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Zurak D, Svečnjak Z, Kiš G, Janječić Z, Bedeković D, Duvnjak M, Pirgozliev V, Grbeša D, Kljak K. Carotenoid deposition in yolks of laying hens fed with corn diets differing in grain hardness and supplemented with rapeseed oil and emulsifier. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103922. [PMID: 38908122 PMCID: PMC11246041 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of supplementing diets consisting of two dent corn hybrids (soft- and hard-type) with different amounts of rapeseed oil (2, 3, and 4%) and with (0.05%) or without emulsifier (Lysoforte Extended, Kemin) on the content and deposition of carotenoids in egg yolk. The feeding trial was conducted with 216 Lohmann Brown laying hens which were by 3 located in 72 cages. The cages were randomly assigned to 12 dietary treatments (2 hybrids × 3 rapeseed oil levels × 2 emulsifier levels), resulting in 6 cages (replicates) per each dietary treatment. After depletion, hens were fed treatment diets without added pigment for 7 wk. After stabilization of the carotenoid profile (lutein, zeaxanthin, α- and β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene and total carotenoids), eggs were collected once a week until the end of the experiment and deposition efficiency was calculated based on carotenoid content in yolk and diets, yolk weight, egg production and diet intake. Corn hybrid and rapeseed oil affected (P < 0.05) the yolk content and deposition efficiency of most carotenoids. Moreover, a significant (P < 0.05) hybrid × rapeseed oil level interaction for all carotenoids indicated hybrid-specific responses to rapeseed oil supplementation. In the soft-type hybrid, the addition of 3% rapeseed oil enhanced the carotenoid content compared to 2% of rapeseed oil, whereas for the hard-type hybrid, 2 and 3% of rapeseed oil resulted in similar contents. Supplementation of 4% rapeseed oil reduced the content regardless of the hybrid. Emulsifier addition positively affected (P < 0.05) the deposition efficiency of all carotenoids except β-carotene. In conclusion, supplementing corn diets with rapeseed oil and emulsifier affected carotenoid utilization and these responses varied in hybrids differing in grain hardness, which should be considered when using corn as the sole source of carotenoids in hen diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Zurak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Svečnjak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Goran Kiš
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Janječić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | | | - Marija Duvnjak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Vasil Pirgozliev
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, United Kingdom
| | - Darko Grbeša
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Kristina Kljak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
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Liu Y, Ma D, Li Q, Liu L, Gao W, Xie Y, Wu C. High Levels of Erucic Acid Cause Lipid Deposition, Decreased Antioxidant and Immune Abilities via Inhibiting Lipid Catabolism and Increasing Lipogenesis in Black Carp ( Mylopharyngodon piceus). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2102. [PMID: 39061564 PMCID: PMC11273432 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary erucic acid (EA) on growth, lipid accumulation, antioxidant and immune abilities, and lipid metabolism in black carp fed six diets containing varying levels of EA (0.00%, 0.44%, 0.81%, 1.83%, 2.74%, and 3.49%), for 8 weeks. Results showed that fish fed the 3.49% EA diet exhibited lower weight gain, compared to those fed the 0.81% EA diet. In a dose-dependent manner, the serum triglycerides and total cholesterol were significantly elevated in the EA groups. The 1.83%, 2.74%, and 3.49% levels of EA increased alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, as well as decreased acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase values compared to the EA-deficient group. The hepatic catalase activity and transcriptional level were notably reduced, accompanied by increased hydrogen peroxide contents in the EA groups. Furthermore, dietary EA primarily increased the C22:1n-9 and C20:1n-9 levels, while decreasing the C18:0 and C18:1n-9 contents. In the EA groups, expressions of genes, including hsl, cpt1a, cpt1b, and ppara were downregulated, whereas the fas and gpat expressions were enhanced. Additionally, dietary EA elevated the mRNA level of il-1β and reduced the expression of il-10. Collectively, high levels of EA (2.74% and 3.49%) induced lipid accumulation, reduced antioxidative and immune abilities in black carp by inhibiting lipid catabolism and increasing lipogenesis. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the use of rapeseed oil rich in EA for black carp and other carnivorous fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition (Zhejiang), Huzhou University, 759 East 2nd Road, Huzhou 313000, China; (D.M.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (W.G.); (Y.X.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chenglong Wu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition (Zhejiang), Huzhou University, 759 East 2nd Road, Huzhou 313000, China; (D.M.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (W.G.); (Y.X.)
