1
|
David LS, Anwar MN, Abdollahi MR, Bedford MR, Ravindran V. Calcium Nutrition of Broilers: Current Perspectives and Challenges. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101590. [PMID: 37238019 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) plays an essential role in poultry nutrition as 99% of Ca is located in birds' skeletal system. However, oversupply of Ca rather than deficiency of Ca is the current concern in commercial broiler diets. Calcium is an inexpensive dietary nutrient due to the cheap and abundant availability of limestone, the major Ca source; therefore, little attention was given to the oversupply of Ca in the past. The recent shift in the use of digestible P in broiler feed formulations has necessitated a closer look at digestible Ca, as Ca and P are interrelated in their absorption and postabsorptive utilisation. In this context, data on ileal digestibility of Ca and P in ingredients has been determined. Preliminary data on the digestible Ca and digestible P requirements for the different growth stages of broilers have also recently become available. The present review focusses on these recent advances in Ca nutrition. In addition, aspects of homeostatic control mechanisms, different Ca sources and factors influencing Ca digestibility in poultry are covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Shiromi David
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - M Naveed Anwar
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Van Den Brink Poultry Ltd., Christchurch 7677, New Zealand
| | - M Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Velmurugu Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Novotny M, Sommerfeld V, Krieg J, Kühn I, Huber K, Rodehutscord M. Mucosal phosphatase activity, phytate degradation, and mineral digestibility in 6-week-old turkeys and broilers at different dietary levels of phosphorus and phytase and comparison with 3-week-old animals. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102476. [PMID: 36716675 PMCID: PMC9922952 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Female turkeys (B.U.T. 6) and broilers (Ross 308) were compared at 6 wk of age to evaluate the effects of species, dietary P, Ca, and phytase levels on myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) degradation along the digestive tract, gut mucosal phosphatase activity, P and Ca digestibility, and myo-inositol concentrations in the digesta and blood. The environmental conditions and experimental corn-soybean meal-based diets were the same for both species. Four diets with either combination of 2 levels of P and Ca (CaP-: 4.0 g P/kg, 5.4 g Ca/kg and CaP+: 6.0 g P/kg, 8.0 g Ca/kg) and 2 levels of phytase supplementation (0 and 1,500 FTU/kg) were fed to the animals for 7 d at their sixth wk of age. Each diet was randomly assigned to 6 pens per species, with 10 birds each. After slaughter, blood, digesta from the crop, gizzard, duodenum, lower ileum, and jejunal mucosa were collected. Endogenous mucosal phosphatase activity in the jejunum was higher in turkeys than in broilers. Prececal InsP6 disappearance was also higher in turkeys than in broilers when phytase was not supplemented. Phytase supplementation led to a higher prececal InsP6 disappearance in broilers than in turkeys, likely due to different crop conditions such as moisture content. However, prececal P digestibility was higher in turkeys than broilers. Different relationships between myo-inositol concentration in the ileum digesta and blood were found, depending on the species. A comparison of the results with those obtained in 3-wk-old birds of a companion study showed that in diets with low Ca and P levels, prececal InsP6 disappearance increased with age in turkeys, but not in broilers. This coincided with changes in the conditions of the digestive tract, such as the water content in the crop, gizzard pH, and mucosal phosphatase activity. In conclusion, occurrence of differences in phytate degradation between turkeys and broilers, fed the same feed, depended on age and can be explained by different physiological development of the digestive tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Novotny
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vera Sommerfeld
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Krieg
