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Mostallino R, Santoni M, Sagheddu C, Serra V, Orrù V, Pistis M, Castelli MP. The PPARα agonist fenofibrate reduces the cytokine imbalance in a maternal immune activation model of schizophrenia. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176172. [PMID: 37939988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Maternal infections during pregnancy may increase the risk of psychiatric disorders in offspring. We recently demonstrated that activation of peroxisome proliferator-activate receptor-α (PPARα), with the clinically available agonist fenofibrate (FEN), attenuates the neurodevelopmental disturbances induced by maternal immune activation (MIA) in rat offspring. We hypothesized that fenofibrate might reduce MIA-induced cytokine imbalance using a MIA model based on the viral mimetic polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid [poly (I:C)]. By using the Bio-Plex Multiplex-Immunoassay-System, we measured cytokine/chemokine/growth factor levels in maternal serum and in the fetal brain of rats treated with fenofibrate, at 6 and 24 h after poly (I:C). We found that MIA induced time-dependent changes in the levels of several cytokines/chemokines/colony-stimulating factors (CSFs). Specifically, the maternal serum of the poly (I:C)/control (CTRL) group showed increased levels of (i) proinflammatory chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (MIP-1α), (ii) tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), the macrophage (M-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Conversely, in the fetal brain of the poly (I:C)/CTRL group, interleukin 12p70 and MIP-1α levels were lower than in vehicle (veh)/CTRL group. Notably, MIP-1α, TNF-α, keratinocyte derived chemokine (GRO/KC), GM-CSF, and M-CSF levels were lower in the poly (I:C)/FEN than in poly (I:C)/CTRL rats, suggesting the protective role of the PPARα agonist. PPARα might represent a therapeutic target to attenuate MIA-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Mostallino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Michele Santoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Claudia Sagheddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Valentina Serra
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (CNR), Lanusei, Italy
| | - Valeria Orrù
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (CNR), Lanusei, Italy
| | - Marco Pistis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy; Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Cagliari, Italy; Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - M Paola Castelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy.
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Vecera R, Poruba M, Hüttl M, Malinska H, Oliyarnyk O, Markova I, Racova Z, Soukop J, Kazdova L. Beneficial Effect of Fenofibrate and Silymarin on Hepatic Steatosis and Gene Expression of Lipogenic and Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Non-Obese Hereditary Hypertriglyceridemic Rats. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:1889-1900. [PMID: 35678658 PMCID: PMC9164080 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44050129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of fenofibrate in the treatment of hepatic steatosis has not been clearly demonstrated. In this study, we investigated the effects of fenofibrate and silymarin, administered as monotherapy and in combination to existing hepatic steatosis in a unique strain of hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats (HHTg), a non-obese model of metabolic syndrome. HHTg rats were fed a standard diet without or with fenofibrate (100 mg/kg b.wt./day) or with silymarin (1%) or with a combination of fenofibrate with silymarin for four weeks. Fenofibrate alone and in combination with silymarin decreased serum and liver triglycerides and cholesterol and increased HDL cholesterol. These effects were associated with the decreased gene expression of enzymes involved in lipid synthesis and transport, while enzymes of lipid conversion were upregulated. The combination treatment had a beneficial effect on the gene expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The expression of the CYP2E1 enzyme, which is source of hepatic reactive oxygen species, was reduced. In addition, fenofibrate-induced increased CYP4A1 expression was decreased, suggesting a reduction in the pro-inflammatory effects of fenofibrate. These results show high efficacy and mechanisms of action of the combination of fenofibrate with silymarin in treating hepatic steatosis and indicate the possibility of protection against disorders in which oxidative stress and inflammation are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostislav Vecera
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (R.V.); (Z.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Martin Poruba
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (R.V.); (Z.R.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-585-632-556
| | - Martina Hüttl
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (H.M.); (O.O.); (I.M.); (L.K.)
| | - Hana Malinska
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (H.M.); (O.O.); (I.M.); (L.K.)
| | - Olena Oliyarnyk
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (H.M.); (O.O.); (I.M.); (L.K.)
| | - Irena Markova
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (H.M.); (O.O.); (I.M.); (L.K.)
| | - Zuzana Racova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (R.V.); (Z.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Jan Soukop
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (R.V.); (Z.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Ludmila Kazdova
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (H.M.); (O.O.); (I.M.); (L.K.)
