and biomarkers were determined at T0, T8, and T16. A DP index (DPI) defined as an increase of ≥1 rank on the EDSS score indicated that 39.3% of the patients had significant DP. Quantification of the ordinal EDSS rank score was performed using optimal scaling methods. Categorical regression showed that the quantitative T16 EDSS score was predicted by T0 homocysteine (Hcy), T0 parathormone (PTH), T0 advanced oxidized protein products (AOPP) (all positively), low T0 vitamin D (<18.3 ng/mL) and T8 folic acid (<5 ng/mL) concentrations while higher T8 calcium concentrations (≥8.90 mg/dL) had protective effects. Linear Mixed Models showed that the change in EDSS from T0 to T16 was significantly associated with changes in IL-17 (positively) and IL-4 (inversely) independently from the significant effects of clinical MS forms, treatment modalities, smoking, age and systemic arterial hypertension. Hcy, PTH, IL-6, and IL-4 were positively associated with progressive versus relapsing-remitting MS while 25(OH)D was inversely associated. In conclusion, the ordinal EDSS scale is an adequate instrument to assess DP after category value estestimation. Aberrations in immune-inflammatory, metabolic and hormonal biomarkers are associated with DP and with the progressive form of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wildéa Lice de Carvalho Jennings Pereira
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Health Sciences Center, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Outpatient Clinic for Neurology, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tamires Flauzino
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Health Sciences Center, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniela Frizon Alfieri
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Health Sciences Center, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sayonara Rangel Oliveira
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Health Sciences Center, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Kallaur
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Health Sciences Center, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andrea Name Colado Simão
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Health Sciences Center, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcell Alysson Batisti Lozovoy
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Health Sciences Center, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Damacio Ramón Kaimen-Maciel
- Outpatient Clinic for Neurology, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Clinical Neurology, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Health Sciences Center, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Flauzino T, Simão ANC, de Carvalho Jennings Pereira WL, Alfieri DF, Oliveira SR, Kallaur AP, Lozovoy MAB, Kaimen-Maciel DR, Maes M, Reiche EMV. Disability in multiple sclerosis is associated with age and inflammatory, metabolic and oxidative/nitrosative stress biomarkers: results of multivariate and machine learning procedures. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1401-1413. [PMID: 31302813 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00456-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune-inflammatory, metabolic, and nitro-oxidative stress (IM&NO) biomarkers as predictors of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. A total of 122 patients with MS were included; their disability was evaluated using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and IM&NO biomarkers were evaluated in peripheral blood samples. Patients with EDSS ≥3 were older and showed higher homocysteine, uric acid, advanced oxidized protein products (AOPP) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and higher rate of metabolic syndrome (MetS), while high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol was lower than in patients with EDSS <3; 84.6% of all patients were correctly classified in these EDSS subgroups. We found that 36.3% of the variance in EDSS score was explained by age, Th17/T regulatory (Treg) and LDL/HDL ratios and homocysteine (all positively related) and body mass index (BMI) (inversely related). After adjusting for MS treatment modalities, the effects of the LDL/HDL and zTh17/Treg ratios, homocysteine and age on disability remained, whilst BMI was no longer significant. Moreover, carbonyl proteins were associated with increased disability. In conclusion, the results showed that an inflammatory Th17 profile coupled with age and increased carbonyl proteins were the most important variables associated with high disability followed at a distance by homocysteine, MetS and LDL/HDL ratio. These data underscore that IM&NO pathways play a key role in increased disability in MS patient and may be possible new targets for the treatment of these patients. Moreover, a panel of these laboratory biomarkers may be used to predict the disability in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires Flauzino
- Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andrea Name Colado Simão
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch 60, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86038-350, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Frizon Alfieri
- Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sayonara Rangel Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch 60, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86038-350, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Kallaur
- Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcell Alysson Batisti Lozovoy
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch 60, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86038-350, Brazil
| | | | - Michael Maes
- Impact Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch 60, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86038-350, Brazil.