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Vlaicu PA, Untea AE, Turcu RP, Panaite TD, Saracila M. Rosehip ( Rosa canina L.) Meal as a Natural Antioxidant on Lipid and Protein Quality and Shelf-Life of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Enriched Eggs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101948. [PMID: 36290672 PMCID: PMC9598169 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggs are a common food of animal origin, inexpensive, and rich in bioactive substances with high biological value. Eggs enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are extremely desired by the progressive consumer. However, during storage, eggs undergo some physiochemical changes, which decrease their value. In this regard, the effect of dietary rosehip meal and flaxseed meal on hens’ egg quality characteristics, amino acids, fatty acids, health-related indices, antioxidant capacity, total polyphenols content, and shelf life was examined. For this study 120 Tetra SL laying hens, 29 weeks of age, were fed, for 4 weeks, three diets that included control (basal diet—RF0), basal diet + 1.5% rosehip and 7% flaxseed meal (RF1), and basal diet + 3% rosehip and 7% flaxseed meal (RF2). Productive performance of hens were recorded. The content of essential amino acids (EAA), antioxidant amino acids (AAA), and sulfur amino acids (SAA) was higher in RF1 and RF2, compared with RF0. Eggs belonging to the RF1 and RF2 groups had significantly (p < 0.05) higher content of n-3 PUFAs, especially linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids. Total antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content increased in both rosehip supplemented groups, but especially in RF2. Moreover, eggs from RF1 and RF2 groups maintained significantly higher egg quality parameters after storage for 14 and 28 days in the refrigerator (5 °C) and ambient temperature (21 °C), compared with those from the RF0 group. In the Haugh unit, yolk and albumen pH presented better values in RF1 and RF2 eggs compared to the RF0 eggs.
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Obianwuna UE, Oleforuh-Okoleh VU, Wang J, Zhang HJ, Qi GH, Qiu K, Wu SG. Potential Implications of Natural Antioxidants of Plant Origin on Oxidative Stability of Chicken Albumen during Storage: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040630. [PMID: 35453315 PMCID: PMC9027279 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced albumen quality is reflected in increased thick albumen height, albumen weight, and Haugh unit value, while the antimicrobial, antioxidant, foaming, gelling, viscosity, and elasticity attributes are retained. Improved albumen quality is of benefit to consumers and to the food and health industries. Egg quality often declines during storage because eggs are highly perishable products and are most often not consumed immediately after oviposition. This review provides insights into albumen quality in terms of changes in albumen structure during storage, the influence of storage time and temperature, and the mitigation effects of natural dietary antioxidants of plant origin. During storage, albumen undergoes various physiochemical changes: loss of moisture and gaseous products through the shell pores and breakdown of carbonic acid, which induces albumen pH increases. High albumen pH acts as a catalyst for structural changes in albumen, including degradation of the β-ovomucin subunit and O-glycosidic bonds, collapse of the ovomucin-lysozyme complex, and decline in albumen protein–protein interactions. These culminate in declined albumen quality, characterized by the loss of albumen proteins, such as ovomucin, destabilized foaming and gelling capacity, decreased antimicrobial activity, albumen liquefaction, and reduced viscosity and elasticity. These changes and rates of albumen decline are more conspicuous at ambient temperature compared to low temperatures. Thus, albumen of poor quality due to the loss of functional and biological properties cannot be harnessed as a functional food, as an ingredient in food processing industries, and for its active compounds for drug creation in the health industry. The use of refrigerators, coatings, and thermal and non-thermal treatments to preserve albumen quality during storage are limited by huge financial costs, the skilled operations required, environmental pollution, and residue and toxicity effects. Nutritional interventions, including supplementation with natural antioxidants of plant origin in the diets of laying hens, have a promising potential as natural shelf-life extenders. Since they are safe, without residue effects, the bioactive compounds could be transferred to the egg. Natural antioxidants of plant origin have been found to increase albumen radical scavenging activity, increase the total antioxidant capacity of albumen, reduce the protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of albumen, and prevent oxidative damage to the magnum, thereby eliminating the transfer of toxins to the egg. These products are targeted towards attenuating oxidative species and inhibiting or slowing down the rates of lipid and protein peroxidation, thereby enhancing egg quality and extending the shelf life of albumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchechukwu Edna Obianwuna
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.O.); (J.W.); (H.-J.Z.); (G.-H.Q.)
