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Prandi B, Samaei S, Beninati F, Nardi A, Tedeschi T, Sforza S. Exploitation of bones-rich poultry by-products to produce protein hydrolysates: optimization of hydrolysis parameters and chemical characterization. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103924. [PMID: 38908125 PMCID: PMC11253654 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A significant quantity of bone-rich poultry by-products must be disposed of by poultry processors. These products still contain a significant amount of nutritionally valuable animal proteins. In the present work, a hydrolysis protocol was optimized to recover the protein fraction of bone-rich poultry by-products while simultaneously minimizing the amount of water required for hydrolysis (thus reducing drying costs) and recycling the hydrolytic broth up to 3 times, to reduce the cost of the proteolytic enzyme. The final hydrolysis conditions involved the use of (protease from B. licheniformis, ≥2.4 U/g; 0.5 V/w of raw material) and a hydrolysis time of 2 h at 65°C. The protein hydrolysate obtained has a high protein content (79-86%), a good amino acid profile (chemical amino acid score equal to 0.7-0.8) and good gastric digestibility (about 30% of peptide bonds are already hydrolyzed before digestion). This supports its use as an ingredient in food, pet food or animal feed formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Prandi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, 43124 Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Tullia Tedeschi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, 43124 Italy
| | - Stefano Sforza
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, 43124 Italy
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Sung JY, Park CS, Ragland D, Caroline González-Vega J, Wiltafsky-Martin MK, Adeola O. Autoclaving time-related reduction in amino acid digestibility of poultry meal in broiler chickens and growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skad415. [PMID: 38226468 PMCID: PMC10881090 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Poultry meal, a rendered byproduct of poultry slaughter, is a valuable protein source in swine and poultry diets because of its highly digestible protein content and balanced amino acid (AA) profile. Rendering of poultry meal may reduce its AA digestibility because of heat damage to the byproduct. The effect of heat damage on AA digestibility of poultry meal may be different between broiler chickens and growing pigs. For this reason, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of autoclaving time on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in poultry meal fed to broiler chickens and growing pigs. Poultry meal from the same batch was autoclaved at 134 °C for 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 min to produce seven heat-treated samples. Eight experimental diets were formulated. Poultry meal served as the sole source of nitrogen in seven diets that each contained one of the heat-treated byproducts and a nitrogen-free diet was formulated to assess basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. In experiment 1, 656 male broiler chickens (initial body weight = 719 ± 97 g) at day 18 post hatching were assigned to the eight diets in a randomized complete block design with body weight as a blocking factor. On day 23, birds were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation and dissected for the collection of ileal digesta. In experiment 2, 16 barrows (initial body weight = 23.3 ± 0.7 kg) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum and allotted to a duplicate 8 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with the eight diets and four periods. Each experimental period consisted of 5-day adaptation and 2-day ileal digesta collection periods. Data for experiments 1 and 2 were pooled and analyzed as a 2 × 7 factorial treatment arrangement with the effects of species (i.e., pigs and broiler chickens) and autoclaving time (i.e., 0 to 180 min) as the two factors. Increasing autoclaving time decreased SID of nitrogen and all AA in both species, but the decrease in SID values except for leucine was greater (interaction, P < 0.05) or tended to be greater in pigs compared with broiler chickens. Given the species differences in AA utilization response to the severity of heat damage, target species should be considered when using SID of AA values of poultry meal in diet formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yeol Sung
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chan Sol Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Darryl Ragland
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Bailey T, Franczyk AJ, Goldberg EM, House JD. Impact of cooking on the protein quality of Russet potatoes. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:8131-8142. [PMID: 38107092 PMCID: PMC10724643 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being low in crude protein, on a fresh weight basis, given their overall contribution to the North American diet, potatoes contribute approximately 2%-4% of the population's protein intake. However, the quality of the protein remains ill-defined. To that end, Russet potatoes were secured and subjected to various cooking conditions (raw [control], boiled, baked, microwaved, and fried [3, 6, and 9 min]) to determine the impact of cooking method on protein quality, as determined by amino acid score (AAS) and indices of in vivo true fecal protein digestibility (TFPD%; rodent bioassay) and in vitro protein digestibility (pH-drop, pH-Stat, and simulated gastrointestinal digestion both static and dynamic). The AAS of raw Russet potatoes was 0.67 ± 0.01, with histidine being the limiting AA. Frying led to a significant reduction in the AAS, however, other cooking methods yielded similar results to the raw control. The TFPD% of raw potato was low (40.5% ± 3.9%) and was significantly enhanced to over 80% with all cooking methods. Similar patterns were observed with all in vitro measures, however, all methods yielded higher values for the raw control samples. Final protein digestibility-corrected AAS (PDCAAS; product of AAS and TFPD%) values ranged from 0.27 (raw) to a high of 0.57 (boiled), with cooked values being comparable to other plant-based protein sources, including grains, and some nuts and pulses. In vitro PDCAAS values followed similar trends. This study defined the protein quality of cooked Russet potatoes and provides data for use in defining the quality of total protein consumed in the North American diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Bailey
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Adam J. Franczyk
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Erin M. Goldberg
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - James D. House
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
- Richardson Centre for Food Technology and ResearchUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
