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Chen B, Yang Y, Wang Z, Dai X, Cao Y, Zhang M, Zhang D, Ni X, Zeng Y, Pan K. Surface Display of Duck Hepatitis A Virus Type 1 VP1 Protein on Bacillus subtilis Spores Elicits Specific Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses on Mice. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10323-2. [PMID: 39002060 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Duck viral hepatitis, primarily caused by duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1), poses a significant threat to the global duck industry. Bacillus subtilis is commonly utilized as a safe probiotic in the development of mucosal vaccines. In this study, a recombinant strain of B. subtilis, designated as B. subtilis RV, was constructed to display the DHAV-1 capsid protein VP1 on its spore surface using the outer coat protein B as an anchoring agent. The immunogenicity of this recombinant strain was evaluated in a mouse model through mixed feeding immunization. The results indicated that B. subtilis RV could elicit specific systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice, as evidenced by the high levels of serum IgG, intestinal secretory IgA, and potent virus-neutralizing antibodies produced. Furthermore, the recombinant strain significantly upregulated the expression levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in the intestinal mucosa. Thus, the recombinant strain maintained the balance of the Th1/Th2 immune response and demonstrated an excellent mucosal immune adjuvant function. In summary, this study suggests that B. subtilis RV can be a novel alternative for effectively controlling DHAV-1 infection as a vaccine-based feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xixi Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, 404155, China
| | - Yuheng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xueqin Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Wen Y, Kong J, Shen Y, He J, Shao G, Feng K, Xie Q, Zhang X. Construction and immune evaluation of the recombinant duck adenovirus type 3 delivering capsid protein VP1 of the type 1 duck hepatitis virus. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103117. [PMID: 37852056 PMCID: PMC10591007 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus serves as an excellent viral vector and is employed in vector vaccine research. Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV1) and duck adenovirus type 3 (DAdV3) cause significant economic losses in the Chinese duck industry. In this study, we found an excellent exogenous gene insertion site in DAdV3 genome of CH-GD-12-2014 strain, within 3 intergenic regions (IGR). Subsequently, we generated a recombinant duck adenovirus named rDAdV3-VP1-188, which exhibits excellent replication characteristics and immunogenicity of DAdV3 and DHAV1. Animal experiments showed that rDAdV3-VP1-188 can provide 100% protection against the DAdV3 and 80% protection against DHAV1. These results showed that rDAdV3-VP1-188 could induce protection against DAdV3 and DHAV1 in ducks, thus indicating the feasibility of DAdV3 as a vector for the development of avian vector vaccines. These insights contribute to the further development of DAdV3 vectors and other adenovirus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsen Wen
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong AiHealth Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingyuan 511899, PR China
| | - Jie Kong
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Shen
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui He
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanming Shao
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keyu Feng
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and technology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Zhang Y, Wu S, Liu W, Hu Z. Current status and future direction of duck hepatitis A virus vaccines. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:89-99. [PMID: 36571394 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2162367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Duck viral hepatitis (DVH), mainly caused by duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV), is a highly fatal and rapidly spreading infectious disease of young ducklings that seriously jeopardizes the duck industry worldwide. DHAV type 1 (DHAV-1) is the main genotype responsible for disease outbreaks since 1945, and the disease situation is complicated by the emergence and dissemination of a novel genotype (DHAV-3) in some countries in Asia and Africa. Live attenuated DHAV vaccines are widely used to induce a considerable degree of protection in ducklings. Breeder ducks are immunized with inactivated or/and live DHAV vaccines to achieve satisfactory levels of passive immunity in progeny. In addition, novel characteristics of virus transmission, pathogenicity and pathogenesis of DHAV were recently characterized, necessitating the development of new vaccines and effective vaccination programmes against DVH. Therefore, a systematic dissection of the profiles, strengths and shortcomings of the available DHAV vaccines is essential. Moreover, to further increase the efficiency of vaccine production and administration, the development of next-generation DHAV vaccines using cutting-edge technologies is also required. In this review, based on a comprehensive summary of the research advances in the epidemiology, pathogenicity, and genomic features of DHAV, we focus on reviewing and analysing the features of the commercial and experimental DHAV vaccines. We also propose perspectives for disease control based on the specific disease situations in different countries. This review provides essential information for vaccine development and disease control of DVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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4