| | - Vivian U. Oleforuh-Okoleh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port-Harcourt PMB-5080, Nigeria;
| | - Jing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.O.); (J.W.); (H.-J.Z.); (G.-H.Q.)
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.O.); (J.W.); (H.-J.Z.); (G.-H.Q.)
| | - Guang-Hai Qi
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.O.); (J.W.); (H.-J.Z.); (G.-H.Q.)
| | - Kai Qiu
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.O.); (J.W.); (H.-J.Z.); (G.-H.Q.)
- Correspondence: (K.Q.); (S.-G.W.)
| | - Shu-Geng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (U.E.O.); (J.W.); (H.-J.Z.); (G.-H.Q.)
- Correspondence: (K.Q.); (S.-G.W.)
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Gao Z, Zhang J, Li F, Zheng J, Xu G. Effect of Oils in Feed on the Production Performance and Egg Quality of Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3482. [PMID: 34944258 PMCID: PMC8698086 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of a large-scale and intensive production industry, the number of laying hens in China is rapidly increasing. Oils, as an important source of essential fatty acids, can be added to the diet to effectively improve the production performance and absorption of other nutrients. The present review discusses the practical application of different types and qualities of oils in poultry diets and studies the critical effects of these oils on production performance, such as the egg weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and various egg quality parameters, including the albumen height, Haugh units, yolk color, and saturated/unsaturated fatty acids. This article reviews the effects of different dietary oil sources on the production performance and egg quality of laying hens and their potential functional mechanisms and provides a reference for the selection of different sources of oils to include in the diet with the aim of improving egg production. This review thus provides a reference for the application of oils to the diets of laying hens. Future studies are needed to determine how poultry products can be produced with the appropriate proper oils in the diet and without negative effects on production performance and egg quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Junnan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Fuwei Li
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Jiangxia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Guiyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.G.); (J.Z.)
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Redhead AK, Sanders E, Vu TC, Malheiros RD, Anderson KE, Toomer OT. The effects of high-oleic peanuts as an alternate feed ingredient on performance, ileal digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy, and histology of the small intestine in laying hens. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab015. [PMID: 33748683 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the effects of feeding a high-oleic peanut (HOPN) diet to egg-producing laying hens on egg quality, digestibility, and feed conversion. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric dietary treatments were formulated with 1) Control diet (CON)-a corn-soybean meal conventional diet with 7.8 % added poultry fat, 2) HOPN diet-dietary inclusion of ~20% coarse-ground whole HOPN, and 3) oleic acid (CON-OA) diet-a control diet supplemented with 2.6% oleic fatty acid oil. Ninety-nine 57-wk-old brown Leghorn laying hens were randomly assigned to 33 animals per treatment. Animals were housed individually for 8 wk. Body and feed weights were recorded weekly and feed conversation ratio was calculated. Bi-weekly, shell eggs were analyzed for quality (yolk color, albumen height, and Haugh unit [HU]). Jejunum samples were collected at week 8 for histomorphometric analysis. Analysis of variance was performed on all variables using a general linear mixed model. Laying hens fed the CON-OA diet produced greater number of eggs relative to those fed the HOPN and control diets (P < 0.05). The roche yolk color value was higher (P < 0.001) in eggs from hens fed the HOPN diet. There were no differences in laying hen performance, eggshell color, eggshell strength, eggshell elasticity and egg albumen height, or egg HU, ileal fat digestibility, or villi surface among treatment groups. However, the apparent metabolizable energy (P < 0.01) and ileal protein digestibility (P = 0.02) were greater in laying hens fed the HOPN diet relative to the CON diet. This study suggests that whole unblanched high-oleic peanuts may be an acceptable alternative feed ingredient for laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K Redhead
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Science and Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Elliot Sanders
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Thien C Vu
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Science and Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ramon D Malheiros
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Kenneth E Anderson
