1
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The Optimum Ratio of Digestible Leucine: Lysine in Wheat-based Diets for Female Broiler Chickens From 8 – 21 Days of Age. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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2
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Kriseldi R, Silva M, Lee J, Adhikari R, Williams C, Corzo A. Understanding the interactive effects of dietary leucine with isoleucine and valine in the modern commercial broiler. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102140. [PMID: 36191517 PMCID: PMC9529509 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to understand the relationship among dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) on the performance of Ross 344 × 708 male broilers. A total of 2,592 d-old male chicks were randomly placed into 144-floor pens according to a 23 full factorial central composite design (CCD) with 20 treatments (14 treatments and 6 center points). Each treatment consisted of varying digestible Ile:Lys (52 to 75), Val:Lys (64 to 87), and Leu:Lys (110 to 185) ratios. Birds and feed were weighed at 20 and 34 d of age to determine body weight gain (BWG), feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). At 35 d of age, feather amino acid composition and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Data were analyzed as CCD using the surface response option of JMP v. 15. Body weight gain (1,332 g; P < 0.001; R2 = 0.93) and FCR (1.54; P = 0.002; R2 = 0.88) were optimized at the lowest Leu:Lys ratio (110) with moderate Val:Lys (78 to 79) and Ile:Lys (65 to 66) ratios. Poorer BWG and FCR were observed as Leu:Lys ratio increased while increasing Val:Lys and Ile:Lys ratios alleviated the poor performance. Carcass (71.5%; P = 0.031; R2 = 0.76) and breast yield (26.7%; P < 0.001; R2 = 0.96) were maximized at the highest Leu:Lys ratio. This effect was complemented by increasing Ile:Lys ratio beyond 68. Lower Ile:Lys and Val:Lys ratios were required to maximize carcass and breast yield at the lowest Leu:Lys ratio. However, this strategy yielded less meat than providing a high Leu:Lys ratio diet. Dietary BCAA had little effect on altering the composition of feather protein and amino acid (P > 0.10). These results suggest that optimum BCAA ratios to Lys may vary depending on response criteria and demonstrate the importance of maintaining proper Val and Ile ratios centered on dietary Leu. Live performance can be optimized in diets with low Leu:Lys ratios; however, meat yield can be enhanced by increasing dietary Leu:Lys along with Ile:Lys ratios.
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3
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Spirulina platensis meal inclusion effects on broilers fed a reduced protein diet. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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4
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Comparative meta-analysis of broiler and piglet response to dietary valine taking into account isoleucine and leucine interactions. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Maynard C, Liu S, Lee J, Caldas J, Diehl J, Rochell S, Dridi S, Kidd M. Determination of digestible valine requirements in male and female Cobb 500 broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Evaluation of branched-chain amino acids in male Cobb MV × 500 broiler chickens by using Box-Behnken response surface design. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Emadinia A, Toghyani M, Foroozandeh AD, Tabeidian SA, Ostadsharif M. Growth performance, jejunum morphology and mucin-2 gene expression of broiler Japanese quails fed low-protein diets supplemented with threonine. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1780962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Emadinia
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Toghyani
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Davar Foroozandeh
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sayed Ali Tabeidian
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Ostadsharif
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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8
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Alagawany M, Elnesr SS, Farag MR, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Karthik K, Michalak I, Dhama K. Nutritional significance of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2020; 41:1-29. [PMID: 33250002 PMCID: PMC7755404 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1857887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutraceuticals have gained immense importance in poultry science recently considering the nutritional and beneficial health effects of their constituents. Besides providing nutritional requirements to birds, nutraceuticals have beneficial pharmacological effects, for example, they help in establishing normal physiological health status, prevent diseases and thereby improve production performance. Nutraceuticals include amino