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Xie Y, Liu J, Shi Y, Bin Wang, Wang X, Wang W, Sun M, Xu X, He S. Synthesis and evaluation of new sesamol-based phenolic acid derivatives with hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Olivero-Verbel J, Harkema JR, Roth RA, Ganey PE. Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist, blocks steatosis and alters the inflammatory response in a mouse model of inflammation-dioxin interaction. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109521. [PMID: 34052195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin; TCDD) is an environmental contaminant that elicits a variety of toxic effects, many of which are mediated through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Interaction between AhR and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α), which regulates fatty acid metabolism, has been suggested. Furthermore, with recognition of the prevalence of inflammatory conditions, there is current interest in the potential for inflammatory stress to modulate the response to environmental agents. The aim of this work was to assess the interaction of TCDD with hepatic inflammation modulated by fenofibrate, a PPAR-α agonist. Female, C57BL/6 mice were treated orally with vehicle or fenofibrate (250 mg/kg) for 13 days, and then were given vehicle or 30 μg/kg TCDD. Four days later, the animals received an i.p. injection of lipopolysaccharide-galactosamine (LPS-GalN) (0.05x107 EU/kg and 500 mg/kg, respectively) to incite inflammation, or saline as vehicle control. After 4 h, the mice were euthanized, and blood and liver samples were collected for analysis. Livers of animals treated with TCDD with or without LPS-GalN had increased lipid deposition, and this effect was blocked by fenofibrate. In TCDD/LPS-GalN-treated mice, fenofibrate caused an increase in plasma activity of alanine aminotransferase, a marker of hepatocellular injury. TCDD reduced LPS-GalN-induced apoptosis, an effect that was prevented by fenofibrate pretreatment. LPS-GalN induced an increase in the concentration of interleukin-6 in plasma and accumulation of neutrophils in liver. TCDD exposure enhanced the former response and inhibited the latter one. These results suggest that fenofibrate counteracts the changes in lipid metabolism induced by TCDD but increases inflammation and liver injury in this model of inflammation-TCDD interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130014, Colombia
| | - Jack R Harkema
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Robert A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Zubrzycki A, Wrońska A, Kotulak-Chrząszcz A, Wierzbicki PM, Kmieć Z. Fenofibrate impairs liver function and structure more pronounced in old than young rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 91:104244. [PMID: 32927318 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since old animals are known to accumulate lipids in some organs, we compared effects of fenofibrate (FN) on systemic lipid metabolism, activity of liver marker enzymes and structure in young and old rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Young and old rats were fed chow supplemented with 0.1 % or 0.5 % FN. After 30 days, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was performed, and blood and liver samples were collected. RESULTS In young rats, 0.1 % FN, but not 0.5 % FN, decreased serum Chol by 74 %, and did not affect TG levels at either doses. In old rats, 0.5 % FN, but not 0.1 % FN, decreased Chol and TG level by 56 % and 49 %, respectively. In young rats, 0.1 % and 0.5 % FN increased serum activity