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González-Félix GK, Luna-Suárez S, García-Ulloa M, Martínez-Montaño E, Barreto-Curiel F, Rodríguez-González H. Extraction methods and nutritional characterization of protein concentrates obtained from bean, chickpea, and corn discard grains. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 7:100612. [PMID: 37868001 PMCID: PMC10587706 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein concentrates obtained from discarded grain flours of white chickpea Sinaloa (Cicer arietinum) (CC), "Azufrazin" bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) (BC), and white corn (Zea mays) (MC), were characterized biochemically through bromatological analyses (protein, lipid, fiber, moisture, ashes, and nitrogen free extract), HPLC techniques (amino acids content), and spectrophotometry (anti-nutrients: phytic acid, trypsin inhibitors, and saponins). The percentage of protein obtained from CC, BC, and MC was 71.23, 81.10, and 55.69%, respectively. Most peptides in the BC and CC flours had a molecular weight of <1.35 kDa, meanwhile, MC peptides were heavier (1.35 to 17 kDa). The amino acids (AA) profile of flours and protein concentrates were similar; however, all the protein concentrates showed an increased AA accumulation (300 to -400%) compared with their flours. The protein concentrates from BC registered the highest AA accumulation (77.4 g of AA/100 g of protein concentrates). Except for the phytic acid in CC and trypsin inhibitor in CC and MC, respectively, the rest of the protein concentrates exhibited higher amounts of the anti-nutrients compared with their flours; however, these levels do not exceed the reported toxicity for some animals, mainly when used in combination with other ingredients for feed formulations. It is concluded that CC and BC protein concentrates showed better nutritional characteristics than MC (level of protein, size of peptides, and AA profile). After biochemical characterization, protein concentrates derived from by-products have nutritional potential for the animal feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griselda Karina González-Félix
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Acuacultura, Guasave, Sinaloa, 81101, Mexico
| | - Silvia Luna-Suárez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Tepetitla, Tlaxcala, 90700, Mexico
| | - Manuel García-Ulloa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Acuacultura, Guasave, Sinaloa, 81101, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel Martínez-Montaño
- Maestría en Ciencias Aplicadas. Unidad Académica de Ingeniería en Biotecnología. Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, 82199, Mexico
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades Ciencias y Tecnologías, CONAHCYT, México City, Mexico
| | - Fernando Barreto-Curiel
- Universidada Autónoma de Baja California, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Ensenada, BCS, Mexico
| | - Hervey Rodríguez-González
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Acuacultura, Guasave, Sinaloa, 81101, Mexico
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Cabrita ARJ, Guilherme-Fernandes J, Spínola M, Maia MRG, Yergaliyev T, Camarinha-Silva A, Fonseca AJM. Effects of microalgae as dietary supplement on palatability, digestibility, fecal metabolites, and microbiota in healthy dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1245790. [PMID: 37829353 PMCID: PMC10565105 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1245790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The current trend of dog owners increasingly favoring the functional value of food to assure preventive health and wellbeing of their pets has been raising the interest in microalgae as natural additives with bioactive properties. However, scientific studies addressing the effects of microalgae supplementation in diets for dogs are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with three microalgae species (Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis oceanica, and Tetradesmus obliquus) on diet palatability, total tract digestibility, metabolizable energy content, fecal metabolites and microbiota of dogs. Twelve adult Beagle dogs were used in three two-bowl tests to compare the palatability of a commercial complete diet for adult dogs without (reference diet) and with 1.5% supplementation of each microalgae. From the results obtained, three digestibility trials were performed according to a replicated Latin square 3 × 3, with six adult Beagle dogs, three experimental periods of 10 days each, and three dietary supplementation levels of microalgae (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%). In each trial, effects of microalgae supplementation levels on total tract digestibility, metabolizable energy content, fecal metabolites and microbiota of dogs were evaluated. First diet approached or tasted was not significantly affected by microalgae inclusion, but dogs showed a preference for the reference diet over the diets with 1.5% inclusion of C. vulgaris and N. oceanica, no difference being observed with 1.5% T. obliquus. In all digestibility trials, dietary supplementation with microalgae up to 1.5% did not greatly affected the dietary chemical composition and kept unaffected food intake, fecal output and metabolites, and digestibility of nutrients and energy. Compared with the reference diet, supplementation with C. vulgaris increased protein digestibility. Fecal characteristics and metabolites were affected by microalgae supplementation, being the effects dependent on the species. Fecal microbiota composition of dogs fed with microalgae-supplemented diets was modified by promoting the beneficial Turicibacter and Peptococcus genera associated with gut health and activation of the immune system. Overall, the results support C. vulgaris, N. oceanica, and T. obliquus as sustainable functional supplements that potentially enhance gastrointestinal health of dogs through the selective stimulation of microbiota without detrimental effects on food intake and digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. J. Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Guilherme-Fernandes
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Spínola
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida R. G. Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Timur Yergaliyev
- HoLMiR – Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amélia Camarinha-Silva
- HoLMiR – Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - António J. M. Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Watson PE, Thomas DG, Bermingham EN, Schreurs NM, Parker ME. Drivers of Palatability for Cats and Dogs-What It Means for Pet Food Development. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071134. [PMID: 37048390 PMCID: PMC10093350 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The pet food industry is an important sector of the pet care market that is growing rapidly. Whilst the number of new and innovative products continues to rise, research and development to assess product performance follows traditional palatability methodology. Pet food palatability research focuses on the amount of food consumed through use of one-bowl and two-bowl testing, but little understanding is given to why differences are observed, particularly at a fundamental ingredient level. This review will highlight the key differences in feeding behaviour and nutritional requirements between dogs and cats. The dominant pet food formats currently available and the ingredients commonly included in pet foods are also described. The current methods used for assessing pet food palatability and their limitations are outlined. The opportunities to utilise modern analytical methods to identify complete foods that are more palatable and understand the nutritional factors responsible for driving intake are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavinee E Watson
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - David G Thomas
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Emma N Bermingham
- Added Value Foods & Bio-Based Products, AgResearch Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Nicola M Schreurs
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Michael E Parker