acids, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, etc. which are important for preventing oxidative stress, regulating the immune response and maintaining normal physiological, biochemical and homeostatic mechanisms. Nutraceuticals help in supplying nutrients in balanced amounts for supporting the optimal growth performance in modern poultry flocks, and as a dietary supplement can reduce the use of antibiotics. The application of antibiotic growth enhancers in poultry leads to the propagation of antibiotic-resistant microbes and drug residues; therefore, they have been restricted in many countries. Thus, there is a demand for natural feed additives that lead to the same growth enhancement without affecting the health. Nutraceuticals substances have an essential role in the development of the animals' normal physiological functions and in protecting them against infectious diseases. In this review, the uses of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as well as their mode of action in growth promotion and elevation of immune system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Alagawany
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Poultry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shaaban S. Elnesr
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Production, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mayada R. Farag
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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9
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Maynard CW, Liu SY, Lee JT, Caldas J, Diehl EJJ, Rochell SJ, Kidd MT. Determining the 4th limiting amino acid in low crude protein diets for male and female Cobb MV × 500 broilers. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:695-702. [PMID: 32551967 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1782348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
1. Four experiments were conducted to determine the 4th limiting amino acid (AA) in maize-soybean meal-based diets. 2. Deletion assay methodology was used to quantify performance and carcase trait responses to potential deficiencies in essential and conditionally essential AA caused by reductions in dietary crude protein of maize-soybean meal-based diets from 202.9 to 186.5 g/kg. 3. The deletion of Val, Phe and Gly + Pro resulted in negative effects on live performance and carcase traits for male broilers, whereas AA deletion only affected wing weights for females with no response on live performance. 4. Further experimentation could not duplicate a response to Phe or Pro in male broilers. 5. Valine was identified as the potential 4th limiting AA in maize-soybean meal-based diets and was not found to be co-limiting with Ile.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Maynard
- Centre of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - S Y Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney , Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - J T Lee
- CJ America - Bio, Downers Grove , IL, USA
| | - J Caldas
- Cobb-Vantress , Siloam Springs, AR, USA
| | | | - S J Rochell
- Centre of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - M T Kidd
- Centre of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR, USA
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10
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Amirdahri S, Janmohammadi H, Taghizadeh A, Lambert W, Soumeh E, Oliayi M. Valine requirement of female Cobb broilers from 8 to 21 days of age. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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11
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Acácio R, Sakomura N, Viana G, Malheiros E, Fernandes J, Suzuki R. Optimum standardized ileal digestible tryptophan intake for broiler chickens. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Influence of branched chain amino acid inclusion in diets varying in ingredient composition on broiler performance, processing yields, and pododermatitis and litter characteristics. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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13
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Schedle K, Bartelt J, Lambert W, Corrent E. Digestible Valine Requirements of Growing-Finishing Ross 308 Broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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14
