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Valente IM, Monteiro A, Sousa C, Miranda C, Maia MRG, Castro C, Cabrita ARJ, Trindade H, Fonseca AJM. Agronomic, Nutritional Traits, and Alkaloids of Lupinus albus, Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus luteus Genotypes: Effect of Sowing Dates and Locations. ACS Agric Sci Technol 2024; 4:450-462. [PMID: 38638685 PMCID: PMC11022392 DOI: 10.1021/acsagscitech.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Lupins (Lupinus spp.) are legumes with high relevance for the sustainability of agricultural systems as they improve the soil quality, namely, through the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, and have good adaptability to different climates and soil conditions. Besides, they possess high nutritive value, especially due to the high protein content of the seeds. Nevertheless, the plants' productivity and metabolism can be influenced by the genotype, the edaphoclimatic conditions, and the sowing practices. In this work, the effect of edaphoclimatic conditions and sowing dates on the productivity, nutritional factors, and alkaloids of the seeds of L. albus cv. Estoril, L. angustifolius cv. Tango, and L. luteus cv. Cardiga was evaluated. High variability in the seeds and protein productions, nutritional traits, and alkaloid content related to the species was observed, along with a significant effect of the location. Lupinus albus cv. Estoril showed a good compromise between productivity and low alkaloid content, being an interesting genotype for food and feed use in the conditions of this trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês M. Valente
- REQUIMTE,
LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE,
LAQV, Departament of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - André Monteiro
- Centre
for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological
Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carla Sousa
- REQUIMTE,
LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Miranda
- Centre
for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological
Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Margarida R. G. Maia
- REQUIMTE,
LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Castro
- Centre
for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological
Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana R. J. Cabrita
- REQUIMTE,
LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Henrique Trindade
- Centre
for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological
Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - António J. M. Fonseca
- REQUIMTE,
LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Mota CSC, Maia MRG, Valente IM, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM. Ruminal inocula with distinct fermentation profiles differentially affect the in vitro fermentation pattern of a commercial algal blend. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1346683. [PMID: 38528874 PMCID: PMC10962210 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1346683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The in vitro rumen batch technique is widely used for screening novel feed sources; however, it remains unclear to what extent the in vitro fermentability of non-conventional feed sources is affected by non-adapted ruminal inocula. Thus, in this study, we evaluated the effects of distinct ruminal inocula on the in vitro fermentation parameters of a sustainable non-conventional feed, a commercially available algal blend composed of microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris and Nannochloropsis oceanica) and seaweeds (Ulva sp. and Gracilaria gracilis). First, four late-lactation Holstein cows were fed four forage-based diets varying only in the proportions of basal forage (100% corn silage, 70% corn silage and 30% haylage, 30% corn silage and 70% haylage, and 100% haylage) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with the last square omitted. After 3 weeks of adaptation, haylage-based diets resulted in ruminal fermentation parameters distinct from those promoted by corn silage-based diets, as reflected in increased pH, ammonia-N contents, and acetate proportions. Individual ruminal fluids derived from each of the four diets were further used as inocula in in vitro incubations. Here, a 1:1 mixture of corn silage and haylage was supplemented with 0, 5, 10, or 15% algal blend and incubated with each inoculum for 24 h in a 4 × 4 factorial design. Total gas and methane production decreased with inocula from cows fed haylage-based diets and with increasing algal blend supplementation levels. The fermentation pH increased and the ammonia-N contents decreased with inocula from cows fed haylage-based diets; however, these parameters were not affected by algal blend inclusion levels. The interaction between the ruminal inoculum source and the algal blend supplementation level affected the total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and the proportions of most individual VFA. Total VFA production decreased with increasing algal supplementation levels, particularly with inocula from cows fed 30% corn silage and 70% haylage; the acetate, propionate, and valerate proportions were only affected by algal blend levels under incubation with 100% corn silage inocula. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of the ruminal inoculum source when assessing the fermentability of non-conventional feed as well as the potential of the algal blend as a natural modulator of ruminal fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia S. C. Mota
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida R. G. Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês M. Valente
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R. J. Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António J. M. Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Guilherme-Fernandes J, Aires T, Fonseca AJM, Yergaliyev T, Camarinha-Silva A, Lima SAC, Maia MRG, Cabrita ARJ. Squid meal and shrimp hydrolysate as novel protein sources for dog food. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1360939. [PMID: 38450029 PMCID: PMC10915000 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1360939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The world's growing pet population is raising sustainability and environmental concerns for the petfood industry. Protein-rich marine by-products might contribute to mitigating negative environmental effects, decreasing waste, and improving economic efficiency. The present study evaluated two marine by-products, squid meal and shrimp hydrolysate, as novel protein sources for dog feeding. Along with the analysis of chemical composition and antioxidant activity, palatability was evaluated by comparing a commercial diet (basal diet) and diets with the inclusion of 150 g kg-1 of squid meal or shrimp hydrolysate using 12 Beagle dogs (2.2 ± 0.03 years). Two in vivo digestibility trials were conducted with six dogs, three experimental periods (10 days each) and three dietary inclusion levels (50, 100 and 150 g kg-1) of squid meal or shrimp hydrolysate in place of the basal diet to evaluate effects of inclusion level on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), metabolizable energy content, fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota. Both protein sources presented higher protein and methionine contents than ingredients traditionally used in dog food formulation. Shrimp hydrolysate showed higher antioxidant activity than squid meal. First approach and taste were not affected by the inclusion of protein sources, but animals showed a preference for the basal diet. Effects on nutrient intake reflected the chemical composition of diets, and fecal output and characteristics were not affected by the increasing inclusion levels of both protein sources. The higher ATTD of dry matter, most nutrients and energy of diets with the inclusion of both by-products when compared to the basal diet, suggests their potential to be included in highly digestible diets for dogs. Although not affected by the inclusion level of protein sources, when compared to the basal diet, the inclusion of squid meal decreased butyrate concentration and shrimp hydrolysate increased all volatile fatty acids, except butyrate. Fecal microbiota was not affected by squid meal inclusion, whereas inclusion levels of shrimp hydrolysate significantly affected abundances of Oscillosperaceae (UCG-005), Firmicutes and Lactobacillus. Overall, results suggest that squid meal and shrimp hydrolysate constitute novel and promising protein sources for dog food, but further research is needed to fully evaluate their functional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Guilherme-Fernandes
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Aires
- SORGAL, Sociedade de Óleos e Rações S.A., Lugar da Pardala, S. João de Ovar, Portugal
| | - António J. M. Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Timur Yergaliyev
- HoLMiR – Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amélia Camarinha-Silva
- HoLMiR – Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sofia A. C. Lima
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida R. G. Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R. J. Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Valente IM, Sousa C, Almeida M, Miranda C, Pinheiro V, Garcia-Santos S, Ferreira LMM, Guedes CM, Maia MRG, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, Trindade H. Insights from the yield, protein production, and detailed alkaloid composition of white ( Lupinus albus), narrow-leafed ( Lupinus angustifolius), and yellow ( Lupinus luteus) lupin cultivars in the Mediterranean region. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1231777. [PMID: 38162308 PMCID: PMC10755673 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1231777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Lupins and other legumes have been considered as alternative plant-based protein sources to soybeans for both humans and livestock. Furthermore, they can contribute to more sustainable agricultural systems. The productivity and chemical composition of legumes is highly variable between species, cultivars, and with the edaphoclimatic conditions. Methods This work evaluated the adaptability of seven Lupinus cultivars in two different sowing locations, during two consecutive years, through the characterization of their seed, as a means of investigating their suitability to be used as a source of food and/or feed. Results and discussion Lupinus angustifolius cv. Tango and Lupinus luteus cv. Acos were the most stable genotypes across the environments when considering the seed and protein production, while L. luteus cv. Alburquerque and L. luteus cv. Mister showed less variation in the total alkaloid content across the environments. The edaphoclimatic conditions affected seed and protein yields, as higher rainfall resulted in high productivity. The lower temperatures observed in the first year at both locations caused a reduction in the production of alkaloids in L. luteus cv. Acos and Cardiga. Due to the high alkaloid content of some of the studied cultivars their use as food or feed can pose some safety concerns. However, these cultivars can have high levels of resistance to herbivore and insect attacks, which can be of the utmost importance for the use of these crops for recovering poor or exhausted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês M. Valente
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Departament of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Sousa
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Almeida
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV) and Associate Laboratory for Veterinary and Animal Science (AL4AnimalS), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carla Miranda
- Centre for the Research and Technology Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Victor Pinheiro
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV) and Associate Laboratory for Veterinary and Animal Science (AL4AnimalS), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sofia Garcia-Santos
- Centre for the Research and Technology Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís M. M. Ferreira
- Centre for the Research and Technology Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Cristina M. Guedes
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV) and Associate Laboratory for Veterinary and Animal Science (AL4AnimalS), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Margarida R. G. Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R. J. Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António J. M. Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Henrique Trindade