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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Morris E, Perumalla S, Stiers C, Gross K. Rice protein concentrate is a well-accepted, highly digestible protein source for adult cats. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1168659. [PMID: 37187925 PMCID: PMC10175793 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1168659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The use of rice protein concentrate (RPC) as a protein source in cat food is uncommon. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the acceptability and digestibility of foods formulated to contain increasing levels of RPC to support its inclusion in foods for adult (non-gravid, non-lactating) cats. Methods Increasing levels of RPC (0, 7, 14, and 28%) were formulated into test foods fed to 24 cats in a Latin square design with 15-day periods and no washout between periods. Food intake and fecal scores were measured to determine the acceptability of test foods. Fecal output was measured on days 11-15. Food and fecal samples from day 15 of each period were analyzed for nutrient composition to calculate the macronutrient digestibility of the test foods. Analysis of variance and orthogonal contrasts were used to assess the effects of RPC inclusion on food intake, fecal output, fecal scores, and macronutrient digestibility. Results The results showed that as-fed (AF), dry matter (DM), and gross energy (GE) intake increased with increasing RPC levels (p > 0.05). Fecal output, both as-is and DM, was unaffected by RPC inclusion (p > 0.05); however, fecal scores increased linearly with increasing RPC inclusion (p < 0.001). Furthermore, true protein and apparent DM, GE, and carbohydrate (NFE) digestibility increased linearly with RPC inclusion (p < 0.05). Apparent fat digestibility was high for all test foods but was unaffected by RPC inclusion (p = 0.690). Discussion Overall, the inclusion of RPC was well-accepted, improved fecal characteristics, and increased the apparent and true macronutrient digestibility compared to the control. Therefore, this study demonstrated that RPC can serve as a high-quality and acceptable protein source for adult cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Morris
- Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth Morris,
| | | | - Cheryl Stiers
- Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
| | - Kathy Gross
- Department of Animal Science & Industry Adjunct Faculty, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Gregersen Echers S, Abdul-Khalek N, Mikkelsen RK, Holdt SL, Jacobsen C, Hansen EB, Olsen TH, Sejberg JJ, Overgaard MT. Is Gigartina a potential source of food protein and functional peptide-based ingredients? Evaluating an industrial, pilot-scale extract by proteomics and bioinformatics. FUTURE FOODS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Cheng V, Shoveller AK, Huber LA, Kiarie EG. Comparative protein quality in black soldier fly larvae meal vs. soybean meal and fish meal using classical protein efficiency ratio (PER) chick growth assay model. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102255. [PMID: 36343434 PMCID: PMC9646975 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) is a relatively new ingredient that has attracted attention for application in human, farm, and companion animal nutrition. However, there is limited data on protein quality (PQ) of BSFLM. This study compared PQ in BSFLM with soybean meal (SBM) and fishmeal (FM) using the classical protein efficiency ratio (PER) chick growth assay model. A total of 240-male day-old Ross × Ross broiler chicks were allocated to 6 test diets for 10 d test. The corn starch-dextrose based diets were: 5 test diets containing 10% crude protein (CP) from casein (as a standard assay diet), SBM, FM, or BSFLM without or with (BSFLM+) additional essential amino acids (EAA) to match the levels of the SBM diet on digestible basis. A sixth diet was nitrogen-free (NFD), to enable calculation of net protein ratio (NPR). The birds had ad libitum access to feed and water, body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) were recorded at the beginning and end of the experimental feeding period. Body weight gain (BWG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), crude protein intake (CPI), PER, and NPR were calculated. The analyzed CP (as fed) was 10.1, 12.8, 9.5, 11.7, and 14.9% for casein, SBM, FM, BSFLM, and BSFLM+ diets, respectively. Birds fed BSFLM+ had greater BWG (P < 0.01) than birds fed other diets. Feed intake was greater (P < 0.01) for birds fed BSFLM+ and FM diets than birds fed other diets. Birds fed BSFLM+ ate (P < 0.01) more CP than birds fed other diets. Diets had no (P > 0.05) effects on PER and NPR. In terms of ranking, the PER was 2.44, 2.38, 2.34, 2.28, and 2.10 g BWG/g CPI for BSFLM+, SBM, FM, casein, and BSLM, respectively. Corresponding values for NPR were 2.69, 2.78, 2.70, 2.74, and 2.48 g BWG/g CPI, respectively. In conclusion, the protein quality of BSFLM without or with additional EAA was comparable with FM and SBM.
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10
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Feeds of animal origin in rabbit nutrition – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rabbits are classified as obligate herbivores. However, under natural conditions, some members of the family Leporidae incorporate animal products into their diets. Therefore, it seems biologically justified to supplement the diets of farmed rabbits with feeds of animal origin as sources of protein, fat and minerals. The aim of this review was to describe, from a historical perspective, the use of various feeds of animal origin in rabbit nutrition. The applicability of by-products from mammal, poultry, fish and invertebrate processing for rabbit feeding was evaluated, including the future prospects for their use. A review of the available literature revealed that various animal-based feeds can be valuable protein sources in rabbit diets, but their inclusion levels should not exceed 5-10%. Studies investigating their efficacy have been conducted since the 1970s. In some regions of the world, the use of animal-derived protein in livestock feeds was prohibited due to the risk of spreading bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). However, the interest in animal by-products as protein sources in livestock diets is likely to increase since the above ban has been lifted.
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11
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Valdés F, Villanueva V, Durán E, Campos F, Avendaño C, Sánchez M, Domingoz-Araujo C, Valenzuela C. Insects as Feed for Companion and Exotic Pets: A Current Trend. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1450. [PMID: 35681914 PMCID: PMC9179905 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review was to carry out a comprehensive investigation of the benefits of incorporating insects as a pet food ingredient and the implications this can have in determining a market demand for insect-based pet foods. Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and adult house crickets (Acheta domesticus) are currently used in pet food. These insects are widely fed to exotic pets, mainly in whole, live or dehydrated formats. They are also incorporated as meal or fat and are offered to cats and dogs as dry or wet food and treats. Scientific studies about the use of insects for dog and cat feed are scarce. Most studies are in dogs. Research shows that insect nutrients, mainly amino acids, have high digestibility, are beneficial to health, do not have any detrimental effect on the gut microbiota and are accepted by dogs. In several countries, insects are approved for use in pet food and commercialization has spread throughout the world. Pet owners are willing to try foods made with insect meal for their pets. In conclusion, the use of insects in pet food is a reality that is taking on more and more prominence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carolina Valenzuela
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias de la Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago 11735, Chile; (F.V.); (V.V.); (E.D.); (F.C.); (C.A.); (M.S.); (C.D.-A.)