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Allameh S, Toghyani M. Effect of dietary valine supplementation to low protein diets on performance, intestinal morphology and immune responses in broiler chickens. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Wensley MR, Woodworth JC, Derouchey JM, Dritz SS, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, Walters HG, Leopold BA, Coufal CD, Haydon KD, Lee JT. Effects of amino acid biomass or feed-grade amino acids on growth performance of growing swine and poultry. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 4:49-58. [PMID: 32704965 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of three fermented amino acids (AA) with their respective biomass compared to crystalline AA on the growth performance of swine and poultry. In experiment 1, 315 barrows (DNA 200 × 400, initially 11.3 ± 0.69 kg) were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 5 pigs per pen and 15 or 16 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included a negative control (16% standardized ileal digestible [SID] Tryptophan:lysine [Trp:Lys] ratio), positive control (21% SID Trp:Lys ratio from crystalline Trp), or diets containing Trp with biomass to provide 21 or 23.5% SID Trp:Lys ratios, respectively. Pigs fed the positive control or low Trp with biomass diet had increased (P < 0.05) ADG compared to pigs fed the negative control diet, with pigs fed the high Trp with biomass diet intermediate. Pigs fed the low Trp with biomass diet had increased (P < 0.05) G:F compared to the negative control diet, with others intermediate. In experiment 2, 1,320 1-d-old male broilers (Cobb 500, initially 45.2 g) were allotted to one of four dietary treatments with 33 birds per pen and 10 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included a negative control (58/58% Threonine:lysine [Thr:Lys] ratio), positive control (65/66% Thr:Lys ratio from crystalline Thr), or diets containing Thr with biomass to provide 65/66 or 69/70% Thr:Lys ratios in starter and grower diets, respectively. Broilers fed the positive control or Thr with biomass diets had increased (P < 0.05) ADG compared to broilers fed the negative control diet. Broilers fed the positive control or the low Thr with biomass diet had increased (P < 0.05) G:F compared to the negative control and high Thr with biomass treatments. In experiment 3, 2,100 one-day-old male broilers (Cobb 500, initially 39.4 g) were allotted to one of four dietary treatments with 35 birds per pen and 15 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included a negative control (59/63% Valine:lysine [Val:Lys] ratio), positive control (75/76% Val:Lys ratio from crystalline Val), or diets containing Val with biomass to provide 75/76 or 84/83% Val:Lys ratios in starter and grower diets, respectively. Broilers fed the positive control or Val with biomass diets had increased (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared to those fed the negative control diet. In conclusion, Trp, Thr, or Val with their respective biomass appear to be equally bioavailable and a suitable alternative to crystalline AA in swine and poultry diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madie R Wensley
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Joel M Derouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Hunter G Walters
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX
| | - Bryce A Leopold
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX
| | - Craig D Coufal
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX
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16
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Agostini PS, Santos RR, Khan DR, Siebert D, van der Aar P. The optimum valine: lysine ratios on performance and carcass traits of male broilers based on different regression approaches. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1310-1320. [PMID: 30376070 PMCID: PMC6377434 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different regression approaches were applied to determine the optimal digestible (d.) and analyzed Val:Lys ratios for broiler performance and carcass yield. One-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers (n = 960) were assigned to 1 of 8 diets, with 6 pens/diet and 20 birds/pen, for 42 days. The negative control consisted of the basal diet with a d.Val:d.Lys ratio of 0.63 and with 93% of the required d.Lys. The positive control consisted of the basal diet with a d.Val:d.Lys of 0.80, with no reduction in d.Lys content. The other (test) diets contained a range of d.Val:d.Lys ratios, all with 93% of the required d.Lys. Data on feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were submitted to regression analysis, applying quadratic polynomial (QP), exponential asymptotic (EA), and linear response plateau (LRP) models. Since Val did not affect carcass or breast meat yield, no regression was performed. Digestible and analyzed Val:Lys ratios were similar based on the regression models. The intercept between the QP and LRP models was used to determine the optimum Val:Lys ratio. Overall, the ideal d.Val:d.Lys ratio will vary according to the main goal of poultry production, i.e., BWG or FCR. For BWG, the ideal ratio was found to be 0.78 (0 to 12 d), 0.73 (0 to 28 d), and 0.76 (0 to 35 or 0 to 42 d). For FCR, the optimum d.Val:d.Lys was found to be 0.80 (0 to 12 d), 0.75 (0 to 28 d), and 0.78 (0 to 35 or 0 to 42 d). The optimum analyzed Val:Lys ratio was slightly higher. For instance, for BWG the optimum ratio was 0.80 (0 to 12 d), 0.76 (0 to 28 d), and 0.79 (0 to 35 or 0 to 42 d). For FCR, the optimum Val:Lys was 0.81 (0 to 12 d), 0.79 (0 to 28 d), and 0.81 (0 to 35 or 0 to 42 d). Valine did not affect carcass or breast meat yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Agostini