- Centre for the Research and Technology Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Albuquerque J, Neves AR, Van Dorpe I, Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ, Reis S. Author Correction: Production of rumen- and gastrointestinal-resistant nanoparticles to deliver lysine to dairy cows. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19305. [PMID: 37935891 PMCID: PMC10630362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- João Albuquerque
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, FFUP, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050‑313, Porto, Portugal
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050‑313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Neves
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, FFUP, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050‑313, Porto, Portugal
- CQM+‑Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020‑105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Ingrid Van Dorpe
- PREMIX-Especialidades Agrícolas e Pecuárias, Lda, Parque Indústrial II-Neiva, 4935‑232, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050‑313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050‑313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, FFUP, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050‑313, Porto, Portugal
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Albuquerque J, Neves AR, Van Dorpe I, Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ, Reis S. Production of rumen- and gastrointestinal-resistant nanoparticles to deliver lysine to dairy cows. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16667. [PMID: 37794129 PMCID: PMC10550922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplementing diets with rumen-protected lysine is a common strategy to meet the nutritional needs of high-producing dairy cows. This work addressed two separate but crucial issues: the lysine protection degree across the entire digestive tract as well as the production scalability of the proposed delivery systems. This was achieved by evaluating, in vitro or ex vivo, previously developed rumen-resistant lipid nanoparticles regarding their stability in the digestive tract and in the bloodstream of the dairy cow as well as how their production could be scaled-up. Results showed that the developed nanoparticles were able to resist digestion along the digestive tract but were degraded in the blood over 24 h. Thus, releasing their content to be used by the animal. In vitro viability assays were also performed, with the nanoparticles being found not to be inherently toxic when using nanoparticle concentrations up to 1 mg/mL. Results showed that neither the purity of the used lipids nor the production method significantly altered the nanoparticles' properties or their ruminal resistance. Furthermore, the shelf-life of these nanoparticles was assessed, and they were found to retain their properties and remain usable after at least 1 month of storage. Moreover, a pilot-scale production allowed the production of nanoparticles with similar properties to the previous ones made using standard methods. To summarize, the proposed rumen-resistant nanoparticles presented potential as orally ingested lysine delivery systems for dairy cattle supplementation, being capable of a large-scale production using cheaper components while maintaining their properties and without any efficiency loss. It should however be noted that these results were obtained mainly in vitro and further in vivo bioavailability and production experiments are needed before this technology can be confirmed as a viable way of delivering lysine to dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Albuquerque
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, FFUP, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Neves
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, FFUP, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CQM+-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Ingrid Van Dorpe
- PREMIX-Especialidades Agrícolas e Pecuárias. Lda, Parque Indústrial II-Neiva, 4935-232, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, FFUP, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Cabrita ARJ, Guilherme-Fernandes J, Spínola M, Maia MRG, Yergaliyev T, Camarinha-Silva A, Fonseca AJM. Effects of microalgae as dietary supplement on palatability, digestibility, fecal metabolites, and microbiota in healthy dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1245790. [PMID: 37829353 PMCID: PMC10565105 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1245790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The current trend of dog owners increasingly favoring the functional value of food to assure preventive health and wellbeing of their pets has been raising the interest in microalgae as natural additives with bioactive properties. However, scientific studies addressing the effects of microalgae supplementation in diets for dogs are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with three microalgae species (Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis oceanica, and Tetradesmus obliquus) on diet palatability, total tract digestibility, metabolizable energy content, fecal metabolites and microbiota of dogs. Twelve adult Beagle dogs were used in three two-bowl tests to compare the palatability of a commercial complete diet for adult dogs without (reference diet) and with 1.5% supplementation of each microalgae. From the results obtained, three digestibility trials were performed according to a replicated Latin square 3 × 3, with six adult Beagle dogs, three experimental periods of 10 days each, and three dietary supplementation levels of microalgae (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%). In each trial, effects of microalgae supplementation levels on total tract digestibility, metabolizable energy content, fecal metabolites and microbiota of dogs were evaluated. First diet approached or tasted was not significantly affected by microalgae inclusion, but dogs showed a preference for the reference diet over the diets with 1.5% inclusion of C. vulgaris and N. oceanica, no difference being observed with 1.5% T. obliquus. In all digestibility trials, dietary supplementation with microalgae up to 1.5% did not greatly affected the dietary chemical composition and kept unaffected food intake, fecal output and metabolites, and digestibility of nutrients and energy. Compared with the reference diet, supplementation with C. vulgaris increased protein digestibility. Fecal characteristics and metabolites were affected by microalgae supplementation, being the effects dependent on the species. Fecal microbiota composition of dogs fed with microalgae-supplemented diets was modified by promoting the beneficial Turicibacter and Peptococcus genera associated with gut health and activation of the immune system. Overall, the results support C. vulgaris, N. oceanica, and T. obliquus as sustainable functional supplements that potentially enhance gastrointestinal health of dogs through the selective stimulation of microbiota without detrimental effects on food intake and digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. J. Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Guilherme-Fernandes
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Spínola
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida R. G. Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Timur Yergaliyev
- HoLMiR – Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amélia Camarinha-Silva
- HoLMiR – Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - António J. M. Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Maia MRG, Monteiro A, Valente IM, Sousa C, Miranda C, Castro C, Cortez PP, Cabrita ARJ, Trindade H, Fonseca AJM. Upcycling post-harvest biomass residues from native European Lupinus species: from straws and pod shells production to nutritive value and alkaloids content for ruminant animals. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1195015. [PMID: 37521412 PMCID: PMC10374839 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1195015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of Lupinus seeds for food and feed is increasing worldwide, which results in large amounts of post-harvest biomass residues, considered of low value and left in the field to be burned or incorporated in the soil. To valorize these agricultural wastes, this work aimed to assess their potential as an alternative feed for ruminants. Thus, the production yield, nutritive value, and alkaloid content of straws and pod shells from three native European Lupinus species, L. albus 'Estoril' (white), L. angustifolius 'Tango' (narrow-leafed), and L. luteus 'Cardiga' (yellow), cultivated in two locations, were evaluated. The dry matter (DM) yield of straws and pod shells were the highest for L. albus 'Estoril' (4.10 t ha-1) and the lowest for L. angustifolius 'Tango' (1.78 t ha-1), suggesting a poor adaptation of narrow-leafed lupin to the particularly dry and warm agronomic year. Despite species-specific differences, lupin biomass residues presented higher crude protein (53.0-68.9 g kg-1 DM) and lignin (103-111 g kg-1 DM) content than cereal straws usually used in ruminant feeding, thus resulting in higher metabolizable energy (6.43-6.58 MJ kg-1 DM) content. In vitro digestibility was similar among lupin species (47.7-50.6%) and higher in pod shells (53.7%) than in straws (44.6%). Lupinus albus 'Estoril' and L. luteus 'Cardiga' presented considerable amounts of alkaloids in straws (23.9 and 119 mg kg-1 DM) and pod shells (20.5 and 298 mg kg-1 DM), while no alkaloids were detected in L. angustifolius 'Tango' biomass residues. Considering the combined production of straw and pod shells per lupin species, it is anticipated that lupin biomass residues produced per ha can fulfill 85% of the energy and nearly 50% of protein requirements of a flock of 4 to 9 dry and mid-pregnancy sheep with 50 kg body weight for one year. No negative effects on small (ovine) and large (bovine) ruminant species due to alkaloids are expected, even if biomass residues are consumed at up to 85% DM intake. The large production yield along with its nutritive value unveils the potential of lupin biomass residues valorization as alternative fodder for ruminants, promoting sustainability under a circular economy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida R. G. Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Monteiro
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Inês M. Valente
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Sousa
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Miranda
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Castro
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paulo P. Cortez
- ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R. J. Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Henrique Trindade
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - António J. M. Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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9
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Pinho SCM, Faria MA, Alves R, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, M P L V O Ferreira I. Gastric epithelial response to milk fat using the semi-dynamic INFOGEST digestion model coupled with NCI-N87 cells. Food Res Int 2023; 166:112576. [PMID: 36914314 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The stomach is a relevant spot of lipolysis for milk fat, but research on the effect of digested milk fat in the gastric epithelium is scarce and difficult to evaluate. In the present study, we implemented the semi-dynamic in vitro digestion model of INFOGEST, combined with gastric NCI-N87 cells, to study the effect of fat-free, whole conventional, and whole pasture-based milk on gastric epithelium. Cellular messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of membrane fatty acids receptors (GPR41, GPR84), antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPX), and inflammatory molecules (NF-κB p65, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) was assessed. No significant differences were observed in mRNA expression of GPR41, GPR84, SOD, GPX, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, after exposure of the NCI-N87 cells to milk digesta samples (p > 0.05). An increase of CAT mRNA expression was observed (p < 0.05), at a similar level, for all milk types. Whole milk digested samples induced higher mRNA expression of NF-κB p65 and IL-1β than fat-free milk (p < 0.05); while no differences were observed between whole conventional and whole pasture-based milk (p > 0.05). Moreover, the effect of milk digesta on gastric mRNA expression was studied in a scenario of subsequent stimulation of NCI-N87 monolayer with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ. In these conditions, milk digesta samples increased CAT mRNA expression (p < 0.05), but had no effect in the expression of NF-κB p65 and IL-1β (p > 0.05). The increase of CAT mRNA expression suggests that milk fatty acids are used for energy production by gastric epithelial cells. Cellular antioxidant response to higher milk fatty acids availability could be associated to gastric epithelial inflammation, but did not contribute to increased inflammation in case of an external contact with IFN-γ. Besides, a conventional or a pasture-based origin did not affect the impact of whole milk in the NCI-N87 monolayer. The combined model responded to differences in milk fat content, which indicates its usefulness to study effects of foods at the gastric level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana C M Pinho