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Tian X, Gong L, Jin A, Wang Y, Zhou X, Tan Y. E3 ubiquitin ligase siah‑1 nuclear accumulation is critical for homocysteine‑induced impairment of C6 astroglioma cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2227-2235. [PMID: 31322210 PMCID: PMC6691270 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy), known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), is an independent risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Hcy, even at a low concentration, can promote free radical formation and increase oxidative stress, leading to neuronal death, which may be an important mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Although several reports have indicated that the nuclear translocation of glyceraldehyde 3‑phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) may be involved in Hcy‑induced apoptosis, the exact mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. The siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (siah‑1) gene was found to be critical for the translocation of GAPDH from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In the present study, the role of siah‑1 was investigated in the nuclear translocation of GAPDH in rat C6 astroglioma cells treated with Hcy. C6 cells were treated with various concentrations of Hcy for 48 h and the expression level of siah‑1 was examined using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis. In addition, the subcellular localization of siah‑1 and GAPDH and the interaction between these two factors were investigated by immunofluorescence staining and co‑immunoprecipitation assay, respectively. The results showed that Hcy at a high concentration increased the expression of siah‑1 and induced nuclear translocation of siah‑1 and GAPDH. In addition, siah‑1 knockdown by siah‑1 small interfering RNA significantly decreased the Hcy‑induced nuclear accumulation of GAPDH and inhibited the impairment of C6 cells. These findings suggest that siah‑1 is involved in Hcy‑induced cell damage by promoting the nuclear translocation of GAPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhu Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Li Gong
- Department of Neurology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Aiping Jin
- Department of Neurology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu 226011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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Relationship between Malignant Brain Tumors and Values of Homocysteine, Folic Acid and Vitamin B12. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2018-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Homocysteine (Hcy) has a detrimental influence on human neurons, considering that human GBM cells undergo cell death already at D,L-Hcy concentrations in culture medium of 50 μM. Th is data demonstrate that Hcy is a potent gliotoxic agent capable of inducing the death of human glial cells already at concentrations reached in brain during hyperhomocysteinemia. The one retrospective study found that the serum vitamin B12 level can be used to predict survival time in metastatic cancer patients including neurological cancer. Cancer risk increases with elevated vitamin B12 level, mostly within the first year of the follow-up period, suggesting that vitamin B12 level could be used as a cancer diagnostic marker. In addition, the relationship between elevated vitamin B12 level and poor cancer survival time has been reported. Previous investigation suggests that the folate supplementation could be used as an adjuvant in antiglioma therapy to limit the low DNA methylation level because this confers a poor prognosis in glioblastoma multiforme patients. Taking into account all presented data, it can be concluded that effect of homocystein, folic acid and vitamin B12 on formation, development and outcome of treatment in patients with carcinoma is very intriguing question, whose response requires additional both experimental and clinical research. There lack of data in the literature on the incidence of elevated levels of Hcy in the blood, as well as the disorders of folic acid and vitamin B12, at malignant tumors of the brain.