- Schothorst Feed Research, PO Box 533, 8200 AM, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - R R Santos
- Schothorst Feed Research, PO Box 533, 8200 AM, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - D R Khan
- CJ Europe GmbH, Schwalbach, 65824, Taunus, Germany
| | - D Siebert
- CJ Europe GmbH, Schwalbach, 65824, Taunus, Germany
| | - P van der Aar
- Schothorst Feed Research, PO Box 533, 8200 AM, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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17
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Alves WJ, Viana GS, Barreto SLT, Muniz JCL, Hannas MI, Silva AD, Arnaut PR, Barros VRMS. Optimum Digestible Valine to Lysine Ratio for Meat-Type Quails from 15 to 35 Days of Age. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- WJ Alves
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brazil
| | - GS Viana
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - JCL Muniz
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
| | - MI Hannas
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
| | - AD Silva
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
| | - PR Arnaut
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
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18
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Ospina-Rojas I, Murakami A, Duarte C, Nascimento G, Garcia E, Sakamoto M, Nunes R. Leucine and valine supplementation of low-protein diets for broiler chickens from 21 to 42 days of age. Poult Sci 2017; 96:914-922. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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19
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Gitoee A, Faridi A, France J. Mathematical models for response to amino acids: estimating the response of broiler chickens to branched-chain amino acids using support vector regression and neural network models. Neural Comput Appl 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-017-2842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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21
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Vieira S, Stefanello C, Cemin H. Lowering the dietary protein levels by the use of synthetic amino acids and the use of a mono component protease. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Nascimento GR, Murakami AE, Ospina-Rojas IC, Diaz-Vargas M, Picoli KP, Garcia RG. DIGESTIBLE VALINE REQUIREMENTS IN LOW-PROTEIN DIETS FOR BROILERS CHICKS. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2015-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - KP Picoli
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Brazil
| | - RG Garcia
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brazil
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23
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Rochell SJ, Helmbrecht A, Parsons CM, Dilger RN. Influence of dietary amino acid reductions and Eimeria acervulina infection on growth performance and intestinal cytokine responses of broilers fed low crude protein diets. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2602-2614. [PMID: 27143767 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of Eimeria acervulina infection on growth performance, plasma carotenoids, and intestinal cytokine responses of broilers fed low crude protein (LCP) diets with reduced concentrations of selected amino acids (AA). Experiment 1 was conducted to validate a dietary formulation approach in which broilers were fed 1 of 5 diets including a 19.0% CP corn-soybean meal based (CSBM) diet, a LCP control diet (16.7% CP) that matched the AA profile of the CSBM diet, and 3 LCP diets with 30% reductions in standardized ileal digestible concentrations of TSAA, Lys, or Thr from 14 to 23 d post-hatch. Body weight gain and G:F were greatest (P < 0.05) and similar for broilers fed the CSBM and LCP control diets, whereas reductions in Thr, TSAA, and Lys each decreased (P < 0.05) G:F of broilers. In Experiment 2, birds were allotted to 18 treatment groups in a factorial arrangement of 9 dietary treatments × 2 infection states. Dietary treatments included a LCP control diet similar to that fed in Experiment 1 and 8 LCP diets with 40% individual reductions in TSAA, Lys, Thr, Val, Ile, Arg, Phe + Tyr, or Gly + Ser. Broilers received experimental diets from 10 d to 28 d post-hatch and were inoculated with 0 or 4.0 × 105 sporulated E. acervulina oocysts at 15 d. Decreased (P < 0.05) growth performance (10 to 28 d) of broilers was observed with each AA reduction, except Phe + Tyr, compared with birds fed the LCP control diet. Body weight gain and G:F were lowest (P < 0.05) for birds fed diets reduced in Lys or Val. Eimeria acervulina decreased growth performance and plasma carotenoids of broilers, but effects varied among dietary treatment groups as indicated by diet × infection interactions (P < 0.05). Dietary AA reductions did not alter (P > 0.05) the increase in intestinal gene expression of interferon-γ, interleukin-1β, or interleukin-10 observed in E. acervulina-infected birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Rochell