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Korinna Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Comparison of mucosal phosphatase activity, phytate degradation, and nutrient digestibility in 3-week-old turkeys and broilers at different dietary levels of phosphorus and phytase. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102457. [PMID: 36641994 PMCID: PMC9860161 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparison between 3-wk-old female turkeys (B.U.T. 6) and broilers (Ross 308) was performed to study the effects of species, dietary P, Ca, and phytase levels on gut mucosal phosphatase activity, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) degradation along the digestive tract, digestibility of P, Ca, and amino acids, and concentrations of myo-inositol in the digesta and blood. The experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-based and identical for both species. Two dietary P and Ca concentrations (CaP-: 4.1 g P/kg, 5.5 g Ca/kg and CaP+: 9.0 g P/kg, 12.0 g Ca/kg) and 2 levels of phytase supplementation (0 and 1,500 FTU/kg) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design and fed to the animals for 7 d in their third week of age. Each diet was randomly assigned to 6 broiler and 6 turkey pens, with 10 birds each. After slaughter, blood, digesta from the crop, gizzard, duodenum, lower ileum, and mucosa from the jejunum were collected. When fed CaP- without phytase supplementation, there were no differences between species in gut mucosal phosphatase activity, prececal InsP6 disappearance, and P and Ca digestibility, indicating a similar intrinsic capacity for phytate degradation in both species. When fed CaP+ without phytase supplementation, turkeys showed higher prececal InsP6 disappearance than broilers. Phytase supplementation increased prececal InsP6 disappearance and digestibility of P and Ca in both species. However, the phytase-induced increase in prececal InsP6 disappearance was more pronounced in broilers than in turkeys, possibly due to more adequate conditions for phytase activity in the broiler crop. In broilers, phytase supplementation increased amino acid digestibility overall, whereas, in turkeys, it increased with CaP+ and decreased with CaP-. In addition, the relationship between myo-inositol concentration in the ileum and blood differed between species, indicating differences in myo-inositol metabolism. It was concluded that 3-week-old turkeys and broilers differ in nutrient digestibility and InsP degradation in some segments of the digestive tract but have similar endogenous InsP6 degradation when fed low P and Ca diets.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gulizia J, Rueda M, Ovi F, Bonilla S, Prasad R, Jackson M, Gutierrez O, Pacheco W. Evaluate the effect of a commercial heat stable phytase on broiler performance, tibia ash, and mineral excretion from 1 to 49 days of age assessed using nutrient reduced diets. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
5
|
Comparative effects of two phytases on growth performance, bone mineralization, nutrient digestibility and phytate-P hydrolysis of broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
6
|
Dersjant-Li Y, Abdollahi MR, Bello A, Waller K, Marchal L, Ravindran V. Effects of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant on the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids, total tract phosphorus retention and tibia ash in young broilers. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6523280. [PMID: 35137139 PMCID: PMC8903141 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG) on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) and phosphorus (P) utilization in young broilers when added to diets with high phytate-P (PP) content without added inorganic phosphate (Pi) and deficient in digestible (dig) AA and metabolizable energy (ME) was investigated. A total of 256 Ross 308 male broilers were assigned to 4 treatments (8 birds/cage, 8 cages/treatment) in a completely randomized design. Treatments comprised a positive control (PC, 2,975 kcal/kg ME, 3.7 g/kg dig P, 2.83 g/kg PP, 8.4 g/kg Ca, 10.6 g/kg dig lysine), a negative control (NC) without added Pi (ME −68 kcal/kg, crude protein −10 g/kg, dig AA −0.1 to −0.4 g/kg, Ca −2.0 g/kg, dig P −2.2 g/kg, Na −0.4 g/kg vs. PC), and NC plus 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg of PhyG. Test diets were corn/soy/rapeseed-meal/rice-bran-based and fed from 5 to 15 d of age. Ileal digesta and tibias were collected on day 15. Excreta was collected during days 12 to 15 to determine P retention. The NC (vs. PC) reduced (P < 0.05) P retention (−10.4% units), tibia ash (−14.3% units), weight gain (−109 g), feed intake (−82 g) and increased FCR (from 1.199 to 1.504), confirming that the NC was extremely deficient in nutrients and energy. Phytase addition to the NC linearly (P < 0.001) improved performance, but did not fully recover it to the level of the PC due to the severe nutrients/energy reduction in NC. Phytase linearly increased P retention (P < 0.001), tibia ash (P < 0.001), AID of dry matter (P < 0.05), nitrogen (P < 0.01), gross energy (P < 0.05), and all 17 individual AA (P < 0.01). At 1,000 FTU/kg, phytase increased (P < 0.05) P retention vs. PC and NC (+14.5 and +24.9% units, respectively) and increased tibia ash vs. NC (+13.8% units), equivalent to PC. The NC decreased AID of Cys, Gly, Thr, and Met vs. PC (P < 0.05). At 1,000 FTU/kg, phytase increased AID of all 17 AA vs. NC (P < 0.01), equivalent to PC. At 1,000 FTU/kg, AID AA responses (above NC) ranged from +4.5% (Met) to +15.0% (Cys), being maximal for essential Thr (+10.4%) and Val (+8.2%) and non-essential Cys (+15.0%) and Gly (+10.4%). The results highlight the efficacy of PhyG at a dose level of 500 to 1,000 FTU/kg in young broilers for improving the ileal digestibility of nitrogen, AA, and energy alongside P retention and tibia ash. The performance data emphasize the need to consider digestible nutrient intake as a response variable in exogenous enzyme studies. Microbial phytase is widely used in commercial broiler diets to improve digestion of phosphorus (P) and reduce its excretion into the environment. Phytase improves the digestion of phosphorus and other nutrients including amino acids (AA). This study evaluated the effect of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG) added to a nutrient-reduced diet without any added inorganic P on the digestibility of nutrients including P and AA in the ileum of young broilers. Effects on P retention and bone mineralization were also assessed. Compared to an unsupplemented negative control diet, PhyG improved growth performance, P retention, bone mineralization (tibia ash), digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, gross energy, and all 17 individual AA during 5 to 15 d post-hatch, in a dose-dependent manner (dose range 0 to 1,000 phytase units [FTU] per kilogram of feed). For some AA, the increases in digestibility with PhyG at 1,000 FTU/kg were substantial (cysteine: +15.0%, threonine:+10.4%), and for all AA were equivalent to the responses produced by a nutritionally adequate positive control (unsupplemented) diet. The results demonstrate the efficacy of PhyG to improve AA digestibility alongside growth performance, P retention, and bone mineralization in young broilers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Dersjant-Li
- Danisco Animal Nutrition & Health, IFF, Willem Einthovenstraat, the Netherlands
| | - M R Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - A Bello
- Danisco Animal Nutrition & Health, IFF, Willem Einthovenstraat, the Netherlands
| | - K Waller
- Danisco Animal Nutrition & Health, IFF, Willem Einthovenstraat, the Netherlands
| | - L Marchal
- Danisco Animal Nutrition & Health, IFF, Willem Einthovenstraat, the Netherlands.,Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - V Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Salisbury F, Cowieson A, Gous R. Constraints on the modelling of calcium and phosphorus growth of broilers: a systematic review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1974804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Salisbury
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | | | - R.M. Gous
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bassi LS, Teixeira LV, Sens RF, Almeida L, Zavelinski VAB, Maiorka A. High doses of phytase on growth performance, bone mineralization, diet utilization, and plasmatic myo-inositol of turkey poults. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101050. [PMID: 33744617 PMCID: PMC8005821 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance, bone mineral composition, diet utilization, and plasmatic concentration of myo-inositol (MYO) in turkeys fed different phytase doses from 1 to 28 d. A total of three hundred and twenty 1-day-old turkeys were distributed in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 8 replicates of 10 birds each. Treatments included a basal diet without phytase; reduced diet (reduced -0.15% available P and -0.18% Ca) without phytase; reduced diet + 2,000 units of phytase (FYT)/kg; and reduced diet + 4,000 FYT/kg. From day 26 to 28, partial excreta collection was conducted, and on day 28, 7 birds per replicate were euthanized for collection of ileal content and left tibia bones were removed from 2 of the same euthanized birds. Feed, excreta, and ileal digesta samples were analyzed to determine nutrient digestibility and metabolizability, ileal digestible energy, and AME. Tibia bones were analyzed for ash, Ca, and P content, and calculation of Seedor index. On day 28, blood samples were collected from 2 turkeys per replicate to analyze plasmatic MYO concentration. Feed conversion ratio was not affected, but phytase supplementation resulted in higher feed intake and body weight gain compared to turkeys fed the reduced diet (P < 0.05), and both doses were similar to the basal diet. Increasing the phytase dose had a linear effect (P < 0.05) on ileal digestibility of P and metabolizability of DM, CP, Ca, and Na, and also on AME. P content in the tibia bone increased linearly (P < 0.05) with phytase supplementation, and the same linear increase (P < 0.05) was observed for plasmatic MYO. In conclusion, the supplementation of turkey poult's diets with high levels of phytase up to 4,000 FYT/kg improves diet utilization by increasing P digestibility and dietary metabolizability, leading to higher P content in the bone and enhancing MYO provision and absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas S Bassi
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 80035-050.