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14
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A genetic deficiency in folic acid metabolism impairs recovery after ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol 2018; 309:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Oliveira SR, Flauzino T, Sabino BS, Kallaur AP, Alfieri DF, Kaimen-Maciel DR, Morimoto HK, de Almeida ERD, Lozovoy MAB, Reiche EMV, Dichi I, Simão ANC. Elevated plasma homocysteine levels are associated with disability progression in patients with multiple sclerosis. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1393-1399. [PMID: 29797117 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to verify whether hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with disability progression in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients and whether TNF pathways and cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) are involved in this process. This study included 180 MS patients, who were divided according to their levels of homocysteine (Hyperhomocysteinemia ≥11.35 μmol/L) and 204 healthy individuals (control group). MS patients showed higher levels of homocysteine (p < 0.001), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, p < 0.001), TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1, p = 0.038), TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2, p < 0.001), and lower levels of PECAM (p = 0.001), ICAM (p < 0.001) and VCAM (p = 0.005) than controls. The multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that plasma levels of homocysteine, TNFR1, TNFR2 and PECAM were associated with the presence of disease. MS patients with hyperhomocysteinemia showed higher disease progression evaluated by the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS, p < 0.001), disability evaluated by Expanded Disability Status Score EDSS (p < 0.001), TNFR1 (p = 0.039) and ICAM (p = 0.034) than MS patients with lower levels of homocysteine. Hyperhomocysteinemia was independently associated with MSSS in MS patients, but were not associated with TNF-α, TNFR, and CAM. Homocysteine levels was higher in progressive forms than relapsing-remitting MS (p < 0.001), independently of sex and age. In conclusion, this is the first study in which homocysteinemia was associated with progression of the disease (MSSS), although this finding was not directly related to TNF-α and TNFR pathways or to CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayonara Rangel Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch 60, Vila Operária, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86038-350, Brazil
| | - Tamires Flauzino
- Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Kallaur
- Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniela Frizon Alfieri
- Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Helena Kaminami Morimoto
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch 60, Vila Operária, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86038-350, Brazil
| | - Elaine Regina Delicato de Almeida
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch 60, Vila Operária, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86038-350, Brazil
| | - Marcell Alysson Batisti Lozovoy
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch 60, Vila Operária, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86038-350, Brazil
| | - Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch 60, Vila Operária, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86038-350, Brazil
| | - Isaias Dichi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andréa Name Colado Simão
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch 60, Vila Operária, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86038-350, Brazil.
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16
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Murín R, Abdalla M, Murínová N, Hatok J, Dobrota D. The metabolism of 5-methylcytosine residues in DNA. Physiol Res 2018. [PMID: 29527909 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental biochemical processes of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) synthesis, maintenance, conversion and removal determine the time and spatial pattern of DNA methylation. This has a strong effect on a plethora of physiological aspects of cellular metabolism. While the presence of 5-mC within the promoter region can silence gene expression, its derivative - 5-hydroxymethylcytosine exerts an opposite effect. Dysregulations in the metabolism of 5-mC lead to an altered DNA methylation pattern which is linked with a disrupted epigenome, and are considered to play a significant part in the etiology of several human diseases. A summary of recent knowledge about the molecular processes participating in DNA methylation pattern shaping is provided here.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Murín
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovak Republic.
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Effect of Hyperhomocysteinemia on Redox Balance and Redox Defence Enzymes in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and/or After Ischemic Preconditioning in Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 37:1417-1431. [PMID: 28210876 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased level of homocysteine (hHcy) in plasma is an accompanying phenomenon of many diseases, including a brain stroke. This study determines whether hyperhomocysteinemia (which is a risk factor of brain ischemia) itself or in combination with ischemic preconditioning affects the ischemia-induced neurodegenerative changes, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipoperoxidation, protein oxidation, and activity of antioxidant enzymes in the rat brain cortex. The hHcy was induced by subcutaneous administration of homocysteine (0.45 μmol/g body weight) twice a day in 8 h intervals for 14 days. Rats were preconditioned by 5 min ischemia. Two days later, 15 min of global forebrain ischemia was induced by four vessel's occlusion. The study demonstrates that in the cerebral cortex, hHcy alone induces progressive neuronal cell death and morphological changes. Neuronal damage was associated with the pro-oxidative effect of hHcy, which leads to increased ROS formation, peroxidation of lipids and oxidative alterations of cortical proteins. Ischemic reperfusion injury activates degeneration processes and de-regulates redox balance which is aggravated under hHcy conditions and leads to the augmented lipoperoxidation and protein oxidation. If combined with hHcy, ischemic preconditioning could preserve the neuronal tissue from lethal ischemic effect and initiates suppression of lipoperoxidation, protein oxidation, and alterations of redox enzymes with the most significant effect observed after prolonged reperfusion. Increased prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in the Western population and crucial role of elevated Hcy level in the pathogenesis of neuronal disorders makes this amino acid as an interesting target for future research. Understanding the multiple etiological mechanisms and recognition of the co-morbid risk factors that lead to the ischemic/reperfusion injury and ischemic tolerance is therefore important for developing therapeutic strategies in human brain stroke associated with the elevated level of Hcy.