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Science and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; LAQV/REQUIMTE, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo, Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Faria
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Science and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Alves
- SORGAL, Sociedade de Óleos e Rações S.A., Estrada Nacional 109, Lugar da Pardala, 3880-728 S. João Ovar, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo, Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo, Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel M P L V O Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Science and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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10
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Mota CSC, Pinto O, Sá T, Ferreira M, Delerue-Matos C, Cabrita ARJ, Almeida A, Abreu H, Silva J, Fonseca AJM, Valente LMP, Maia MRG. A commercial blend of macroalgae and microalgae promotes digestibility, growth performance, and muscle nutritional value of European seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax L.) juveniles. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1165343. [PMID: 37139456 PMCID: PMC10150028 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1165343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Algae can leverage aquaculture sustainability and improve the nutritional and functional value of fish for human consumption, but may pose challenges to carnivorous fish. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of a commercial blend of macroalgae (Ulva sp. and Gracilaria gracilis) and microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris and Nannochloropsis oceanica) in a plant-based diet up to 6% (dry matter basis) on digestibility, gut integrity, nutrient utilization, growth performance, and muscle nutritional value of European seabass juveniles. Fish (11.3 ± 2.70 g) were fed with isoproteic, isolipidic, and isoenergetic diets: (i) a commercial-type plant-based diet with moderate fishmeal (125 g kg-1 DM basis) and without algae blend (control diet; Algae0), (ii) the control diet with 2% algae blend (Algae2), (iii) the control diet with 4% algae blend (Algae4), and (iv) the control diet with 6% algae blend (Algae6) for 12 weeks. The digestibility of experimental diets was assessed in a parallel study after 20 days. Results showed that most nutrients and energy apparent digestibility coefficients were promoted by algae blend supplementation, with a concomitant increase in lipid and energy retention efficiencies. Growth performance was significantly promoted by the algae blend, the final body weight of fish fed Algae6 being 70% higher than that of fish fed Algae0 after 12 weeks, reflecting up to 20% higher feed intake of algae-fed fish and the enhanced anterior intestinal absorption area (up to 45%). Whole-body and muscle lipid contents were increased with dietary algae supplementation levels by up to 1.79 and 1.74 folds in Algae 6 compared to Algae0, respectively. Even though the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids was reduced, the content of EPA and DHA in the muscle of algae-fed fish increased by nearly 43% compared to Algae0. The skin and filet color of juvenile European seabass were significantly affected by the dietary inclusion of the algae blend, but changes were small in the case of muscle, meeting the preference of consumers. Overall results highlight the beneficial effects of the commercial algae blend (Algaessence®) supplementation in plant-based diets for European seabass juveniles, but feeding trials up to commercial-size fish are needed to fully assess its potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia S. C. Mota
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Olívia Pinto
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Sá
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Mariana Ferreira
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R. J. Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Almeida
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Abreu
- ALGAplus-Produção e Comercialização de Algas e seus Derivados, Lda, PCI, Ílhavo, Portugal
| | - Joana Silva
- ALLMICROALGAE—Natural Products, Pataias, Portugal
| | - António J. M. Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luisa M. P. Valente
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida R. G. Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Margarida R. G. Maia
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11
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Rodrigues ARF, Maia MRG, Miranda C, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, Pereira JLS, Trindade H. Ammonia and greenhouse emissions from cow's excreta are affected by feeding system, stage of lactation and sampling time. J Environ Manage 2022; 320:115882. [PMID: 35952566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Decomposition of dairy cows' excreta on housing floor leads to ammonia and greenhouse gases production, yet factors affecting total emissions have not been fully disclosed. This work aimed to assess the impact of lactation stage, feeding system and sampling time on gaseous emission potential of cow's faeces and urine in laboratory chambers systems. Individual faeces and urine were collected from two groups of four cows, at peak and post peak lactation, from three commercial farms with distinct feeding systems: total mixed ration (TMR), total mixed ration plus concentrate at robot (TMR + robot), and total mixed ration plus concentrate in automatic feeders (TMR + AF). Samples were collected before a.m. (T8h), at middle day (T12h), and before p.m. (T17h) milking. In a laboratory chambers system, faeces and urine were mixed in a ratio of 1.7:1, and ammonia and greenhouse gases emissions were monitored during 48-h. Cumulative N-N2O emissions were the highest in TMR + robot system, post peak cows and sampling time T17h. An interaction between stage of lactation and sampling time was detected for N-NH3 and N-N2O (g/kg organic soluble N) emissions. Post peak cows also produced the highest cumulative N-NH3 emissions. Overall results contribute for the identification of specific on-farm strategies to reduce gaseous emissions from cows' excreta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R F Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Margarida R G Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Miranda
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - José L S Pereira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal; Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Quinta da Alagoa, 3500-606, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Henrique Trindade
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
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12
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Cordeiro L, Cabrita ARJ, Oliveira HM, Maia MRG, Rodrigues JA, Fonseca AJM, Valente IM. A Novel Approach for Monitoring the Volatile Metabolome in Biological Samples from Ruminants through Miniaturized Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Multiclass Gas Chromatography Analysis. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:3886-3897. [PMID: 35298153 PMCID: PMC9776526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward and versatile methodology for the extraction of volatile metabolites in biological samples from ruminants for gas chromatography analysis is proposed. The methodology was applied in the determination of multiclass metabolites (short-chain fatty acids, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, esters, phenols, and sulfides) in different analytical matrices (rumen fluid, urine, and feces) collected from Holstein cows. The 24 multiclass volatile metabolites reported in the different biological samples and their respective concentrations were critically discussed in the context of digestive physiology. Most detected compounds are derived from the rumen and lower gut fermentation of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids or their metabolism, being consistent with the prior state of the art. The proposed method also takes advantage of the already existing tools in animal nutrition laboratories, providing a novel methodological ground that can generate relevant bioanalytical information with a significant impact on ruminant's nutritional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Cordeiro
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo M Oliveira
- INL, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Margarida R G Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José A Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês M Valente
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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13
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Pinho SCM, Faria M, Casal S, Sobral MMC, Alves R, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, Ferreira IMPLVO. Explore Gastric Lipolysis and Lipid Oxidation of Conventional versus Pasture-Based Milk by a Semi-dynamic In Vitro Digestion Model. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:14241-14249. [PMID: 34784201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research on gastric lipolysis of commercial cow's milk with different fatty acid (FA) compositions is scarce. Gastric lipase exhibits specificity for the sn-3 chain position of triacylglycerols, whose structure is influenced by milk FA composition. Therefore, during gastric digestion of conventional (C) vs pasture-based (P) milk, differences may occur on lipolysis, which has impact on free FA available, influencing their absorption/metabolism rate and physiological hormonal responses. Those two milk types were subjected to the INFOGEST semi-dynamic digestion model. Five gastric emptying points were analyzed for oxidative degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and individual free FA. The relative release of medium-chain FA (C8:0-C12:0) was higher than that of longer-chain FA (C14:0-C18:0), and a linear increase in markers of PUFA oxidative degradation occurred along gastric digestion. Quantitatively, C8:0, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, and CLAc9t11 were higher (P < 0.001) in P milk when compared with C milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana C M Pinho
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Science and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Miguel Faria
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Science and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Science and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - M Madalena C Sobral
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Science and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Rui Alves
- SORGAL, Sociedade de Óleos e Rações S.A., Estrada Nacional 109 Lugar da Pardala, S. João Ovar 3880-728, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Isabel M P L V O Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Science and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
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14
