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Elibol O, Özlü S, Erkuş T, Nicholson D. Effects and Interactions of Incubation Time and Preplacement Holding Time on Mortality at Placement, Yolk Sac Utilization, Early Feeding Behavior and Broiler Live Performance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3827. [PMID: 38136864 PMCID: PMC10740600 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects and interactions of incubation time and chick preplacement holding time on mortality at placement, utilization of yolk sac, crop filling rate, early feeding-drinking behavior, and broiler live performance were investigated. Ross 308 broiler hatching eggs from a 39-week-old flock were set in two identical setters in a commercial hatchery, with the setting time 12 h earlier in one machine. At the end of incubation, chicks were removed from the hatchers at the same time. Thus, the incubation times were either 504 h (normal incubation time (NIT) treatment) or 516 h (longer incubation time (LIT) treatment). After the pull time, chicks from each incubation time group were subjected to either 6, 24, 48, 60, or 72 h preplacement holding times. At placement, chicks were given access to feed and water. In total, 19,200 chicks were randomly assigned to a total of 10 subtreatment groups (2 incubation times × 5 preplacement holding times). Therefore, a total of 1920 chicks were used in each subtreatment group for the grow-out period in a commercial broiler house. For the first week of the experiment, 160 randomly selected as-hatched (not sexed) chicks were placed in 12 replicate floor pens (120 total pens). From the second week of age onward, chicks from two pens were combined into six replicate pens, with 320 chicks per replicate (60 total pens). An interaction was found between incubation time and preplacement holding time for residual yolk sac (RYS) weight (g, %) (p < 0.001). RYS weight was greater at pull time and at 6 and 24 h of preplacement holding in the NIT treatment compared to the LIT treatment, while differences were no longer evident at 48-72 h. The lowest percentage of chicks with full crops and eating activity was observed in the shortest preplacement holding time (6 h) group at 3 h after placement. As expected, the initial BW at placement clearly decreased with increasing duration after the pull time (p < 0.05), with the highest and lowest weights found in the 6 and 72 h holding time treatments, respectively. This BW difference was still evident at 35 d after placement and chicks held for the longest period after the pull time (72 h) showed the lowest BW (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the 6 and 60 h preplacement holding times. Mortality during the first 7 d after placement increased only when the preplacement holding time was extended to 72 h (p = 0.031). Similarly to the 7 d results, chicks held for 72 h exhibited higher 0-35 day mortality compared to those held for 6 or 24 h (p = 0.028). Neither BW nor mortality was affected by incubation time treatment at 35 d after placement (p > 0.05). It can be concluded that there were no significant differences in average BW and mortality, up to and including a 60 h holding time under thermal comfort conditions, but a 72 h preplacement holding time resulted in final BW and mortality being negatively affected. In addition, LIT tended to have a beneficial effect on BW and mortality compared to NIT when the preplacement holding time was shorter (6-24 h) but had a negative effect for extended holding times (48-72 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Okan Elibol
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey;
| | - Serdar Özlü
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey;
| | - Tolga Erkuş
- Aviagen Ltd., Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK; (T.E.); (D.N.)
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2
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Özlü S, Erkuş T, Kamanlı S, Nicholson AD, Elibol O. Influence of the preplacement holding time and feeding hydration supplementation before placement on yolk sac utilization, the crop filling rate, feeding behavior and first-week broiler performance. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102056. [PMID: 35988377 PMCID: PMC9405083 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the broiler chick preplacement holding time and feeding hydration supplementation before placement on yolk sac utilization, the crop filling rate, feeding–drinking behavior and first-wk broiler performance. Broiler hatching eggs were obtained from a commercial broiler breeder flock of Ross 308 at 37 wk of age and incubated in a commercial hatchery. At 510 h of incubation, all chicks were removed from the hatcher and separated into cardboard chick boxes containing 80 chicks each. The chick boxes were randomly separated into two groups with either added commercial hydration supplementation (gel: Hydrogel-95) or the control (no gel). Then, the chicks were randomly distributed into 5 groups with different holding times across each hydration supplementation treatment (gel and control). The preplacement holding times were 6, 24, 48, 60, and 72 h from the pull time from the hatchers in the hatchery to placement in the broiler house on the farm, at which point the chicks were able to access feed and water. There were 10 subtreatment groups comprising 5 chick preplacement holding time groups × 2 hydration supplementation groups. There were 12 replicates (160 chicks per pen) per holding period × gel treatment, with a total of 19,200 