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - A Helmbrecht
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Department for Animal Nutrition Research, 63457 Hanau, Germany
| | - C M Parsons
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - R N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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Kumar CB, Gloridoss RG, Singh KC, Prabhu TM, Siddaramanna, Suresh BN, Manegar GA. Impact of second line limiting amino acids' deficiency in broilers fed low protein diets with rapeseed meal and de-oiled rice bran. Vet World 2016; 8:350-7. [PMID: 27047096 PMCID: PMC4774842 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.350-357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To study the impact of deficiency of second line limiting amino acids (SLAA; valine, isoleucine and tryptophan) on the production performance and carcass characteristics of commercial broilers. Materials and Methods: A control (T1) corn-soy diet was formulated to contain all essential AA on standardized ileal digestible basis; While in T2-a ‘moderate SLAA deficit’ diet was formulated by replacement of soybean meal with 6% rapeseed meal and T3-a ‘high SLAA deficit’ diet was formulated by replacement of soybean meal with 6% de-oiled rice bran. Each of these treatments was allotted to six replicates of ten chicks each. During the 42 days experimental period, growth performance, carcass parameters and intake of metabolizable energy (ME), crude protein (CP) and AA were studied. Results: The cumulative body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass cut weights and yields of carcass, breast and thighs were decreased (p<0.05) in T3 compared to T1. The absolute intake of ME, lysine, methionine + cysteine and threonine were not affected while intake of CP and all SLAA were reduced in SLAA deficit diets. The relative intake of ME, lysine, methionine + cysteine, threonine and SLAA reduced in T3 in comparison to T1. The relative weights of internal organs were not affected by treatments while the abdominal fat percentage was increased linearly to the magnitude of SLAA deficiency. Conclusion: The deficiency of SLAA decreased performance, carcass yields and impaired utilization of ME, CP and AA linearly to the magnitude of the deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Basavanta Kumar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore, India
| | - R G Gloridoss
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore, India
| | - K Chandrapal Singh
- Division of Animal Sciences, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore, India
| | - T M Prabhu
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore, India
| | - Siddaramanna
- Senior Technical Officer, Southern Research Station, National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - B N Suresh
- Department of ILFC, Veterinary College, Hassan, India
| | - G A Manegar
- Department of Animal Science, Krishi Vignyana Kendra, Bangalore Rural Dist, India
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Caetano V, Faria D, Caniatto A, Faria Filho D, Nakagi V. Desempenho e rendimento de carcaça em frangos de corte de um a 46 dias alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de valina e reduzido teor proteico. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-7561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as relações de valina:lisina digestíveis em dietas com teor reduzido de proteína bruta (PB) e os efeitos dessa redução sobre desempenho e rendimento de carcaça em frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 1200 pintos machos seguindo modelo inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos de seis repetições (exceto controle, com 10 repetições), compostos por 30 aves cada. O tratamento controle (T1) foi formulado conforme os níveis de proteína bruta e aminoácidos (AAs) recomendados por Rostagno et al . (2011), e os demais tratamentos (T2 a T6) tiveram seus níveis de PB reduzidos (4% em relação ao controle) e variaram em função da relação valina:lisina digestíveis, com cinco níveis equidistantes em intervalos de 0,07:1, variando de 0,63:1 e 0,91:1 (dietas até 21 dias) e de 0,64:1 e 0,92:1 (dietas após 21 dias). As seguintes características de desempenho foram avaliadas: ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, viabilidade criatória e índice de eficiência produtiva. Aos 46 dias de idade, seis animais por repetição foram abatidos para determinação de rendimento de carcaça e de cortes comerciais. As diferentes relações valina:lisina digestíveis não influenciaram o desempenho dos animais (P>0,05) para nenhuma característica avaliada. A redução proteica piorou a conversão alimentar dos animais (P≤0,05) até os 21 dias. Os resultados sugerem que os níveis de valina utilizados não afetam o desempenho dos animais, apenas o rendimento de peito e que, portanto, a redução proteica não é recomendada durante as três primeiras semanas de criação.