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12
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Galves C, Galli G, Kurozawa L. Potato protein: current review of structure, technological properties, and potential application on spray drying microencapsulation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6564-6579. [PMID: 35144507 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2036093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Studies regarding spray drying microencapsulation are aplenty available; especially focusing on processing parameters, microparticle characteristics and encapsulation efficiency. Hence, there is a rising interest in tailoring wall materials aiming to improve the process's effectiveness. Reflecting a market trend in the food industry, plant-based proteins are emerging as alternative protein sources, and their application adaptability is an increasing research of interest related to consumers' demand for healthy food, product innovation, and sustainability. This review presents a perspective on the investigation of potato protein as a technological ingredient, considering it a nonconventional source obtained as by-product from starch industry. Furthermore, this piece emphasizes the potential application of potato protein as wall material in spray drying encapsulation, considering that this purpose is still limited for this ingredient. The literature reports that vegetal-based proteins might present compromised functionality due to processing conditions, impairing its technological application. Structural modification can offer a potential approach to modify potato protein configuration aiming to improve its utilization. Studies reported that modified proteins can perform as better emulsifiers and antioxidant agents compared to intact proteins. Hence, it is expected that their use in microencapsulation would improve process efficiency and protection of the core material, consequently delivering superior encapsulation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia Galves
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Galli
- Department of Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Louise Kurozawa
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zarei Jeliani Z, Yousefzadi M, Kokabi M, Sorahinobar M, Sourinejad I, Malik S. Assessment of Biochemical Constituents and Nutritional Aspects in Gracilariopsis persica and Hypnea flagelliformis. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2021.2010850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Zarei Jeliani
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Kokabi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mona Sorahinobar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Sourinejad
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Sonia Malik
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
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14
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Cecchetti M, Crowley SL, Wilson‐Aggarwal J, Nelli L, McDonald RA. Spatial behavior of domestic cats and the effects of outdoor access restrictions and interventions to reduce predation of wildlife. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cecchetti
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Sarah L. Crowley
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | | | - Luca Nelli
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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15
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Determination of metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility in various hatchery byproducts for broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101544. [PMID: 34823186 PMCID: PMC8628009 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present experiment was to determine ME concentrations and amino acid (AA) digestibility in various hatchery byproducts (HBPs) for broiler chickens. In experiment 1, a total of forty 60-day-old female broiler chickens were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 8 replicates and used to measure ME concentrations in HBPs. The basal diet was prepared to contain corn, soybean meal, corn oil, and other non-energy ingredients. Additional 4 experimental diets were prepared to contain 10% of infertile eggs (IFE), unhatched eggs (UHE), low-grade or dead chicks (LDC), and mixture (MIX; 55% IFE, 10% UHE, 10% LDC, and 25% hatched eggshells). In experiment 2, a total of seven hundred and sixteen 1-day-old mixed-sex broiler chickens (1:1 ratio of males and females) were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 7 replicates per treatment and used to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in HBPs. The experimental diets consisted of a nitrogen-free diet and 4 diets containing IFE, UHE, LDC, or MIX as a sole source of AA. Results indicated that AME and AMEn values were greater (P < 0.05) for LDC than for IFE, which had greater (P < 0.05) AME and AMEn values for UHE and MIX. The AID and SID of most AA in LDC were greater (P < 0.05) than those in MIX, whereas IFE and UHE had intermediate AID and SID of those AA as compared to LDC and MIX. Average SID of essential AA in LDC was greater (P < 0.05) than in UHE and MIX, but the average SID of nonessential AA did not differ among 4 HBPs. In conclusion, LDC has the greatest ME concentrations and AA digestibility among 3 individual HBPs (IFE, UHE, and LDC). The mixture of HBPs has the least ME concentrations and AA digestibility in broiler chickens. The ME and AA digestibility of HBPs are likely affected by inclusion amounts of hatched eggshells. However, high concentrations of ME and available AA demonstrate that individual HBPs and their mixture are potential protein ingredients for broiler diets.
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16
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Cavanaugh SM, Cavanaugh RP, Gilbert GE, Leavitt EL, Ketzis JK, Vieira AB. Short-term amino acid, clinicopathologic, and echocardiographic findings in healthy dogs fed a commercial plant-based diet. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258044. [PMID: 34637461 PMCID: PMC8509881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer demand for commercially prepared plant-based (PB) dog food is increasing, but studies evaluating the short- or long-term effects of PB diets on canine health are lacking. The objective of this study was to assess the short-term amino acid (AA), clinicopathologic, and echocardiographic findings in 34 client-owned dogs fed a commercial extruded plant-based diet (PBD) in which pea protein was the primary protein source and 4 control dogs fed a commercial extruded traditional diet (TD). Plasma AA and whole blood taurine concentrations were measured in dogs at baseline and after 4 weeks on the PBD or the TD. Hematologic, serum biochemical, and echocardiographic testing were performed at baseline and after 12 weeks on the PBD or the TD. Four dogs in the PBD group did not complete the study. All essential AAs, except methionine, were higher in dogs after 4 weeks on the PBD compared to baseline. Taurine (plasma and whole blood) was also higher after 4 weeks on the PBD compared to baseline. A meaningful difference was detected in whole blood taurine between the PBD group and the control group at 4 weeks (P = .026) with the PBD group being higher. Median hematologic and biochemical results for the PBD group were within normal limits at baseline and at 12 weeks. In the PBD group, left ventricular internal diastolic dimension (LVIDd, P = < .001) and normalized LVIDd (P = .031) were higher 12 weeks post-PBD compared to baseline. There were no meaningful differences in left ventricular internal systolic dimension (LVIDs), normalized LVIDs, or fractional shortening 12 weeks post-PBD. There was no statistical evidence of difference between the 2 groups of dogs for any of the echocardiographic parameters at baseline or at 12 weeks. Essential AA or taurine deficiency was not observed in this cohort of dogs fed a commercial extruded PBD. Additionally, clinically relevant hematologic, serum biochemical and echocardiographic alterations were not detected. Further research is required to determine if long-term static feeding of PB diets can meet and maintain AA and other nutrient targets in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Cavanaugh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, West Farm, Basseterre, St. Kitts
- * E-mail:
| | - Ryan P. Cavanaugh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, West Farm, Basseterre, St. Kitts
| | - Gregory E. Gilbert
- Adtalem Global Education, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Teaching and Learning, School of Medicine, Ross University, Roseau, Dominica
| | - Elena L. Leavitt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, West Farm, Basseterre, St. Kitts
| | - Jennifer K. Ketzis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, West Farm, Basseterre, St. Kitts
| | - Aline B. Vieira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, West Farm, Basseterre, St. Kitts
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17
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Cecchetti M, Crowley SL, Goodwin CED, Cole H, McDonald J, Bearhop S, McDonald RA. Contributions of wild and provisioned foods to the diets of domestic cats that depredate wild animals. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cecchetti