chicks placed. The feed and water access time did not influence yolk sac utilization, but the absolute or relative residual yolk sac (g, %) decreased linearly with the duration after the pull time (P < 0.001). Longer preplacement holding times were associated with a higher percentage of chicks with full crops at 3 h after placement (P < 0.001). Chicks with the shortest (6 h) preplacement holding time had a lower percentage of feed-seeking activity compared to the 24, 48, and 72 h holding time groups at 3 h after placement (P < 0.001). The highest chick eating and drinking activity was observed in the 72 h group at both 3 and 8 h after placement. Chick weight at placement was significantly reduced linearly with the duration after the pull time (0.106 g/h; R2 = 0.775), and as expected, the highest and lowest BW were found in the 6 (41.51 g) and 72 h (34.50 g) preplacement holding time groups, respectively. However, BW and BW gain were higher in the 24 h group than in the other preplacement holding time groups (P < 0.001) at 7 d after placement. Mortality within the first 3 d after placement increased only when the preplacement holding time was extended to 72 h (P = 0.002). Mortality during 4 to 7 d postplacement was not affected by the holding time at all, but the 72-h holding time group still had statistically significantly higher mortality cumulatively from 0 to 7 d (P = 0.024). Neither BW nor mortality was affected by feeding the hydration supplement at placement, and the lack of effect persisted through 7 d after placement (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that the BW at 7 d after placement was greater in the 24 h holding time group than in shorter (6 h) or longer (48, 60, and 72 h) preplacement holding time groups. In the present study, a greater number of chicks were raised, and it was clearly demonstrated that mortality, as a direct indicator of flock health and welfare, was not affected by preplacement holding times up to and including a 60 h after take-off under thermal comfort conditions, but holding for a further 12 h to 72 h, mortality at 7 d of age after placement was increased. On the other hand, holding chicks in a short period (6 h) did not improve mortality and the BW at 7 d, suggesting that some delay to placement can be beneficial. In addition, feeding hydrogel during the preplacement holding period had no positive effect on BW gain and cumulative mortality during the first week of the growing period.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Özlü
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Türkiye
| | - T Erkuş
- Aviagen Ltd., Newbridge, Midlothian EH28 8SZ, United Kingdom
| | - S Kamanlı
- Poultry Research Institute, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - A D Nicholson
- Aviagen Ltd., Newbridge, Midlothian EH28 8SZ, United Kingdom
| | - O Elibol
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Türkiye.
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Huang KJ, Li CH, Tsai PK, Lai CC, Kuo YR, Hsieh MK, Cheng CW. Electromagnetic Force-Driven Needle-Free in Ovo Injection Device. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030147. [PMID: 35324876 PMCID: PMC8951732 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Needle-free injections are mainly used for administering human or mammalian vaccines or drugs. However, poultry vaccines, in ovo injections to embryos, subcutaneous injections to chickens, and intramuscular injections are administered using needle injections. This article presents a new needle-free in ovo injection device method that uses push-pull solenoids to eject liquid jets, mainly for embryonic eggs of chickens. Furthermore, our study investigated the suitable jet pressures for using this method and the post-injection hatching rates in 18-day-old embryonic eggs. Using this method, we could deliver the liquid to the allantoic and amniotic cavities or the muscle tissue through the egg membrane of the air chamber using a jet pressure of ~6–7 MPa or ~8 MPa. After injecting 0.25 mL of 0.9% saline into 18-day-old Lohmann breed layer embryonic eggs and specific pathogen-free (SPF) embryonic eggs at a jet pressure of ~7 MPa, we observed hatching rates of 98.3% and 85.7%, respectively. This study’s electromagnetic needle-free in ovo injection device can apply vaccine or nutrient solution injection for embryo eggs and serve as a reference for future studies on needle-free in ovo injection automation systems, jet pressure control, and injection pretreatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Jung Huang
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (K.-J.H.); (P.-K.T.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-R.K.)
| | - Cheng-Han Li
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (K.-J.H.); (P.-K.T.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-R.K.)
- Correspondence: (C.-H.L.); (C.-W.C.); Tel.: +886-4-2219-5795 (C.-H.L. & C.-W.C.)
| | - Ping-Kun Tsai
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (K.-J.H.); (P.-K.T.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-R.K.)
| | - Chia-Chun Lai
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (K.-J.H.); (P.-K.T.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-R.K.)
| | - Yu-Ren Kuo
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (K.-J.H.); (P.-K.T.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-R.K.)
| | - Ming-Kun Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Wei Cheng
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.L.); (C.-W.C.); Tel.: +886-4-2219-5795 (C.-H.L. & C.-W.C.)