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Miranda D, Vieira S, Favero A, Angel C, Stefanello C, Nogueira E. Performance and meat production of broiler chickens fed diets formulated at different crude protein levels supplemented or not with L-valine and L-isoleucine. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ospina-Rojas IC, Murakami AE, Duarte CRA, Eyng C, Oliveira CAL, Janeiro V. Valine, isoleucine, arginine and glycine supplementation of low-protein diets for broiler chickens during the starter and grower phases. Br Poult Sci 2015; 55:766-73. [PMID: 25269797 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.970125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
1. Two experiments were performed to study the supplementation of valine, isoleucine, arginine and glycine (Val, Ile, Arg, Gly) in low-protein diets for broiler chickens in the starter (1-21 d; Exp. 1) and grower (22-42 d; Exp. 2) phases. 2. A low-crude protein (CP) diet was formulated to meet the requirements of all amino acids (AA) supplied by the control diet except for Val, Ile, Arg and Gly. The other experimental diets were obtained by the isolated or combined supplementation of the studied AA in the low-CP diet. 3. Growth, serum parameters and litter characteristics were taken in both of the experiments. Carcass measurements were taken in Experiment 2. 4. In the starter and grower phases, low-CP diets without supplementation resulted in birds with a poorer weight gain and feed conversion than those of the birds that received the control diet. 5. In the starter phase, individual supplementation with Val and Gly, but not Ile and Arg, restored the weight gain of the birds, while diets with the addition of Val + Gly, Val + Ile + Arg, Val + Ile + Gly and Val + Ile + Arg + Gly restored their feed conversion. 6. In the grower phase, weight gain was re-established at the same rate as the control diet for the diets supplemented with Val + Ile, Val + Ile + Arg, Val + Ile + Gly and Val + Ile + Arg + Gly. However, the feed conversion was restored only in birds that received the diet supplemented with all studied AA. 7. The supplementation of Val and Gly in low-CP diets was sufficient to avoid adverse effects in the performance and serum parameters of broilers in the starter phase. However, birds in the grower phase required the combined supplementation of Val, Ile, Arg and Gly, to prevent compromised performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Ospina-Rojas
- a Department of Animal Science , Universidade Estadual de Maringá , Maringá , Brazil
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Sedghi M, Golian A, Kolahan F, Afsar A. Optimisation of broiler chicken responses from 0 to 7 d of age to dietary leucine, isoleucine and valine using Taguchi and mathematical methods. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:696-707. [PMID: 26447759 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1096323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the applicability of the Taguchi method (TM) and optimisation algorithms to optimise the branch chain amino acids (BCAA) requirements in 0 to 7 d broiler chicks. In the first experiment, the standardised digestible (SID) amino acids and apparent metabolisable energy (AME) values of maize, wheat and soya bean meal were evaluated. In the second experiment, three factors including leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val), each at 4 levels, were selected, and an orthogonal array layout of L16 (4(3)) using TM was performed. After data collection, optimisation of average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were obtained using TM. The multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) and random search algorithm (RSA) were also applied to predict the optimal combination of BCAA for broiler performance. In the third experiment, a growth study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of obtained optimum BCAA requirements data by TM, MOGA and RSA, and results were compared with those of birds fed with a diet formulated according to Ross 308 recommendations. In the second experiment, the TM