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Pereira AM, Maia MRG, Pinna C, Biagi G, Matos E, Segundo MA, Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ. Effects of Zinc Source and Enzyme Addition on the Fecal Microbiota of Dogs. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:688392. [PMID: 34721312 PMCID: PMC8549731 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.688392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental zinc from organic sources has been suggested to be more bioavailable than inorganic ones for dog foods. However, the bioavailability of zinc might be affected by dietary constituents such as phytates. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of two zinc sources (zinc sulfate and zinc proteinate) and the addition of a multi-enzymatic complex from the solid-state fermentation of Aspergillus niger on end-products of fecal fermentation and fecal microbiota of adult Beagles fed a high-phytate diet. The experimental design consisted of three 4 × 4 Latin Squares with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 12 Beagles), with four periods and four diets: zinc sulfate without (IZ) or with (IZ +) enzyme addition, and zinc proteinate without (OZ) or with (OZ +) enzyme addition. Enzyme addition significantly affected Faith’s phylogenetic diversity index, whereas zinc source did not affect either beta or alpha diversity measures. Linear discriminant analysis effect size detected nine taxa as markers for organic zinc, 18 for inorganic source, and none for enzyme addition. However, with the use of a negative binomial generalized linear model, further effects were observed. Organic zinc was associated with a significantly higher abundance of Firmicutes and lower Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, although at a genus level, the response varied. The DNA abundance of Clostridium cluster I, Clostridium cluster XIV, Campylobacter spp., Ruminococcaceae, Turicibacter, and Blautia was significantly higher in dogs fed IZ and IZ + diets. Higher abundance of genus Lactobacillus was observed in dogs fed enzyme-supplemented diets. End-products of fecal fermentation were not affected by zinc source or enzymes. An increase in some taxa of the phyla Actinobacteria and Firmicutes was observed in feces of dogs fed organic zinc with enzyme addition but not with inorganic zinc. This study fills a gap in knowledge regarding the effect of zinc source and enzyme addition on the fecal microbiota of dogs. An association of zinc bioavailability and bacteria abundance is suggested, but the implications for the host (dog) are not clear. Further studies are required to unveil the effects of the interaction between zinc sources and enzyme addition on the fecal microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Pereira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida R G Maia
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlo Pinna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Biagi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Marcela A Segundo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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15
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Meehan DJ, Cabrita ARJ, Maia MRG, Fonseca AJM. Energy: Protein Ratio in Ruminants: Insights from the Intragastric Infusion Technique. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092700. [PMID: 34573666 PMCID: PMC8464725 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary One key question that has confounded nutritional scientists for years is how the ruminant responds metabolically with respect to energy and nitrogen utilisation when no exogenous energy is consumed. Fasting metabolism studies using the intragastric infusion technique (IIT) showed this to be a glucose-deficient state characterised by elevated nitrogen excretion and heat production. However, modern feeding systems continue to adopt fasting as the basis for measuring utilisation efficiency of nutritionally balanced diets, giving rise to the false concept of greater feed utilisation below than above energy maintenance. Another IIT finding was that given the animal’s genetic capacity for protein accretion and provided a rumen undegradable protein is fed, ruminants do not catabolise amino acids as an energy source but instead retain these to attain substantial gains in tissue protein deposition, fuelled by endogenous energy reserves. This suggests that endogenous fat reserves could be used to retain body protein when feed supplies are scarce or of poor nutritive value and questions the need to use high-energy diets in the finishing pre-slaughter period. Moreover, body protein and body fat deposition were also shown to be negatively correlated, contradicting current feeding systems which assume that nitrogen retention is always negative in an underfeeding situation. Abstract Studies on energy:protein ratio in ruminants are constrained by rumen fermentation since it governs nutrient metabolism and the ratio of energy:protein yielding nutrients available for absorption. By circumventing rumen fermentation, the total intragastric infusion technique (IIT) allowed objective quantification of maintenance energy and protein requirements, volatile fatty acid utilisation efficiency, efficiency of energy utilisation for maintenance (Km) and growth (Kf) and the origin of N retention responses to independent variation of energy and protein intake. This review outlines the key IIT findings and whether they are reflected in current feeding systems with implications for different production systems worldwide. Maintenance energy requirements are similar to those derived from comparative slaughter but maintenance N requirements are significantly lower. No differences in utilisation efficiency exist between acetic, propionic and butyric acids. At low energy intakes, endogenous energy reserves are utilised to retain amino acids and fuel substantial tissue protein gains. The use of fasting metabolism to measure the utilisation of nutritionally balanced diets is questioned since it is a glucose-deficient state. Inter-species differences in glucose metabolism appear to exist, suggesting that glucose requirements may be higher in cattle than sheep. The difficulty in predicting nutrient requirements, particularly protein, with any one technique is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis J. Meehan
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (D.J.M.); (A.R.J.C.); (M.R.G.M.)
- UTAD, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana R. J. Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (D.J.M.); (A.R.J.C.); (M.R.G.M.)
| | - Margarida R. G. Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (D.J.M.); (A.R.J.C.); (M.R.G.M.)
| | - António J. M. Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (D.J.M.); (A.R.J.C.); (M.R.G.M.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Pedro ARV, Lima T, Fróis-Martins R, Leal B, Ramos IC, Martins EG, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, Maia MRG, Vilanova M, Correia A. Dectin-1-Mediated Production of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Induced by Yeast β-Glucans in Bovine Monocytes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:689879. [PMID: 34122455 PMCID: PMC8195389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast-derived products containing β-glucans have long been used as feed supplements in domesticated animals in an attempt to increase immunity. β-glucans are mainly recognized by the cell surface receptor CLEC7A, also designated Dectin-1. Although the immune mechanisms elicited through Dectin-1 activation have been studied in detail in mice and humans, they are poorly understood in other species. Here, we evaluated the response of bovine monocytes to soluble and particulate purified β-glucans, and also to Zymosan. Our results show that particulate, but not soluble β-glucans, can upregulate the surface expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 on bovine monocytes. In addition, stimulated cells increased production of IL-8 and of TNF, IL1B, and IL6 mRNA expression, in a dose-dependent manner, which correlated positively with CLEC7A gene expression. Production of IL-8 and TNF expression decreased significantly after CLEC7A knockdown using two different pairs of siRNAs. Overall, we demonstrated here that bovine monocytes respond to particulate β-glucans, through Dectin-1, by increasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our data support further studies in cattle on the induction of trained immunity using dietary β-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R V Pedro
- Immunobiology Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Imunologia, DIMFF, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Lima
- Immunobiology Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Fróis-Martins
- Immunobiology Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Leal
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, DPIM, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,UMIB, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel C Ramos
- Animal Nutrition Division, Cooperativa Agrícola de Vila do Conde, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Elisabete G Martins
- ADM Portugal, SA, Murtede, Portugal.,EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida R G Maia
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- Immunobiology Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Imunologia, DIMFF, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Correia
- Immunobiology Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Imunologia, DIMFF, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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17
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Rodrigues ARF, Maia MRG, Cabrita ARJ, Oliveira HM, Bernardo M, Lapa N, Fonseca I, Trindade H, Pereira JL, Fonseca AJM. Assessment of potato peel and agro-forestry biochars supplementation on in vitro ruminal fermentation. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9488. [PMID: 33194323 PMCID: PMC7394066 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The awareness of environmental and socio-economic impacts caused by greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock sector leverages the adoption of strategies to counteract it. Feed supplements can play an important role in the reduction of the main greenhouse gas produced by ruminants—methane (CH4). In this context, this study aims to assess the effect of two biochar sources and inclusion levels on rumen fermentation parameters in vitro. Methods Two sources of biochar (agro-forestry residues, AFB, and potato peel, PPB) were added at two levels (5 and 10%, dry matter (DM) basis) to two basal substrates (haylage and corn silage) and incubated 24-h with rumen inocula to assess the effects on CH4 production and main rumen fermentation parameters in vitro. Results AFB and PPB were obtained at different carbonization conditions resulting in different apparent surface areas, ash content, pH at the point of zero charge (pHpzc), and elemental analysis. Relative to control (0% biochar), biochar supplementation kept unaffected total gas production and yield (mL and mL/g DM, p = 0.140 and p = 0.240, respectively) and fermentation pH (p = 0.666), increased CH4production and yield (mL and mL/g DM, respectively, p = 0.001) and ammonia-N (NH3-N, p = 0.040), and decreased total volatile fatty acids (VFA) production (p < 0.001) and H2 generated and consumed (p ≤ 0.001). Biochar sources and inclusion levels had no negative effect on most of the fermentation parameters and efficiency. Acetic:propionic acid ratio (p = 0.048) and H2 consumed (p = 0.019) were lower with AFB inclusion when compared to PPB. Biochar inclusion at 10% reduced H2 consumed (p < 0.001) and tended to reduce total gas production (p = 0.055). Total VFA production (p = 0.019), acetic acid proportion (p = 0.011) and H2 generated (p = 0.048) were the lowest with AFB supplemented at 10%, no differences being observed among the other treatments. The basal substrate affected most fermentation parameters independently of biochar source and level used. Discussion Biochar supplementation increased NH3-N content, iso-butyric, iso-valeric and valeric acid proportions, and decreased VFA production suggesting a reduced energy supply for microbial growth, higher proteolysis and deamination of substrate N, and a decrease of NH3-N incorporation into microbial protein. No interaction was found between substrate and biochar source or level on any of the parameters measured. Although AFB and PPB had different textural and compositional characteristics, their effects on the rumen fermentation parameters were similar, the only observed effects being due to AFB included at 10%. Biochar supplementation promoted CH4 production regardless of the source and inclusion level, suggesting that there may be other effects beyond biomass and temperature of production of biochar, highlighting the need to consider other characteristics to better identify the mechanism by which biochar may influence CH4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R F Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida R G Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo M Oliveira
- INL, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Bernardo
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nuno Lapa
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isabel Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Henrique Trindade
- CITAB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José L Pereira