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Vandeputte J, Martel A, Van Rysselberghe N, Antonissen G, Verlinden M, De Zutter L, Heyndrickx M, Haesebrouck F, Pasmans F, Garmyn A. In ovo vaccination of broilers against Campylobacter jejuni using a bacterin and subunit vaccine. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5999-6004. [PMID: 31265725 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli originating from poultry meat have been the most important causes of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis in the European Union since 2005. In-feed application of maternal antibodies from vaccinated hens was shown to confer protection of broilers against Campylobacter infection. Here, it was investigated if these vaccines can be used to protect broilers against Campylobacter infection after in ovo vaccination. Embryos were immunized in ovo at day 18 with a bacterin or a subunit vaccine and at 19 D post hatch, these birds were inoculated with C. jejuni according to a seeder model. Quantification of C. jejuni in the broilers cecal content showed that the in ovo vaccinated birds were not protected against C. jejuni infection. Quantification of blood anti-Campylobacter antibody titers did not show any induction of Campylobacter-specific serological response in the vaccinated birds, which may explain the lack of protection in the vaccinated chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmien Vandeputte
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Van Rysselberghe
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marc Verlinden
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.,Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology & Food Sciences Unit, B9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Garmyn
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Saeed M, Babazadeh D, Naveed M, Alagawany M, Abd El-Hack ME, Arain MA, Tiwari R, Sachan S, Karthik K, Dhama K, Elnesr SS, Chao S. In ovo delivery of various biological supplements, vaccines and drugs in poultry: current knowledge. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:3727-3739. [PMID: 30637739 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The technique of delivering various nutrients, supplements, immunostimulants, vaccines, and drugs via the in ovo route is gaining wide attention among researchers worldwide for boosting production performance, immunity and safeguarding the health of poultry. It involves direct administration of the nutrients and biologics into poultry eggs during the incubation period and before the chicks hatch out. In ovo delivery of nutrients has been found to be more effective than post-hatch administration in poultry production. The supplementation of feed additives, nutrients, hormones, probiotics, prebiotics, or their combination via in ovo techniques has shown diverse advantages for poultry products, such as improved growth performance and feed conversion efficiency, optimum development of the gastrointestinal tract, enhancing carcass yield, decreased embryo mortality, and enhanced immunity of poultry. In ovo delivery of vaccination has yielded a better response against various poultry pathogens than vaccination after hatch. So, this review has aimed to provide an insight on in ovo technology and its potential applications in poultry production to deliver different nutrients, supplements, beneficial microbes, vaccines, and drugs directly into the developing embryo to achieve an improvement in post-hatch growth, immunity, and health of poultry. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, PR China
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Muhammad A Arain
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Pakistan
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Swati Sachan
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Shaaban S Elnesr
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Production, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Sun Chao
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, PR China
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Peebles ED, Cummings TS, Barbosa TM, Wilson FD, Williams CJ, Gerard PD. Comparative effects of in ovo versus subcutaneous administration of the Marek's disease vaccine and pre-placement holding time on the intestinal villus to crypt ratios of Ross 708 broilers during early post-hatch development1,2,3. Poult Sci 2019; 98:712-716. [PMID: 30289527 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Villus to crypt ratio (VCR) is used to quantify the microanatomical response of the intestine to various treatments. In early age chickens, comparative effects of the in ovo (i.o.) and s.c. methods of administration (moa) of the Marek's disease (MD) vaccine on 2 types of measurement of small intestinal VCR at 0 and 4 h post-hatch (poh) were investigated. The effects of moa and 4 and 18 h pre-placement holding times (pht) on the VCR measurements at 168 h (7 d) poh were also investigated. In the jejunum of the small intestine, a standard method for VCR determination, based on 10 villus and crypt length measurements, was utilized for the calculation of villus to crypt length ratio (VCLR). In that same region, a single histomorphometric determination of the crypt and total mucosa areas using image analysis software was also used. Subtraction of the crypt area from the total mucosa area provided the villus area, allowing for calculation of the villus to crypt area ratio (VCAR). Across 0, 4, and 18 h of poh bird age, the VCLR of birds that received an s.c. vaccination was higher in comparison to that of those that received an i.o. vaccination. The highest and lowest VCAR values were observed in the s.c. treatment at 0 h poh and in the i.o. treatment at 4 h poh, respectively. Furthermore, at 168 h poh, VCLR values in the 18 h pht and s.c. vaccination group were higher than those in the 4 h pht and s.c. vaccination or 18 h and i.o. vaccination groups. In conclusion, the effects of pht and MD vaccine moa on VCR were dependent on the use of either the VCLR or VCAR method of measurement. However, regardless of method, s.c. injection overall led to a higher VCR through 4 h poh in Ross 708 broilers, and the effects of moa on VCLR at 168 h were influenced by pht.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - T S Cummings