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ondulla T Toomer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Science and Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Panaite TD, Turcu RP, Soica C, Visinescu P. Nutritional parameters of eggs from laying hens fed with flaxseed meal or mixture with rapeseed meal or rice bran. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1848846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Dumitra Panaite
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Physiology, National Research-Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition (IBNA), Balotesti, Romania
| | - Raluca Paula Turcu
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Physiology, National Research-Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition (IBNA), Balotesti, Romania
| | - Cristina Soica
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Physiology, National Research-Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition (IBNA), Balotesti, Romania
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Carnevali O, Maradonna F, Sagrati A, Candelma M, Lombardo F, Pignalosa P, Bonfanti E, Nocillado J, Palma P, Gioacchini G, Elizur A. Insights on the seasonal variations of reproductive features in the Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 282:113216. [PMID: 31278920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ABFT, Thunnus thynnus) is one of the most intensely exploited fisheries resources in the world. In spite of the years of studies on ABFT, basic aspects of its reproductive biology remain uncertain. To gain insight regarding the seasonal changes of the reproductive characteristics of the eastern stock of ABFT, blood and tissue samples were collected from mature specimens caught in the Mediterranean basin during the reproductive (May-June) and non-reproductive season (Oct-Nov). Histological analysis of the gonads of May-June samples indicated that there were females which were actively spawning (contained post-ovulatory follicles) and females that were not actively spawning that had previtellogenic and fully vitellogenic oocytes. In males, testis were at early or late stage of spermatogenesis during the reproductive season. In Oct-Nov, ovaries contained mostly previtellogenic oocytes as well as β and α atretic follicles while the testis predominantly contained spermatogonia and few cysts with spermatocytes and spermatozoa. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) in females was highest among the actively spawning individuals while in males GSI was higher in early and late spermatogenic individuals compared to those that were spent. Plasma sex steroids levels varied with the reproductive season. In females, estradiol (E2), was higher in May-June while testosterone (T) and progesterone (P) did not vary. In males, E2 and T were higher in May-June while P levels were similar at the two sampling points. Circulating follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was higher in Oct-Nov than in May-June both in males and females. Vitellogenin (VTG) was detected in plasma from both males and females during the reproductive season with levels in females significantly higher than in males. VTG was undetected in Oct-Nov samples. Since choriogenesis is an important event during follicle growth, the expression of three genes involved in vitelline envelope formation and hardening was measured and results showed significantly higher levels in ovaries in fish caught in May-June with respect to those sampled in Oct-Nov. In addition, a set of genes encoding for ion channels that are responsible for oocyte hydration and buoyancy, as well as sperm viability, were characterized at the two time points, and these were found to be more highly expressed in females during the reproductive season. Finally, the expression level of three mRNAs encoding for different lipid-binding proteins was analyzed with significantly higher levels detected in males, suggesting sex-specific expression. Our findings provide additional information on the reproductive biology of ABFT, particularly on biomarkers for the assessment of the state of maturation of the gonad, highlighting gender-specific signals and seasonal differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Francesca Maradonna
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Andrea Sagrati
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Michela Candelma
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Lombardo
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Erica Bonfanti
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Josephine Nocillado
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Peter Palma
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Qld, Australia; Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 5021 Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines
| | - Giorgia Gioacchini
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Qld, Australia
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