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18
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Szpetnar M, Hordyjewska A, Malinowska I, Golab P, Kurzepa J. The fluctuation of free amino acids in serum during acute ischemic stroke. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/cipms-2016-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Currently, little data exists regarding the involvement of free amino acids (AA) in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke (IS). Thus, our objective was to study the degree of the degree of fluctuation of free amino acids level in serum during the acute phase of IS. The study consisted of eighteen patients (female/male: 10/8; age: 73.1 ± 4.1) with acute IS that was confirmed by way of computed tomography, while twelve sex and age matched individuals were assigned as control group. During the study period, the patients did not receive any supplemental amino acids therapy that could affect the obtained results. The venous blood was obtained after >3 hours fasting at two time-points; time-point 1 – at admission to the hospital; time-point 2 – on day 5 from stroke onset. The blood for control purposes was collected only once, and the blood collection at time-point 1 was done before thrombolytic treatment (nine patients). The amino acids were identified using the Amino Acids Analyser (AAA 400) by INGOS Corp., Praha, Czech Republic. Our results revealed a statistically significant increase of glutamate, cystine and methionine on day 1 of stroke, in comparison to control, whereas, proline level was decreased on day 1 of stroke – in comparison to control serum. On comparing day 5 to the initial day of IS, elevation was observed of levels of asparagine, glycine, tyrosine, arginine, threonine, valine, leucine and phenylalanine. It can be said, then, that ischemic stroke induces both essential and nonessential amino acid fluctuations. Moreover, the decrease in proline and glutamine serum level with the simultaneous increase in the concentration of branch chain amino acids, Glu and Thr suggests a violent mobilization of the body’s proteins. Thus, a decrease of Pro and a simultaneous increase of Glu serum level could be considered as a marker of acute IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Szpetnar
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Hordyjewska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Malinowska
- Department of Mathematics, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Golab
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Holy Family Specialist Hospital in Rudna Mala, Poland
| | - Jacek Kurzepa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Lehotský J, Tothová B, Kovalská M, Dobrota D, Beňová A, Kalenská D, Kaplán P. Role of Homocysteine in the Ischemic Stroke and Development of Ischemic Tolerance. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:538. [PMID: 27932944 PMCID: PMC5120102 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a toxic, sulfur-containing intermediate of methionine metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy), as a consequence of impaired Hcy metabolism or defects in crucial co-factors that participate in its recycling, is assumed as an independent human stroke risk factor. Neural cells are sensitive to prolonged hHcy treatment, because Hcy cannot be metabolized either by the transsulfuration pathway or by the folate/vitamin B12 independent remethylation pathway. Its detrimental effect after ischemia-induced damage includes accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and posttranslational modifications of proteins via homocysteinylation and thiolation. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an adaptive response of the CNS to sub-lethal ischemia, which elevates tissues tolerance to subsequent ischemia. The main focus of this review is on the recent data on homocysteine metabolism and mechanisms of its neurotoxicity. In this context, the review documents an increased oxidative stress and functional modification of enzymes involved in redox balance in experimentally induced hyperhomocysteinemia. It also gives an interpretation whether hyperhomocysteinemia alone or in combination with IPC affects the ischemia-induced neurodegenerative changes as well as intracellular signaling. Studies document that hHcy alone significantly increased Fluoro-Jade C- and TUNEL-positive cell neurodegeneration in the rat hippocampus as well as in the cortex. IPC, even if combined with hHcy, could still preserve the neuronal tissue from the lethal ischemic effects. This review also describes the changes in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein pathways following ischemic injury and IPC. These studies provide evidence for the interplay and tight integration between ERK and p38 MAPK signaling mechanisms in response to the hHcy and also in association of hHcy with ischemia/IPC challenge in the rat brain. Further investigations of the protective factors leading to ischemic tolerance and recognition of the co-morbid risk factors would result in development of new avenues for exploration of novel therapeutics against ischemia and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Lehotský