| | | | - Rafael F Sens
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 80035-050
| | - Leopoldo Almeida
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 80035-050
| | - Vitor A B Zavelinski
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 80035-050
| | - Alex Maiorka
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 80035-050
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kryukov VS, Glebova IV, Zinoviev SV. Reevaluation of Phytase Action Mechanism in Animal Nutrition. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:S152-S165. [PMID: 33827406 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792114011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The release of phosphorus from phytates occurs via sequential cleavage of phosphate groups. It was believed that, regardless of the properties of phytases, the rate of phytate dephosphorylation is limited by the first cleavage of any phosphate group. The position of the first cleaved-off phosphate group depending on the specificity of phytase. The inhibition of dephosphorylation initiation is not associated with the action mechanism of the enzyme and can be rather due to the insufficient phytase activity or low availability of phytates. The analysis of the transformations in the inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6)→inositol (I) reaction chain shows that IP6 dephosphorylation as a whole limits the phosphate group removal from I(1,2,5,6)P4 (third reaction from the beginning of hydrolysis of phosphate bonds in PA). The lower availability of nutrients in the presence of phytates is not due to action of phytates, but is caused by PA anions (IP6-3), which bind positively charged metal ions, amino acids, and proteins. The availability of nutrients increases as a result of the decrease in their binding caused by the decrease in the concentration of IP(6-3) anions under the action of phytases. Phytases added to feeds play a lesser role in the digestion of phytates compared to natural enzymes and complement their action. The concept of extra-phosphoric effect has no scientific justification, since phytases exhibit only the phosphohydrolase activity and are not able to catalyze other reactions.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zanu HK, Kheravii SK, Morgan NK, Bedford MR, Swick RA. Over-processed meat and bone meal and phytase effects on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis: Part 2. Inositol phosphate esters hydrolysis, intestinal permeability, hematology, jejunal gene expression and intestinal morphology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:488-498. [PMID: 33364465 PMCID: PMC7750796 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the hypothesis that feeding broilers over-processed meat and bone meal (MBM) would impair gut health in the absence of phytase and in turn, affect inositol phosphate (inositol x-phosphate, IPx: IP3, IP4, IP5 and IP6) ester hydrolysis, intestinal permeability, hematology, jejunal gene expression and intestinal morphology during necrotic enteritis (NE). Ross 308 male broilers (n = 768) were assigned to one of 8 dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 6 replicate pens per diet and 16 birds per pen in a completely randomized design. Factors were: NE challenge (no or yes), phytase level (500 or 5,000 FTU/kg) and MBM processing (as-received or over-processed). For the NE challenge, half of the birds were challenged with field strains of Eimeria spp. on d 9 and 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15. A 3-way challenge, phytase and MBM processing interaction was detected for IP5 (P < 0.05) and IP6 (P < 0.05) levels in the ileum. Birds fed low phytase had increased IP5 and IP6 in unchallenged birds only when diets contained over-processed MBM. Challenge with NE increased intestinal permeability as measured by serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d; P < 0.001), increased white blood cells (WBC; P < 0.001), decreased mean corpuscular volume (MCV; P < 0.001) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH; P < 0.05), and decreased crypt-to-villi ratio (P < 0.05). The over-processed MBM reduced the villi-to-crypt ratio (P < 0.05). A 3-way challenge × phytase × MBM processing interaction was detected for mucin 2 (MUC-2) expression (P < 0.05) where only in unchallenged birds fed over-processed MBM did high phytase reduce MUC-2 expression. A lower expression of aminopeptidase N (APN; P < 0.001) and vitamin D receptor (VDR; P < 0.001) were recorded in NE challenged birds. In conclusion, NE has a negative impact on the gut and hematology of broilers, but its effect on phytate hydrolysis is minimal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holy K Zanu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Natalie K Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | | | - Robert A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Al-Harthi MA, Attia YA, El-Shafey AS, Elgandy MF. Impact of phytase on improving the utilisation of pelleted broiler diets containing olive by-products. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1740896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Al-Harthi