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Sarah L. Crowley
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Cecily E. D. Goodwin
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Holly Cole
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Jennifer McDonald
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Stuart Bearhop
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Robbie A. McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
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18
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Kazimierska K, Biel W, Witkowicz R, Karakulska J, Stachurska X. Evaluation of nutritional value and microbiological safety in commercial dog food. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:111-128. [PMID: 33903989 PMCID: PMC8373756 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In addition to properly balancing nutritional value in accordance with the needs of a dog, estimating the microbiological quality of dog food is crucial in providing healthy and safe foods. The aim of this study was to examine the quality of dry food for adult dogs, with particular reference to: (1) evaluating the nutritional value and compliance with nutritional guidelines for dogs, (2) comparing the nutritional value of dog foods, with particular emphasis on the division into cereal and cereal-free foods, and (3) evaluating their microbiological safety. All thirty-six evaluated dry dog foods met the minimum European Pet Food Industry FEDIAF requirement for total protein and fat content. The total aerobic microbial count in the analyzed dry dog foods ranged from 2.7 × 102 to above 3.0 × 107 cfu/g. In five (14%) dog foods the presence of staphylococci was detected; however, coagulase positive Staphylococcus (CPS) was not found. Mold presence was reported in one cereal-free dog food and in six cereal foods. In none of the analyzed foods Enterobacteriaceae were found, including coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Bacteria of the genus Listeria and Clostridium as well as yeasts were also not detected. In conclusion, the evaluated dry dog foods had varied microbiological quality. The detected number of microorganisms may have some implications for long-term consumption of contaminated food. The lack of European Commission standards regarding the permissible amounts of microorganisms in pet food may result in insufficient quality control of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kazimierska
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 29 Klemensa Janickiego, 71270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wioletta Biel
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 29 Klemensa Janickiego, 71270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Robert Witkowicz
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 21 Mickiewicza, 31120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jolanta Karakulska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 45 Al. Piastow, 70311 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Xymena Stachurska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 45 Al. Piastow, 70311 Szczecin, Poland
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19
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Flores M, Piornos JA. Fermented meat sausages and the challenge of their plant-based alternatives: A comparative review on aroma-related aspects. Meat Sci 2021; 182:108636. [PMID: 34314926 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditional fermented meat sausages are produced around the world due to their convenience and sensory characteristics which are responsible for their high acceptability. They constitute a cultural heritage as shown by the high diversity of products around the world. Recent trends are addressing issues regarding innovation in their formulation by reduction of salt, fat and additives (curing salts). However, the current trend towards a reduction in the consumption of meat has produced an increase in the formulation of meat product analogues. This trend is the main focus of producers to offer new attractive products to consumers even though the aroma profile of traditional fermented meat sausages is not reached. In this manuscript, we review and discuss the chemistry of aroma formation in traditional fermented meat sausages in contrast to the potential of plant-based ingredients used in meat analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Flores
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino Avenue 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - José A Piornos
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK.
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20
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Stercova E, Strakova E, Tsponova J, Grmelova M, Janacova K, Muchova K. Nutritional evaluation of commercial dry dog foods available on the Czech market. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:614-621. [PMID: 34037276 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of the quality of commercial diets is a topic of interest to dog owners and veterinarians. The aims of the study were to determine proximate analysis, metabolizable energy and some amino acids in dry dog diets for different ages, divided into three groups G1 (low price, grains included), G2 (medium price, grains included) and G3 (high price, grain-free). The hypothesis was tested that there are significant differences in the analysed values between dry dog diets from different price categories and between grain-free and grain-containing diets. Furthermore, the analysed values were compared with AAFCO and FEDIAF recommendations and with label values guaranteed by manufacturers to see whether there are any deviations. We analysed 60 samples of complete dry dog diets purchased in the Czech Republic, using the standard AOAC methods of proximate analysis. Metabolizable energy was calculated using the NRC equation, and 30 samples were analysed for selected amino acids. The results showed that there are significant differences in protein and amino acid contents between grain-free (G3) and grain-containing (G1,2) dog diets. G3 diets had significantly (p < 0.01) higher crude protein and essential amino acid contents. No significant differences were found between grain-containing diets G1 and G2. The results may indicate a higher proportion of animal components and a lower content of carbohydrates in G3 diets. Most of the tested dog diets met the AAFCO and FEDIAF recommendations. There were only a few deviations in threonine in G1 and G2 diets for growing dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Stercova
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Strakova
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Tsponova
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Grmelova
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Janacova
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Muchova
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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21
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Macelline SP, Toghyani M, Chrystal PV, Selle PH, Liu SY. Amino acid requirements for laying hens: a comprehensive review. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101036. [PMID: 33770542 PMCID: PMC8024705 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this review is to consolidate the relevant published data examining amino acid requirements of layer hens and to reach a new set of recommendation based on these data. There are inconsistences in lysine, sulphur-containing amino acids, threonine, tryptophan, branched-chain amino acids, and arginine recommendations in data that have surfaced since 1994. This review finds that breed, age, basal diet composition, and assessment method have contributed toward inconsistencies in amino acid recommendations. Presently, the development of reduced-protein diets for layer hens is receiving increasing attention because of the demand for sustainable production. This involves quite radical changes in diet composition with inclusions of nonbound, essential and nonessential amino acids. Increasing inclusions of nonbound amino acids into layer diets modifies protein digestive dynamics, and it may influence amino acid requirements in layer hens. This review considers present amino acid recommendations for layer hens and proposes refinements that may better serve the needs of the layer industry in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shemil P Macelline
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden Campus, NSW 2570, Camden, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mehdi Toghyani
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden Campus, NSW 2570, Camden, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter V Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden Campus, NSW 2570, Camden, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia; Baiada Poultry Pty Limited, Pendle Hill 2145 NSW, Australia
| | - Peter H Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden Campus, NSW 2570, Camden, Australia; Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sonia Yun Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Camden Campus, NSW 2570, Camden, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia.