resulted in 13.45 g/kg SID Leu, 8.5 g/kg SID Ile and 10.45 g/kg SID Val as optimum level for maximum ADG (21.57 g/bird/d) and minimum FCR (1.11 g feed/g gain) in 0- to 7-d-old broiler chickens. MOGA predicted the following combinations: SID Leu = 14.8, SID Ile = 9.1 and SID Val = 10.3 for maximum ADG (22.05) and minimum FCR (1.11). The optimisation using RSA predicted Leu = 16.0, Ile = 9.5 and Val = 10.2 for maximum ADG (22.67), and Leu = 15.5, Ile = 9.0 and Val = 10.4 to achieve minimum FCR (1.08). The validation experiment confirmed that TM, MOGA and RSA yielded optimum determination of dietary amino acid requirements and improved ADG and FCR as compared to Aviagen recommendations. However, based on the live animal validation trial, MOGA and RSA overpredicted the optimum requirement as compared to TM. In general, the results of these studies showed that the TM may be used to optimise nutrient requirements for poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sedghi
- a Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture , Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - A Golian
- a Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture , Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - F Kolahan
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering , Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - A Afsar
- c Evonik Degussa Iran AG , Tehran , Iran
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Miranda D, Vieira S, Angel C, Rios H, Favero A, Nogueira E. Broiler responses to feeds formulated with or without minimum crude protein restrictions and using supplementall-valine andl-isoleucine. J APPL POULTRY RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2014-0988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Application of metabolic engineering for the biotechnological production of l-valine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5859-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pastor A, Wecke C, Liebert F. Assessing the age-dependent optimal dietary branched-chain amino acid ratio in growing chicken by application of a nonlinear modeling procedure. Poult Sci 2013; 92:3184-95. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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32
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Kidd M, Tillman P, Waldroup P, Holder W. Feed-grade amino acid use in the United States: The synergetic inclusion history with linear programming. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Improving the Reliability of Optimal In-Feed Amino Acid Ratios Based on Individual Amino Acid Efficiency Data from N Balance Studies in Growing Chicken. Animals (Basel) 2013; 3:558-73. [PMID: 26479521 PMCID: PMC4494439 DOI: 10.3390/ani3030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three consecutive nitrogen balance experiments with fast-growing male broiler chickens (ROSS 308), both during starter and grower periods, were conducted to determine the ideal ratios of several indispensable amino acids relative to lysine. The control diets based on corn, wheat, fishmeal, field peas, wheat gluten and soybean oil were formulated by computer optimizing to meet the assumed ideal amino acid ratios and to fulfill both the energy and nutrient requirements of growing chicken. According to principles of the diet dilution technique, balanced control diets were diluted by wheat starch and refilled by crystalline amino acids and remaining feed ingredients, except the amino acid under study. The lysine, threonine, tryptophan, arginine, isoleucine and valine diluted diets resulted in significantly lower protein quality as compared to control diet, especially following increased dietary lysine supply (experiments II and III) and stronger amino acid dilution (experiment III). Accordingly, the limiting position of individual amino acids was confirmed, and the derived amino acid efficiency data were utilized to derive ideal amino acid ratios for the starter period: Lys (100): Thr (60): Trp (19): Arg (105): Ile (55): Val (63); and the grower period: Lys (100): Thr (62): Trp (17): Arg (105): Ile (65): Val (79).