- Arid Land Agriculture Department, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Youssef A. Attia
- Arid Land Agriculture Department, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S. El-Shafey
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. Elgandy
- Arid Land Agriculture Department, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khaskheli A, Chou L. Evaluation of fatty acids composition, metabolizable energy, nutrients digestibility of crude palm oil fat crystals in turkeys. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
13
|
Strategies to determine the efficacy of multiple phytase use at low activities using Ross x Ross 708 male broilers from 0 to 14 d. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
14
|
Kriseldi R, Walk CL, Bedford MR, Dozier WA. Inositol and gradient phytase supplementation in broiler diets during a 6-week production period: 1. effects on growth performance and meat yield. Poult Sci 2020; 100:964-972. [PMID: 33518150 PMCID: PMC7858191 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of inositol and gradient phytase supplementation on growth performance and meat yield of broilers from 1 to 41 d of age. A total of 1,920 Yield Plus × Ross 708 male chicks were placed in 64 floor pens (30 birds per pen). Each pen received one of the 8 dietary treatments (8 replicate pens) from 1 to 15, 16 to 29, and 30 to 40 d of age. Treatment 1 was formulated to contain 0.165 and 0.150% lower calcium and phosphorus, respectively, than treatment 7 (positive control). Phytase was added to treatment 1 at concentration of 500, 1,500, 4,500, 13,500, and 40,500 phytase units (FTU)/kg to establish treatments 2 to 6, respectively. Treatment 8 was formulated by adding inositol to treatment 7 based on the expected inositol liberation in treatment 6. Feed and birds were weighed at 1, 15, 29, and 40 d of age to determine BW gain, feed intake, and feed conversion. Twelve birds per pen were processed at 41 d of age to determine carcass characteristics. From 1 to 40 d of age, log-quadratic effects of phytase (treatments 1–6) were observed for BW gain (P = 0.002) and feed conversion in broilers (P = 0.018), whereas feed intake increased log-linearly (P = 0.045). The addition of 40,500 FTU/kg of phytase increased cumulative BW gain (P = 0.001) and decreased cumulative feed conversion (P = 0.005) by 4.7 and 2.6%, respectively, compared with birds subjected to treatment 8. Log-quadratic effects of phytase additions were observed for carcass (P < 0.001) and breast meat weights (P = 0.004). Growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers subjected to treatment 7 were similar (P > 0.05) to those of birds subjected to treatment 8. These data demonstrate that the extraphosphoric effects of phytase may be associated with increased feed intake of broilers. Inositol supplementation did not provide additional benefits to broilers in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kriseldi
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - C L Walk
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - W A Dozier
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
González-Ortiz G, Olukosi OA, Jurgens G, Apajalahti J, Bedford MR. Short-chain fatty acids and ceca microbiota profiles in broilers and turkeys in response to diets supplemented with phytase at varying concentrations, with or without xylanase. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2068-2077. [PMID: 32241492 PMCID: PMC7587645 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Two independent studies were performed, each with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement to compare the response in broilers and turkeys to phytase and xylanase supplementation on cecal fermentation and microbial populations. For both studies, 960 Ross 308 and 960 BUT 10 (1-day-old) were allocated to 1 of 6 experimental treatments: (1) control diet, containing the standard dose (100 g/ton) of phytase (STD-Xyl); (2) the control diet with 100 g/ton of xylanase (STD + Xyl); (3) the control diet supplemented on top with 2 fold the standard dose of phytase (200 g/ton), also referred as superdosing (SD-Xyl); (4) the superdosed diet with 100 g/ton of xylanase (SD + Xyl); (5) the control diet supplemented with 5-fold the standard dose of phytase (500 g/ton), also referred as megadosing (MD-Xyl); and (6) the megadosed diet with 100 g/ton of xylanase (MD + Xyl). Each treatment had 8 replicates of 20 animals. Broiler and turkey diets, based on wheat, soybean meal, rapeseed, and barley, and water were available ad libitum. On day 28, the cecal contents from 5 birds per pen were collected. The profile of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and microbiome structure (by % guanidine and cytosine [G + C] method) were analyzed. Selected % G + C fractions were used for 16S rDNA sequencing for the identification of bacteria. No treatment effects were noted on SCFA concentrations in either broilers or turkeys. Broilers fed MD diets had greater proportions of unclassified Clostridiales, Mollicutes (RF9) and Faecalibacterium. Xylanase supplementation in broilers resulted in lower proportions of Lactobacillus but increased Mollicutes (RF9), unclassified Ruminococcus, unclassified Clostridiales, and Bifidobacterium. The microbiome in turkeys was unaffected by phytase supplementation, but xylanase supplementation increased the proportions of Lachnospiraceae (Incertae sedis), Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium. Supplementation of turkey diets with increasing doses of phytase did not affect the cecal microbiota in contrast to what was observed in broilers. In contrast, xylanase supplementation in both species led to significant changes in the microbial populations, suggesting a positive influence through the provision of oligosaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - O A Olukosi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - G Jurgens
- Alimetrics Ltd., 02920 Espoo, Finland
| | | | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Comparative aspects of phytase and xylanase effects on performance, mineral digestibility, and ileal phytate degradation in broilers and turkeys. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1528-1539. [PMID: 32111320 PMCID: PMC7587690 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were performed, using broilers or turkeys, each utilizing a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, to compare their response to phytase and xylanase supplementation with growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and ileal phytate degradation as response criteria. For both experiments, 960 Ross 308 or 960 BUT 10 (0-day-old) birds were allocated to 6 treatments: (1) control diet, containing phytase at 500 FTU/kg; (2) the control diet with xylanase (16,000 BXU/kg); (3) the control diet supplemented on top with phytase (1,500 FTU/kg); (4) diet supplemented with 1,500 FTU/kg phytase and xylanase (16,000 BXU/kg); (5) the control diet supplemented with phytase (3,000 FTU/kg); and (6) diet supplemented with 3,000 FTU/kg phytase and xylanase (16,000 BXU/kg). Each treatment had 8 replicates of 20 birds each. Water and diets based on wheat, soybean meal, oilseed rape meal, and barley were available ad libitum. Body weight gain and feed intake were measured from 0 to 28 D, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) corrected for mortality was calculated. Ileal digestibility for dry matter and minerals on day 7 and 28 were analyzed in addition to levels of inositol phosphate esters (InsP6-3) and myo-inositol. Statistical comparisons were performed using ANOVA. Xylanase supplementation improved 28D FCR in broilers and turkeys. Increasing doses of phytase reduced FI and improved FCR only in broilers. In broilers, the age × phytase interaction for phosphorous digestibility showed that increasing phytase dose was more visible on day 7, than on day 28. Mineral digestibility was lower in 28-day-old turkey compared with 7-day-old turkey. InsP6 disappearance increased with increasing phytase levels in both species, with lower levels analyzed in turkeys. InsP6 disappearance was greater in younger turkeys (day 7 compared with day 28). In conclusion, although broilers and turkeys shared several similarities in their growth and nutrient utilization responses, the outcomes of the 2 trials also differed in many aspects. Whether this is because of difference in diets (InsP or