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22
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Acuff HL, Dainton AN, Dhakal J, Kiprotich S, Aldrich G. Sustainability and Pet Food: Is There a Role for Veterinarians? Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:563-581. [PMID: 33773646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sustainability has become a watchword for a wide array of resource-intensive goods and services. This is promulgated by an increasing global population and concerns that natural resources and a hospitable climate will not be preserved for future generations. Life-cycle analysis is a tool that provides a framework to determine the magnitude products contribute to carbon emissions and depletion of natural resources. In this review, published research has been summarized to provide an overview of the impacts that pet food production and pet ownership have on the environment and the prospective role of veterinary practitioners in advocating for sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Acuff
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Amanda N Dainton
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Janak Dhakal
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Samuel Kiprotich
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Greg Aldrich
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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23
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Cecchetti M, Crowley SL, Goodwin CED, McDonald RA. Provision of High Meat Content Food and Object Play Reduce Predation of Wild Animals by Domestic Cats Felis catus. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1107-1111.e5. [PMID: 33577746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Predation by domestic cats Felis catus can be a threat to biodiversity conservation,1-3 but its mitigation is controversial.4 Confinement and collar-mounted devices can impede cat hunting success and reduce numbers of animals killed,5 but some owners do not wish to inhibit what they see as natural behavior, perceive safety risks associated with collars, or are concerned about device loss and ineffectiveness.6,7 In a controlled and replicated trial, we tested novel, non-invasive interventions that aim to make positive contributions to cat husbandry, alongside existing devices that impede hunting. Households where a high meat protein, grain-free food was provided, and households where 5-10 min of daily object play was introduced, recorded decreases of 36% and 25%, respectively, in numbers of animals captured and brought home by cats, relative to controls and the pre-treatment period. Introduction of puzzle feeders increased numbers by 33%. Fitting Birdsbesafe collar covers reduced the numbers of birds captured and brought home by 42% but had no discernible effect on mammals. Cat bells had no discernible effect. Reductions in predation can be made by non-invasive, positive contributions to cat nutrition and behavior that reduce their tendency to hunt, rather than impede their hunting. These measures are likely to find support among cat owners who are concerned about the welfare implications of other interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cecchetti
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Sarah L Crowley
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Cecily E D Goodwin
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Robbie A McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
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24
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Zóia Miltenburg T, Uana da Silva M, Bosch G, Vasconcellos RS. Effects of enzymatically hydrolysed poultry byproduct meal in extruded diets on serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and aldosterone in cats. Arch Anim Nutr 2020; 75:64-77. [PMID: 33307796 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2020.1849899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Several peptides found in hydrolysed poultry byproduct meal can inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, a property that indicates potential antihypertensive and health-promoting effects. This study aimed to assess the effects of extruded diets containing enzymatically hydrolysed poultry byproduct meal (HPM) on cat serum ACE activity and aldosterone (ALD) concentration, nutrient digestibility, and faecal characteristics. On the basis of a preliminary in vitro ACE inhibitory activity assay, a commercial HPM and a commercial conventional poultry byproduct meal (CPM) were selected for further investigation. Two isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated: CPM diet (25.7% CPM) and HPM diet (24.7% HPM). In trial 1, the effect of diet on serum ACE activity and ALD concentration was evaluated using 8 healthy cats (4 female and 4 male, 4.1 ± 0.38 kg BW) in a crossover design, with 5 d of adaptation and blood collection on d 6. In trial 2, apparent total tract digestibility and faecal characteristics were evaluated using 12 cats (6 female and 6 male, 4.0 ± 0.72 kg BW) in a completely randomised design. Serum ACE and ALD were analysed using a mixed model, with diet as the fixed effect and cat as the random effect. Data from trial 2 were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by Tukey's test. In vitro ACE inhibitory activity of HPM (90.4%) was higher than that of CPM (52.0%). Cats fed the HPM diet tended to have lower serum ACE activity than those fed the CPM diet (126 versus 142 U/l, p = 0.09). Serum ALD was not influenced by diet. Diets had similar digestibility values, and faecal consistency scores tended to be higher (firmer faeces) in cats fed the CPM diet than in cats fed the HPM diet (4.6 versus 4.0, p = 0.09). Inclusion of HPM in extruded diets may reduce cat serum ACE activity and promote good faecal consistency without affecting digestibility. Further investigations are needed to explore the potential health benefits of HPM in hypertensive cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Zóia Miltenburg
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá , Maringá, Brazil.,Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Guido Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen, Netherlands
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25
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Corsato Alvarenga I, Holt D, Aldrich CG. Evaluation of faba beans as an ingredient in dog diets: apparent total tract digestibility of extruded diets with graded levels of dehulled faba beans (Vicia faba L.) by dogs. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5811433. [PMID: 32211748 PMCID: PMC7149548 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing pet food market is continuously in search for novel ingredients. Legumes such as faba beans (FB) are increasing in popularity and are known to benefit human health, but little is known about their use in pet foods. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dehulled FB utilization by dogs. Experimental diets were extruded with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% FB inclusion (FB0, FB10, FB20, and FB30, respectively). Beagle dogs (n = 12) were fed the diets for 9-d adaptation with 5-d total fecal collection in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) was determined by external marker Cr2O3. At the culmination of each period, blood samples were collected from brachial venipuncture for complete blood count and blood chemistry. Palatability was determined with a 2-bowl test (n = 20). Means of blood parameters were separated by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with the aid of statistical software (SAS v9.4). Contrasts and least square means of fecal parameters and ATTD were computed. Significance level was considered to be α = 0.05. Dogs ate all food on offer and maintained body weight. There was no difference (P > 0.05) among treatments (FB10, FB20, and FB30) and the control (FB0) relative to food intake, fecal output (“as is” basis), and fecal score, but feces were softer when dogs were fed the treatments (P = 0.031) and there was a linear increase (P = 0.011) in defecation frequency (stools/day) when FB increased in the diets. Dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestibilities were slightly higher when dogs were fed the control diet (P < 0.05) compared with the FB diets. All blood and serum chemistry parameters were similar among treatments and within the reference ranges. Dogs preferred the control diet relative to the 10% and 30% FB diets, but the 20% FB preference was similar to the control. Dogs remained healthy, maintained body weight and no adverse health events were observed during the study. Dehulled FB are a suitable ingredient for dog foods, but concentrations should not exceed 20% to avoid reduction in palatability and stool quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalton Holt
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Charles G Aldrich
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Reilly LM, von Schaumburg PC, Hoke JM, Davenport GM, Utterback PL, Parsons CM, de Godoy MRC. Use of precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay and digestible indispensable amino acid scores to characterize plant- and yeast-concentrated proteins for inclusion in canine and feline diets . Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa133. [PMID: 32832856 PMCID: PMC7433924 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased consumer interest in high-quality and novel protein sources has driven the demand for the inclusion of protein-rich ingredients in companion animal diets. Novel protein concentrates, with protein contents of at least 50%, have been used to satisfy these consumer demands. However, minimal information is available regarding the macronutrient composition and protein quality of these ingredients that is needed for proper formulation of pet foods. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the macronutrient and amino acid compositions, standardized amino acid digestibility according to the precision-fed rooster assay, and protein quality using digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS like) of pea protein (PP), potato protein (POP), faba bean protein (FBP), soy protein concentrate (SPC), and dried yeast (DY). Precision-fed rooster assays were conducted using cecectomized roosters to calculate standardized amino acid digestibility and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (TMEn). For all five protein concentrates, all essential amino acids were highly digestible (88.0% to 96.3%, dry matter basis) with differences (P < 0.05) in only lysine, methionine, and tryptophan digestibilities. The TMEn values were highest for POP (4.22 kcal/g) and DY (3.61 kcal/g). The DIAAS-like values for adult dogs indicated that methionine was the first-limiting amino acid in all protein concentrates except POP, where the first-limiting amino acid was tryptophan. Using Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)-recommended values for adult cats, DIAAS-like values for methionine were lowest (P < 0.05) for FBP at 81.5%, with all other amino acids for all protein concentrates over 100%. The National Research Council (NRC)-recommended allowances for adult cats indicated that DIAAS-like methionine values for PP (92.7%) and FBP (73.8%) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) with these being the first-limiting amino acids, with the remaining amino acids above 100% for the other protein concentrates. The protein quality and high essential amino acid digestibility of these protein concentrates indicate that they would be viable protein sources in canine and feline diets. However, additional complementary protein sources should be included to meet the requirements of all essential amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Reilly
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | | | | | | | | | - Carl M Parsons
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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Arrutia F, Binner E, Williams P, Waldron KW. Oilseeds beyond oil: Press cakes and meals supplying global protein requirements. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Li P, Wu G. Composition of amino acids and related nitrogenous nutrients in feedstuffs for animal diets. Amino Acids 2020; 52:523-542. [PMID: 32162082 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02833-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the composition of amino acids (AAs) in oligopeptides, proteins, and the free pool, as well as creatine, agmatine, polyamines, carnosine, anserine, and glutathione, in animal- and plant-derived feedstuffs. Ingredients of animal origins were black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFM), chicken by-product meal, chicken visceral digest, feather meal, Menhaden fishmeal, Peruvian anchovy fishmeal, Southeast Asian fishmeal, spray-dried peptone from enzymes-treated porcine mucosal tissues, poultry by-product meal (pet-food grade), spray-dried poultry plasma, and spray-dried egg product. Ingredients of plant origins were algae spirulina meal, soybean meal, and soy protein concentrate. All animal-derived feedstuffs contained large amounts of all proteinogenic AAs (particularly glycine, proline, glutamate, leucine, lysine, and arginine) and key nonproteinogenic AAs (taurine and 4-hydroxyproline), as well as significant amounts of agmatine, polyamines, creatine, creatinine, creatine phosphate, and glutathione. These nitrogenous substances are essential to either DNA and protein syntheses in cells or energy metabolism in tissues (particularly the brain and skeletal muscle). Of note, chicken by-product meal, poultry by-product meal, and spray-dried poultry plasma contained large amounts of carnosine and anserine (potent antioxidants). Compared with most of the animal-derived feedstuffs, plant-derived feedstuffs contained much lower contents of glycine and proline, little 4-hydroxyproline, and no creatine, creatinine, creatine phosphate, carnosine or anserine. These results indicate the unique importance of animal-source feedstuffs in improving the feed efficiency, growth and health of animals (including fish and companion animals). Because soy protein concentrate is consumed by infants, children and adults, as are BSFM and algae for children and adults, our findings also have important implications for human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- North American Renderers Association, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Leiva A, Molina A, Redondo-Solano M, Artavia G, Rojas-Bogantes L, Granados-Chinchilla F. Pet Food Quality Assurance and Safety and Quality Assurance Survey within the Costa Rican Pet Food Industry. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E980. [PMID: 31731812 PMCID: PMC6912492 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Costa Rican animal feed production is continually growing, with approximately 1,238,243 metric tons produced in 2018. Production-wise, pet cat and dog food are in fifth place (about 41,635 metric tons per year) amongst animal feeds, and it supplies up to 90% of the national market. Pet food production has increased as a response to the increase in the population of dogs and cats in Costa Rica, where 50.5% of households own at least one dog and indicates more responsible ownership in terms of feeding pets. Part of the process of making dry pet food involves a thermal process called extrusion, which is capable of eliminating the microbial load. However, extrusion can compromise nutritional quality to some extent by denaturing proteins, oxidizing lipids, and reducing digestibility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and safety of dry pet food and to assess the effect of the extrusion process on digestibility and the quality of proteins, amino acids, and fatty acids. Pet food samples were collected before and after extrusion and were used to evaluate Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), based on Central American Technical Regulation (RTCA 65.05.63:11). In general terms, weaknesses in infrastructure, documentary evidence, and post-process practices were observed in two Costa Rican feed manufactories. Feed safety was surveyed through the analysis of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Listeria spp., Staphylococcus aureus, aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, fungi, and yeasts counts. The extrusion process effectively reduced pathogenic microorganisms, and showed no effect on the digestibility of dog food (p = 0.347), however, it could reduce the availability of some nutrients (e.g., amino acids, fatty acids). Furthermore, a retrospective diagnosis was made for puppy food (n = 68), dog food (n = 158), and cat food (n = 25), to evaluate the history of nutritional quality and safety. Finally, it can be confirmed that the correct implementation of GMP allows feed manufacturers to deliver a product of optimum texture, smell, nutritional composition, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Leiva
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; (A.M.); (F.G.-C.)
| | - Andrea Molina
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; (A.M.); (F.G.-C.)
- Escuela de Zootecnia, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mauricio Redondo-Solano
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET) and Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica;
| | - Graciela Artavia
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; (G.A.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Lizeth Rojas-Bogantes
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; (G.A.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Fabio Granados-Chinchilla
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; (A.M.); (F.G.-C.)
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Crawford LM, Kahlon TS, Wang SC, Friedman M. Acrylamide Content of Experimental Flatbreads Prepared from Potato, Quinoa, and Wheat Flours with Added Fruit and Vegetable Peels and Mushroom Powders. Foods 2019; 8:foods8070228. [PMID: 31248030 PMCID: PMC6678822 DOI: 10.3390/foods8070228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flatbreads are a major food consumed worldwide. To mitigate an undesirable safety aspect of flatbreads that might be associated with the potentially-toxic compound acrylamide, we recently developed recipes using a variety of grains that resulted in the production of low-acrylamide flatbreads. To further enhance the functionality of flatbreads, we have developed, in this work, new experimental flatbreads using potato, quinoa, and wheat flours supplemented with peel powders prepared from commercial nonorganic and organic fruits and vegetables (apples, cherry tomatoes, melons, oranges, pepino melons, sweet potato yams), potato peels, and mushroom powders (Lion’s Mane, Hericium erinaceus; Reishi, Ganoderma lucidum; and Turkey Tail, Trametes versicolor). These additives have all been reported to contain beneficial compositional and health properties. The results of fortification of the baked flatbreads showed either no effect or increases in acrylamide content by unknown mechanisms. Since the additives did not increase the acrylamide content of the quinoa flour flatbreads for the most part, such supplemented quinoa flatbreads have the potential to serve as a nutritional, gluten-free, low-acrylamide, health-promoting functional food. Mushroom powder-fortified wheat flatbreads with relatively low acrylamide content may also have health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Crawford
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Talwinder S Kahlon
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Selina C Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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Oba PM, Utterback PL, Parsons CM, de Godoy MRC, Swanson KS. Chemical composition, true nutrient digestibility, and true metabolizable energy of chicken-based ingredients differing by processing method using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:998-1009. [PMID: 30535325 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken-based ingredients are commonly used in pet food products, but vary greatly in nutrient composition and processing conditions that may affect their protein quality and digestibility. Testing the quality of protein sources undergoing different processing conditions provides important information to pet food producers. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, nutrient digestibility, protein, and AA digestibility scores, and nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) of chicken-based ingredients that had undergone different processing conditions (i.e., chicken meal, raw chicken, retorted chicken, and steamed chicken) using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. True nutrient digestibility was variable among the protein sources (60% to 76% of DM, 66% to 81% of OM, 83% to 90% of AHF, 50% to 95% of AA and 73% to 85% of TMEn/GE). In general, the chicken meal had a lower (P < 0.05) nutrient digestibility than other ingredients tested, including DM, OM, and most indispensable and dispensable AA, with most having a true digestibility between 75% and 85%. The steamed chicken had the highest indispensable AA digestibilities, with all having a true digestibility greater than 88% and most being over 90%. TMEn value and digestible indispensable AA scores (DIAAS)-like values were higher (P < 0.0001) in the less processed chicken-based ingredients in comparison to chicken meal. Although animal proteins are often considered to be complete proteins, DIAAS-like values <100% suggest that ingredients like chicken meal may not provide all indispensable AA when included at levels to the meet minimal crude protein recommendation. Although raw protein sources are often touted as being the most digestible and of the highest quality, the steamed chicken had the highest (P < 0.0001) DIAAS-like values in this study. This study demonstrates the considerable variability that exists, not only in the chemical composition but also in the true nutrient digestibility among chicken-based ingredients undergoing different processing conditions. These data justify more in vivo testing and the use of DIAAS-like values that consider AA profile, in vivo digestibility, and species-specific recommendations, to evaluate protein-based ingredients intended for use in dog and cat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Pamela L Utterback
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Carl M Parsons
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Maria R C de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL
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