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Tavernari F, Lelis G, Vieira R, Rostagno H, Albino L, Oliveira Neto A. Valine needs in starting and growing Cobb (500) broilers. Poult Sci 2013; 92:151-7. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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35
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Dozier W, Tillman P, Usry J. Interactive effects of digestible valine- and isoleucine-to-lysine ratios provided to male broilers from 4 to 6 weeks of age. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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36
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Corzo A. Determination of the arginine, tryptophan, and glycine ideal-protein ratios in high-yield broiler chicks. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Corzo A, Dozier W, Mejia L, Zumwalt C, Kidd M, Tillman P. Nutritional feasibility of l-valine inclusion in commercial broiler diets. J APPL POULTRY RES 2011. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2010-00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Berres J, Vieira S, Favero A, Freitas D, Peña J, Nogueira E. Digestible valine requirements in high protein diets for broilers from twenty-one to forty-two days of age. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dozier WA, Corzo A, Kidd MT, Tillman PB, Branton SL. Determination of the fourth and fifth limiting amino acids in broilers fed on diets containing maize, soybean meal and poultry by-product meal from 28 to 42 d of age. Br Poult Sci 2011; 52:238-44. [PMID: 21491247 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2011.561282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Valine (Val) is considered the 4th limiting amino acid for broilers fed on diets containing ingredients from vegetable origin. However, Val and Isoleucine (Ile) may be co-limiting for broilers fed on diets containing animal protein meals. An experiment was conducted to examine growth responses and meat yield of broilers provided diets varying in digestible Val (dVal) and digestible Ile (dIle) concentrations from 28 to 42 d of age. 2. Eight experimental diets varying in dVal (dVal to dLys ratios from 0·66 to 0·76) and dIle (dIle to dLys ratios from 0·57 to 0·67) were studied; digestible Lysine (Lys) was formulated to 9·9 g/kg in all diets. 3. Broilers fed on a negative control (NC) diet supplemented with crystalline Val (L-Val) and crystalline Ile (L-Ile), dVal to dLys = 0·76 and dIle to dLys = 0·67, grew faster and had higher breast meat yield than birds fed on NC + L-Ile (dVal to dLys = 0·66 and dIle to dLys = 0·67), NC + L-Val (dVal to dLys = 0·76 and dIle to dLys = 0·57), and NC + reduced L-Val and L-Ile (dVal to dLys = 0·71 and dIle to dLys = 0·62). 4. Feeding broilers on the NC + L-Val and L-Ile (dVal to dLys = 0·76 and dIle to dLys = 0·67) diets gave similar BW gain, carcase weight and yield and total breast meat weight and yield to birds fed on the positive control-fed broilers with no added L-Val and L-Ile (dVal to dLys = 0·76 and dIle to dLys = 0·67). 5. These results indicate that Val and Ile are co-limiting in diets containing poultry by-product meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Dozier
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Berres J, Vieira S, Kidd M, Taschetto D, Freitas D, Barros R, Nogueira E. Supplementing L-valine and L-isoleucine in low-protein corn and soybean meal all-vegetable diets for broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2010. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2009-00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Corzo A, Dozier WA, Loar RE, Kidd MT, Tillman PB. Dietary limitation of isoleucine and valine in diets based on maize, soybean meal, and meat and bone meal for broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2010; 51:558-63. [PMID: 20924851 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2010.507242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. The dietary limitation of isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val) was evaluated in broilers. Common diets were given to all broilers from 0 to 28 d of age. Experimental diets were provided from 28 to 42 d of age. 2. The experimental test diet was based primarily on maize, soybean meal, and meat and bone meal, and formulated to satisfy all nutrient recommendations with the exception of Ile and Val. 3. Diets were supplemented with L-Ile and L-Val at either 0·5 or 1·0 g kg⁻¹ of diet, alone or in combination. A diet composed only of commercially available amino acids and formulated to satisfy all nutrient requirements served as a positive control. 4. Body weight gain was depressed by the test diet, but recovered to a weight similar to birds fed on the positive control when Val was added to the test diet either alone or in combination with Ile. Feed efficiency improved when Val and Ile were simultaneously supplemented. 5. Abdominal fat yield was reduced with the combined supplementation of Val and Ile. Breast meat yield appeared to be more sensitive to Ile supplementation than to Val. 6. The results suggest that live performance may be more sensitive to Val, while breast meat yield was maximised with Ile supplementation. However, their combination is required for optimised growth and meat yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Corzo
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, 39762, USA.
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Berres J, Vieira S, Dozier W, Cortês M, de Barros R, Nogueira E, Kutschenko M. Broiler responses to reduced-protein diets supplemented with valine, isoleucine, glycine, and glutamic acid. J APPL POULTRY RES 2010. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2009-00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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43
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Corzo A, Loar R, Kidd M. Limitations of dietary isoleucine and valine in broiler chick diets. Poult Sci 2009; 88:1934-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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