Ca level) or differences between species needs further investigation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rosenfelder-Kuon P, Siegert W, Rodehutscord M. Effect of microbial phytase supplementation on P digestibility in pigs: a meta-analysis. Arch Anim Nutr 2019; 74:1-18. [PMID: 31769698 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1687249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this meta-analysis were to determine to which extent phosphorus (P) digestibility and digestible P concentration in pig diets were increased by phytase supplementation and to quantify factors that potentially influence effects of phytase supplementation. A data set with a total of 547 data lines was compiled from 88 experiments published in 74 peer-reviewed papers between 2007 and April 2019. An exponential model was determined as more suitable to describe the response of P digestibility to phytase supplementation than a polynomial model. Phytase supplementation increased P digestibility by 25.6 percentage points (standard error (SE) = 1.54) to a plateau at 64.9% (SE = 1.82). The digestible P concentration was increased by phytase supplementation in the order of 1.01 g/kg (SE = 0.102) to a plateau at 2.62 g/kg (SE = 0.122). Goodness-of-fit criteria were R2 = 0.780 and root mean square error = 7.55% for P digestibility, and R2 = 0.691 and root mean square error = 0.48 g/kg for digestible P concentration. Consideration of further factors such as mineral P supplementation (yes or no), ad libitum vs. restrictive feeding, mixed diets vs. single feed ingredients, sex and age of pigs did not increase the accuracy of prediction in this data set. Some of these traits exhibited responses, but they likely are artefacts generated through the imbalanced structure of the data set. Effects of dietary total P, phytate (InsP6), InsP6-P to total P ratio, and Ca on the effect of supplemented phytase were not quantifiable. The present meta-analysis showed that responses to phytase supplementation can be well predicted although variation in P digestibility and digestible P concentration in the data set was high. Overall, predicted effects of phytase on P digestibility well corresponded to predictions made 25 years ago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Goßner S, Yuan F, Zhou C, Tan Y, Shu Q, Engel KH. Impact of Cross-Breeding of Low Phytic Acid MIPS1 and IPK1 Soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) Mutants on Their Contents of Inositol Phosphate Isomers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:247-257. [PMID: 30541281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge on consequences of cross-breeding of induced low phytic acid ( lpa) soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) mutants on the contents of phytic acid (InsP6) and lower inositol phosphate isomers (InsP2-InsP5) in the resulting progenies is limited. Therefore, MIPS1 and IPK1 lpa soybean mutants were crossed with wild-type (WT) cultivars or among themselves to generate homozygous lpa and WT progenies and double lpa mutants. The lpa trait of the MIPS1 mutant was not altered by cross-breeding with a WT cultivar; lpa progenies had InsP6 reductions of about 44% compared to WT progenies. IPK1 progenies showed pronounced accumulations of specific InsP3-InsP5 isomers (up to 12.4 mg/g) compared to the progenitor lpa mutant (4.7 mg/g); the extent of InsP6 reduction (43-71%) was depending on the WT crossing parent. Double mutants exhibited the most pronounced InsP6 reductions (up to 87%), accompanied by moderate accumulations of InsP3-InsP5 (2.5 mg/g). Cross-breeding offers the potential to modulate the amounts of both InsP6 and InsP3-InsP5 contents in lpa soybean mutants and thus to improve their nutritional quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Goßner
- Chair of General Food Technology , Technical University of Munich , Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Fengjie Yuan
- Institute of Crop Science and Nuclear Technology Utilization , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Chenguang Zhou
- Chair of General Food Technology , Technical University of Munich , Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm, Institute of Crop Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Qingyao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm, Institute of Crop Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- Chair of General Food Technology , Technical University of Munich , Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| |
Collapse
|