- CITAB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,ESAV, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Martins RC, Pereira AM, Matos E, Barreiros L, Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ, Segundo MA. Miniaturized Fluorimetric Method for Quantification of Zinc in Dry Dog Food. J Anal Methods Chem 2020; 2020:8821809. [PMID: 32953194 PMCID: PMC7487107 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8821809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element for animals in several biological processes, particularly in energy production, and it is acquired from food ingestion. In this context, a microplate-based fluorimetric assay was developed for simple, fast, and low-cost determination of zinc in pet food using 2,2'-((4-(2,7-difluoro-3,6-dihydroxy-4aH-xanthen-9-yl)-3-methoxyphenyl)azanediyl)diacetic acid (FluoZin-1) as fluorescent probe. Several aspects were studied, namely, the stability of the fluorescent product over time, the FluoZin-1 concentration, and the pH of reaction media. The developed methodology provided a limit of detection of 1 μg L-1 in sample acid digests, with a working range of 10 to 200 μg L-1, corresponding to 100-2000 mg of Zn per kg of dry dog food samples. Intraday repeatability and interday repeatability were assessed, with relative standard deviation values < 3.4% (100 μg L-1) and <11.7% (10 μg L-1). Sample analysis indicated that the proposed fluorimetric assay provided results consistent with ICP-MS analysis. These results demonstrated that the developed assay can be used for rapid determination of zinc in dry dog food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute C. Martins
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Pereira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Matos
- SORGAL, Sociedade de Óleos e Rações S.A., Estrada Nacional 109 Lugar da Pardala, São João 3880-728, Ovar, Portugal
| | - Luisa Barreiros
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - António J. M. Fonseca
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Ana R. J. Cabrita
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Marcela A. Segundo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
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Oliveira HM, Pinheiro AQ, Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ, Maia MRG. Flexible and expeditious assay for quantitative monitoring of alpha-amylase and amyloglucosidase activities. MethodsX 2019; 6:246-258. [PMID: 30792966 PMCID: PMC6370546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of the activity of alpha-amylase and amyloglucosidase is an important tool for studying their role in the hydrolysis of starch. Here we introduced an improved method capable to measure the activity of alpha-amylase and amyloglucosidase from different sources based on a quantitative starch-iodine assay. The developments of the assay sought the consistent preparation of the reagents, the rescale of the assay and the adjustment of the sensitivity. This was complemented by a glucose yield assay for amyloglucosidase that allowed a secondary source of information when insoluble starches were studied. The proposed method showed high precision in long-term use (RSD < 6.3%). Furthermore, all experimental conditions can be adapted according to the equipment available at each laboratory, transforming this method in a broadband analytical tool for screening alpha-amylase and amyloglucosidase activities. Tailorable assay based on the starch-iodine staining for the determination of alpha-amylase and amyloglucosidase activities. Enhanced consistence of reagent preparation. High intra-day and inter-day reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo M Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alice Q Pinheiro
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida R G Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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20
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Oliveira HM, Pinheiro AQ, Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ, Maia MRG. The intensification of amyloglucosidase-based saccharification by ultrasound. Ultrason Sonochem 2018; 49:128-136. [PMID: 30100267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present report studied the role of ultrasound (US) energy in the amyloglucosidase-based starch hydrolysis using two complementary approaches: (i) in the activity of six commercially-available amyloglucosidases (using soluble starch as substrate), and (ii) in the hydrolysis of four pure starches from different botanical sources. This corresponds to the first systematic evaluation of the role of US in starch hydrolysis mediated by amyloglucosidase, being a consequence of our previous report that assessed the effect of US in the activity of alpha-amylase (LWT - Food Science and Technology 84 (2017) 674-685). Regarding amlyloglucosidases, three enzymes obtained from Aspergillus niger (AN1-AN3), and Spirizyme Achieve (SPA), Spirizyme Fuel (SPF) and Spirizyme Ultra (SPU) were submitted to a Box-Behnken experimental design in order to establish the optimum conditions for their maximum activity. In the presence of US, we found both inactivation and activation, ranging from -88% (AN3) to 699% (SPA). The US promoted the enzyme activity when combined with lower temperatures (40-60 °C), with a marked effect in Spirizyme enzymes. Based on the optimum conditions established by the experimental design, we also evaluated the role of US in the glucose yield resulting from the hydrolysis of pure starches (corn, rice, potato, wheat). In this case, US led to higher glucose yields in all conditions tested. The enhancement factors observed ranged from 1.2 (AN1, rice starch) to 65 (SPA, potato starch) times. We compared these findings with previous reports, which highlighted the role of US in intensifying amyloglucosidase-based saccharification in mild conditions, by simultaneously influencing both enzyme and substrate. Hence, US power has to be fine-tuned for each particular enzyme in order to maximize process intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo M Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alice Q Pinheiro
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida R G Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Valente IM, Cabrita ARJ, Malushi N, Oliveira HM, Papa L, Rodrigues JA, Fonseca AJM, Maia MRG. Unravelling the phytonutrients and antioxidant properties of European Vicia faba L. seeds. Food Res Int 2018; 116:888-896. [PMID: 30717020 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, seven European varieties of Vicia faba L. seeds were investigated for (1) their phytonutrients profile by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS, (2) total phenolic content (TPC), and (3) antioxidant capacity (DPPH and FRAP assays). A wide range of compounds were identified, namely alkaloids, organic acids, terpenoids, jasmonates, and phenolics; these two latter being the most abundant. TPC ranged between 2.62 and 4.3 mg (gallic acid equivalent) g-1 dry weight, for V. faba major variety Belshi and V. faba minor variety Bauska, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity showed poor correlation (r = 0.550, P = .041) with TPC, suggesting the presence of other antioxidant sources than phenolics. Still, FRAP was positively correlated with TPC (r = 0.709, P < .01) and DPPH (r = 0.819, P < .01). These results elucidated the phytonutrients and antioxidant properties of V. faba L. seeds as functional food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês M Valente
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE, LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nertila Malushi
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Department of Animal Production, Agricultural University of Tirana, Koder Kamez 1001, Albania
| | - Hugo M Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lumturi Papa
- Department of Animal Production, Agricultural University of Tirana, Koder Kamez 1001, Albania
| | - José A Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida R G Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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22
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Valente IM, Maia MRG, Malushi N, Oliveira HM, Papa L, Rodrigues JA, Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ. Profiling of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of European varieties and cultivars of Vicia faba L. pods. Phytochemistry 2018; 152:223-229. [PMID: 29787901 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Vicia faba L. pods are a by-product generated from the industrial processing of beans for human and animal consumption. As phenolic compounds may play important roles in health, the present work envisaged the phenolic characterization of seven European varieties and cultivars of V. faba (major and minor) pods and the assessment of their antioxidant activity. The V. faba methanolic extracts were characterized by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS for identification of polyphenolic compounds. The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the extracts were evaluated by colorimetric methods (Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH scavenging capacity assay, and FRAP assay). Main compounds identified by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS were derivatives of caffeic acid, coumaric acid and kaempferol. The broad bean Jögeva variety presented the highest content of free and esterified phenolics (26.3 and 26.7 mg 100 g-1 dry weight, respectively), followed by the horse bean varieties Bauska and Lielplatones. These results were corroborated by the analysis of total phenolic content, DPPH scavenging capacity and FRAP. This study confirmed the rich phenolic content of V. faba pods suggesting to be an interesting novel source for animal nutrition, promoting product quality and consumers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês M Valente
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE, LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Margarida R G Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nertila Malushi
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Department of Animal Production, Agricultural University of Tirana, Koder Kamez, 1001, Albania
| | - Hugo M Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lumturi Papa
- Department of Animal Production, Agricultural University of Tirana, Koder Kamez, 1001, Albania
| | - José A Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Pereira AM, Pinto E, Matos E, Castanheira F, Almeida AA, Baptista CS, Segundo MA, Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ. Mineral Composition of Dry Dog Foods: Impact on Nutrition and Potential Toxicity. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:7822-7830. [PMID: 29953228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Detailed mineral profile of a selection of commercially available complete dry dog foods was determined using ICP-MS (Se, Cu, Mn, Zn, and nonessential trace elements), flame photometry (Na and K) and atomic and molecular spectrophotometry (Ca, P, Mg, and Fe). The contribution of ingredients to the mineral composition was correlated to the food market segment. Results showed an oversupply of essential elements due to the energy density effect on feed intake. Additives contributed from 40.8 to 55.1% to the total trace elements contents. With the exception of Se, all trace elements were supplied above the nutritional requirements of adult dogs. Legal limits of Cu, Se, and Zn were surpassed. The content of nonessential trace elements included values in the range of nanograms to micrograms per kg, without surpassing safe upper limits. This work brings awareness to the need to find supplementation strategies that ensure nutritional adequacy and avoid waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Pereira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) , Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228 , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal
| | - Edgar Pinto
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade do Porto , Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228 , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal
| | - Elisabete Matos
- SORGAL, Sociedade de Óleos e Rações S.A. , Estrada Nacional 109 Lugar da Pardala , 3880-728 S. João Ovar , Portugal
| | - Francisco Castanheira
- Alltechaditivos - Alimentação Animal Lda. , Parque de Monserrate - Av. Dr. Luis Sá n° 9 - Arm. A , 2710-089 Abrunheira , Portugal
| | - Agostinho A Almeida
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade do Porto , Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228 , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal
| | - Cláudia S Baptista
- CECA-ICETA, Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) , Universidade do Porto , Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228 , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal
| | - Marcela A Segundo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade do Porto , Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228 , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) , Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228 , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) , Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228 , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal
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Maia MRG, Marques S, Cabrita ARJ, Wallace RJ, Thompson G, Fonseca AJM, Oliveira HM. Simple and Versatile Turbidimetric Monitoring of Bacterial Growth in Liquid Cultures Using a Customized 3D Printed Culture Tube Holder and a Miniaturized Spectrophotometer: Application to Facultative and Strictly Anaerobic Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1381. [PMID: 27630632 PMCID: PMC5006086 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we introduce a novel strategy for turbidimetric monitoring of bacterial growth in liquid culture. The instrumentation comprises a light source, a customized 3D printed culture tube holder and a miniaturized spectrophotometer, connected through optical cables. Due to its small footprint and the possibility to operate with external light, bacterial growth was directly monitored from culture tubes in a simple and versatile fashion. This new portable measurement technique was used to monitor the growth of facultative (Escherichia coli ATCC/25922, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC/29213) and strictly (Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens JW11, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus P18, and Propionibacterium acnes DSMZ 1897) anaerobic bacteria. For E. coli and S. aureus, the growth rates calculated from normalized optical density values were compared with those ones obtained using a benchtop spectrophotometer without significant differences (P = 0.256). For the strictly anaerobic species, a high precision (relative standard deviation < 3.5%) was observed between replicates up to 48 h. Regarding its potential for customization, this manifold could accommodate further developments for customized turbidimetric monitoring, such as the use of light-emitting diodes as a light source or flow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida R G Maia
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; REQUIMTE, LAQV, DGAOT, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Sara Marques
- CIBIO, InBIO-Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do PortoVairão, Portugal; Departamento Clinicas Veterinárias - ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - R John Wallace
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | - Gertrude Thompson
- CIBIO, InBIO-Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do PortoVairão, Portugal; Departamento Clinicas Veterinárias - ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo M Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
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Magalhães SCQ, Taveira M, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, Valentão P, Andrade PB. European marketable grain legume seeds: Further insight into phenolic compounds profiles. Food Chem 2016; 215:177-84. [PMID: 27542465 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-nine mature raw varieties of grain legume seeds (chickpeas, field peas, faba beans, common vetch and lupins) produced in Europe were investigated for their phenolic profile by means of high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). To the best of our knowledge, this study reported for the first time the phenolic composition of mature raw seeds of chickpea type Desi, field pea and common vetch. Phenolic acids were predominant compounds in chickpeas, field peas and common vetch compared to flavonoids, whereas the opposite was observed for lupin seeds. Yellow lupins presented the highest levels of total phenolic compounds followed by narrow-leafed lupins (in average 960 and 679mg/kg, dry basis, respectively), whereas Kabuli chickpeas got the lowest ones (in average 47mg/kg, dry basis). Principal component analysis revealed that flavones and total levels of phenolic compounds were responsible for nearly 51% of total data variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Q Magalhães
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marcos Taveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Rego OA, Cabrita ARJ, Rosa HJD, Alves SP, Duarte V, Fonseca AJM, Vouzela CFM, Pires FR, Bessa RJB. Changes in milk production and milk fatty acid composition of cows switched from pasture to a total mixed ration diet and back to pasture. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1141330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Oliveira HM, Segundo MA, Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ. Combining ultrasound-assisted extraction and a microliter colorimetric assay for the streamlined determination of urea in animal feedstuff. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:9602-9608. [PMID: 24059828 DOI: 10.1021/jf403037y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel analytical strategy for the routine determination of urea in animal feedstuffs, combining an ultrasound-assisted miniaturized extraction protocol with a microplate colorimetric assay based on the reaction between 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and urea. In order to accelerate the extraction, we introduced an ultrasound-assisted miniaturized protocol and compared it with both classic and miniaturized alternatives. The potential interference of amino acids was bypassed by shifting the detection wavelength from 435 to 450 nm. Urea could be quantified in the range 0.05-1.00% (w/w) with high precision (RSD < 5%). The results were in agreement with a commercial enzymatic method, demonstrating the accuracy and selectivity of the assay. The miniaturization led to a 50 times downscale when compared to the official method, resulting in a reduction of at least 90% in chemical consumption per determination, contributing to a more "green" and sustainable analytical methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo M Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, and ‡REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto , Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Alves SP, Santos-Silva J, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, Bessa RJB. Detailed dimethylacetal and fatty acid composition of rumen content from lambs fed lucerne or concentrate supplemented with soybean oil. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58386. [PMID: 23484024 PMCID: PMC3587585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism in the rumen is responsible for the complex fatty acid profile of rumen outflow compared with the dietary fatty acid composition, contributing to the lipid profile of ruminant products. A method for the detailed dimethylacetal and fatty acid analysis of rumen contents was developed and applied to rumen content collected from lambs fed lucerne or concentrate based diets supplemented with soybean oil. The methodological approach developed consisted on a basic/acid direct transesterification followed by thin-layer chromatography to isolate fatty acid methyl esters from dimethylacetal, oxo- fatty acid and fatty acid dimethylesters. The dimethylacetal composition was quite similar to the fatty acid composition, presenting even-, odd- and branched-chain structures. Total and individual odd- and branched-chain dimethylacetals were mostly affected by basal diet. The presence of 18:1 dimethylacetals indicates that biohydrogenation intermediates might be incorporated in structural microbial lipids. Moreover, medium-chain fatty acid dimethylesters were identified for the first time in the rumen content despite their concentration being relatively low. The fatty acids containing 18 carbon-chain lengths comprise the majority of the fatty acids present in the rumen content, most of them being biohydrogenation intermediates of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3. Additionally, three oxo- fatty acids were identified in rumen samples, and 16-O-18:0 might be produced during biohydrogenation of the 18:3n-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Alves
- Unidade de Produção Animal, Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos (INRB), Vale de Santarém, Portugal.
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Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ, Pinho LAO, Kim EJ, Dewhurst RJ. Effects of protein sources on concentrations of hydrogen sulphide in the rumen headspace gas of dairy cows. Animal 2013; 7:75-81. [PMID: 23031538 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112000973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Latin square design experiments investigated the relationship between hydrogen sulphide concentration in the rumen headspace gas of dairy cows and the early stages of protein degradation in the rumen. In Expt 1, three protein sources differing in rumen N (nitrogen) degradability (maize gluten feed (MGF); sunflower meal (SFM); and soyabean meal (SBM)) were used, whereas in Expt 2 four different batches of the same feed (MGF) differing in colour (CIE L*, a*, b* (CIELAB) scale) were used. After allowing the concentration of hydrogen sulphide in rumen gas to decline close to zero, a fixed amount of protein sources was offered to cows and the concentrations of hydrogen sulphide were recorded in rumen headspace gas at 30-min intervals. In Expt 1, the concentration of hydrogen sulphide showed considerable variation between protein sources, with MGF having the highest concentration followed by SFM and SBM resulting in very low concentrations. The N wash losses (zero time measurements with nylon bags) ranked the feeds in the same way, from MGF (highest; 61%) to SBM (lowest; 26%). There were marked differences in the degradation of cystine and methionine between protein sources, although the degradation of cystine was always higher than for methionine. MGF (Expt 2) led to increased concentrations of hydrogen sulphide, with peak concentrations achieved between 1 and 2 h after feeding. The concentrations of hydrogen sulphide were higher for MGF1, intermediate for MGF2 and lower for MGF3 and MGF4, agreeing with colour scale. Differences in the early stages of dietary sulphur degradation corresponded with differences in hydrogen sulphide concentrations in rumen gas. The results suggest that hydrogen sulphide concentrations in the rumen headspace gas could be useful to evaluate nutritional parameters not measured by the in sacco technique, contributing to a better understanding of the response of dairy cows to different protein supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J M Fonseca
- REQUIMTE, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, Portugal
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Alves SP, Maia MRG, Bessa RJB, Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ. Identification of C18 intermediates formed during stearidonic acid biohydrogenation by rumen microorganisms in vitro. Lipids 2011; 47:171-83. [PMID: 22038686 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In vitro batch incubations were used to study the rumen biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids. An earlier study using increasing supplementation levels of stearidonic acid (18:4n-3), revealed that the rumen microbial population extensively biohydrogenates 18:4n-3 after 72 h of in vitro incubation, though several intermediates formed were not completely characterized. Therefore, in the present study, samples were reanalyzed in order to identify the 18:2, 18:3 and 18:4 biohydrogenation intermediates of 18:4n-3. Gas-liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to characterize these intermediates. The acetonitrile chemical ionization mass spectrometry of the fatty acid methyl esters derivatives enabled the discrimination of fatty acids as non-conjugated or conjugated biohydrogenation intermediates. In addition, the acetonitrile covalent adduct chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry yielded prominent ions indicative of the double bond position of the major 18:3 isomers, i.e. Δ5,11,15 18:3. Furthermore, the 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives prepared from the fatty acid methyl esters enabled the structure of novel 18:2, 18:3 and 18:4 biohydrogenation intermediates to be elucidated. The intermediates accumulated in the fermentation media after 72 h of incubation of 18:4n-3 suggest that similar to the biohydrogenation pathways of linoleic (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic (18:3n-3) acids, the pathway of the 18:4n-3 also proceeds with the formation of conjugated fatty acids followed by hydrogenation, although no conjugated dienes were found. The formation of the novel biohydrogenation intermediates of 18:4n-3 seems to follow an uncommon isomerization pattern with distinct double bond migrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Alves
- INRB, Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos, Unidade de Produção Animal, 2005-048, Fonte-Boa, Vale de Santarém, Portugal.