of ALP by 227 % and 260 %, respectively, and did not affect AST and ALT activities. In old rats, only 0.5 % FN increased serum ALP activity by 150 %, respectively. In old rats, neither dose of FN affected serum AST activity, and only 0.5 % FN increased serum ALT activity by 200 %. The histological examination of liver structure revealed that both doses of FN impaired lobular architecture, expansion of bile canaliculi, and degeneration of parenchymal cells with the presence of cells containing fat droplets; administration of FN increased area occupied by collagen fibers. CONCLUSIONS Although 0.5 % FN decreased serum Chol concentration, it increased serum ALP activity and impaired liver structure in both in both age groups of rats. Thus, FN treatment should be under the control of liver function, especially in older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Zubrzycki
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Agata Wrońska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | - Zbigniew Kmieć
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Transgenic overexpression of glutathione S-transferase μ-type 1 reduces hypertension and oxidative stress in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Hypertens 2020; 37:985-996. [PMID: 30308595 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined congenic breeding and microarray gene expression profiling previously identified glutathione S-transferase μ-type 1 (Gstm1) as a positional and functional candidate gene for blood pressure (BP) regulation in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rat. Renal Gstm1 expression in SHRSP rats is significantly reduced when compared with normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. As Gstm1 plays an important role in the secondary defence against oxidative stress, significantly lower expression levels may be functionally relevant in the development of hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Gstm1 in BP regulation and oxidative stress by transgenic overexpression of the Gstm1 gene. METHOD Two independent Gstm1 transgenic SHRSP lines were generated by microinjecting SHRSP embryos with a linear construct controlled by the EF-1α promoter encoding WKY Gstm1 cDNA [SHRSP-Tg(Gstm1)1 and SHRSP-Tg(Gstm1)2]. RESULTS Transgenic rats exhibit significantly reduced BP and pulse pressure when compared with SHRSP [systolic: SHRSP 205.2 ± 3.7 mmHg vs. SHRSP-Tg(Gstm1)1 175.5 ± 1.6 mmHg and SHRSP-Tg(Gstm1)2 172 ± 3.2 mmHg, P < 0.001; pulse pressure: SHRSP 58.4 ± 0.73 mmHg vs. SHRSP-Tg(Gstm1)1 52.7 ± 0.19 mmHg and SHRSP-Tg(Gstm1)2 40.7 ± 0.53 mmHg, P < 0.001]. Total renal and aortic Gstm1 expression in transgenic animals was significantly increased compared with SHRSP [renal relative quantification (RQ): SHRSP-Tg(Gstm1)1 1.95 vs. SHRSP 1.0, P < 0.01; aorta RQ: SHRSP-Tg(Gstm1)1 2.8 vs. SHRSP 1.0, P < 0.05]. Renal lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde: protein) and oxidized : reduced glutathione ratio levels were significantly reduced in both transgenic lines when compared with SHRSP [malondialdehyde: SHRSP 0.04 ± 0.009 μmol/l vs. SHRSP-Tg(Gstm1)1 0.024 ± 0.002 μmol/l and SHRSP-Tg(Gstm1)2 0.021 ± 0.002 μmol/l; (oxidized : reduced glutathione ratio): SHRSP 5.19 ± 2.26 μmol/l vs. SHRSP-Tg(Gstm1)1 0.17 ± 0.11 μmol/l and SHRSP-Tg(Gstm1)2 0.47 ± 0.22 μmol/l]. Transgenic SHRSP rats containing the WKY Gstm1 gene demonstrate significantly lower BP, reduced oxidative stress and improved levels of renal Gstm1 expression. CONCLUSION These data support the hypothesis that reduced renal Gstm1 plays a role in the development of hypertension.