- Zoetis Animal Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - T M Barbosa
- Zoetis Animal Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - F D Wilson
- Mississippi Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - C J Williams
- Zoetis Animal Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - P D Gerard
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Peebles ED. In ovo applications in poultry: A review,. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2322-2338. [PMID: 29617899 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The various methods employed for the in ovo administration of different materials for promoting the health and productivity of poultry are discussed in this review article. The amnion has proven to be an effective site for injection and the timing of in ovo injection has commonly occurred at transfer. However, the volumes and dosages or concentrations of the materials administered vary depending on bird type, egg size, timing and site of injection, incubation system and regimen, and the type of material. Both manual and automated injections have been shown to be effective. Nevertheless, commercial application mandates automation. Materials described in the literature over the past 20 years or more for in ovo use in avian species include vaccines, drugs, hormones, competitive exclusion cultures and prebiotics, and supplemental nutrients. Vaccines approved for in ovo delivery include those for Marek's disease, infectious bursal disease, fowl pox, Newcastle disease, and coccidiosis. Some of the materials listed above have been shown to be viable candidates for enhancing immunity and for promoting embryonic and posthatch development. Several reports have indicated that probiotics may be effectively used to fight intestinal bacterial infections, and folic aid, as well as egg white protein and various amino acids, including L-arginine, L-lysine, L-histidine, HMB, and threonine alone or in combination, have been shown to benefit embryonic development or posthatch performance. Furthermore, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, vitamins C and E, and thyme and savory have the potential to enhance immunity, carbohydrates can be used to increase tissue glycogen stores, and creatine can be used to promote muscle growth. Trace minerals and vitamin D3 have shown potential to improve bone strength, and potassium chloride may be an effective alternative electrolyte in vaccine diluent. The in ovo application of these and other materials will continue to expand and provide further benefits to the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
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Wilson FD, Cummings TS, Barbosa TM, Williams CJ, Gerard PD, Peebles ED. Comparison of two methods for determination of intestinal villus to crypt ratios and documentation of early age-associated ratio changes in broiler chickens,. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1757-1761. [PMID: 29351670 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of intestinal villus to crypt ratios (VCR) is a common method utilized to evaluate effects of various diet regimens on gut microanatomy and for the histologic quantification of intestinal responses to disease processes. Two methods for the determination of small intestinal VCR were compared in early age chickens. A standard method for VCR determination based on 10 villus and crypt length measurements in the jejunal region of the small intestine was employed for the calculation of villus to crypt length ratio (VCLR). That method was compared to a new approach based on a single histomorphometric determination of the crypt and total mucosal areas using image analysis software. Subtraction of the crypt area from the total area provided the villus area and allowed for the subsequent calculation of villus to crypt area ratio (VCAR). At 4 and 18 h posthatch, VCLR was higher than that of VCAR, but there was no significant difference between VCLR and VCAR at 0 h (hatch) and at 168 h (d 7) posthatch. Nevertheless, the pattern of age-associated changes for VCLR and VCAR were comparable throughout the early posthatch period. Furthermore, the new method used in determining VCAR is subject to less human error, allows for an appreciable reduction in the number of measurements required, and facilitates a larger intestinal segment evaluation. Standard linear measurements require the selection of variable numbers of villi and crypts, whereas the area method only requires selection of a single region that incorporates numerous villi and crypts of variable sizes in providing a less subjective approach. This is particularly advantageous in studies on intestinal disease conditions resulting in marked multifocal variation in villus stature. This study further documented age-associated changes occurring in the VCR of the small intestine during the early posthatch period. Across the 2 methods used for VCR determination, a major and highly significant reduction in the VCR was observed to occur between 18 h and 168 h posthatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Wilson
- Mississippi Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - T S Cummings
- Zoetis, 1040 Swabia Court, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - T M Barbosa