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Jager MC, Tomlinson JE, Lopez-Astacio RA, Parrish CR, Van de Walle GR. Small but mighty: old and new parvoviruses of veterinary significance. Virol J 2021; 18:210. [PMID: 34689822 PMCID: PMC8542416 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In line with the Latin expression "sed parva forti" meaning "small but mighty," the family Parvoviridae contains many of the smallest known viruses, some of which result in fatal or debilitating infections. In recent years, advances in metagenomic viral discovery techniques have dramatically increased the identification of novel parvoviruses in both diseased and healthy individuals. While some of these discoveries have solved etiologic mysteries of well-described diseases in animals, many of the newly discovered parvoviruses appear to cause mild or no disease, or disease associations remain to be established. With the increased use of animal parvoviruses as vectors for gene therapy and oncolytic treatments in humans, it becomes all the more important to understand the diversity, pathogenic potential, and evolution of this diverse family of viruses. In this review, we discuss parvoviruses infecting vertebrate animals, with a special focus on pathogens of veterinary significance and viruses discovered within the last four years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason C Jager
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Joy E Tomlinson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Robert A Lopez-Astacio
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Xue X, Yu Z, Jin H, Liang L, Li J, Li X, Wang Y, Cui S, Li G. Recombinant adenovirus expressing vesicular stomatitis virus G proteins induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in mice and goats. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:36. [PMID: 33461549 PMCID: PMC7814712 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is an acute, highly contagious and economically important zoonotic disease caused by the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). There is a need for effective and safe stable recombinant vaccine for the control of the disease. The human type 5 replication-defective adenovirus expression vector is a good way to construct recombinant vaccines. RESULTS Three recombinant adenoviruses (rAd) were successfully constructed that expressed the VSV Indiana serotype glycoprotein (VSV-IN-G), VSV New Jersey serotype glycoprotein (VSV-NJ-G), and the G fusion protein (both serotypes of G [VSV-IN-G-NJ-G]) with potentiality to induce protective immunity. G proteins were successfully expressed with good immunogenicity. The rAds could induce the production of VSV antibodies in mice, and VSV neutralizing antibodies in goats, respectively. The neutralizing antibody titers could reach 1:32 in mice and 1:64 in goats. The rAds induced strong lymphocyte proliferation in mice and goats, which was significantly higher compared to the negative control groups. CONCLUSIONS The three rAds constructed in the study expressed VSV-G proteins and induced both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice and goats. These results lay the foundation for further studies on the use of rAds in vaccines expressing VSV-G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Xue
- Beijing Scientific Observation and Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China /Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaorong Yu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Hongyan Jin
- Beijing Scientific Observation and Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China /Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Tibet Vocational Technical College, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Beijing Scientific Observation and Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China /Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- Beijing Scientific Observation and Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China /Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Beijing Scientific Observation and Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China /Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Beijing Scientific Observation and Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China /Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Beijing Scientific Observation and Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China /Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gang Li
- Beijing Scientific Observation and Experiment Station for Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China /Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Song S, Li P, Zhang R, Chen J, Lan J, Lin S, Guo G, Xie Z, Jiang S. Oral vaccine of recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing the VP1 protein of duck hepatitis A virus type 3 induces mucosal and systemic immune responses. Vaccine 2019; 37:4364-4369. [PMID: 31227355 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) is the major pathogen of duck viral hepatitis, which has caused great economic losses to duck breeding industry. As an effective delivery tool for protein antigens, Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) has been successfully used to stimulate mucosal and systemic immune response. In this study, a recombinant L. lactis named NZ3900-VP1 was constructed, which could express VP1 protein of DHAV type 3 (DHAV-3) by using a nisin-controlled expression (NICE) system. The animal experiment in both mice and ducklings were performed to detect the immune response and protection effect of oral vaccination by the recombinant L. lactis. The results showed that oral vaccination with L. lactis NZ3900-VP1 significantly induced specific anti-VP1 IgG antibodies and mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) of DHAV-3 in mice and ducklings, and cytokines including interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Notably, the ducklings vaccinated with L. lactis NZ3900-VP1 were effectively protected when facing natural infestation of DHAV-3, which indicated that the recombinant L. lactis could serve as an effective vaccine to prevent DHAV-3 infection in ducklings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Song
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Junhao Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jingjing Lan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Shaoli Lin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Guanjie Guo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Zhijing Xie
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Shijin Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China.
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