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Maia MRG, Correia CAS, Alves SP, Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ. Technical note: stearidonic acid metabolism by mixed ruminal microorganisms in vitro. J Anim Sci 2011; 90:900-4. [PMID: 22021809 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation of stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4n-3) has been considered a possible strategy to increase n-3 unsaturated fatty acid content in ruminant products; however, little is known about its metabolism in the rumen. In vitro batch incubations were carried out with bovine ruminal digesta to investigate the metabolism of SDA and its biohydrogenation products. Incubation mixtures (4.5 mL) that contained 0 (control), 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, or 1.50 mg of SDA supplemented to 33 mg (DM basis) of commercial total mixed ration based on corn silage, for dairy cows, were incubated for 72 h at 39°C. The content of most fatty acids in whole freeze-dried cultures was affected by SDA supplementation. Branched-chain fatty acids decreased linearly (P < 0.01), and odd-chain fatty acids decreased quadratically (P < 0.01), particularly from 1.00 mg of SDA and above, whereas most C18 fatty acids increased linearly or quadratically (P ≤ 0.04). Stearidonic acid concentrations at 72 h of incubation were very small (<0.6% of total fatty acids and ≤0.9% of added SDA) in all treatments. The apparent biohydrogenation of SDA was extensive, but it was not affected by SDA concentration (P > 0.05). Biohydrogenation followed a pattern similar to that of other C18 unsaturated fatty acids up to 1.00 mg of SDA. Stearic acid (18:0) and vaccenic acid (18:1 trans-11) were the major fatty acids formed, with the latter increasing 9-fold in the 1.00 mg of SDA treatment. At greater inclusion rates, 18:0 and 18:1 trans isomers decreased (P ≤ 0.03), accompanied by increases in unidentified 18:3 and 18:4 isomers (P = 0.02), suggesting that the biohydrogenation pathway was inhibited. The present results clearly indicate that SDA was metabolized extensively, with numerous 18:4 and 18:3 products formed en route to further conversion to 18:2, 18:1 isomers, and 18:0.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R G Maia
- REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal.
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Alves SP, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, Bessa RJB. Effect of a purification step and the type of internal standard used on fatty acid determination of grass and maize silages. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:10793-10797. [PMID: 19863085 DOI: 10.1021/jf901769w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid (FA) analysis of grass and maize silages was studied by application of a direct transesterification method (DT) followed by purification by solid-phase extraction (SPE). The choice of the internal standard (IS) for quantification of FA by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) was also studied. The acidic DT method applied to grass silage samples produced a high amount of non-fatty acid methyl ester compounds (non-FAME) compared with those formed in maize silages. The application of the SPE cleanup step reduced significantly the amount of non-FAME compounds in both samples. Five FAs were tested as IS; among them, 3 were naturally present in all silages, however their use as IS did not affect quantification of total FA composition. Nevertheless, some minor FAs present in silages were significantly affected by the IS used. Additionally, application of corrections to the GLC peak areas did not significantly influence quantification of total FA composition of silages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Alves
- INRB-Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos, Unidade de Produção Animal, Fonte-Boa, 2005-048 Vale de Santarém, Portugal
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Rego OA, Regalo SMM, Rosa HJD, Alves SP, Borba AES, Bessa RJB, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM. Effects of grass silage and soybean meal supplementation on milk production and milk fatty acid profiles of grazing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:2736-43. [PMID: 18565932 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of supplementation with grass silage and replacement of some corn in the concentrate with soybean meal (SBM) on milk production, and milk fatty acid (FA) profiles were evaluated in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square study using 16 dairy cows grazing pasture composed of ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and white clover. Each experimental period lasted for 3 wk. The 4 dietary treatments were PC, 20 h of access to grazing pasture, supplemented with 6 kg/d of corn-based concentrate mixture (96% corn; C); PCSB, 20 h of access to grazing pasture, supplemented with 6 kg/d of corn- and SBM-based concentrate mixture (78% corn and 18% SBM; CSB); SC, 7 h of access to grazing pasture during the day and 13 h of ad libitum access to grass silage at night, supplemented with 6 kg/d of C concentrate; and SCSB, 7 h of access to grazing pasture during the day and 13 h of ad libitum access to grass silage at night, supplemented with 6 kg/d of CSB concentrate. The concentrate mixtures were offered twice each day in the milking parlor and were consumed completely. Grass silage supplementation reduced dietary crude protein and concentration of total sugars, and dietary SBM inclusion increased dietary crude protein concentration and decreased dietary starch concentration. Milk yield and energy-corrected milk were increased by SBM supplementation of cows with access to grass silage. Milk protein concentration was lower in cows offered grass silage, regardless of whether SBM was fed. Dietary SBM inclusion tended to increase milk fat concentration. Plasma urea N was reduced by silage feeding and increased by SBM supplementation. Supplementation with grass silage overnight could represent a useful strategy for periods of lower pasture availability. Dietary inclusion of SBM in solely grazing cows had no effects on milk production and composition, exacerbated the inefficient capture of dietary N, and increased diet cost. Grass silage supplementation affected milk FA profiles, increasing both the FA derived from de novo synthesis and those derived from rumen microbial biomass, and decreasing the sum of C18 FA (mostly derived from diet or from mobilization of adipose tissue reserves). Milk fat concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid cis-9, trans-11, vaccenic acid (18:1 trans-11), and linolenic acid (18:3n-3) were unaffected by grass silage supplementation, suggesting that partial replacement of pasture by unwilted grass silage does not compromise the dietary quality of milk fat for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Rego
- Centro de Investigação e Tecnologia Agrária dos Açores, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade dos Açores, 9701-851 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal.
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Cabrita ARJ, Bessa RJB, Alves SP, Dewhurst RJ, Fonseca AJM. Effects of Dietary Protein and Starch on Intake, Milk Production, and Milk Fatty Acid Profiles of Dairy Cows Fed Corn Silage-Based Diets. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:1429-39. [PMID: 17297116 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(07)71628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feed intake, milk production, and milk fatty acid profiles of dairy cows fed corn silage-based diets with different protein and starch concentrations were measured in a 3-period experiment in a changeover design using 12 Holstein cows. Each experimental period lasted for 3 wk. The diet fed as a total mixed ration consisted of 45% corn silage, 5% coarsely chopped wheat straw, and 50% concentrate, on a dry matter (DM) basis. The 4 treatments, formulated to be isoenergetic and to differ in concentrations of dietary crude protein (CP) and starch (DM basis), were as follows: low CP and low starch (LPLS; 14% CP and 15% starch), low CP and high starch (LPHS; 14% CP and 25% starch), high CP and low starch (HPLS; 16% CP and 15% starch), and high CP and high starch (HPHS; 16% CP and 25% starch). The LPLS treatment led to lower DM intake, milk yield, milk protein concentration, and milk lactose yield, probably due to a shortage of both rumen-degradable protein supply to rumen microbes and glucogenic nutrients to the animal. There were no differences between protein-rich diets and LPHS, suggesting that this diet satisfied the rumen-degradable protein requirements of rumen microbes and did not limit feed intake, and the increased supply of glucogenic nutrients spared AA so that the nutrient requirements of mid lactation dairy cows were met. Further increases in CP concentration increased plasma urea concentration and resulted in decreased efficiency of conversion of dietary N into milk N. Milk fatty acid profiles were affected by starch and protein supply, with starch having the largest effect. Additionally, increasing dietary starch concentration decreased the apparent transfer of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids to milk, suggesting an increased channeling of fatty acids to adipose tissue. The results further suggest that C(15:0) and C(17:0) are synthesized de novo in animal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R J Cabrita
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal do Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologias Agrárias e Agro-Alimentares, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão VC, Portugal.