- Zoetis, 1040 Swabia Court, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - C J Williams
- Zoetis, 1040 Swabia Court, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - P D Gerard
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - E D Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
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Peebles ED, Barbosa TM, Cummings TS, Dickson J, Womack SK, Gerard PD. Comparative effects of in ovo versus subcutaneous administration of the Marek's disease vaccine and pre-placement holding time on the post-hatch performance of Ross 708 broilers1,2,3. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1071-1077. [PMID: 27794051 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of 2 types of methods of administration (moa; in ovo or s.c.) of the Marek's disease (MD) vaccine and 4 and 18 h pre-placement holding times (pht) on the performance of male broilers through 48 d of age were investigated. Ross 708 broiler hatching eggs (3,900) were either in ovo-vaccinated at 18 d of incubation or chicks from eggs that were not in ovo-injected were vaccinated s.c. at hatch, and chicks from each moa group were held for one of the 2 pht. In ovo injections (50 μL) were delivered by a commercial multi-egg injector and s.c. injections (0.2 mL) were delivered by an automatic pneumatic s.c. injector. Sixteen birds were assigned to each of 15 replicate floor pens belonging to each of the 4 moa and pht combination groups. Mortality and BW gain were determined at weekly intervals, and feed consumption and conversion were determined in the zero to 14, 14 to 28, 28 to 42, and 42 to 48 d age intervals. No interactive effects between moa and pht were observed for any variable, and mortality was not significantly affected by moa or pht. The 14 to 28 d feed consumption and 14 to 21 d BW gain of s.c.-vaccinated birds were lower than that of in ovo-vaccinated birds, and the increase in pht from 4 to 18 h decreased feed consumption through 28 d post hatch and BW gain through 35 d post hatch. Overall, the performances of male Ross 708 broilers through 48 d of age in response to in ovo and s.c. injections of the MD vaccine were comparable, and delays in hatchling placement should be less that 18 h in duration. Furthermore, despite the decrease in BW gain through 35 d associated with the reduction in feed consumption through 28 d in response to the 14 h increase in pht, in ovo injection did not exacerbate the effect of the increase in pht.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - T M Barbosa
- Zoetis, 1040 Swabia Court, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - T S Cummings
- Zoetis, 1040 Swabia Court, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - J Dickson
- Zoetis, 1040 Swabia Court, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - S K Womack
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - P D Gerard
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
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Peebles ED, Barbosa TM, Cummings TS, Dickson J, Womack SK, Gerard PD. Comparative effects of in ovo versus subcutaneous administration of the Marek's disease vaccine and pre-placement holding time on the processing yield of Ross 708 broilers. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3944-3948. [PMID: 29050405 PMCID: PMC7172885 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of the in ovo (i.o.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) method of administration (moa) of the Marek's disease (MD) vaccine and 4 or 18 h pre-placement holding time (pht) on the processing yield of male broilers through 49 d of age (doa) were investigated. Ross 708 broiler hatching eggs (3,900) were either i.o.-vaccinated at 18 d of incubation or chicks from eggs that were not i.o.-vaccinated were s.c.-vaccinated at hatch. The i.o. injections (50 μL) were delivered by a commercial multi-egg injector and s.c. injections (200 μL) were delivered by an automatic pneumatic s.c. injector. The pht was imposed on chicks after vaccination. Sixteen birds were initially assigned to each of 15 replicate floor pens belonging to each of the moa and pht combination groups and were grown out through 48 doa. At 48 doa, 6 birds were randomly selected from each replicate pen and were weighed and fasted for 16 h before being processed. At 49 doa, whole carcass, fat pad, breast muscle, and tenders muscles weights were recorded. Whole carcass weight as a percentage of live BW, and fat pad, breast muscle, and tenders muscles weights as percentages of both live and whole carcass weights were calculated. Upon subjection of the data to a 2 × 2 factorial analysis, only a main effect due to moa was observed for tenders muscles weight as a percentage of live and whole carcass weights. Tenders muscles weight as a percentage of both live (P ≤ 0.010) and whole carcass (P ≤ 0.004) weight was higher in birds hatched from eggs that received i.o. rather than s.c. vaccinations. In conclusion, in comparison to s.c. vaccination, i.o. vaccination increased relative tenders weight yield, whether or not broilers were held for 4 or 18 h prior to placement. Therefore, with regard to broiler processing yield, i.o. and s.c. vaccinations were safe for the administration of the MD vaccine, with i.o. vaccination displaying a slight potential advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - T M Barbosa
- Zoetis, 1040 Swabia Court, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - T S Cummings
- Zoetis, 1040 Swabia Court, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - J Dickson
- Zoetis, 1040 Swabia Court, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - S K Womack
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - P D Gerard
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
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