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Ma S, Liu S, Wang Q, Chen L, Yang P, Sun H. Fenofibrate-induced hepatotoxicity: A case with a special feature that is different from those in the LiverTox database. J Clin Pharm Ther 2019; 45:204-207. [PMID: 31518450 PMCID: PMC6973072 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
What is known and objective We report a special case of fenofibrate‐induced acute severe DILI with sudden onset and rapid recovery, which is different from those in the LiverTox database. Case summary description The acute severe DILI occurred within only 4 days after fenofibrate initial treatment for hypertriglyceridemia. Liver enzyme levels eventually declined to normal within two weeks after the discontinuation of fenofibrate. What is new and Conclusion Early detection of elevated hepatic enzymes after fenofibrate initial treatment helps physicians to avoid delayed diagnosis and subsequent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shudong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Rongjun General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Rongjun General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Rongjun General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huihuan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Rongjun General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Hua H, Yang J, Lin H, Xi Y, Dai M, Xu G, Wang F, Liu L, Zhao T, Huang J, Gonzalez FJ, Liu A. PPARα-independent action against metabolic syndrome development by fibrates is mediated by inhibition of STAT3 signalling. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1630-1642. [PMID: 30251457 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metabolic syndrome (MS) is the concurrence of at least three of five medical conditions: obesity, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, high serum triglyceride (TG) and low serum high-density lipoprotein levels. While fibrates are used to treat disorders other than the lowering serum TG, the mechanism by which fibrates decrease MS has not been established. METHODS In this study, wild-type and Ppara-null mice fed a medium-fat diet (MFD) were administered gemfibrozil and fenofibrate for 3 months respectively, to explore the effect and action mechanism. KEY FINDINGS In Ppara-null mice, MFD treatment increased body weight, adipose tissue, serum TG and impaired glucose tolerance. These phenotypes were attenuated in two groups treated with gemfibrozil and fenofibrate. The STAT3 pathway was activated in adipose and hepatic tissues in positive control, and inhibited in groups treated with gemfibrozil and fenofibrate. The above phenotypes and inflammation were not observed in any wild-type group. In 3T3-L1 adipogenic stem cells treated with high glucose, STAT3 knockdown greatly decreased the number of lipid droplets. CONCLUSIONS Low dose of clinical fibrates was effective against MS development independent of PPARα, and this action was mediated by STAT3 signalling inhibition in adipose tissue and, to a lesser extent, in hepatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Hua
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Julin Yang
- Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Hante Lin
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yang Xi
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Manyun Dai
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Gangming Xu
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fuyan Wang
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Tingqi Zhao
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aiming Liu
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Trnovská J, Šilhavý J, Kuda O, Landa V, Zídek V, Mlejnek P, Šimáková M, Strnad H, Škop V, Oliyarnyk O, Kazdová L, Haluzík M, Pravenec M. Salsalate ameliorates metabolic disturbances by reducing inflammation in spontaneously hypertensive rats expressing human C-reactive protein and by activating brown adipose tissue in nontransgenic controls. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179063. [PMID: 28586387 PMCID: PMC5460879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. In the current study, we tested the effects of salsalate, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in an animal model of inflammation and metabolic syndrome using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) that transgenically express human C-reactive protein (SHR-CRP rats). We treated 15-month-old male transgenic SHR-CRP rats and nontransgenic SHR with salsalate (200 mg/kg/day) mixed as part of a standard diet for 4 weeks. A corresponding untreated control group of male transgenic SHR-CRP and SHR rats were fed a standard diet without salsalate. In the SHR-CRP transgenic strain, salsalate treatment decreased circulating concentrations of the inflammatory markers TNF-α and MCP-1, reduced oxidative stress in the liver and kidney, increased sensitivity of skeletal muscles to insulin action and improved tolerance to glucose. In SHR controls with no CRP-induced inflammation, salsalate treatment reduced body weight, decreased concentrations of serum free fatty acids and total and HDL cholesterol and increased palmitate oxidation and incorporation in brown adipose tissue. Salsalate regulated inflammation by affecting the expression of genes from MAPK signalling and NOD-like receptor signalling pathways and lipid metabolism by affecting hepatic expression of genes that favour lipid oxidation from PPAR-α signalling pathways. These findings suggest that salsalate has metabolic effects beyond suppressing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Trnovská
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šilhavý
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Landa
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Zídek
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Mlejnek
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Šimáková
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Škop
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Oliyarnyk
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Kazdová
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Haluzík
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Pravenec
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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