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Carvalho LPF, Cabrita ARJ, Dewhurst RJ, Vicente TEJ, Lopes ZMC, Fonseca AJM. Evaluation of Palm Kernel Meal and Corn Distillers Grains in Corn Silage-Based Diets for Lactating Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:2705-15. [PMID: 16772589 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of increasing levels of solvent-extracted palm kernel meal (SPKM) and corn distillers dried grains (CDG) in corn silage-based diets on feed intake and milk production were examined in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, 20 Holstein cows averaging 100 d in milk (DIM) (SD = 61.5) at the start of the experiment were utilized in an 11-wk randomized complete block design with 4 treatments in 5 blocks to study effects of increasing levels of SPKM in the diet. During a 3-wk preliminary period, cows were fed a standard diet. At the end of the preliminary period, cows were blocked by 4% fat-corrected milk yield, parity number (primiparous and multiparous), and DIM, and were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 experimental diets. The total mixed ration (TMR) consisted of (dry matter basis) 40% corn silage, 5% coarsely chopped wheat straw, and 55% concentrate. The increasing dietary levels of SPKM were achieved by replacing protein sources and citrus pulp with SPKM and urea (0, 5, 10, and 15% SPKM and 0.06, 0.22, 0.38, and 0.55% urea for SPKM0, SPKM5, SPKM10, and SPKM15, respectively). In Experiment 2, 18 Holstein cows averaging 93 DIM (SD = 49.1) at the start of the experiment were utilized in an 11-wk randomized complete block design with 3 treatments in 6 blocks to study effects of increasing levels of CDG in the diet. The preliminary period lasted for 2 wk. Assignment of cows to treatments was the same as in Experiment 1. The TMR consisted of (dry matter basis) 40% corn silage, 5% coarsely chopped wheat straw, and 55% concentrate. The increasing dietary levels of CDG were achieved by replacing soybean meal and citrus pulp with CDG and urea (0, 7, and 14% CDG and 0, 0.22, and 0.49% urea for CDG0, CDG7, and CDG14, respectively). There were no significant treatment effects on dry matter intake, milk yield, or milk composition in Experiment 1. Inclusion of SPKM tended to increase protein and lactose contents of milk. The SPKM0 diet promoted body weight loss. There were no treatment effects in Experiment 2, except for milk protein content, which was decreased by CDG. Plasma Lys concentration tended to be affected by SPKM and CDG inclusions. Plasma concentrations of 3-methylhistidine and Leu seemed to be related to body protein degradation/synthesis. The feeding of SPKM up to 15% in the diet decreased feed costs without detrimental effects on productive responses and tended to increase milk protein content. The inclusion of CDG in diets based on corn silage and corn byproducts might decrease milk protein content due to an unbalanced supply of AA, particularly Lys.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P F Carvalho
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal do Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologias Agrárias e Agro-Alimentares, Vairão, Portugal
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Vlaeminck B, Dufour C, van Vuuren AM, Cabrita ARJ, Dewhurst RJ, Demeyer D, Fievez V. Use of Odd and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids in Rumen Contents and Milk as a Potential Microbial Marker. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:1031-42. [PMID: 15738238 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72771-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine if a correlation exists between rumen odd and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA, i.e., C(15:0), iso C(15:0), anteiso C(15:0), C(17:0), iso C(17:0), anteiso C(17:0), and C(17:1)), uracil, and purine bases (PB), 2) to evaluate the potential of milk OBCFA secretion to predict duodenal flow of microbial protein in lactating cows, 3) to evaluate the accuracy of the latter prediction equations using an independent data set, and 4) to determine whether these predictions were more accurate than predictions based on dry matter intake (DMI) and dietary characteristics. In the first experiment, 4 lactating dairy cows arranged in a 4 x 4 Latin square were offered diets based on grass silages of different botanical composition and a standard concentrate. The relationship between rumen pool size of OBCFA and microbial matter was investigated. Rumen pool size of microbial matter (g), determined 4, 12, and 17 h after feeding, using uracil and PB as microbial markers, was closely related to OBCFA (g) [r(2) = 0.716, root mean square error (RMSE) = 4.45]. To correct for differences in marker concentrations among strains of rumen microbes, C(17:0) was included in the regression equations, resulting in an increased predictive power (r(2) = 0.780, RMSE = 3.92). The relationship between microbial flow to the duodenum and milk OBCFA yield was evaluated in a second experiment with lactating dairy cows offered diets based on grass silage and concentrates differing in starch source. Similar to observations in the rumen, milk OBCFA yield was closely related to microbial flow to the duodenum (RMSE = 4.28), but predictive power of equations did not increase when straight-chain C(17)-fatty acids were included in the regression equations (RMSE = 4.92). Evaluation of the current prediction equations with 3 independent datasets resulted in a root mean square prediction error of 20.5 and 13.4% of the observed mean for equations based on milk secretion of total OBCFA and straight-chain C(17)-fatty acids, respectively. Comparison of the accuracy of the latter equations with 2 previously published equations based on DMI and dietary characteristics suggest the former to be more accurate. This first evaluation suggests that milk OBCFA could be used as a marker for duodenal flow of microbial matter, especially when accurate measurements of DMI are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vlaeminck
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Ghent University, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, Dewhurst RJ, Gomes E. Nitrogen supplementation of corn silages. 2. Assessing rumen function using fatty acid profiles of bovine milk. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:4020-32. [PMID: 14740840 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)74013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of N supplementation strategies on milk fatty acid profiles of dairy cows and their use as a noninvasive technique to diagnose rumen function, and to guide protein feeding decisions on-farm were evaluated in three experiments. Each experiment was designed according to three 3 x 3 Latin squares with 9 Holstein cows receiving total mixed rations based on corn silage. Experiment 1 was designed to study effects of diets with different ratios of effective rumen-degradable protein (ERDP; g) to fermentable metabolizable energy (FME; j) providing, respectively, a large deficiency, a slight deficiency, and a slight excess in relation to the target level of 11 g of ERDP/MJ FME for lactating cows. Experiment 2 evaluated effects of different proportions of quickly and slowly rumen-degradable protein achieved by replacing soybean meal with urea in the concentrates (0, 0.5, and 1% urea for U0, U5, and U10, respectively). Experiment 3 investigated effects of synchronizing the availability of FME and ERDP in rumen by offering the protein-rich concentrate once or twice per day before the meal (corn silage, ryegrass hay, and energy-rich concentrate), or included in the total mixed ration. Milk fatty acid profiles were significantly affected by dietary N and carbohydrate supply. Principal component factor analysis provided a reasonable description of the data, clearly discriminating between fatty acids that are synthesized by different metabolic pathways. Several sources/pathways were distinguished: de novo synthesis in the mammary gland (short- and medium-chain fatty acids), delta9-desaturase activity (monoenoic fatty acids), direct absorption from the blood stream (long-chain fatty acids), and de novo synthesis by the rumen microbial populations (odd-chain fatty acids). Discriminant canonical analysis showed that milk odd-chain fatty acids had a higher ability to discriminate between diets than even-chain fatty acids. The anteiso C15:0 increased in line with increasing sugar supply, and C17:0 appears to be a marker of protein deficiency. Additionally, iso C17:0 and anteiso C17:0 were associated with the NDF and CP contents of diets. The results suggests that milk odd-chain fatty acids have the potential to be used as a noninvasive technique to assess rumen function in terms of microbial populations, substrates and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R J Cabrita
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal do Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologias Agrárias e Agro-Alimentares, Vairão VC, Portugal.
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Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, Dewhurst RJ, Sampaio CVP, Miranda MFS, Sousa GNS, Miranda IMF, Gomes E. Nitrogen supplementation of corn silages. 1. Effects on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:4008-19. [PMID: 14740839 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)74012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feed intake and milk production responses to N supplementation of corn silage-based diets were measured in three 3 x 3 Latin square experiments. In each experiment, 9 Holstein cows received total mixed rations (TMR), based on corn silage. In Exp. 1, midlactation cows were used to study effects of diets with different ratios of effective rumen-degradable protein (ERDP; g) to fermentable metabolizable energy (FME; MJ), providing a large deficiency (RL), a slight deficiency (RM), and a slight excess (RH) in relation to the target level of 11 g of ERDP/MJ of FME, respectively, for lactating cows. Diets were formulated to be isoenergetic, and to satisfy the metabolizable protein requirements. In Exp. 2, early-lactation cows were used to evaluate effects of different proportions of quickly and slowly rumen-degradable protein (RDP), achieved by replacing soybean meal with urea in the concentrates (0, 0.5, and 1% urea). Experiment 3 investigated effects of synchronizing the availability of FME and ERDP in the rumen. Midlactation cows received a diet containing, on a dry matter (DM) basis, 45% corn silage, 5% ryegrass hay, 35% energy-rich concentrate, and 15% protein-rich concentrate (crude protein: 38% of DM; urea: 2% of DM). The protein-rich concentrate was fed either once (D1) or twice (D2) per day before the meal, or included in the TMR (DU). Treatment RL led to lower DM intake and milk yield, but higher milk production efficiency; there were no significant differences between treatments RM and RH. There were no significant treatment effects on DM intake, milk yield, or milk composition in Exp. 2. Manipulating rumen synchrony by altering the timing of feeding affected milk yields, with D1 cows producing significantly less than D2 and DU cows, which were similar. The amount of ERDP in the diet should be matched to the amount of fermentable energy available to maximize intake, milk yields, and the conversion of feed N into milk protein. However, this study showed only small benefits to altering the diurnal pattern of supply of RDP and FME, and only with extreme feeding strategies that would not be used in practice. Urine volume increased in response to increased or unbalanced protein supply. Analysis of the allantoin:creatinine ratio in spot samples of urine was not useful in identifying predicted differences in microbial protein yield from the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R J Cabrita
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal do Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologias Agrárias e Agro-Alimentares, Vairão VC, Portugal.
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