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and BioMed, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava Martin, Slovakia
| | - Barbara Tothová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and BioMed, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava Martin, Slovakia
| | - Maria Kovalská
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and BioMed, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in BratislavaMartin, Slovakia; Institute of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in BratislavaMartin, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Dobrota
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and BioMed, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava Martin, Slovakia
| | - Anna Beňová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and BioMed, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava Martin, Slovakia
| | - Dagmar Kalenská
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and BioMed, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava Martin, Slovakia
| | - Peter Kaplán
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and BioMed, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava Martin, Slovakia
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20
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The Molecular and Cellular Effect of Homocysteine Metabolism Imbalance on Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101733. [PMID: 27775595 PMCID: PMC5085763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing non-proteinogenic amino acid derived in methionine metabolism. The increased level of Hcy in plasma, hyperhomocysteinemia, is considered to be an independent risk factor for cardio and cerebrovascular diseases. However, it is still not clear if Hcy is a marker or a causative agent of diseases. More and more research data suggest that Hcy is an important indicator for overall health status. This review represents the current understanding of molecular mechanism of Hcy metabolism and its link to hyperhomocysteinemia-related pathologies in humans. The aberrant Hcy metabolism could lead to the redox imbalance and oxidative stress resulting in elevated protein, nucleic acid and carbohydrate oxidation and lipoperoxidation, products known to be involved in cytotoxicity. Additionally, we examine the role of Hcy in thiolation of proteins, which results in their molecular and functional modifications. We also highlight the relationship between the imbalance in Hcy metabolism and pathogenesis of diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurological and psychiatric disorders, chronic kidney disease, bone tissue damages, gastrointestinal disorders, cancer, and congenital defects.
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Huang L, Deng M, He Y, Lu S, Ma R, Fang Y. β-asarone and levodopa co-administration increase striatal dopamine level in 6-hydroxydopamine induced rats by modulating P-glycoprotein and tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier and promoting levodopa into the brain. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:634-43. [PMID: 26991136 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Huang
- Hainan Medical University; Haikou China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Minzhen Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Yuping He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Shiyao Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Ruanxin Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Yongqi Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
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Mechanisms involved in the ischemic tolerance in brain: effect of the homocysteine. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:7-15. [PMID: 25194713 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (hHCy) is recognized as a co-morbid risk factor of human stroke. It also aggravates the ischemia-induced injury by increased production of reactive oxygen species, and by the homocysteinylation and thiolation of functional proteins. Ischemic preconditioning represents adaptation of the CNS to sub-lethal ischemia, resulting in increased brain tolerance to subsequent ischemia. We present here an overview of recent data on the homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism and on the genetic and metabolic causes of hHCy-related neuropathologies in humans. In this context, the review documents for an increased oxidative stress and for the functional modifications of enzymes involved in the redox balance in experimentally induced hHCy. Hcy metabolism leads also to the redox imbalance and increased oxidative stress resulting in elevated lipoperoxidation and protein oxidation, the products known to be included in the neuronal degeneration. Additionally, we examine the effect of the experimental hHCy in combination with ischemic insult, and/or with the preischemic challenge on the extent of neuronal degeneration as well as the intracellular signaling and the regulation of DNA methylation. The review also highlights that identification of the effects of co-morbid factors in the mechanisms of ischemic tolerance mechanisms would lead to improved therapeutics, especially the brain tissue.
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